international relation
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The changing character of war
Change in nature of war since cold war?
In some places obsolete?
Elsewhere, it takes different forms
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DefinitionsWright: ‘violent contact between distinct but similar entities’
Clausewitz: ‘act of force intended to compel our opponents to fulfil our will … continuation of political intercourse with … other means’
Webster: ‘usually open and declared hostile conflict between states or nations’
Bull: ‘organised violence carried on by political units against each other’
Wright: ‘conflict among political groups, especially sovereign states, carried on by armed forces of considerable magnitude, for a considerable period of time’
(Baylis et. al. 2008: pp. 213-214)
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The nature of warFrom Western perspective
-for a reason
-a form of political behaviour
-but need to widen definition of politics
World no longer state-centric
-NGOs, IGOs, media play a role
Involves destruction, but also co-operation
States emerged from need to organise early war
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Modern warfare
NationalismBureaucraticCentralisedIndustrial revolutionSecularMassive armies
Governed by rules
http://www.rwilt.com/wwi.htm
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Changes in warfare
End cold war = change in international system
-end of many wars
-less clearly defined threats
-US hegemony
-disarmament -onto global arms market
-communications technologies; cyberwar?
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RMA
‘Revolution in Military Affairs’
-operations fast, precise and selective
-changes whole character of war
But
-oversimplifying complexities of war
-asymmetric responses
-assumes state-centred model
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Postmodern war
Shift from production to informationTransfer state functions to private authoritiesMedia shapes (constructs?) how we see conflicts
Modernity’ based on mode of production‘Post-modernity’ reflects mode of information
Virtual wars?- not for Kosovan/ Serbian victims- 2003 Iraq- Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Liberia
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New warsdisintegration of states; struggle for power
95% of armed conflict inside states
Role of identity
Gender (roles for women) and age (child soldiers)
DR Congo, Sudan, Bosnia-internal challenge; external challenge
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Just War Doctrine
Use of violence though war - justifiable?
UN Charter
Nuremburg tribunal
Human nature unchanging
(good and evil)
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Key principles
Jus ad bellum
(just recourse to war)
Jus in bello
(just conduct in war)
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Jus ad bellum (just recourse)
Just cause
Legitimate authority
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Jus ad bellum (just recourse)
Just intentions- Revenge- Reluctance and restraint
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(Double effect)To reconcile an evil act with a good act
killing attacker acceptable as long as not desired
later extended
-collateral harm to civilians and their property
-safeguards
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Jus ad bellum (just recourse)
Public declaration (of causes and intent)
Proportionality (more good than evil results)
Last resort
Reasonable hope of success
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Jus in bello (just conduct)
Discrimination (non-combatant immunity)
-class
-function
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Jus in bello (just conduct)
Proportionality (amount and type of force used)
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Summary
Jus ad bellum (just recourse to war)
Just cause
Legitimate authority
Just intentions
Public declaration (of causes and intent)
Proportionality (more good than evil results)
Last resort
Reasonable hope of success
Jus in bello (just conduct in war)
Discrimination
Proportionality (amount and type of force used)