international reference group on annotated … · the great lakes 003 ... urban land use forecasts...

INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE GROUP ON GREAT LAKES POLLUTION FROM LAND USE ACTIVITIES

(PLUARG)

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PLUARG REPORTS

INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION GREAT LAKES REGIONAL OFFICE

1979

PREFACE

S tud ies conce rn ing t he wa te r qua l i t y i n Lakes E r ie and On ta r io were com- p l e t e d and s u b m i t t e d t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Commission i n 1969. These s t u d i e s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t d i f f u s e l a n d d r a i n a g e s o u r c e s o f p o l l u t a n t s were no t o n l y s i g n i f i c a n t , b u t a l s o h i g h l y v a r i a b l e . They were, t h e r e f o r e , d i f f i c u l t t o measure. Subsequent improvements i n wastewater t reatment for po int sources o f p o l l u t i o n m a g n i f i e d t h e r e l a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e l a n d d r a i n a g e s o u r c e s o f many p o l l u t a n t s , n e c e s s i t a t i n g a c l e a r e r d e f i n i t i o n o f the impact o f land use a c t i v i t i e s , p r a c t i c e s and programs on w a t e r q u a l i t y i n t h e G r e a t Lakes, Therefore, the governments of Canada and the Un i ted S ta tes , on s i g n i n g t h e 1972 Great Lakes Water Q u a l i t y Agreement, r e q u e s t e d t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Comnission t o i n v e s t i g a t e p o l l u t i o n o f t he Grea t Lakes system from agri- c u l t u r e , s i l v i c u l t u r e and o the r l and use a c t i v i t i e s . S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e Commission was r e q u e s t e d t o r e p o r t on t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s :

(1 ) Are the boundary waters o f the Great Lakes System b e i n g p o l l u t e d b y l and d ra inage ( i nc lud ing g round and s u r f a c e r u n o f f and sediments) f r o m a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , u r b a n and i n d u s t r i a l l a n d development, r e c r e a t i o n a l and park land development, u t i l i t y and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems and natura l sources?

what extent, by what causes, and i n what l o c a l i t i e s i s t h e p o l l u t i o n t a k i n g p l ace?

r e f e r r e d t o i s t ak ing p lace , what remedial measures would, i n i t s judgment, be mos t p rac t i cab le and what would be the probable cost t h e r e o f ?

( 2 ) If the answer t o t h e f o r e g o i n g q u e s t i o n i s i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e , t o

( 3 ) I f the Commission should f i n d t h a t p o l l u t i o n o f t h e c h a r a c t e r j u s t

The Commission was - fu r the r reques ted t o cons ide r t he adequacy o f e x i s t i n g programs and c o n t r o l measures, and t h e need f o r improvements r e l a t i n g t o :

( a ) i n p u t s o f nu t r ien ts , pes t con t ro l p roduc ts , sed iments , and o the r

( 5 ) land use; ( c ) l a n d f i l l s , l a n d dumping, and deep we l l d i sposa l p rac t i ces ; ( d ) con f ined l i ves tock f eed ing ope ra t i ons and other animal husbandry

( e ) p o l l u t i o n f r o m o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r a l , f o r e s t r y and l a n d use sources.

p o l l u t a n t s f r o m t h e s o u r c e s r e f e r r e d t o above;

opera t ions and

I n c a r r y i n g o u t i t s s t u d y t h e Commission was a l s o a s k e d t o i d e n t i f y d e f i c i e n c i e s i n t e c h n o l o g y and recomnend a c t i o n s f o r t h e i r c o r r e c t i o n .

I n November 1972 t h e Commission appointed an In te rna t i ona l Re fe rence Group on Great Lakes Po l lu t ion f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s (PLUARG), composed o f n i n e Canadian and n ine Un i ted S ta tes rep resen ta t i ves , t o conduc t t he s tudy under the Great Lakes Water Qual i ty Board.

D e t a i l e d p l a n s f o r t h e s t u d y were developed e a r l y i n 1973 and assignments were made to both Canadian and American agencies and q u a l i f i e d i n d i v i d u a l s t o commence s tud ies on s p e c i f i c t a s k s and programs w i t h i n t h e PLUARG study. The d e t a i l e d p l a n s were subsequently updated i n 1976.

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The Study Plan emphasized four main tasks:

Task A To assess problems, management programs and research and t o a t t e m p t t o s e t p r i o r i t i e s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e b e s t i n f o r m a t i o n now a v a i l a b l e on t h e e f f e c t s o f l a n d u s e a c t i v i t i e s on water q u a l i t y i n boundary waters of the Great Lakes.

Task B To inventory land use and land use pract ices, wi th emphasis on c e r t a i n t r e n d s and p r o j e c t i o n s t o 1 9 8 0 and, i f p o s s i b l e , t o 2020.

Task C To s t u d y i n t e n s i v e l y a small number o f rep resen ta t i ve wa te r - sheds, s e l e c t e d t o p e r m i t some e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f d a t a t o the e n t i r e G r e a t Lakes Basin and t o r e l a t e c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f w a t e r qua l i t y , wh ich may be f o u n d a t r i v e r mouths on the Great Lakes, t o s p e c i f i c l a n d uses and p r a c t i c e s .

Task D To d iagnose the deg ree o f impa i rmen t o f wa te r qua l i t y i n t he Great Lakes, including an assessment o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f contaminants i n sediments, f i s h and other aquat ic resources.

The S t u d y i n v o l v e d f i v e y e a r s o f i n t e n s i v e s u r v e y s , d a t a a n a l y s i s , i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and r e p o r t i n g . A f i n a l r e p o r t e n t i t l e d " E n v i r o n m e n t a l Management S t r a t e g y f o r t h e G r e a t Lakes System" was p r e s e n t e d t o t h e Commission i n J u l y 1978.

T h i s a n n o t a t e d b i b l i o g r a p h y d e s c r i b e s a l l t h e PLUARG Technical Reports as w e l l as the major unpubl ished repor ts , background documentat ion,and deta i led da ta compi la t ions p repared as p a r t of the Reference Group's study. The r e p o r t s a r e l i s t e d a c c o r d i n g t o Task A, B, C o r D as s e t up under t he de ta i l ed study plan.

PLUARG r e p o r t numbers are a1 1 prefaced by ZZ I JC 769/PLUARG f o l lowed by t h e y e a r o f t h e p u b l i c a t i o n and the page number o f t h e i t e m i n t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y . The PLUARG numbers a re l oca ted a t t he bo t tom r i gh t -hand co rne r o f t h e pages.

The L i b r a r y a t t he Reg iona l O f f i ce has cop ies o f a l l t h e documents l i s t e d i n t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y and most may be borrowed on i n t e r l i b r a r y l o a n . All t h e p u b l i s h e d r e p o r t s will e v e n t u a l l y be a v a i l a b l e on m i c r o f i c h e and a l i m i t e d number o f paper copies are s t i l l a v a i l a b l e f r o m t h e IJC Great Lakes Regional Of f i ce , 100 Oue l le t te Avenue, 8 th F loor , Windsor , Ontar io N9A 6T3 Canada.

A s e l e c t i o n o f t h i r t y o u t - o f - p r i n t documents i s a v a i l a b l e on m i c r o f i c h e o r p r i n t e d on request a t the Nat ional Technica l In format ion Serv ice (NTIS) , Document Sales, U.S. Department o f Commerce, S p r i n g f i e l d , V i r g i n i a 22161. NTIS accession numbers a r e p r i n t e d a t t h e b o t t o m l e f t - h a n d c o r n e r o f r e l e v a n t pages.

E X P L A N A T I O N O F S Y M B O L S U S E D

# LIMITED COPIES AVAILABLE OR CAN BE OBTAINED ON LOAN (MICROFICHE OR HARDBOUND) FROM INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION, GREAT LAKES REGIONAL OFFICE LIBRARY.

* UNPUBLISHED. AVAILABLE ON LOAN FROM REGIONAL OFFICE LIBRARY.

P l e a s e d i r e c t i n q u i r i e s t o :

L i b r a r y IJC Great Lakes Regional Off ice 100 Ouel l e t t e Avenue, 8 th F l o o r Windsor, O n t a r i o N9A 6T3 Canada U.S. Telephone (313) 963-9041 Cdn. Telephone (519) 256-7821

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PREFACE i

EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS USED iii

PLUARG FINAL REPORT

Environmental Management S t r a t e g y f o r t h e G r e a t Lakes System 00 1

MODELL I NG RE PORTS

Management I n f o r m a t i o n Base and Overview Modeling 002

Management I n f o r m a t i o n Base and Overview Modeling: Update o f P ro jec ted Po l l u tan t Load ings t o t he Grea t Lakes 002

A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e U n i v e r s a l S o i l Loss Equation t o t h e Es t ima t ion o f Nonpo in t Sources o f P o l l u t a n t L o a d i n g s t o the Great Lakes 003

Relat ive Costs o f Achiev ing Var ious Levels o f Phosphorus Control at Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Great Lakes Basin 004

P o l l u t i o n Due t o Urban Runoff : Uni t Loads and Abatement Measures

WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS

Proceed ings o f a Workshop on Water Q u a l i t y and Land Use A c t i v i t i e s H e l d a t Guelph, Ontario, September 11-12, 1973

Proceed ings o f the Sandusky R iver Bas in Symposium H e l d a t T i f f i n , Ohio, May 23, 1975

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Proceedings o f a Workshop on t h e F l u v i a l T r a n s p o r t o f Sed iment -Assoc ia ted Nut r ien ts and Contaminants He ld in K i tchener , Ontar io , Oc tober 20-22, 1976 008

TASK "A" REPORTS

Sumnary Review o f P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s 009

Management Programs, Research and E f f e c t s o f P r e s e n t Land Use A c t i v i t i e s on Water Q u a l i t y o f the Great Lakes 010

C o n t r o l o f Water P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s i n t h e Great Lakes Basin: An E v a l u a t i o n o f L e g i s l a t i v e and A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Programs i n Canada and the Un i ted S ta tes 011

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The L e g i s l a t i v e and I n s t i t u t i o n a l Framework t o C o n t r o l P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Great Lakes Basins

C o n t r o l o f Water P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s i n t h e Canadian Great Lakes Basin: An E v a l u a t i o n o f L e g i s l a t i v e , Regu la to ry and A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Programs

Eva lua t ion o f Remedia l Measures to Control Nonpoint Sources o f Water P o l l u t i o n i n t h e G r e a t Lakes Basin

An E v a l u a t i o n o f A l t e r n a t i v e s and Costs for Nonpoint Source C o n t r o l s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s G r e a t Lakes Basin

Survey of U.S. Great Lakes Basin Farmers Regarding Water P o l l u t i o n f r o m A g r i c u l t u r a l A c t i v i t i e s

A g r i c u l t u r e and Water P o l l u t i o n - An Assessment o f t h e P rac t i ces and A t t i t udes o f On ta r io Fa rmers

Repor ts o f the Un i ted S ta tes Pub l ic Consu l ta t ion Pane ls t o t h e P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s R e f e r e n c e Group

Repor ts o f the Canad ian Pub l ic Consu l ta t ion Pane ls to the P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s R e f e r e n c e Group

TASK "Bll REPORTS

Mine Ta i l ings D isposa l S i tes , Waste Disposal S i tes, Non- Sewered Resident ia l Areas and Landf i 11 S i t e s

M a t e r i a l s Usage i n t h e U.S. Great Lakes Basin

Land Use I n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e G r e a t Lakes Basin

Land Use and Land Use P r a c t i c e s i n t h e G r e a t Lakes Basin, J o i n t Sumnary Report-Task B (U.S. and Canada)

I n v e n t o r y o f Land Use and Land Use P r a c t i c e s i n t h e Un i ted S ta tes Great Lakes Basin wi th Emphasis on Cer ta in Trends and P r o j e c t i o n s t o 1980, and Where A p p r o p r i a t e , t o 2020

I n v e n t o r y o f Land Use and Land Use P r a c t i c e s i n t h e Canadian Great Lakes Basin with Emphasis on Cer ta in Trends and P r o j e c t i o n s t o 1980, and Where A p p r o p r i a t e , t o 2020

Land Cover Ana lys i s f o r t he Un i ted S ta tes Grea t Lakes Watersheds

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The Usage o f i3 ioc ides , Fer t i l i ze rs , and Road S a l t s i n the Great Lakes Basin: Pro ject ions to 2020

The Soc ia l and Economic I m p l i c a t i o n s o f E u t r o p h i c a t i o n i n t h e Canadian Great Lakes Basin

Conmercial - I n d u s t r i a l Land Use P r o j e c t i o n s

Urban Land Use Forecasts

Land-Use Forecas t ing Model: Overview and Methodology

The Path o f O n t a r i o A g r i c u l t u r e : Land Use P r o j e c t i o n s t o 2020

Ontar io Recreat ion: A F o r e c a s t t o 2020

Land Use Change i n t h e Canadian Great Lakes Basin, 1971-2020

S o c i a l , I n s t i t u t i o n a l and Technological Trends and Synergisms Affect ing Water Resources Q u a l i t y i n t h e Canadian Port ion of the Great Lakes Basin

The Knowledge Base

Est imates o f Economic A c t i v i t y i n Regions of t h e Canadian Great Lakes Basin f o r t h e P e r i o d 1972-2020. Ser ies A, Vols. I and I1 and Ser ies B

TASK " C " REPORTS

P i l o t Watershed Studies Sumnary Report

Fel ton-Herron Creek, Mi 11 Creek P i 1 o t Watershed Studies, Sumnary P i l o t Watershed Report

Fel ton-Herron Creek, Mill Creek P i l o t Watershed Studies, F ina l Repor t

Genesee R i v e r P i l o t Watershed Study, Summary P i l o t Watershed Report

Genesee R i v e r P i l o t Watershed Study, F ina l Repor t

Menomonee R i v e r P i l o t Watershed Study, Summary P i l o t Watershed Report

Menomonee R i v e r P i l o t Watershed Study, F ina l Repor t

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Maumee River Basin Pilot Watershed Study, Summary Pilot Watershed

Maumee River Basin Pilot Watershed Study

Grand River, Ontario, Sumnary Pilot Watershed Report

Saugeen River, Ontario, Summary Pilot Watershed Report

Water Quality Data Collected for the PLUARG Study 1975, 1976 and 1977

Forested Watershed Studies, Sumnary Technical Report

Agricultural Watershed Studies, Great Lakes Drainage Basin, Canada; Final Sumnary Report

Agricultural Watershed Studies, Great Lakes Drainage Basin. Precipitation-Quantity and Quality

Streamflow Quality - Pesticides in Eleven Agricultural Watersheds in Southern Ontario, Canada, 1974-1977

Land Use Activities in Eleven Agricultural Watersheds in Southern Ontario, Canada, 1975-1976

Soil Survey of Six Agricultural Subwatersheds in Southwestern Ontario

Nitrogen Movement in Tile-drained Clay and Sandy Agricultural Watersheds

Nitrogen Loadings f r om Agricultural Activities i n the Great Lakes Basin

Nitrogen Transformation Processes in Agricultural Watershed Soils

Nitrogen Transport and Transformations in Canagagigue Creek

Contribution of Phosphorus from Agricultural Land t o Streams by Surface Runoff

Contribution of Phosphorus t o the Great Lakes from Agricultural Land i n the Canadian Great Lakes Basin

Effects of Livestock Activity on Surface Water Quality, Final Report

A Model for Estimating Inputs t o the Great Lakes from Livestock Enterprises i n the Great Lakes Basin

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Pol lu tan t T ranspor t to Subsur f ace and S u r f ace Waters i n an I n t e g r a t e d Farm Operat ion

S t u d i e s o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l C o n t r i b u t i o n t o N i t r a t e Enrichment of Groundwater and the Subsequent Loading to Surface Waters

Sources o f N u t r i e n t s and M e t a l s i n H i l l m a n Creek

Compara t ive Nut r ien t Budget o f the Two Branches of Canagagigue Creek

Sources, Storage and T r a n s p o r t o f Heavy M e t a l s i n A g r i c u l t u r a l l a t e r s h e d s

C o n t r i b u t i o n of Sediments t o t h e G r e a t Lakes from A g r i c u l t u r a l A c t i v i t i e s i n O n t a r i o

S o i l E r o s i o n f r o m A g r i c u l t u r a l Land i n t h e Canadian Great Lakes Sasin

A g r i c u l t u r a l Sources, Transport and Storage o f Metals: Copper, Zinc, Cadmium and Lead Levels i n Waters of Selected Southern Ontar io Agr icu l tura l Watersheds

P h y s i c a l 2 r o p e r t i e s o f t h e S o i l s o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Watersheds 1 and 13 Which Contro l Mois ture Storage and Transpor t

P o l l u t i o n P o t e n t i a l o f C a t t l e F e e d l o t s and Manure Storages i n t h e Canadian Great Lakes Basin

A g r i c u l t u r a l Watersheds Overview Data Analysis and E x t r a p o l a t i o n

Hydro log i ca l Model P r o j e c t - A g r i c u l t u r a l Watershed Studies

Geochemistry and Hydrogeology o f Ag r i cu l tu ra l Ma te rshed No. 10 and T h e i r I n f l u e n c e on t h e Chemical Composition of Water and Sediments

Streambank Erosion i n t h e G r e a t Lakes Basin

Streambank E r o s i o n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s P o r t i o n o f t h e Great Lakes Basin

Po l l u t i on f rom Urban Land Use i n t h e Grand and Saugeen Watersheds

P o l l u t i o n f r o m R u r a l , T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , E x t r a c t i v e and Undisturbed Land Uses i n t h e Grand and Saugeen Watersheds

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Contaminat ion o f the Great Lakes by Pr ivate Wastes

Q u a l i t y C o n t r o l Handbook f o r P i l o t Watershed Studies

Data Qua l i t y Assurance fo r Watershed and Land Use Studies

Point Source Studies

Loadings and Parameter - Flow Re la t i onsh ips

Water Q u a l i t y S t u d i e s , F a l l R e p o r t

A g r i c u l t u r a l Land Uses, L ives tock and S o i l s of t h e Canadian Great Lakes Basin

The Eva lua t i on o f t h e E f f e c t o f Some Waste Disposal P r a c t i c e s on Great Lakes Water Q u a l i t y

Data Col lect ion Methodology Used i n t h e S t u d y o f P o l l u t i o n from Land Use A c t i v i t i e s i n t h e Grand R ive r and Saugeen R i v e r P i l o t Watersheds

TASK "D" REPORTS

E x i s t i n g R i v e r Mouth Loading Data i n t h e U.S. Great Lakes Basin

Un i ted S ta tes Great Lakes Tr ibu tary Load ings

Land Use, Water Q u a l i t y and R ive r Mouth Loadings: A Se lec t ive Overv iew fo r Southern Ontar io

Technical Report on Determinat ion o f Q u a n t i t y and Q u a l i t y o f Great Lakes U.S. Shore l i ne E roded Ma te r ia l

U.S. Great Lakes Shorel ine Erosion Loadings

C o n t r i b u t i o n o f Sediment and Associated Elements t o t h e Great Lakes f rom Erosion of the Canadian Shorel ine

Atmospheric Loading o f t he Lower Great Lakes and the Great Lakes Drainage Basin

Atmospheric Loadings t o t h e G r e a t Lakes, A Technical Note

Ana lys i s o f Nearshore Water Qua l i t y Data in the Canad ian Great Lakes, 1967-1973, P a r t I

Frequency and Extent o f Wind- Induced Resuspension o f B o t t o m M a t e r i a l i n t h e U.S. Great Lakes Nearshore Waters

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Organochlor ine and Heavy Metals Residues i n t h e Nearshore B io ta o f t he Canad ian Lower Great Lakes

E f f e c t o f t he Grand R iver Spr ing Runof f on Lake Michigan

Canada-Ontario Great Lakes Shore Damage Survey Technica l Repor t

Canada-Ontario Great Lakes Shore Damage Survey Coastal Zone A t l a s

H y d r o p h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f G r e a t Lakes Tr ibu tary Dra inage, Canada. 5 v o l s

H y d r o p h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f G r e a t Lakes T r i b u t a r y Drainage, Canada: Eva lua t i on o f Load ings f rom Tr ibu tary Waters t o t h e G r e a t Lakes and In te rconnec t ing Channels

Study o f S t a t i s t i c a l E v a l u a t i o n and Update o f Da ta Bank w i th D ischarge and Water Q u a l i t y D a t a f o r t h e G r e a t Lakes Interconnect ing Channels and A s s o c i a t e d T r i b u t a r i e s

E f fec ts o f Nemadj i 2 iver Runof f on Lake Super ior : E f f e c t s o f R i v e r I n p u t s on the Great Lakes

Effects of Nemadji River Runoff on Lake Superior

E f f e c t s o f T r ibu tary Load ing to Western Lake E r i e Dur ing Spr ing Runoff Events

E f f e c t s o f Menomonee R ive r I npu ts on Lake Michigan Dur ing Peak Flow

E f f e c t s o f Genesee River Discharge and Wind-Induced Resuspension on the Nearshore Area o f Lake On ta r io

Coord ina ted A i rc ra f t /Sh ip Surveys fo r Determin ing the Impac t o f R i ve r I npu ts on Great Lakes Waters-Remote Sensing Resul ts

T r o p h i c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e U.S. and Canadian Nearshore Zones o f t h e G r e a t Lakes

Report on D i f f e r e n c e s i n G r e a t Lakes Phosphorus Load Estimates

C r i t i c a l Assessment o f U.S. Land Der ived Po l lu tan t Loadings to the Great Lakes

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A v a i l a b i l i t y o f Phosphorus i n D i f f e r e n t Sources Enter ing the Great Lakes for A lga l Growth

A v a i l a b i l i t y o f P o l l u t a n t s A s s o c i a t e d wi th Suspended o r Se t t l ed R ive r Sed imen ts Which Gain Access to the Great Lakes

STUDY PLANS

De ta i l ed S tudy P lan t o Assess Great Lakes P o l l u t i o n from Land Use A c t i v i t i e s

Supplement t o t h e D e t a i l e d S t u d y P l a n t o Assess Great Lakes P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s

D e t a i l e d P l a n f o r t h e S t u d y o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Watersheds in the Great Lakes Dra inage Bas in - Canada, 1974-1975

Menornonee R i v e r P i l o t Watershed Study, Work P lan

Work P l a n f o r Task C, A c t i v i t i e s 1, 3 and 4, P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s R e f e r e n c e Group

Agr icul tural Watershed Studies, Great Lakes Drainage Basin, Canada; Deta i led Study P lan, 1975-1976

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PLUARG FINAL REPORT

# In te rna t iona l Ke ference Group on Great Lakes Po l lu t ion f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s . E n v i r o n m e n t a l Management S t r a t e g y f o r t h e G r e a t Lakes S stem. F i n a l Re o r t t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Commission. - Windsor, h o , w 1 + 1 r p r __-

Sumnary

The Canada-United States Agreement on Great Lakes t la te r Qua l i t y s igned a t Ot tawa, Apr i l 15, 1972, by the Pres ident o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and the P r ime M in i s te r o f Canada, r e q u e s t e d t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Commission to conduc t a s t u d y o f p o l l u t i o n of the boundary waters o f the Great Lakes System f rom agr icul tural , forestry and o t h e r l a n d use a c t i v i t i e s . As a r e s u l t , an i n t e n s i v e i n q u i r y was conducted by the In te rna t iona l Reference Group on Great Lakes Po l lu t ion f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s (PLUARG), e s t a b l i s h e d b y t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Commission.

E f f e c t i v e s t r a t e g i e s a t t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l , n a t i o n a l and l o c a l l e v e l s must be deve loped to cope w i th po l lu t ion f rom land use ac t i v i t ies , s ince i t t r a n s c e n d s j u r i s d i c t i o n a l and p o l i t i c a l b o u n d a r i e s . F l e x i b l e management systems and c o n t r o l measures capable o f incremental adjustments i n response t o a changing environment will be requi red. As w e l l , q u e s t i o n s o f e q u i t y must be taken i n t o account and a f o r m u l a a r r i v e d a t f o r t h e r e a s o n a b l e a l l o c a t i o n o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y betwsen governments, i n s t i t u t i o n s and i n d i v i d g a l s . Above a l l , i t i s e s s e n t i a l t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h e management of nonpoint sources will r e q u i r e a dramat ic depar ture f rom the t rad i t iona l approach fo l lowed fo r the con t ro l o f po in t sources .

PB 296862lAS ZZ IJC 769

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PLUARG MODELLING REPORTS

# Johnson, Murray G. e t a l . Management I n f o r m a t i o n Base and Overview " M o d e l l i n g . S u b m i t t 3 to t he I n tg rna t i ona l Re fe rence Group on Great Lakes P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Commission. Windsor, Ontario, August 1978, 90 pp.

Heidtke, Thomas M., W i l l i a m C. Sonzogni and Timothy J. Montei th. Management In fo rma t ion Base and Overview Modeling: Update of Pro jec ted ~" P o l l u t a n i ' - Loadings to t he Grea t Lakes . Submi t ted t o t he I n te rna t i ona l Reference Group on Great Lakes Po l lu t ion f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s . A p r i l 1979, 38 pp.

Sumnary

The data management base developed fo r ove rv iew mode l l i ng and the m o d e l l i n g p r o c e s s i t s e l f have c o n t r i b u t e d t o PLUARG's goa l o f de te rm in ing t h e r e l a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e o f a l l p o l l u t a n t s o u r c e s and in deve lop ing p lans f o r p o l l u t i o n abatement from land sources. Overview modell ing provides a means o f comparing present and f u t u r e t r e n d s i n p o l l u t a n t i n p u t s t o t h e lakes, as w e l l as a methodology fo r measur ing t he e f fec t i veness o f a l t e r n a t i v e r m e d i a l programs appl ied to urban nonpoint , rura l nonpoint and mun ic ipa l po in t sources .

In t h e u p d a t e p o l l u t a n t p r o j e c t i o n s have been generated f o r Lakes Super io r and M ich igan . P re l im ina ry es t ima tes o f heavy metal inputs t o each o f t he l akes has been made. Concurrent ly, heavy metal inputs f rom the Canadian Basin have been examined by s t a f f a t t h e Canada Centre for I n l a n d Waters.

ZZ I JC 769 PLUARG 78-002

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PLUARG 79-002

# Drynan, W.R. and M.J. Davis. A p p l i c a t i o n o f the Un iversa l So i l Loss Equa t ion t o t he Es t ima t ion o f Nonpo in t Sources o f Po l l u tan t Load ings t o the Great Lakes. Submi t ted to the In ternat ional Reference Group on Great Lakes P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Comnission. Windsor, Ontario, July 1978, 102 pp.

Sumnary

T h i s r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s t h e p r e l i m i n a r y assessment of nonpoint sources o f p o l l u t a n t l o a d i n g s t o t h e G r e a t Lakes using a computer model developed by the Midwest Research Inst i tu te (MRI) for the Uni ted States EPA, based on the Un iversa l So i l Loss Equat ion (USLE). Th is model was a lso used to make a p r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s o f t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of ach iev ing cos ts . The more comprehensive "overview model", based on t h e u n i t a r e a l o a d s developed f rom the PLUARG Task C, p i l o t w a t e r s h d studies and land c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n t h e b a s i n , was a l so deve loped to i nves t i ga te cos t -e f fec t i ve a l t e rna t i ve p rog rams fo r spec i f i c wa te rsheds . The d e t a i l s o f t h e l a . t t e r model and i t s a p p l i c a t i o n a r e r e p o r t e d i n a n o t h e r PLUARG Technica l Repor t - Management' I n fo rma t ion Base' and Overview Model1 ing and t h e PLUARG F ina l Repor t - Environmental Management S t r a t e g y f o r t h e G r e a t Lakes System.

ZZ IJC 769 PLUARG 78-003

Drynan, W.R. Relative Costs o f Achieving Various Levels of Phosphorus Control a t Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants i n t K e Great Lakes Basin. Technical Report to the International Reference Group on-GTeat Lakes Pollution from Land Use Activit ies of the International Joint Comission. July 1978, 59 pp.

Summary

The International Joint Conmission suggested that a study be carried out t o determine the impact o f phosphorus control programs on municipal wastewater treatment, particularly w i t h respect t o sludge production and attendant costs for treatment and disposal. A t the same time, the Research Advisory Board's Committee on Water and Wastewater Treatment was given a referral from the Water Qual i ty Board to determine the feasibi l i ty of achieving concentrations of less than 1.0 mg/L "P l l ( to ta l phosphorus) and as low as 0.1 mg/L l l P ' l in the municipal wastewater treatment plant eff'luents. Consequently, this study was undertaken to evaluate, i n as rigorous a manner as practical, the implications of alternative legis la t ive res t r ic t ions on the allowable concentrations OF phosphorus i n detergents, on the effluents o f municipal wastewater treatment plants and on the cost of b u i l d i n g and operating these plants.


# Marsalek, J. P o l l u t i o n Due t o Urban Runoff: U n i t Loads and Abatement Measures. Submitted t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l R e f e r e n c e Group on Great Lakes P b l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Commission. Windsor, Ontario, October 1978, 37 pp.

Sumnary

Annual u n i t p o l l u t a n t l o a d s f r o m u r b a n r u n o f f were e s t a b l i s h e d and recornended f o r use i n t h e PLUARG model. The recommended loads are based on b o t h t h e APWA loads and the se lec ted Ontar io da ta . The APWA l o a d s f o r BOD, n i t r o g e n and phosphorus agreed f a i r l y w e l l w i t h t h e l o a d s d e r i v e d f rom the On ta r io da ta and formed a b a s i s f o r t h e recommended loads. The loads recomnended f o r suspended s o l i d s and selected metals were der ived f rom t h e O n t a r i o f i e l d d a t a . As i s obv ious f rom the range o f un i t loads r e p o r t e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e , t h e recommended l o a d s a r e l i k e l y t o c o n t a i n u n c e r t a i n t i e s as h i g h as several hundred percent.

T h r e e l e v e l s o f abatement o f p o l l u t i o n due t o u r b a n r u n o f f were proposed and the associated costs determined.

Z Z IJC 769 PLUARG 78-005

WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS

# Proceedings o f a Workshop on Water Q u a l i t y and Land Use A c t i v i t i e s H e l d a t Guelph, Ontar io , September 11-12, 1973. Sponsored by the In te rna t iona l Reference Group on Great Lakes Po l lu t ion f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Commission, J.D. Wiebe, ed., Windsor, Ontario, 1974, 248 pp.

Summary

"" - .-

Th is workshop was o r g a n i z e d t o draw upon t h e e x p e r t i s e and knowledge o f s c i e n t i s t s f r o m a v a r i e t y o f d i s c i p l i n e s t o p r o v i d e PLUARG w i t h e x p e r t adv ice and a s s i s t a n c e i n r e f i n i n g i t s s t u d y p l a n . I n c l u d e d i n t h e sessions were: t h e f a t e o f p e s t i c i d e s and f e r t i l i z e r s a p p l i e d t o l a n d and crops, p i l o t watersheds, r i v e r and groundwater t ranspor t phenomena, waste d i sposa l on r u r a l l a n d and l imno log ica l p rocesses in the Great Lakes.


# P roceed ings o f t he Sandusky R ive r Bas in Symposium H e l d a t T i f f i n , Ohio, May 23, 1975. Cosponsored by Heidelberg College and Bowl ing Green S t a t e Un ive rs i t y . Dav id B. Baker, W i l l i a m B. Jackson and B a y l i s s L. Prater , eds., 1975, 475 pp.

Sumnary

The Sandusky R iver Bas in Symposium, h e l d a t H e i d e l b e r g C o l l e g e i n T i f f i n , O h i o and j o i n t l y sponsored by Heidelberg College and Bowling Green S ta te Un ive rs i t y , b rough t t oge the r more than 150 persons engaged i n env i ronmenta l research, moni tor ing and management, b o t h i n t h e Sandusky Basin and surrounding areas. The program scope and the pu rpose o f t he symposium i n d i c a t e d :

A considerable amount o f e c o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h and m o n i t o r i n g a c t i v i t y i s t a k i n g p l a c e w i t h i n t h e Sandusky R i v e r and Bay areas. The research ranges f rom s tud ies o f the geology, hydro logy, and S o i l 5 o f t h e b a s i n and bay t o measurements o f t h e b i o l o g i c a l and chemical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e r i v e r and bay. I n t h i s conference, the i n d i v i d u a l s who a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e e n t i r e scope o f t h e above r e s e a r c h e f f o r t s , as w e l l as t h o s e i n v o l v e d w i t h w a t e r q u a l i t y management w i t h i n t h e b a s i n , will p r e s e n t t h e i r r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s and c u r r e n t management p r a c t i c e s .

The purpose o f t h i s c o n f e r e n c e i s t o p r o v i d e an o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e s c i e n t i s t s engaged i n e c o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h and those engaged i n management t o exchange d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t will a i d b o t h i n f u t u r e work.. The con fe rence shou ld a l so p rov ide use fu l i n fo rma t ion t o i n d i v i d u a l s w o r k i n g i n o t h e r r i v e r b a s i n s t u d i e s and anyone i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n ecosystem research and r i v e r bas i n management.

The symposium was s u c c e s s f u l i n a t t a i n i n g many o f these ob ject ives, and t h e d i v e r s i t y and de ta i l o f env i ronmen t - re la ted s tud ies underway i n t h e Sandusky Basin and Bay. areas was impressive. The h i s t o r i c a l pe rspec t i ves o f t h i s r e g i o n , as b r o u g h t f o r t h i n p a p e r s by Trautman, Fo rsy th and Stuckey, created a use fu l foundat ion . The keynote address by Cummins, ex tend ing s t ream ecosys tem theo ry t o l a rge r r i ve rs , had s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t on both ecosystem concepts and management a p p l i c a t i o n . The cont r ibu t ions o f personne l in governmenta l agenc ies p rov ided an overv iew of programs wi th in which env i ronmenta l p lanning and management t a k e ~1 ace.


# Proceedings o f a Workshop on the F luv ia l T ranspor t o f Sed imen t -Assoc ia ted N u t r i e n t s and Contaminants Held i n K i t chener , On ta r io , Oc tober 20-22, 1976. SDonsored bv the Research Advisorv Board o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t E i s s i o n on beha'if o f t h e P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s R e f e r e n c e Group. H. Shear and A.E.P. Watson, eds., 1977, 309 pp.

Surnary

Sponsored by the Research Advisory Board at PLUARG's reques t , t h i s workshop was h e l d t o s y n t h e s i z e c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h and t o i d e n t i f y r e s e a r c h needs on n u t r i e n t and c o n t a m i n a n t t r a n s p o r t b y s e d i m e n t w i t h i n f l u v i a l systems. C l a r i f i c a t i o n was sought on t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f source, in-channel storage, resuspension and t r a n s p o r t mechanisms with long-term, seasonal and s ing le -even t f l ows . A l so i nc luded i s an examination of t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f s e d i m e n t and water chemist ry on k e y n u t r i e n t s and contaminants.

Recornendations and research needs are given.


TASK ‘A’ REPORTS To assess problems, management programs and research and t o attempt t o set priorities i n relation t o the best information now available on the effects o f land use activities on water qua l i ty i n boundary waters o f the Great Lakes.

# In te rna t i ona l Re fe rence Group on Great Lakes Pol lut ion f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s . Summary Review o f P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s . Windsor, O n t a r i o , J u l y 1975, r e p r i n t e d September 1976, 66 pp.

Summary

Th is repo r t sumnar i zes t he f i nd ings o f t he Canad ian and U.S. Task A i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g l a n d u s e / w a t e r q u a l i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n t h e Great Lakes Basin.


# International Reference Group on Great Lakes Pollution from Land Use Activities Task Group A (U.S.. Section). Management Programs, Research and Effects of Present Land Use Activities on Water Quality of the Great Lakes. 2 vols. Windsor, Ontario, November 1974, 1052 pp.

Sumnary

This report consists of a state-of-the-art assessment prepared by Task A (U.S.) for the following land use activities.

Vol. I Al: A2 : A3 : A4 : A5 : A6 : A7: A0 : A9 :

Residential areas Commerci a1 and i ndustr i a1 areas Transportation Extractive areas Pesticides and herbicides Nutrients Erosion and sedimentation Animal wastes Intensive animal feedlots

Vol. I1 A10: Forestry All: Recreation land A12: Undeveloped 1 and A13: Liquid waste disposal A14: Solid waste disposal A15: Land fills (dredging activities) Al6: Deepwell disposal A17: Management and control of land use/water quality problems

PB 296873/AS ZZ IJC 769 PLUARG 74-010

# C a s t r i l l i , J.F. and A.J. D ines . Cont ro l o f Water P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s i n t h e G r e a t Lakes Basin: An E v a l u a t i o n o f L e g i s l a t i v e and A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Programs i n Canada and the Un i ted S ta tes . Windsor, Dn ta r io , March 19/8, 109 pp.

Sumnary

T h i s r e p o r t p r e s e n t s a j o i n t sumnary and compara t ive rev iew o f d e t a i l e d s e p a r a t e s t u d i e s c a r r i e d o u t i n Canada and i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f l e g i s l a t i v e , r e g u l a t o r y and admin is t ra t ive programs which address the c o n t r o l o f p o l l u t i o n f r o m l a n d u s e a c t i v i t i e s . P r i n c i p a l a g e n c i e s and l e v e l s o f gove rnmen t w i th ro les i n each o f n i n e l a n d use ca tegor ies i d e n t i f i e d b y PLUARG are d iscussed. Comparat ive observat ions have been made w i th respec t t o t he e f fec t i veness o f p rog rams i n tended to p reven t w a t e r p o l l u t i o n f r o m l a n d u s e a c t i v i t i e s .

Sec t ion 2 of t h i s r e p o r t c o n t a i n s a d i scuss ion o f each l and use a c t i v i t y . The f i r s t p a r t o f each o f these land use d iscuss ions p resents a sumnary d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l f ramework re levan t t o t ha t a c t i v i t y . The obse rva t i ons wh ich cons t i t u te t he second p a r t o f each are e v a l u a t i v e comnents based on the background studies.

Sec t i on 3 con ta ins a d i scc l ss ion o f seve ra l po l i cy i ssues wh ich e i t he r have general r e l e v a n c e t o t h e s t u d y , t h o u g h n o t t o any one category, o r have spec ia l impor tance t o seve ra l l and use ac t i v i t i es .


PLUARG 78-011

# L i n t o n and Co., Inc. The L e g i s l a t i v e and I n s t i t u t i o n a l Framework t o C o n t r o l P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s G r e a t 'Lakes Basins. 3 vo ls . Submi t ted t o PLUARG Task Group A b y L i n t o n and Co., I nc . under con t rac t t o t he Grea t Lakes Basin Commission. Windsor, O n t a r i o , A p r i l 1978, 993 pp.

v.1 Sumary Report , a Comparative Analysis, Federal Framework. v.2 S t a t e s o f I l l i n o i s , I n d i a n a , M i c h i g a n and Minnesota. v.3 S t a t e s o f New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.

(A separa te repo r t con ta in ing on l y t he Sumary Repor t i s a l so ava i l ab le ) .

Sumnary

T h i s s t u d y j o i n t l y u n d e r t a k e n b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and Canada, addresses the review and e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g l e g i s l a t i v e / r e g u l a t o r y f r a m e w o r k a v a i l a b l e f o r c o n t r o l l i n g p o l l u t i o n f r o m l a n d use a c t i v i t i e s . The s t u d y p a r t i c i p a n t s have pe r fo rmed the f o l l ow ing t asks :

(1) descr ibed the con ten t o f t h e e x i s t i n g l e g i s l a t i o n / r e g u l a t i o n framework a v a i l a b l e a t each l e v e l o f government f o r c o n t r o l l i n g the nonpoint d ischarges o f sed iments , nu t r ien ts , pes t ic ides and chemicals assoc iated wi th the fo l lowing land use categor ies: urban areas, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o r r i d o r s , e x t r a c t i v e o p e r a t i o n s , a g r i c u l t u r e , r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s , f o r e s t e d a r e a s , l i q u i d , s o l i d and deepwell d i s p o s a l a r e a s , s h o r e l i n e l a n d f i l l i n g a c t i v i t i e s l a k e s h o r e and r i verbank e ros ion ;

(2 ) desc r ibed t he ex ten t o f t h e r e g u l a t o r y power, t h e commitment t o develop and undertake programs and t h e degree o f enforcement p r a c t i s e d a t each o f t h e s p e c i f i e d l e v e l s o f government r e l a t i v e t o p o l l u t i o n f r o m l a n d use a c t i v i t i e s ;

(3 ) i den t i f i ed o the r re levan t gove rnmen ta l and non-governmental programs and po l i c ies wh ich wou ld have an i n d i r e c t b e a r i n g on t h e c o n t r o l o f p o l l u t i o n f r o m l a n d use a c t i v i t i e s ;

(4) iden t i f ied those land use ca tegor ies fo r wh ich the four ma 'o r p o l l u t a n t s ( s e d i m e n t s , n u t r i e n t s , p e s t i c i d e s and chemicals 3 a r e l e a s t c o n t r o l l e d ;

(5 ) o u t l i n e d , i n t e r m s o f t h e p r e s e n t j u r i s d i c t i o n a l framework, what p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r f u t u r e a c t i o n a r e a v a i l a b l e t o each l e v e l 3.F governmen t ;

( 6 ) d e s c r i b e d t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r t h e f u t u r e e v o l u t i o n o f t h i s l e g i s l a t i v e l r e g u l a t o r y framework Sased on d i scuss ions w i th t hose persons ac t i ve ly work ing w i th the p resent f ramework and

a s tandard i zed f o rma t f o r compar ing t he l eg i s la t i ve and r e g u l a t o r y approaches taken i n each country.

(7) coord ina ted the Canad ian con t rac tors and the Un i ted S t a t e s to develop

ZZ IJC 769 PB 296865/AS PLUARG 78-012

# C a s t r i l l i , J.F. " Contro l "_ o f " Water - P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s i n the Canadian Great Lakes Basin: An E v a l u a t i o n o f L e g i s l a t i v e Re u l a t s and A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Programs. Submitted to PLUARG T a s K m h T a n Section). Windsor, Ontario, 1977, 460 pp. ( A separate document c o n t a i n i n g o n l y t h e f i r s t c h a p t e r o f t h i s r e p o r t i s a l s o a v a i l a b l e ) .

-

Sumnary

T h i s r e p o r t i s a s tudy of government a c t i v i t y w i t h r e s p e c t t o c o n t r o l l i n g w a t e r p o l l u t i o n f r o n n o n p o i n t s o u r c e s ( o r l a n d u s e s ) i n t h e Canadian Great Lakes Basin. It examines t h e l e g i s l a t i o n , r e g u l a t i o n s and non-s ta tu to ry p rograms wh ich a re be ing (o r wh ich cou ld be) used to con t ro l t h i s f o r m o f p o l l u t i o n . I t i d e n t i f i e s t h e p r i n c i p a l a g e n c i e s and government l e v e l s w i t h r o l e s i n t h i s a r e a and o f f e r s an e v a l u a t i o n o f c o n t r o l e f f o r t s and p o l i c i e s t o date.

Chapter One i s an o v e r v i e w o f t h e s i t u a t i o n . It b r i e f l y r e v i e w s t h e t e c h n i c a l / p h y s i c a l n a t u r e o f t h e n o n p o i n t p o l l u t i o n p r o b l e m and p rov ides a sumnary ana lys i s of t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l a r rangements ava i lab le fo r c o n t r o l l i n g t h e v a r i o u s l a n d use i m p a c t s o f w a t e r q u a l i t y and resources. F i n d i n g s i n t h i s c h a p t e r a r e based on t h e more d e t a i l e d i n s t i t u t i o n a l rev iew wh ich i s p rov ided on a l and use bas i s i n Chap te rs Two through Ten.

I n s t i t u t i o n a l mechanisms rev iewed i nc lude p lann ing , po l l u t i on con t ro l and f i s c a l and proprietary/management schemes, b o t h l e g i s l a t e d and non- l e g i s l a t e d . The r o l e o f t h e p u b l i c i s c o n s i d e r e d as w e l l as k e y j u d i c i a l d e c i s i o n s a f f e c t i n g t h e n a t u r e and e x t e n t o f l e g i s l a t i o n and i t s e n f o r c e - ment i n t h i s g e n e r a l area. Voluntary/advisory programs and educat ive i n i t i a t i v e s a r e a l s o n o t k d .

PB 296868/AS - number r e f e r s t o 1 s t c h a p t e r o n l y


# Marsha l l Mack l in Monaghan L td . Eva lua t ion o f Remedial Measurgs-to Cont ro l Nonpoint Sources of Water Pollut-ion i n t h e G r e a t Lik-es Basin. Submitted t o PLUARG Task Group A. Windsor, Ontario, October 1977, 159 pp.

Sunmary

Th is s tudy was undertaken t o p r o v i d e an e v a l u a t i o n of t h e structural/non-structural remed ia l measures ava i lab le to con t ro l nonpo in t sources o f w a t e r p o l l u t i o n i n t h e G r e a t Lakes Basin. For the purposes of t h i s s t u d y , n o n p o i n t w a t e r p o l l u t i o n was de f ined as i n c l u d i n g a l l s o u r c e s O F w a t e r p o l l u t i o n w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f d i s c h a r g e s f r o m i n d u s t r i a l ope ra t i ons and mun ic ipa l sewage t rea tmen t p lan ts . The l a t t e r two ca tegor ies were c l a s s i f i e d as point sources.

A l though the s tudy was completed i n Canada, i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e f i n d i n g s will be u t i l i z e d i n b o t h Canada and the Uni ted States.

The study was approached i n two phases. I n t h e first phase, t h e c o n t r a c t o r i n v e n t o r i e d and evaluated the remedial measures re lated t o t h e con t ro l o f sed imen ts , nu t r i en ts , pes t i c ides and chemicals assoc iated wi th e leven land use ca tegor ies . The e v a l u a t i o n i n c l u d e d a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e technique and a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e f r e q u e n c y o f use, source o f des ign i n f o r m a t i o n , l e v e l o f p o l l u t a n t c o n t r o l a c h i e v e d and the assoc ia ted b e n e f i t s and c o s t s . T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d f o r each technique on a s ing le ca ta logue page.

In o rde r t o avo id p rob lems where a s ing le remed ia l measure may be used t o t r e a t p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a number o f d i f f e r e n t l a n d use a c t i v i t i e s , a system o f c ross re fe rences has been p r e p a r e d i n m a t r i x form. By r e f e r r i n g t o t h i s m a t r i x , t h e u s e r can q u i c k l y i d e n t i f y t h e remed ia l measures ava i l ab le t o con t ro l any of t h e f o u r p o l l u t a n t s assoc ia ted h v i t h each o f t h e d e s i g n a t e d l a n d u s e a c t i v i t i e s . A page number i s a l s o i n c l u d e d t o d i r e c t t h e u s e r t o t h e c o r r e c t c a t a l o g u e e n t r y .

The second study phase involved a rev iew o f t hose ana ly t i ca l t e c h n i q u e s c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e t o e v a l u a t e t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l remedial measures or combinations thereof i n s p e c i f i c p r o b l e m s i t u a t i o n s .

I n f o r m a t i o n was c o l l e c t e d f r o m f e d e r a l , p r o v i n c i a l , s t a t e and l o c a l agencies as w e l l as u n i v e r s i t i e s , r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e s and p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y .


PLUARG 77-014

# Skimin, William E., Elizabeth C. Powers and Eugene A. Jarecki. An Evaluation of Alternatives and Costs for Nonpoint Source Controlrin the United States Great Lakes Basin. Technical Report of the International Reference Group on Pollution from Land Use Activities of the International Joint Conmission. July 1978, 351 pp.

Sumnary

This report presents an evaluation of nonpoint source problems affecting the Great Lakes and estimated costs for a range of remedial control programs. The consideration of potential critical problem areas was limited to the following:

1) urban areas - stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflows; - construction site runoff and - runoff controls for new development.

2) agricultural areas - erosion and sedimentation and - animal waste disposal.

3) on-site waste disposal.

PB 296869/AS 22 IJC 769

PLUARG 78-015

# Powers, E l i z a b e t h C. and Eugene A. Jarecki . Survey o f U.S. Great Lakes Bas in Farmers Regard ing Water Po l lu t ion f rom Agr icu l tu ra l Ac t iv i t ies . Su rvey by S ta t i s t i ca l Repor t i ng Se rv i ces . Submi t ted t o PLUARG Task Group A (U.S. Sec t ion) . Windsor, Ontario, November 1977, 33 pp.

Sumnary

The s u r v e y o f f a r m e r s i n t h e U.S. Great Lakes Basin regarding water p o l l u t i o n f r o m a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s was conducted i n J u l y 1977 t o d i scove r f a rmers ' op in ions conce rn ing t he e f fec t on w a t e r q u a l i t y o f c e r t a i n a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s and f a r m e r s ' a t t i t u d e s c o n c e r n i n g p o l - l u t i o n abatement issues. I n a d d i t i o n , f a r m e r s were asked about t h e i r use o f v a r i o u s c o n s e r v a t i o n p r a c t i c e s and the f ac to rs wh ich p rompt t h i s c o n s e r v a t i o n a c t i v i t y .

Approx imate ly 900 farmers were chosen t o be i n te rv iewed us ing a s t r a t i f i e d a r e a s a m p l i n g f r a m e t o e n s u r e r e l i a b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f f a r m e r s i n t h e r e g i o n . H a l f o f t h e f a r m e r s were i n te rv iewed i n pe rson , n e a r l y 40% were contac ted by telephone and the res t cou ld no t be con tac ted o r r e f u s e d t o b e i n t e r v i e w e d . R e s u l t s r e f l e c t a c t i v i t i e s and o p i n i o n s o f f a r m e r s i n t h e U.S. Great Lakes Basin.

A n a l y s i s o f s u r v e y r e s u l t s r e v e a l :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

PB 296847lAS

f i e l d c r o p s p r o v i d e t h e m a i n income f o r a b o u t h a l f o f t h e f a r m e r s i n t h e U.S. Great Lakes Basin; most of the rest are p r i n c i p a l l y l i v e s t o c k and poul t ry farmers; about 5% der ive most o f t h e i r income from f r u i t s and vegetables. Near ly three out o f f ou r f a rmers own some l i v e s t o c k o r p o u l t r y ;

more t h a n h a l f o f t h e f a r m e r s i n t h e b a s i n r e p o r t g r o s s a n n u a l s a l e s o f l e s s t h a n $10,000. Many o f t h e G r e a t Lakes Basin farms may be small operations;

e i g h t o u t o f t e n f a r m e r s m e n t i o n newspapers and magazines as one o f t h e i r sources o f i n f o r m a t i o n on water po l lu t ion ; seven ou t of t e n i d e n t i f y r a d i o o r t e l e v i s i o n ;

n e a r l y 90% o f t h e f a r m e r s i n t h e r e g i o n f o l l o w some k i n d o f conse rva t i on p rac t i ce . The m o t i v a t i n g f a c t o r s a r e s o i l conserva t ion and i n c r e a s e d y i e l d o r p r o d u c t i o n . H a l f o f t h e f a r m e r s s t a t e t h a t t h e y a r e f o l l o w i n g a conservat ion p lan; about 50% say they cooperate i n t h e i r l o c a l s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t and

most fa rmers be l ieve tha t no r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t s between f a r m f e r t i l i z e r s / p e s t i c i d e s , manure or e roded so i l , and Great Lakes w a t e r q u a l i t y . O n l y 19% a r e o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t manure con- t r i b u t e s t o p o l l u t i o n o f t h e G r e a t Lakes; 32% b e l i e v e t h a t f e r t i l i z e r s and p e s t i c i d e s u s e d i n f a r m i n g a r e p o l l u t a n t s and a lmos t ha l f cons ide r e roded so i l a c o n t r i b u t o r t o G r e a t Lakes p o l l u t i o n .


# Bangay, Garth E. Agriculture and Water Pollution - An Assessment of the Practices and Attitudes of Ontario Farmers. Submitted to the International Reference Group on Pollution from Land Use Activities of the International Joint Commission. February 1979, 87 pp.

Sumnary

As part of the overall study of the Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group, this survey was conducted to assist the Reference Group in the formulation of remedial measure reconmendations which were presented to the International Joint Commission in July 1978. The Reference Group, which was charged with the responsibility of studying pollution of the Great Lakes from land use activities, had in the early stages of the study identified urban and agricultural land use activities as being of prime concern. Realizing that the successful implementation o f remedial measures, especially in agriculture, would to a large extent rely on the voluntary cooperation o f farmers, the Reference Group under- took this survey to provide them with much needed information on the agricultural community.

The survey was undertaken in the summer of 1977 and through the selection of a stratified random sample of Ontario farmers, interviewers were able to visit some 1755 farms and complete 1484 valid records. The study concentrated on gathering information in three different areas. Two of these dealt with specific problems associated with agriculture, erosion and sedimentation and livestock manure, and the third was directed towards the problem of implementing remedial measures.

ZZ IJC 769 PLUARG 79-01 7

# International Reference Group on Pollution from Land Use Activities. Reports o f the United States' Public Consultation Panels to the Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group. Windsor, Ontario, March 1978, 148 PP.

Sumary

Early in 1977 PLUARG began a program of public information and public consultation, leading to the establishment of citizen panels in each of the states bordering the Great Lakes and throughout Ontario.

PLUARG's public consultation program marks the first time that public input has been sought prior to the completion of a reference group report to the International Joint Commission.

PB 296846lAS ZZ IJC 769 PLUARG 78-018

# In te rna t i ona l Re fe rence Group on P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s . R e p o r t s o f t h e Canadian P u b l i c C o n s u l t a t i o n P a n e l s t o t h e P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s R e f e r e n c e Group. Windsor, Ontario, March 1978, 86 PI>*

-

Summary

These r e p o r t s were who l l y w r i t t en , rev iewed and approved by each o f t h e e i g h t p a n e l s . They a r e t h e r e s u l t o f a s e r i e s o-f t h ree mee t ings o f e a c h p a n e l h e l d d u r i n g t h e f a l l o f 1977. The r e p o r t s r e f l e c t t h e h a r d work, d e d i c a t i o n and g e n u i n e c o n c e r n o f t h e p a n e l i s t s t o meet t h e i r Pane l is t S ta tement o f Work, v i z .

t o c o n s i d e r t h e P o l l u t i o n From Land Use A c t i v i t i e s R e f e r e n c e Group reference, major associated issues and poss ib le remed ia l measures; t o t o t o t o t o t o

i d e n t i f y r e m e d i a l a c t i o n f o r PLUARG;' a t tend three meet ings; i n t e r a c t w i t h group members and e l i c i t responses; e l e c t a chairman to conduct meet ings and p r o v i d e c o n t i n u i t y ; have access t o a l l a v a i l a b l e r e p o r t s and t o PLUARG resource people; P r e s e n t t o PLUARG by January 15. 1978 a w r i t t e n r e p o r t s t a t i n q

concerns, f ind ings and" the panel 's-recommendat ions on' remedial - measures; to eva lua te the adv isory pane l p rocess and t o have publ ished the .Findings and recommendations stated i n t h e pane l repo r t s t o PLUARG and t o make t h i s volume a v a i l a b l e f o r g e n e r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n .

PB 295845/AS Ti ! [JC 769

PLUARG 78-019

To i nventory land use and land use p rac t i ces , w i th emphasis on c e r t a i n t r e n d s and p r o j e c t i o n s t o 1980 and, i f poss ib le , t o 2020.

* Crys ler , Ralph and K e i t h Lathem. Mine Tai l ings- Disposal S i tes, Waste D isoosa l S i tes , Non-Sewered Resident ia l Areas and Land F i l l S i t e s . m<published). Land Drainage Reference Study Task 82, Canada Department o f the Environment. Wil lowdale, Ontario, 1974, 182 pp.

""- -

Sumnary

T h i s r e p o r t , w i t h i t s accompanying t a b l e s and maps, dea ls w i th t he f o l l o w i n g p a r t s o f Task B2 Study Plan o f t h e Land Drainage Reference Study:

1) mine t a i l i n g d i s p o s a l s i t e s ; 2 ) was te d isposa l s i tes ; 3 ) non-sewered r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s and 4 ) l a n d f i l l s i t e s .

It descr ibes the sources of data and t h e methods o f d a t a c o l l e c t i o n as w e l l as d e s c r i b e s c e r t a i n gaps i n t h e d a t a and t h e i r s u f f i c i e n c y .

Z Z I JC 769 PLUARG 74-020

# Doneth, John. M a t e r i a l s Usage i n t h e U.S. Great Lakes Basin. Submitted t o PLUARG Task Group B (U.S. S e c t i o n ) i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e G r e a t Lakes Basin Comnission. September 1975, 319 pp. ’

Summary

T h i s r e p o r t p r o v i d e s an up- to -da te inventory o f p roduc t ion and/or usage w i t h i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s p o r t i o n o f t h e G r e a t Lakes Basin o f c e r t a i n m a t e r i a l s a p p l i e d t o t h e l a n d w h i c h c a n p o t e n t i a l l y r e a c h t h e G r e a t Lakes system through land drainage. The data on se lec ted ma te r ia l s was co l lected by county , p lanning subarea and lake drainage area, then combined t o r e p r e s e n t t h e t o t a l U.S. Great Lakes Basin.

The s tudy ca l cu la ted t he amounts of chemicals (herb ic ides, i n s e c t i c i d e s , and fungic ides) used on crops. The types and acreage o f var ious crops, pastures, vegetables and f r u i t s were inventor ied . The comnon r a t e s o f a p p l i c a t i o n were then app l i ed t o t he ac reage p rov id ing t he c a l c u l a t i o n s shown i n t h i s r e p o r t .

The l i v e s t o c k manure produced was ca l cu la ted . The amounts were based on an i n v e n t o r y o f swine, c a t t l e , sheep, horses, chickens and turkeys. The product ion in terms o f n i t rogen, phosphorus and potash were a l so ca lcu la ted .

The c o n m e r c i a l f e r t i l i z e r used on farms was based on a c t u a l r e p o r t s o f use by state. Use by county was a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e c o r n b e l t s t a t e s and was c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e o t h e r s t a t e s . The amounts of n i t rogen, phosphorus and potash i n t h e f e r t i l i z e r were l ikewise based on a c t u a l r e p o r t s or ca lcu la ted .

The amounts of l ime app l i ed were c a l c u l a t e d based on ac tua l use repo r t s .

The s a l t s ( d e i c i n g compounds) app l i ed t o f ede ra l , s ta te , coun ty and municipal highways were calculated based on actual use repor ts .

PB 296839/AS 72 1JC 769

PLUARG 75-021

* Gierman, David M. and Robert A. Ryerson. Land Use I n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e Great Lakes Basin. (Unpublished). Submitted t o t h e P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s R e f e r e n c e Group, Technical Committee B. 1974, 584 pp.

Sumnary

The p ro jec t repo r ted he re cons t i t u tes t he Canad ian Sec t i on o f Task B1, Land Use Inventory, conducted as p a r t o f t h e PLUARG Task B. The r e s u l t s o f t h i s p r o j e c t a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e s and maps which were der ived f rom an updated and expanded Canada Land Inventory .

The r a t i o n a l e o f t h e l a n d use c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s d e s c r i b e d f i r s t . The fou r subsequen t sec t i ons p rov ide t echn ica l de ta i l s on the methodologies used t o c o l l e c t , c o m p i l e , t a b u l a t e and f i n a l l y map the data. The Tables o f Da ta on Land Use compiled i n accordance w i t h t h e g u i d e l i n e s l a i d down by the Technica l Comni t tee o f Task B are presented wi th the requested maps a t t h e end o f t h e r e p o r t .

" 77 IJC 769 PLUARG 74-022

# In te rna t i ona l Re fe rence Group on Great Lakes Po l lu t ion f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s . Land Use and Land Use P r a c t i c e s i n t h e G r e a t Lakes Basin, J o i n t Summary Report - Task B, (Un i ted S ta tes and Canada). Windsor, Ontario, September 1 9 / i , 45 pp.

Summary

Th is repo r t sumnar i zes t he I nven to r - o f Land Use and Land Use P r a c t i c e s i n t h e G r e a t Lakes Basin, including t rends and p r o j e c t i o n s t o 1980, and t o 2020, where appropriate.

Land uses are broken down f o r each l a k e b a s i n as f o l l o w s :

Area (Land and Water) R e s i d e n t i a l Comnercial - I n d u s t r i a l Crop 1 and Pasture

Fo res t Outdoor Recreation Wetlands Barren Water ( I n l a n d )

In add i t i on , e igh t spec ia l i zed l and use ca tegor ies a re d i scussed and u n i t s q u a n t i f i e d ;

Mi ne Tai 1 i ngs

L i q u i d and So

Disposal Areas Lakeshore and Riverbank

l i d Waste Disposal Areas In tens i ve L i ves tock E r x i o n

Operat ions

Areas Dredge Spo i l D isposa l High Density Non-sewered

Deepwell Disposal Recreational Lands

Annual m a t e r i a l s usages a re p resen ted f o r :

A g r i c u l t u r a l P e s t i c i d e s Comnercial F e r t i l i z e r s

A g r i c u l t u r a l Manures Lime Road S a l t

For more de ta i led in fo rmat ion one s h o u l d r e f e r t o t h e r e p o r t s p r e p a r e d f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s p a r t o f t h e G r e a t t a k e s B a s i n i n s i x volumes and the f ive-vo lume Canadian counterpar t . The l and use inventory and p r o j e c t i o n s a r e t o s e r v e as t h e b a s i s f o r e x t r a p o l a t i n g t h e d a t a f r o m t h e p i l o t wa te rshed s tud ies t o t he en t i re Bas in i n order .to q u a n t i f y l oad ings and i d e n t i f y and rank con t r ibu t ing a reas and land uses.

PB 296857lAS Z Z IJC 769

PLUARG 77-023

# Great Lakes Basin Commission. Inventory of Land Use and Land Use Prac t i ces i n t he Un i ted S ta tes Grea t Lakes Bas in w i th Emphasis on C e r t a i n Trends and Pro jec t ions to 1980, and Where A p p r o p r i a t e , t o 2020. 5 vols . PLUARG Task Group B (U.S. Section) Report. Windsor, Ontario,"1976.

v.1 Great Lakes Basin March 1976 146 pp. v.2 Lake Super io r Bas in March 1976 214 pp. v.3 Lake Michigan Basin A p r i l 1976 408 pp. v.4 Lake Huron Basin A p r i 1 1976 188 pp. v.5 Lake Er ie Bas in May 1976 295 pp. v.6 Lake Ontar io Basin May 1976 226 pp.

Sumnary

Th is repo r t desc r ibes and q u a n t i f i e s , as appropr ia te , the Great Lakes Basin 's geology, so i ls , minera ls , c l imate, sur face and ground water, v e g e t a t i o n , w i l d l i f e , and economic and demographic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . I t i n v e n t o r i e s a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n on waste d isposal operat ions, lakeshore and r i verbank e ros ion , h igh-dens i ty non-sewered res ident ia l a reas and rec rea t i ona l l and uses, as w e l l as m a t e r i a l s a p p l i c a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r a l chemica ls , fe r t i l i ze rs , l ime, an ima l was tes and s a l t s on highways. F i n a l l y , f u t u r e t r e n d s and p r o j e c t i o n s a r e shown for t h e above ca tegor ies .

PB 296855/AS Volume I o n l y

ZZ I JC 7C9 PLUARG 76-024

# I n te rna t i ona l Re fe rence Group on Great Lakes Po l lu t ion f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s . I n v e n t o r y o f Land Use and Land Use Prac t i ces i n t he Canad ian Great Lakes Basin wi th Emphasis on Certain Trends and P r o j e c t i o n s t o 1980, and Where A p p r o p r i a t e , t o 2 0 3 . 5 v o l s. PLUARG Task Group 2 (Canadian Section). Windsor, Ontario, 1977.

v. 1 Canadilln Great Lakes Basin Summary December 1977 125 pp. v. 2 Canadian Lake Supsrior Basin December 1977 55 pp. v. 3 Canadian Lake Huron Basin December 1977 93 pp. v. 4 Canadian Lake E r i e B a s i n December 1977 75 pp. v. 5 Canadian Lake Ontario Basin December 1977 85 pp.

Summary

The rcpo r t s desc r ibe and q u a n t i f y , as appropr iate, the Canadian Great Lakes B3sin 's geology, so i ls , minera ls , c l imate, sur face and ground water, v e g e t a t i o n , w i l d l i f e , and economic and demographic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . They i n v e n t o r y a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n on waste d isposal operat ions, lakeshore and r i verbank e ros ion , h igh-dens i ty nonsewered res ident ia l a reas and r e c r e a t i o n a l l a n d uses, as w e l l as m a t e r i a l s a p p l i c a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r a l chemica ls , fe r t i l i ze rs , an ima l was tes and s a l t s on highways. F i n a l l y , f u t u r ? t r e n d s and p r a j e r t i o n s a r e shown f o r t h e above categor ies.

PB 296856/AS ZZ IJC 769

PLUARG 77-025

# Montei th, Timothy J. and Eugene A. Jareck i . Land Cover Analysis f o r t h e Uni ted States Great Lakes Watersheds. Subrni t t e d t o PLUA?i; Task Group B. Windsor, Ontario, May 1978, 53 pp.

"

"

Summary

A c r i t i c a l element i n t h e P o l l i d t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s R e f e r - ence Group Study f o r t h e I n t e r n l t i o n a l J o i n t Commission i s an up- to-date i n v e n t o r y o f l a n d use. Such an i nven to ry was c m p i l I ? d f o r .the g .5 , 8asir l i n 1973 and 1974 under Task 8 o f PLUARG. The 1 and use compi 1;lt ion was accompl ished under cont ract wi th the Uni ted States inv i l *onmenta l Pro- t e c t i o n Agency by t h e L a b o r a t o r y f o r A p p l i c 3 t i o n s o f Remote Sensing (LARS) o f Purdue Univers i ty , us ing LANDSAT I s a t e l l i t e data. The LARS work was c a r r i e d o u t on a county bas is w i th emphas is on urban, a g r i c u l t u r a l and s i l v i c u l t u r a l uses.

The LARS work was a s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t p i o n e e r i n g e f f o r t gsi:13 s a t e l l i t e d a t a on a la rge sca le . Wk i le i t o f f e r e d a s i g n i f i c a n t advancement in the technology, problems were l e f t u n s o l v e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n d e f i n i n g u r b a n a r e a s . The r e s u l t s o f t h i s work a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e six-volume ". I n v e n t o r y I__ o f Land Use and Land Use Prac t ices (see p. TB-7).

As t h e PLUARG study developed, new needs arose i n t h e a r e a 3: l and use inven to r ies . A p a r t i c u l a r need was a l and use o r l and cove r ana lys i s by watershed. For t h e o v e r v i e w m o d e l l i n g e F f 9 i - t i n p a r t i c u l a r , a subwatershed land cover inventory was e s s e n t i a l .

I n t h e s p r i n g o f 1377 i t was recogn ized t ha t a land cover analys is by watershed was needed and t h a t i t was needed q u i c k l y . As t h e d i r x t i o n o f the Reference Group developed so t o o d i d t h e t e c h n o l o g y f o r t h e u t i l i z a - t i o n o f LANDSAT s a t e l l i t e d a t a . The computer technology and opera tor e x p e r t i s e had improved tremendously from the very f i r s t e f f o r t s made i n t h e e a r l y 1970 's . It was then decided by members o f PLUARG Task B t o seek good land cover est imates on a, watershed basis.

The i n f o r m a t i o n p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n i s t h e r e s u l t ,3f t h i s l a n d c o v e r ana lys i s on a watershed basis, I t must be recogn ized t ha t t h i s i n fo r - mat ion was compi led using a more recent da ta base and a g r e a t l y advanced t e c h n o l o g y f r o m t h a t p r e s e n t e d i n t h e PLUARG Task B repo r t s . Wherever poss ib le the in fo rmat ion p resented here shou ld be used i n l i e u o f t h a t p r e s e n t e d i n t h e Task B r e p o r t s e n t i t l e d The I n v e n t o r y o f Land Use and Land Use Prac t ices . A de ta i led descr ip t ion o f the methodo logy used here i s presented in the Appendix , Land Cover C l a s s i f i c a t i o n by Thomas F. Westcot t and Robert 0. Breault,""""

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. 9

PB 296854/AS ZZ I JC 769

PLUARG 78-026

* Deutscher, P. The Usage of Biocides, Fertilizers, and Road Salts in the Great Lakes Basin: Projections to 2020. (Unpublished). Submitted to PLUARG Task B-5-Land Use Forecasts. May 1976, 72 pp.

Sumnary

The purpose o f the study was to produce forecasts o f materials usage relevant to "the transfer of pollutants to the Great Lakes System" through land drainage. Three categories of materials were examined: pesticides, fertilizers and road salts.

Pesticides are discussed in Chapter 1. The patterns of pesticide use by the various components of Ontario agriculture are examined along with trends in the volume o f pesticide use. Trends in agriculture as a whole are evaluated inasmuch as they affect the pattern of pesticide use. Projections o f the volumes of herbicides, fungicides and insecticides applied by Ontario farmers are made for the target years 1980, 2000 and 2020.

Fertilizers, which are discussed in Chapter 2 , receive a cursory treatment relative to the other categories of materials. The agricultural scenario upon which the forecasts are based is essentially the same as that discussed in the chapter on pesticides, and Chapter '2 is limited to presenting information on trends in fertilizer use, forecasting fertilizer use and explaining the forecasting procedure.

Chapter 3 discusses and projects the use of salt as a tool for snow and ice control on roads and highways. The rather scarce data that are available on the use of deicing salt, past and present, are presented. The environmental and social problems that result from road salt use are discussed and alternatives to deicing salt are considered. Finally, forecasts o f salt use are presented.


* Sudar, A. The S o c i a l and Economic I m p l i c a t i o n s o f E u t r o p h i c a t i o n i n t h e Canadian Great Lakes Basin. (Unwbl ished draf t ) . Submi t ted to PLUARG Task Group B. January 1978, 29 pp.

Sumnary

E u t r o p h i c a t i o n i s n e i t h e r a l t o g e t h e r good no r a l t oge the r bad. The va r ious human uses o f Grea t Lakes wa te r have d i f f e ren t t o le rances f o r t he s i d e - e f f e c t s o f e u t r o p h i c a t i o n ( e x c e s s i v e a l g a e and aqua t i c p lan ts ) . I n the case o f a lgae on s h o r e p r o p e r t i e s , t h e t o l e r a n c e i s v e r y low; r e d u c t i o n s i n p r o p e r t y v a l u e s o c c u r w i t h even s l i g h t amounts o f a l g a e present .

Wate r -o r i en ted rec rea t i on a l so has a r e l a t i v e l y l o w t o l e r a n c e f o r e u t r o p h i c a t i o n b e c a u s e i t s m a n i f e s t a t i o n s a r e so obv ious t o t he human senses.

I n d u s t r i a l and power users have resolved one o f t h e i r problems by the use o f submerged in take p ipes , bu t o the rs may have t o b e r e s o l v e d i n t h e f u t u r e .

A l t h o u g h O n t a r i o M i n i s t r y o f t h e E n v i r o n m e n t o f f i c i a l s i n s i s t t h a t no m a t t e r how eut roph ic the lakes become the water can s t i l l be made potable, t h e r e must be a limit beyond which treatment i s i m p r a c t i c a l , if n o t impossible. And though more research i s needed t o determine what th is limit migh t be, t h e consequences o f r e a c h i n g i t would c e r t a i n l y be d i sas t rous .

The repo r t a l so cons ide rs t he f ac t t ha t phosphorus moves e a s i l y from l a n d t o w a t e r , b u t t h e r e i s no n a t u r a l mechanism whereby i t can be re tu rned to the land . Be fore the Great Lakes Bas in was s e t t l e d and urbanized, there was l i t t l e movement o f n u t r i e n t s f r o m l a n d t o w a t e r and the system was i n e q u i l i b r i u m . Now, phosphate f e r t i l i z e r i s i m p o r t e d t o rep1 ace what i s l o s t t o t h e l a k e s , b u t a f i n i t e s u p p l y o f phosphorus makes t h i s a temporary so lu t ion .

The p r i m a r y s o c i o - e c o n o m i c j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e r e d u c t i o n o f phosphorus loadings to the Great Lakes seems t o l i e i n t h e b e n e f i c i a l impacts o f improved water qua l i t y on the rec rea t i on i ndus t r y , sho re proper ty va lues and genera l aes the t ic cons idera t ions .


* Muir, T. Commercial-Industrial Land Use Projections. (Unpublished). Submitted to PLUARG Task B-5 Land Use Forecasts. January 1976, 11 pp.

Sumnary

For the purpose of this project, the commercial-industrial sector was defined as all economic activity in the Great Lakes i3asin, excluding agriculture, forestry, fisheries and mining. The estimates derived in the study are as follows:

COMMERCIAL- INDUSTRIAL LAND USE PROJECTIONS

(ACRES)

- BAS I N 1980 2000 2020

1 6,361 8,177 10,005

2 272 350 422

3 954 1 , 230 1,457

4 3,123 4,179 5,521

5 6,805 8,903 11,157

6 5,542 7,257 9,459

7 3,354 4,475 5,755

8 29,870 39 , 280 5 1 , 212

9 23,844 33,067 44,056

10 120,141 158,351 206,097

11 16,178 20,979 26,790


* Sudar, A. Urban Land Use Forecasts . (Unpubl ished) . Prepared for PLUARG Task B-5-Land Use Forecasts. May 1976, 46 pp.

Sumnary

iJ rban land use s tud ies a re inev i tab ly bogged down by the p rob lems o f d a t a a v a i l a b i l i t y and boundary de f i n i t i on . A sea rch f o r t ime se r ies l and use data in the Great Lakes Basin showed t h a t a v a i l a b l e l a n d use data are i ncomp le te a t any t i m e and incompa t ib le be tween su rveys e i t he r o f t he same c i t y a t d i f f e r e n t t i m e s o r of d i f f e r e n t c i t i e s . V a r i a t i o n s i n measurement t e c h n i q u e , c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s and u rban a rea f u r the r reduce t he use fu lness o f these scat tered data.

Consequent ly , the urban land use forecasts in th is repor t are based on a c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a n a l y s i s of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between urban populat ion and urban area. They are basical ly unconstrained, assuming that no more e f f e c t i v e p l a n n i n g t h a n e x i s t s and t h a t t h e economy will c o n t i n u e t o be the ma jor de terminant o f the u rban iza t ion p rocess .

Two d i f f e r e n t m e t h o d o l o g i e s were used. The f i r s t i s t h e c o n s t a n t land consumption rate method which i s Sased on the assumpt ion tha t any increments o f u rban popu la t i on will occupy as much space per person as t h e cur ren t u rban popu la t ion . The second approach i s t h e a l l o m e t r i c method which assumes t h a t as populat ion increases, urban area a lso increases, but a t a s l o w e r r a t e , r e f l e c t i n g a h i g h e r d e n s i t y and more i n tense use o f l and i n l a r g e r c i t i e s . F i n a l l y , a p r e f e r r e d f o r e c a s t i s p r e s e n t e d w h i c h combines t h e b e s t a t t r i b u t e s o f b o t h methods and i s c a l l e d t h e d e c l i n i n g land consumpt ion ra te fo recas t .


* Coleman, D e l l E. Land-use Forecasting Model: Overview and Methodology. (Unpubl ished) . Prepared for PLUARG Task B-5. J u l y 1975, 25 pp.

Sumnary

The t a s k o f Group 8-5 has been:

t o i d e n t i f y and assess fu tu re t rends in ma jor land-uses , spec ia l i zed uses, m a t e r i a l usage, and r e l a t e d i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y may a f f e c t t h e d r a i n a g e o f p o l l u t a n t s i n t o t h e G r e a t Lakes, f o r t h e t a r g e t y e a r s 1980, 2000, 2020. The fo recas ts shou ld take i n to cons ide ra t i on va r ious assumpt ions t ha t cou ld be made regarding technological development, changes i n a t t i t u d e o f t h e Basin popu la t i on and consequent p o l i c y and legal adaptat ions.

The r e p o r t o u t l i n e s t h e u n i t s o f a n a l y s i s chosen, the perce ived i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f t h e v a r i o u s s e c t o r s i n t h e t o t a l p r o b l e m , d e t a i l s o f the methodologies i n each area, d e t a i l s o f t h e computer implementation, as w e l l as est imates o f when r e s u l t s a r e l i k e l y t o be a v a i l a b l e f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n .


* Deutscher, Patrick. The Path of Ontario Agriculture: Land Use Projections to 2020. (Unpublished). Prepared for PLUARG Task B-5-Land Use Forecasts. May 1976, 84 pp.

Sumnary

Forecasts o f agricultural activity in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin form part o f PLUARG Task B, Activity 5.

The first part of the report describes and assesses the economic, technological and political forces that have propelled Ontario agriculture t o its present position. Special attention is given to assessing the forces currently operative, that will define the trajectory of agriculture in the future.

The second part o f the report describes three sets of land use forecasts for Ontario agriculture. These are based upon trend projections, upon alternative assumptions of technological advance and upon the assumption that political or economic factors will force agricultural output to grow in step with population.


* Coleman, D. E. Ontar io Recreat ion : A F o r e c a s t t o 2020. (Unpubl ished). Subrni t t e d t o PLUARG Task Group 8-5. December 1976, 23 pp.

T h i s r e p o r t d i s c u s s e s r e c r e a t i o n as i t r e l a t e s t o l a n d use. I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e t r e n d s i n consumer expend i tu re on recreat ion are examined as an i n d i c a t o r o f the fu tu re magn i tude o f recrea t iona l invo lvement . The au thor found tha t there i s a t rend t oward more pa r t i c i pa t i on i n rec rea - t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s and use o f r e c r e a t i o n a l F a c i l i t i e s such t h a t t h e expendi ture on r e c r e a t i o n a l goods and s e r v i c e s i s l i k e l y t o i n c r e a s e e i g h t - f o l d by 2020. However, gaps i n t h e knowledge base prevent accurate c a l c u l a t i o n of land areas assoc iated wi th the increase. I t has been es t ima ted t ha t 50% o f t h e i n c r e a s e i n r e c r e a t i o n a l s p e n d i n g will be on a c q u i r i n g l a n d . A d d i t i o n a l d e t a i l e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s will be necessary to d e t e r m i n e a c c u r a t e l y t h e n a t u r e o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between r e c r e a t i o n a l demand and r e c r e a t i o n a l 1 and requi red.


* Sudar, A. and P. Deutscher. Land Use Change i n t h e Canadian Great Lakes Basin, 1971-2020. (Unpubl ished). Prepared for PLUARG Task Group B-5 Land Use Forecasts. May 1976, 46 pp.

Sumnary

This paper reconci les and i n t e g r a t e s t h e u r b a n , a g r i c u l t l r a l and r e c r e a t i o n a l f o r e c a s t s w h i c h were done independen t l y as pa r t s o f t he P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land llse Reference Group (PLUARG) Task 8-5. The f i r s t sect ion presents the methodology by which the land use fo recas ts were conso l i da ted and t h e changes i n l a n d use i d e n t i f i e d . The second sec t i on d e s c r i b e s l a n d u s e i n f o u r a l t e r n a t i v e f u t u r e s . The a l t e r n a t i v e f u t u r e s are based on l and use p o l i c y o p t i o n s and on d i v e r g e n t p a t h s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i v i t y .

Two major t ypes o f land use change will be considered:

1) r u r a l t o u r b a n and

2) s h i f t s among t h e non urban uses (agr icul ture, woodland and r e c r e a t i o n ) .

The first t y p e o f change i s most c r i t i c a l f r o m a p lann ing pe rspec t i ve because i t i s i r r e v e r s i b l e . Once land has been conver ted t o u rban use, a l l o the r op t i ons a re c losed . The g e n e r a l p a t t e r n i s t h a t f a r m e r s a r e rep laced by land speculators, developers, home b u i l d e r s and urban homeowners, i n t h a t o r d e r .

Land use exchanges a r e l a r g e l y r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e n o n - u r b a n uses. For example, i n T o r o n t o u r b a n f r i n g e a p p r o x i m a t e s l a n d s h i f t e d f r o m e x t r a c t i v e to scrub woodland and from scrub woodland t o e x t r a c t i v e . S i m i l a r exchanges and sh i f t s occur be tween the agr icu l tu ra l subc lasses ( improved and unimproved farm1 and) and back and f o r t h between a g r i c u l t u r e and wood 1 and.


* L.J. D'Amore & Assoc ia tes L td . Soc ia l , I ns t i t u t i ona l and Technological Trends and Synergisms A f f e c t i n g Water Resources Q u a l i t y i n t h e Canadian P o r t i o n of the Great Lakes Basin. (Unpubl ished). Submit ted to the Canada C e n t r e f o r I n l a n d Waters. Bu r l i ng ton , On ta r io , Ju l y 1975, 7 1 pp.

* L.J. D'Amore & Associates Ltd. The Knowledge Base. Appendix t o r e p o r t e n t i t l e d S o c i a l , I n s t i t u t i o n a l and Technological Trends and Synergisms A f f e c t i n g Water Resources Q u a l i t y i n t h e Canadian Por t i on o f t he Grea t Lakes Basin. (Unpubl ished). Submit ted to the Canada Cen t re f o r I n land Waters. Bur l ington, Ontar io , Ju ly 1975, 180 pp.

Sumnary

T h i s r e p o r t on t h e " s y n e r g i s t i c s p r o j e c t " was p r e p a r e d f o r t h e S o c i a l Sc iences D iv is ion , In land Waters Di rectorate, Ontar io Region by L .J . D'Amore and Associates Ltd. It represen ts a p a r t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o two rnajor and c u r r e n t s t u d i e s b y t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Commission on water q u a l i t y i n t h e G r e a t Lakes. These are the Upper Lakes Reference Group (Working Group A, Study I tem IV) and t h e P o l l i r t i o n from Land Use A c t i v i t i e s R e f e r e n c e Group (Task 8 - 5 ) . I n b o t h cases, t h e r o l e of t h i s r e p o r t i s t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and d e s c r i p t i o n o f f u t u r e t r e n d s a f f e c t i n g G r e a t Lakes water qua l i t y f rom a s o c i a l , i n s t i t u t i o n a l and t e c h n o l o g i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e .

ZZ I JC 769 PLUARG 75-035 S

Z Z IJC 769 PLUARG 75-035 K

* Sonnen, C.A. and P.M. Jacobson. Estimates o f Economic A c t i v i t y i n Regions o f t h e Canadian Great Lakes Basin f o r t h e P e r i o d 1972-2020. Series A, Volume I. Submi t ted t o t he Canada C e n t r e f o r I n l a n d Waters. Bu r l i ng ton , Ontario, December 1974, 121 pp.

* E s t i m a t e s o f E c o n o m i c A c t i v i t y i n R e g i o n s o f t h e Canadian Great Lakes B a s i n f o r t h e P e r i o d 1972-2020. Se r ies A, Volume 11. Submi t ted t o t he Canada Centre for In land Waters. Bur l ing ton , Ontar io , May 1975, 35 pp.

* E s t i m a t e s o f Economic A c t i v i t y i n Regions of the Canadian Great Lakes B a s i n f o r t h e P e r i o d 1972-2020. Se r ies B. Submi t ted t o t he Canada Centre

PP ~~ ~

f o r I n l a n d Waters. Burl ington, Ontario, August 1975, 149

Sumnary

P repared f o r bo th PLUARG and t h e Upper Lakes Reference Group, these r e p o r t s p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y e s t i m a t e o f economic a c t i v i t y i n t h e G r e a t Lakes dra inage reg ions f rom the present through 2020. F i g u r e s f o r r e a l domes t i c p roduc t (exc lud ing hous ing bu t i nc lud ing 31 o the r i ndus t r i a l ca tegor ies ) p rov ide t he p ro jec ted measure o f such a c t i v i t y . T h i s s t u d y u t i l i z e d t h e CANDIDE "Canadian Disaggregated Interdepartmental Econo- m e t r i c " model to p roduce the es t imates .

Two se ts o f es t ima tes were made and denoted "Ser ies A" and "Ser ies B". The Ser ies A est imates are based on a set o f assumpt ions compat ib le w i t h a c o n t i n u e d t r e n d i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e S e r v i c e I n d u s t r y . Volume I con ta ins a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e o v e r a l l f o r e c a s t methodology, major assump- t i o n s and p r o j e c t e d r e s u l t s , as w e l l as t h e e s t i m a t e s f o r t h e Upper Lakes Regions. Volume I 1 c o n t a i n s o n l y t h e e s t i m a t e s f o r t h e Lower Lakes Reg i ons.

The Ser ies B est imates embody c e r t a i n assumptions t h a t d i f f e r f r o m those i n S e r i e s A. These d i f f e r e n c e s p r i m a r i l y a f f e c t t h e l o n g - t e r m p rospec ts f o r t he supp ly of cer ta in bas ic commodi t ies , The d i scuss ion c o n t a i n e d i n S e r i e s B o u t l i n e s these major differences, and e s t i m a t e s f o r b o t h t h e Upper and Lower Great Lakes Regions are presented together.

ZZ IJC 769 PLUARG 74-036 AI

ZZ IJC 769 PLUARG 75-036 A I 1

Z Z IJC 769 PLUARG 75-036 B

TASK ‘C’ REPORTS To s t u d y i n t e n s i v e l y a small number o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e watersheds , se lec ted to permi t some e x t r a p o l a t i o n of d a t a t o t h e e n t i r e G r e a t Lakes Basin and t o r e l a t e contaminat ion o f water qua l i t y , wh ich may be found a t r i v e r mouths on the Great Lakes, t o s p e c i f i c l a n d uses and p rac t i ces .

# Chestars, G. e t a l . P i l o t Watershed Studies Summary Report. Windsor, O n t a r i o . J u n F l 9 f 8 , '973 pp.

Sumnary

One o f t h e f o u r p r i n c i p a l t a s k s o f PLUARG, Task C was to de termine t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and l o c a t i o n s o f d i f f u s e s o u r c e s o f p o l l u t a n t s i n t h e Great Lakes Basin and t o assess t h e i r r e l a t i v e s i g n i f i c a n c e . A f u r t h e r o b j e c t i v e was t o q u a n t i f y t h e p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d i n t r a n s m i s s i o n o f pol lutants f rom these sources to the boundary waters. The Technica l Committee appointed by PLUARG t o meet Task C ob jec t ives p lanned and superv i sed e igh t "p i l o t wa te rshed" programs, each o f wh ich i nc luded i n t e n s i v e w a t e r q u a l i t y m o n i t o r i n g and a g r e a t v a r i e t y o f s o u r c e e v a l u - a t i o n and process studies. The Task C r e p o r t i n c o r p o r a t e s m a j o r f i n d i n g s o f t h e s e s t u d i e s and i s s t r u c t u r e d t o p r o v i d e : a) a d e s c r i p t i o n o f l a n d uses i n t h e p i l o t watersheds and i n t h e G r e a t Lakes Basin, b) a r a t i o n a l e f o r t h e c h o i c e o f p a r a m e t e r s r e c e i v i n g g r e a t e s t emphasis, c ) an e v a l u a t i o n o f u n i t a r e a l o a d i n g s f o r i n d i v i d u a l l a n d uses i n t h e p i l o t watersheds, d) an e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f u n i t a r e a l o a d s t o t h e w a t e r s h e d s o f each lake, e) a rank ing o f hazardous land uses fo r d i f fe ren t parameters , f) a d i scuss ion s f i n f o r m a t i o n and f a c t o r s u s e f u l i n d e s i g n i n g a l t e r n a t i v e r e m e d i a l s t r a t e g i e s and g) fu tu re research , mon i to r ing and demonstrat ion needs.

A d d i t i o n a l s p e c i a l s t u d i e s were c a r r i e d o u t b y Task C i n v e s t i g a t o r s and p rov ided i n fo rma t ion on p r i va te was te d i sposa l systems, s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l s , stream-bank erosion and o t h e r d i f f u s e s o u r c e s o f p o l l u t a n t s .

PB 296844/AS ZZ IJC 769

PLUARG 78-037

# Bahr, Thomas G. Felton-Herron Creek, Mill Creek P i l o t Watershed Studies, Summary P i l o t Watershed Report. Submitted to PLUAKG Task Group C Techn ica l Con i t t ee , Syn thes i s and E x t r a p o l a t i o n Work Group. Windsor, Ontar io. January 1978, 48 pp.

S u n a r y

FELTON-HERRON CREEK

The genera l conc lus ions to be drawn from t h i s s t u d y a r e t h a t :

(1) t h e t y p e o f c r o p s e l e c t e d i s i m p o r t a r l t i n management of land i r r i g a t i o n systems f o r t h e p r e v e n t i o n of N03-N losses.

a) annuals such as co rn do no t t ake up much n i t r o g e n d u r i n g t h e e a r l y p a r t o f t h e g r o w i n g season. Such crops; therefore, should be i r r i g a t e d a t r a t e s t h a t wiil j u s t r e p l a c e e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n a l .

b) perenn ia l g rasses a re the most e f fec t i ve vegeta t ion a t remov ing n i t rogen f rom wastewater .

c ) legumes scch as a l f a l f a a r e a b o u t as e f f e c t i v e as pe renn ia l grasses a t rr i trq~s:: removal ;

( 2 ) s o i l s a r e e f f e c t i v e a t p h o s p h o r u s s o r p t i o n so t h a t phosphorus c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f w a t e r l e a c h i n g p a s t t h e r o o t zone on i r r i g a t e d s i t e s approach background levels;

( 3 ) runof f f rom spray s i tes should be avoided and

( 4 ) mature beech-sugar maple forests are not e f f ic ient a t removal o f n i t rogen f rom wastewater . Such mature forests should not be used for wastewater renovation.

MILL CREEK

P e r s i s t e n t compounds such as the ch lo r ina ted hydrocarbons a re a p p a r e n t l y b e i n g t r a n s p o r t e d t o t h e l a k e s d e s p i t e t h e i r l a c k o f use f o r severa l years in the watershed. T ranspor t o f these compounds a r e t i e d c l o s e l y w i t h t h e movement o f suspended sediment, thus i t would seem t h a t measures to con t ro l sed imen t movement wou ld a l so con t ro l t he movement o f ch lor inated hydrocarbons.

A t r a z i n e and gu th ion do appear i n Mill Creek, b u t t h e i r s i g n i f i c a n c e as a problem i n t h e G r e a t Lakes i s u n c l e a r a t t h i s t i m e . M i s u s e and acc idents wi th pest ic ides can be expected no mat ter how s t r i c t a s e t o f r e g u l a t i o n s i s e n f o r c e d . The on ly sa feguard i s t o ban t he manu fac tu re and use o f f o r m u l a t i o n s t h a t c o u l d cause long-term problems i n t h e e v e n t o f a s i n g l e a c c i d e n t a l i n t r o d u c t i o n .


* Burton, Thomas M. and Thomas G. Bahr. The Felton-Herron Creek, Mill Creek P i l o t Watershed Studies, Final Report . Submit ted to PLUARG Task Group-C . Chicago, I l l i n o i s . June 1978, 213 pp.

Sumnar,y

Two land uses, f r u i t o r c h a r d f a r m i n g and l a n d a p p l i c a t i o n o f mun ic ipa l was tewa te r i r r i ga t i on , were studied to assess the sources, forms and amount o f po l l u tan ts t ha t a re t ranspor ted f rom these a reas t o t he boundary waters of the Great Lakes. The pr imary concern o f the Mill Creek s tudy was t h e movement o f p e s t i c i d e s f r o m f r u i t o r c h a r d s , w h i l e t h a t o f the was tewater i r r iga t ion s tudy (Fe l ton-Her ron Creek study) was t h e t r a n s p o r t o f n u t r i e n t s .

Analyses were conducted f o r f i f t y - s e v e n d i f f e r e n t p e s t i c i d e s on bo th suspended sediment and sed imen t d i sso l ved i n wa te r i n t he Mill Creek study. O f t h e e i g h t p e s t i c i d e s f o u n d i n a p p r e c i a b l e q u a n t i t i e s , t h e m a j o r forms exported were the chlor inated hydrocarbons, a l though they have not been used fo r seve ra l yea rs . Mos t o f t he pes t i c ides were t rans7or ted on suspended s o l i d s . The p e s t i c i d e s l o s t i n o r d e r o f amount l o s t were DDT, DDE, a t r a z i n e , d i e l d r i n , DDD, s imaz ine , a ld r in and guth ion. Most pest i - c i d e s l o s t were assoc ia ted w i th pas t fa rming p rac t ices , e.g. DDT, DDE and DDD o r c o r n c u l t i v a t i o n i n t h e w a t e r s h e d , e.g. a t raz ine w i th gu th ion be ing t h e o n l y m a j o r p e s t i c i d e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f r u i t o r c h a r d f a r m i n g l o s t f r o m the watershed. I t was l o s t i n o n l y v e r y s m a l l amounts.

The Fel ton-Herron Creek study demonstrated that improper management o f l a n d a p p l i c a t i o n systems fo r recyc l i ng mun ic ipa l was tewa te r can l ead t o a p p r e c i a b l e l o a d i n g o f s t r e a m s w i t h a l l t h e m a j o r n u t r i e n t s , e s p e c i a l l y n i t rogen. Proper management o f such systems will cont ro l these losses . Perennia l c rops and o l d f i e l d s y s t e m s a r e e f f i c i e n t a t t h e u p t a k e o f b o t h n i t r o g e n and phosphorus throughout the growing season and o f f e r e x c e l l e n t wastewater renovat ion potent ia l . Annual crops such as c o r n a r e n o t e f f i - c i e n t a t n i t r o g e n u p t a k e d u r i n g t h e e a r l y g r o w t h phase ( f i r s t f i v e t o seven weeks). A f t e r t h a t , t h e y t o o a r e e f f i c i e n t . L a k e s u c c e s s i o n a l f o r e s t s a r e n o t e f f i c i e n t a t n i t r o g e n u p t a k e and 'losses t o groundwater or r u n o f f o f t e n approach i n p u t amounts.


# He t l i ng , L.J. e t a l . Genesee R i v e r P i l o t Watershed Study, Summary P i l o t Watershed R e p o x . S u b m i t t e d t o PLUARG Task Group C. Windsor, Ontario. March 1978, 73 pp.

Sumary

The Genesee R i v e r was mon i to red f o r s t ream f l ow and a v a r i e t y o f water qual i ty parameters under a program sponsored by PLUARG Task C. An integrated sampl ing program was operated from March 1975 through June 1977. Twenty-eight stat ions covered the spectrum of land use, s o i l t y p e and geo log ic deve lopment found in the watershed. Po l lu tan ts s tud ied in d e t a i l were t o t a l phosphorus, suspended s o l i d s and ch lo r i de .

R e s u l t s o f t h e s t u d y s u g g e s t t h a t w a t e r q u a l i t y i s n o t e n t i r e l y dependent on land use; so i l type, geology and geomorphology also have a s t r o n g i n f l u e n c e on t h e amounts and fo rms o f va r ious po l l u tan ts t rans - p o r t e d by surface waters. The in tense ly - fa rmed a reas i n t he cen t ra l and n o r t h e r n p o r t i o n s o f t h e w a t e r s h e d l i e on ca lcareous so i ls . These areas con t r i bu te h ighe r un i t l oads o f phosphorus , ch lo r i de and suspended s o l i d s than does the remainder o f the watershed. Areas o f cu l t i va ted muck land produce elevated phosphorus uni t loads, and excess i ve ch lo r i de p roduc t i on i s i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h o s e r e g i o n s h a v i n g e x t e n s i v e s a l t m i n i n g o p e r a t i o n s .

V a r i a t i o n s i n r i v e r l o a d i n g i n d i c a t e t h a t u r b a n l a n d i s r e l a t i v e l y more p r o d u c t i v e t h a n a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d f o r t h e p a r a m e t e r s s t u d i e d . Fo res ted l and i s t he l eas t p roduc t i ve . A p o r t i o n o f u r b a n i m p a c t i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p o i n t s o u r c e d i s c h a r g e s p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o c h l o r i d e and phosphorus. Suspended so l i ds , as an u rban po in t source, have l i t t l e impact . Large ch lor ide po int sources are s torm water runof f and phosphorus is con t r ibu ted f rom mun ic ipa l was tewater .

T r a n s p o r t o f t h e p o l l u t a n t s i s v a r i a b l e w i t h i n r e a c h e s and over the watershed. Conserva t ive d isso lved cons t i tuents tend to be t ranspor ted und im in i shed , wh i l e pa r t i cu la te and r e a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s may be s u b j e c t t o subs tan t i a l p rocess ing . The n a t u r e o f t h e system, however, makes i t d i f f i c u l t t o i d e n t i f y s p e c i f i c d e l i v e r y r a t i o s , t h o u g h t h e r e i s a d i s - placement i n t r a n s p o r t t i m e o f p a r t i c u l a t e m a t e r i a l . D e p e n d i n g on f low and spec i f i c reach , t he d i sp lacemen t va r ies i n t ime f rom days t o months.

G e n e r a l i z e d r e s u l t s a r e t r a n s f e r a b l e , b u t t h e v a r i a b i l i t y found i n - d i c a t e s t h a t s p e c i f i c n u m e r i c a l r e s u l t s a r e u n i q u e t o an area. Unless a wa te rshed w i th s im i l a r l and use prac t ices , so i ' l t ypes and geology can be i d e n t i f i e d , t h e r e s u l t s c a n n o t be t rans fe r red . Th i s limits e x t r a p o l a t i o n to very smal l a reas where spec i f i c numer ica l resu l ts can be t r a n s f e r r e d o r very large areas where g e n e r a l i z e d q u a l i t a t i v e r e s u l t s a r e s u f f i c i e n t .

PB 296842/AS ZZ IJC 769

PLUARG 78-040

At the time that this bibliography went to press the Genessee River Pilot Watershed Study, Final Report had not yet been printed. It will be prepared by the New York Department o f Environmental Conservation in response to an EPA grant requiremeot. It will eventually be available from the

Great Lakes National Program Office U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region V 536 S. Clark Street, Room 932 Chicago, Illinois 60605.


# Konrad, John G., Gordon Chesters and K u r t W. Bauer. Menomonee R i v e r P i l o t Watershed Study, Summary P i l o t Watershed Report. Submitted to PLUARG Task Group C (U.S. Section). Windsor, Ontario. May 1978, 77 pp.

Sumnary

The Menomonee River watershed has been instrumented to a l low main- stem and t r i b u t a r y m o n i t o r i n g a t f i f t een l oca t i ons . Fu r the rmore , t h ree o f these and seven o the r s tudy s i t es have been d e l i n e a t e d p e r m i t t i n g c o l l e c - t i o n and ana lys is o f d ra inage water f rom a reas o f p redominant ly one land use. An ove r land f l ow model (LANDRUN) has been developed, c a l i b r a t e d and v e r i f i e d f o r t h r e e subwatersheds i n t h e Menomonee R iver Bas in . Deta i led l a n d use inventor ies (Southeas twn Wiscons in Reg iona l P lann ing Commission - SEWRPC) a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r 1970 and 1975 a l l o w i n g a c a p a b i l i t y f o r exam- i n i n g t h e i m p a c t o f changing land use p a t t e r n s on p o l l u t i o n a l l o a d i n g s . A p r e d i c t i o n of land use changes p lanned to the year 2000 will be used t o expand the t ime f rame fo r the in te rpre ta t ion o f chang ing land use p a t t e r n s as t hey a f fec t Grea t Lakes po l l u t i on . The land use inventory a l lows mapping i n f o r t y - t w o l a n d use ca tegor ies bu t t hese have been conso l i da ted i n t o t h i r t e e n c a t e g o r i e s f o r t h e PLUARG i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

The impor tance o f t he Menomonee R iver watershed da ta in meet ing the g o a l s o f PLUARG are d iscussed and t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h Menomonee R i v e r watershed in fo rmat ion and methodology i s t r a n s f e r a b l e t o o t h e r s e c t o r s o f t h e G r e a t L a k e s B a s i n i s r e a l i s t i c a l l y e v a l u a t e d .


Menomonee R ive r P i l o t Wa te rshed S tudy , F j -n -aa .pqw& Suhmi t te r l t o t he U.S. E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n A g e n c y and PLUAllS TaTk Group D. 11 ~ 0 1 5 . Madison, Wisconsin. 1979.

Volume 1: Sumnary. No t y e t p r i n t e d .

Volume 11: Use P o p u l a t i o n a n d P h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i L t i c s of- thz M e n o m G R i v e r W a t e r s h e d . S u b l n i t t e d t o t h e U.S. ~ n v ~ ~ o ~ ~ n ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - A g ~ n c y and PLUARG Tas!: Group D. Madison, Wiscols ln. September 1978, 94 pp.

Volume IV: Novotny, V., M.A. C h i n and H. T r a n . D e s c r i p t i o n a n d C a l i b r d t i o n o f a P o l l u t a n t L o a d i n g Model-LANDRUN. S i l h m i t t r d t o t i l e 11.5. E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n A g e n c y and

1% pp.

Volume V : Groundwater Hydro logy

P a r t I :

P a r t 11:

P a r t 111:

Volume VI:

Volume VII:

Volume VIII:

Volume IX:

Volume X :

Volume XI:

Groundwater - S u r f a c e W a t e r I n t e r a c t i o n . S l l b m i t t e d t o t h e Eisen, C.E. and M.P. Anderson. F i e l d D a t a Q u a n t i f y i n g

~ ~ T v ~ r i Z T P r o t c c t i o n - A g i ? n c y d n d PLUARG Task Group D. Madison, Wisco?sin. September 1978, 68 pp.

H o f f e r , R.N. and M.P. Anderson . Po ten t i a l -1mEacts f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s . S u b m i t t e d t o t h e 11.5. Env i ronmen ta l F i o x c ? < A T & K c v d n d PLUARG Task Group D. Madison, Wisconsin. September 1978, 44 pp.

Anderson, M.P. M o d e l i n g and Ext;apolat ion t o O t h e r Watersheds . Submi t ted to the IJ. . E n v l r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n FaTGTx PLUARG Task Group D. Mactison, W iscons in . Sfpt&her 1978, 76 pp

Anderson, M.P., C .E . E i sen and R.N. Hof fe r . Groundwate r C o n t r i b u t i o n s t o S u r f a c e W a t e r Q u a l i t y i n t h e Menomonee R i w r Watprqhpd. F h n i t t e d t o t h e U.S. E n v i r o n m e n t a l - _____- P r o t e c t i o n Agency a n d PLUARG Task Group 0. Madison, i l i scons in . Augus t 1979 , 138 pp.

Andren, Anders z. I n o r g a n i c - A t m o s p h e r i c C h e m i s t r y . S u b m i t t e d t o t h e 1J.S. Env i ronmen ta l P ro tec t i on Agency and PLUARG Task Group D. Madlson, Wlsconsln. December 1979, n o t ye t p r i n t e d .

N o t y e t p r i n t e d .

T r i b u t a r y I n p u t s on L a k e M i c h i g a n D u r i n g H i g h Flows. Bannerman, R . , J.G. Konrad and D. B e c k e r . E f f e c t s o f

S u b m i t t e d t o t h e U.S . E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n A g e n c y and PLUARG Task Group D. Madison, Wisconsin. October 1979, 46 PP.

Armstrona. D.E.. J.R. P e r r y and D.E. F l a t n e s s . A v a i l a b i i i t y of'Pollutants-Associated w i t h Suspended o r

L a k e s . S u b m i t t e d t o t h e U.S . E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n S e t t l e d R i v e r S e d i m e n t s W h i c h G a i n Access t o t h e G&

and PLUARG Task Group D. Mad ison , W iscons in . Ju l y 1<79,-77 pp. (See a l s o Z Z IJC 769/PLUARG 79-115)

IX had not y e t b e e n p r i n t e d . T h e y will b e p r e p a r e d b y t h e W i s c o n s i n Department o f N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s i n r e s p o n s e t o an EPA g r a n t r e q u i r e m e n t . They will e v e n t u a l l y b e a v a i l a h l e f r o m t h e

A t t h e t i m e t h a t t h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y w e n t t o p r e s s , Volumes I, VI1 and

G r e a t L a k e s P r o g r a m O f f i c e U.S. E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n A g e n c y Reg ion V 536 S . C l a r k S t r e e t , Room 932 C h i c a g o , I l l i n o i s 60605 ZZ IJC 769

PLUARC 79-043

# Logan, T e r r y J. Maumee River Bas in P i lo t Watershed S tudy , Summary P i l o t Watershed Report. Submitted to PLUAKG Task Group C (U.S. Sect ion) . Windsor , Ontar io . Apr i l 1975, 96 pp.

Sumnary

The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y p r o d u c e d a number o f i m p o r t a n t f i n d i n g s a b o u t p o l l u t i o n f r o m l a n d use i n t h e Maumee River Bas in and reemphasized what we a l ready knew:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

t h e b a s i n i s made which produce sed i n t e r n a l d r a i n a g e

most o f t h e b a s i n most par t , the so

up o f f i n e - t e x t u r e d s o i l s o f h i g h n a t u r a l f e r t i l i t y

and s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o s e d i m e n t t r a n s p o r t ; i m e n t d u r i n g r u n o f f i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e i r s l o p e ,

i s i n i n t e n s i v e r o w c r o p a g r i c u l t u r e where, f o r t h e i l s a r e f a 1 1 -plowed and bare f rom November t o June;

much o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d i s d r a i n e d b y s u b s u r f a c e t i l e o r su r face d ra ins and served by a vast network o f man-made o r m o d i f i e d d i tches ;

t h e p e r i o d o f a c t i v e s e d i m e n t t r a n s p o r t i s i n l a t e w i n t e r o r e a r l y s p r i n g and t h e s e v e r i t y o f e ros ion and sed imen t t ranspor t i s de te rm ined by so i l mo is tu re and snow m e l t c o n d i t i o n s d u r i n g t h e i n i t i a l thaw;

phosphorus i s t h e m a j o r p o l l u t a n t f r o m t h e Maumee R ive r Bas in and t h e h igh phosphate con ten t o f suspended sediments r e f l e c t s t h e h i g h p h o s p h o r u s l e v e l s i n b a s i n s o i l s and the enr ichment of phosphorus i n sediment due to c lay en r i chmen t du r ing t ranspor t and adsorpt ion o f soluble phosphorus i n t h e s t r e a m and

l e v e l s o f p e s t i c i d e s and t r a c e m e t a l s i n t h e Maumee R ive r were low and r e f l e c t background levels i n b a s i n s o i l s and normal metal con t r ibu t ions f rom g roundwater .

PB 296840/AS ZZ IJC 769

PLUARG 78-044

Logan, T e r r y J. and Robert C. S t i e f e l . Maumee R i v e r B a s i n P i l o t Watershed Study, F ina l Repor t . 2 vo ls . Submi t ted to PLUARG Task Group C. March 1979, 300 pp.

-

Summary

I n Volume I o f t h i s r e p o r t , Watershed C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and P o l l u t a n t Loadings, f i v e s m a l l a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s and e i g h t p i l o t s i n t h e Maumee R ive r Bas in o f Ohio were monitored for losses of sediments and n u t r i e n t s d u r i n g 1975-1977. These r e s u l t s were compared w i th l oad ings f rom l a rge r wa te rsheds i n t he bas in and t h e i r downstream t r i b u t a r y l o a d s . Studies were a lso conducted on sediment t ransport , adsorpt ion, adsorpt ion- desorpt ion of sediment-phosphorus and heavy metal and p e s t i c i d e loss f rom the bas in .

Volume 11, Sediment, Phosphate, and Heavy Metal Transport, contains s p e c i a l s t u d i e s on the mineralogy, chemistry and t r a n s p o r t o f sediment as w e l l as p e s t i c i d e and metal sediment t ransport .

A t t h e t i m e t h a t t h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y went to press, these volumes had n o t y e t been p r i n t e d . They will be prepared by t he Oh io S ta te Un ive rs i t y Research Foundation i n response t o an EPA grant requi rement . They wi 11 e v e n t u a l l y be a v a i l a b l e f r o m t h e

Great Lakes Program O f f i c e U.S. Env i ronmenta l Pro tec t ion Agency Region V 536 S. C la rk S t ree t , Room 932 Chicago, I l l i n o i s 60605


# Hore, R.C. and R.C. Ostry. Grand River, Ontar io, Summary P i l o t Watershed

53%- Re o r t . S u b m i t t e d t o PLUARG Task Group C. Windsor , Ontar io . Apr i l 1978,

Sumnary

The m a j o r s o u r c e s o f p o l l u t i o n i n t h e p r e d o m i n a n t l y a g r i c u l t u r a l Grand R ive r Bas in have been i d e n t i f i e d f r o m t h e Task C s tud ies.

Urban

Poi nt-sources

metals, organic chemicals, bacter ia, phosphorus

metals, organic chemicals, phosphorus, n i t r o g e n

T ranspor ta t i on l ead , ch lo r i de

Pr ivate-water Disposal phosphorus

A g r i c u l t u r e sediment, phosphorus, n i t r o g e n

Wate r -qua l i t y mon i to r i ng da ta co l l ec ted under t he PLUARG program d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1975-1976 i n t h e Grand River watershed suggest that p r o g r e s s i v e p o l l u t i o n o f t h e Grand R ive r i s occu r r i ng f rom the headwate rs t o i t s mouth a t Lake Erie. The headwater areas art! r e l a t i v e l y c l e a n . P o l l u t a n t l o a d s i n c r e a s e c o n s i s t e n t l y downstream i n t h e c e n t r a l and lower reg ions o f the watershed, re f lec t ing the impacts o f b o t h t h e i n t e n s i v e a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y and urban sprawl on t h e w a t e r q u a l i t y of t h e rece iv ing wa te rs i n t hese po r t i ons o f t he wa te rshed .

E x t r a p o l a t i o n o f t h e p i l o t watershed data to unmonitored areas i n t h e Great Lakes aasin i s p o s s i b l e , p r o v i d e d t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t he unmon i to red a reas a re s im i l a r t o t hose i n t he 2 i l o t wa te rshed . I n t e rms of extrapolation to other parts o f the Great Lakes Basin, the c r i t i c a l d i f f use sou rces o f p o l l u t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n have been i d e n t i f i e d as be ing a g r i c u l t u r e and urban land uses and p r a c t i c e s . Based on the Grand River watershed in fo rmat ion , the most cos t -e f fec t i ve remed ia l measures t o modera te non-po in t sources o f po l lu t ion in the Great Lakes Basin will be t h o s e t h a t c o n t r o l p o l l u t a n t r u n o f f f r o m a g r i c u l t u r e and urban areas.

PB 29686llAS ZZ IJC 769

PLUARG 78-046

# Hore, R.C. and R.C. Ostry. Saugeen River , Ontar io , Summary P i l o t Watershed Report . Submit ted to PLUARG Task Group C. Windsor, Ontario. A p r i l 1978, 56 pp.

Sumary

Water q u a l i t y d a t a c o l l e c t e d u n d e r t h e PLUARG program dur ing the p e r i o d 1975-1976 i n d i c a t e t h a t w h i l e v a r i a t i o n s a c r o s s t h e Saugeen R i v e r B a s i n a r e n o t d r a m a t i c , t h e y b r o a d l y r e f l e c t i n c r e a s e d a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y i n t h e l o w e r r e a c h e s of the bas in. St reams dra in ing the headwater reaches which are mainly i n swamp, non-productive woodland and p e r m a n e n t p a s t u r e , a r e o f r e l a t i v e l y b e t t e r q u a l i t y t h a n t h e w a t e r s a t t h e mouth o f t h e b a s i n . The p o l l u t a n t i m p a c t o f t h e Saugeen R ive r Bas in on t h e w a t e r q u a l i t y o f the Great Lakes i s minimal.

The major sources o f p o l l u t i o n f r o m l a n d u s e s s t u d i e d i n t h e Saugeen R i v e r B a s i n h a v e b e e n t e n t a t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d as f o l l o w s :

Urban metals

Point Sources metals, organic chemicals, phosphorus, n i t r o g e n

T r a n s p o r t a t i o n 1 ead, ch 1 or i de

Private-waste Disposal phosphorus

A g r i c u l t u r e sediment, phosphorus, n i t r o g e n

E x t r a p o l a t i o n o f t h e p i l o t w a t e r s h e d d a t a t o u n m o n i t o r e d a r e a s i n t h e Great Lakes Basin i s p o s s i b l e p r o v i d e d t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e u n m o n i t o r e d a r e a s a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e i n t h e p i l o t w a t e r s h e d . I n t e r m s o f e x t r a p o l a t i o n t o o t h e r p a r t s of t he Grea t Lakes Bas in , t he c r i t i ca l d i f f use sou rces o f p o l l u t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n have been i d e n t i f i e d as be ing urban and a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d uses and p r a c t i c e s . Based on t h e p i l o t watershed in fo rmat ion , the most cos t -e f fec t i ve remed ia l measures fo r the Great Lakes Basin will b e t h o s e t h a t c o n t r o l r u n o f f f r o m a g r i c u l t u r e and urban areas.

PB 296860lAS Z Z IJC 769

PLUARG 78-047

# Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Water Quality Data Collected for the Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group (PLUARG) Study 1975, 1976 and 1977. Submitted to PLUARG Task Group C. 1978, 500 pp.

Sumnary

The Ontario Ministry of the Environment developed a monitoring network in support of the PLUARG study. In addition to the monitoring sites for the specific land uses in support of Task C activities, main stem monitoring sites were also established at existing streamflow stations.

Samples were analyzed for some or all of the following parameters: counts of total and fecal coliforms, enterococci and background count; concentrations of suspended solids, total phosphorus, filtered reactive phosphate, total dissolved phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, filtered (nitrate + nitrite) nitrogen, filtered ammonia nitrogen; levels of conductivity and turbidity; concentrations of total carbon, total inorganic carbon, total organic carbon, filtered organic carbon, filtered chloride, filtered alkalinity, filtered sulphate, filtered reactive silicate, filtered calcium, filtered magnesium, filtered potassium and filtered sodium; units of pH; concentrations of phenols, total zinc, total lead, total cadmium, total copper, total iron, total nickel, total chromium, total mercury and total arsenic. Limited available information on manganese, selenium, pesticides and PCB's can be obtained from the Ministry's Water Resources Branch offices in Toronto.

A basic annual sumnary, i .e. the number of samples and average concentrations is presented for each monitoring station. In addition to a verbal station location description, the Universal Transverse Mercator Grid (UTM) is provided along with a hydrologic (Storet-type) coding system.


# Nicholson, J.A. Forested Watershed Studies, Summary Technical Report. Submi t ted to PLUARG Task Group C, A c t i v i t y 2. Windsor, Ontario. December 1977, 23 pp.

Sumnary

Many substances considered as w a t e r p o l l u t a n t s a r e n a t u r a l p r o d u c t s o f t h e f o r e s t t h r o u g h g e o l o g i c e r o s i o n , n u t r i e n t l e a k a g e , and organ ic ma te r ia l depos i t i on . Research demons t ra tes t ha t wa te r y ie ld will increase f o l l o w i n g h a r v e s t i n g and then dec l ine w i th revegeta t ion . There fore , channel erosion and n u t r i e n t o u t p u t s will probably increase as we l l . The key ques t i ons a re t he amount o f m a t e r i a l a v a i l a b l e and t h e s i t u a t i o n s i n which it could reach water bodies. We must, therefore, exp lore the area between p o t e n t i a l and f a c t .

The land system, the t ype o f d is tu rbance and t h e d i s t a n c e o f t h e a c t i v i t y f r o m a water body are c r i t i c a l f a c t o r s i n t h i s c o n s i d e r a t i o n . For example, s c a r i f i c a t i o n f o r r e g e n e r a t i o n i n j a c k p i n e and black spruce types is becoming a r e l a t i v e l y comnon p r a c t i c e . However, most o f t h e d i s t u r b a n c e i s c a r r i e d o u t on f l a t or g e n t l y r o l l i n g t e r r a i n where r u n o f f i s n e g l i g i b l e , i n f i l t r a t i o n i s m a i n t a i n e d and r e v e g e t a t i o n i s r a p i d . T h e r e f o r e , p o l l u t i o n i s n o t l i k e l y t o o c c u r . The harvest ing system i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t i n t h a t c l e a r c u t t i n g has a g r e a t e r p o t e n t i a l f o r d i s - t u r b a n c e t h a n e i t h e r s t r i p o r p a r t i a l c u t t i n g .

Road c o n s t r u c t i o n on l o g g i n g o p e r a t i o n s i s sometimes a major source o f sediment; however, a well planned road network can minimize problems, reduce delays and i n c r e a s e e f f i c i e n c y . T i m i n g i s c r i t i c a l , e s p e c i a l l y near streams and a t c ross ings . Road cons t ruc t ion shou ld occur a t low f low per iods, approaches should be kept as f l a t as poss ib le , and any sediment f l o w be prevented or t rapped on l and be fo re it reaches the water. Grade lengths shou ld be kep t to a minimum w i t h a maximum grade o f 10%. The road e ros ion s tudy a t ELA ind i ca ted abou t 6% o f the roads have problem areas bu t t he e ros ion and d e p o s i t i o n i s r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y .

P o t e n t i a l p o l l u t i o n a r e a s a r e t h o s e i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o w a t e r bodies and i t i s h e r e t h a t c a r e s h o u l d be taken. The key t o c o n t r o l l i e s i n good land management o f a l l f o r e s t r y o p e r a t i o n s t h a t may c rea te a d i s t u r b a n c e i n n a t u r a l ecosystems, Knowledge o f a l l t h e a s p e c t s o f p o l l u t i o n p o t e n t i a l f r o m f o r e s t r y i s far f rom complete.

PB 296859/AS ZZ IJC 769

PLUARG 77-049

# A q r i c u l t u r e Canada, On ta r io M i n i s t r y o f A q r i c u l t u r e and Food and On ta r io

Sumnary

T h i s r e p o r t c o n t a i n s t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d b y a l l o f t h e p r o j e c t s conducted wi th in the Canadian PLUARG Task C A g r i c u l t u r a l Watershed study.. The approach is presented a long wi th sumnar ies and d i s c u s s i o n o f d a h , and poss ib le remed ia l measures f o r a l l t h e m a j o r w a t e r q u a l i t y p a r a m e t e r s a r e i nves t i ga ted . Ex t rapo la t i on t o unmon i to red a rzas and remedial measures a l te rna t i ves a re d i scussed fo r t o ta l phosphorus and sediment.

The Agr icu l tu ra l Watershed S tud ies cons is ted of i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d and w a t e r q u a l i t y i n t h e G r e a t Lakes Bas in . Mon i to r ing o f water qua l i t y and q u a n t i t y a t e l e v e n s m a l l watersheds , representa t ive o f ma jor agr icu l tu ra l reg ions o f the Canad ian Great Lakes Basin, was c a r r i e d o u t f o r t w o y e a r s . D e t a i l e d s t d d i e s on sed iment , nu t r ien ts and heavy meta ls were carr ied out i n some o f t h e watersheds. All watersheds were characterized i n d e t a i l .

I n terms of t he wa te r qua l i t y pa ramete rs O F greates t concern t o PLUARG - t o t a l phosphorus and sediment - the h igher the degree o f i n - t e n s i v e c u l t i v a t i o n a n d / o r t h e g r e a t e r t h e a r e a OF f ine- textured scJ i ls , t h e g r e a t e r were the un i t -a rea l oads . These watershed character is t ics accounted fo r most o f the d i f fe rences observed in the loads o f t o t a l phosphorus and sediment among the study watersheds.

Cons idera t ion was g i ven t o remed ia l measures programs t o reduce the c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f p o l l u t a n t s f r o m a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s . A l t h o u g h seve ra l poss ib le measures were i d e n t i f i e d , i t i s emphas ized tha t loca l i zed v a r i a t i o n s i n p o l l u t i o n s o u r c e s , s o i l ? r o p e r t i e s and landscapes, cropping systems and a c t i v e p o l l u t a n t - c o n t r i b u t i n g a r e a s make g e n e r a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f r e m e d i a l measures imprac t i cab le .

Mon i to r i ng and d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s were a l s o c a r r i e d o u t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r o l e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l land as a source of o the r wa te r q u a l i t y parameters. I t was conc luded tha t app l i ca t i ons o f f e r t i l i z e r and manure, and l i ves tock ope ra t i ons ad jacen t t o streams were c o n t r i b u t i n g manure t o the observed leve ls of t h e d i s s o l v e d f r a c t i o n s o f phosphorus (ortho-P) and n i t r o g e n (NO2 + N o s ) i n streams.

It was d e t e r m i n e d t h a t a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s were n o t i n f l u e n c i n g the quan t i t i es o f heavy me ta l s i n s t reams , o the r t han by way o f increases i n s t ream sed imen t l oads , wh ich resa l ted i n i nc reases i n t hose f rac t i ons o f the meta l loads tha t were n a t u r a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e d i m e n t .

O the r obse rved non -ag r i cu l tu ra l i l f l uences on w a t e r q u a l i t y i n t h e ag r i cu l tu ra l wa te rsheds were: t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f r u r a l h o u s i n g t o dissolved phosphorus levels; the presence in streams of herb ic ides f rom spray ing o f h ighway r igh ts -o f -way and the almost constant presence of t h e i n d u s t r i a l o r g a n i c t o x i c a n t PCB, b e l i w e d t o be p r i m a r i l y t h e r e s u l t of atmospheric deposi ton.


# Sanderson, M. Agricultural Watershed Studies, Great Lakes Drainage Basin. Precipitation - Quantity and Quality. Submitted to PLUARG Task Group C (Canadian Section) Activity 1. Windsor, Ontario. September 1977, 137 pp.

Sumnary

The objective of this part of the research was to provide accurate hourly values o f precipitation during the course o f the PLUARG study on the ten watersheds AG 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14.

For the first year of the PLUARG record, June 1975 to May 1976, precipitation was above average for most stations. AG 3, however, had slightly below average precipitation and AG 11 had average precipitation amounts. For the second year of record, June 1976 t o May 1977, precipitation was everywhere below average for the gauged watersheds in southern Ontario. Most stations recorded approximately 80% of the average precipitation.

The precipitation charts for each station were also analyzed to provide information on the number o f days with precipitation, heavy precipitation days and maximum precipitation in three hours, two hours and one hour.

PB 296858/AS ZZ IJC 769 PLUARG 77-051

# Frank, R. e t a l . - Stream Flow-Qual i ty-Pest ic ides i n E l e v e n A g r i c u l t u r a l Watersheds i n Southern Ontario, Canada, 1974-1977. Submi t ted to PLUARG Task Group C (Canad ian Sec t i on ) Ac t i v i t y 1. Windsor, Ontario. 1978, 174 pp.

Sumnary

T h i s p r o j e c t was des igned to measure concen t ra t i ons o f pes t i c ides irl stream water leaving each o f t he e leven ag r i cu l tu ra l wa te rsheds and t o c a l c u l a t e a c t u a l amounts o f pest ic ides leav ing s t ream waters . These f i nd ings wou ld t hen be co r re la ted w i th t he de ta i l ed i n fo rma t ion on p e s t i c i d e use i n t h e watersheds co l lec ted under Pro jec t 5, Land Use A c t i v i t i e s , t o d e t e r m i n e u n i t a r e a l o a d i n g s .

Eleven watersheds were chosen fo r examina t ion o f wa te r qua l i t y , each be ing se lec ted because it resembled a unique but larger area o f On ta r io where a g r i c u l t u r e was p rac t i sed . These ag r i cu l tu ra l wa te rsheds i nc lude those where the use o f pes t ic ides ranged f rom in tens ive to ex tens ive and inc luded the use o f spec i f i c pes t i c ides o r g roups o f pes t i c ides .

Twenty-six organic compounds were i d e n t i f i e d i n s t r e a m w a t e r o f which e igh teen were parent compounds and e i g h t were isomers and metabol-i tes. The inc idence o f these coqtaminants i n water var ied from o c c a s i o n a l t o f requent .


# Frank, R. and B.D. Ripley. Land Use A c t i v i t i e s i n E l e v e n A g r i c u l t u r a l Watersheds i n Southern Ontar io, Canada. 1975-1976. Prepared f o r PLUARG, l a s k Group C (Canad ian Sec t i on ) Ac t i v i t y 1. Windsor, Ontario. March 1977, 176 pp.

Summary

In t h i s t h e f i n a l r e p o r t of P r o j e c t 5, A c t i v i t y 1, Task C e leven m i n i - a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s were surveyed by ques t ionna i re t o de te rm ine va r ious l and use parameters. Ten were survgyed i n 1375 whereas AG-5 was surveyed i n 1976. These se lected watersheds were typ ica l o f la rger a reas i n O n t a r i o w i t h r e s p e c t t o s o i l t y p e , t o p o g r a p h y and a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y .

The se lected min i -watersheds were l o c a t e d i n s o u t h e r n O n t a r i o on t e n l a rge r wa te rsheds d ra in ing i n to t he Gr,eat Lakes : th ree d ra ined in to ”Lake Huron (Ausable River , Mai t land 2 iv i t r and Saugeen R ive r ) , one d r a i n e d i n t o Lake S t . C l a i r (Thames R i v e r ) , t h r e e d r a i n e d i n t o L a k e E r i e ( B i g Creek, Grand River and Hi l lman Creek) and th ree ’ d ra ined in to Lake Ontar io (Humber R ive r , She l te r Va l l ey Creek and Twenty M i l e Creek).


# Acton, C.J., G.T. Pa t te rson and C.G. Heath. S o i l S u r v e y o f S i x A g r i - c u l t u r a l Subwatersheds i n Southwestern Ontar io. Submit ted to PLUARG Task Group C (Canadian Section). January 19/9, 219 pp.

Sumnary

The p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s p r o j e c t was t o i n v e n t o r y t h e s o i l s of t he s i x ag r i cu l tu ra l subwa te rsheds chosen f o r d e t a i l e d s t u d y (AG-1, 3 , 4, 5, 10 and 13). The i n v e n t o r i e d s o i l s were i n t e r p r e t e d f o r t h e i r a g r i - c u l t u r a l c a p a b i l i t y and f o r t h e i r i n h e r e n t a b i l i t y t o t r a n s m i t p o l l u t a n t s t o b o t h s u r f a c e w a t e r and groundwater systems.

The e x t e n t o f s o i l s e r i e s i n each subwatershed as estimated i n t h i s p r o j e c t was compared to es t imates ob ta ined f rom reconn,a issance so i l survey r e p o r t s p u b l i s h e d on a coun ty bas i s . I n genera l , t he ex ten t o f p o o r l y d r a i n e d s o i l s was much g r e a t e r on t h e more d e t a i l e d maps produced f o r t h i s r e p o r t . I n a d d i t i o n , some changes i n t h e d e s c r i p t i c n of s o i l p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s were effected. Most changes were due t o t h e g r e a t e r l e v e l o f de ta i l a l l owed by a l a r g e r s c a l e and by the system of mapping so i l complexes ra the r t han ' pu re ' un i t s . O the r changes were r e l a t e d t o r e v i s i o n s i n t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f some s o i l s e r i e s .


# Cameron, D.R. " e t a l . N i t r o g e n Movement i n T i l e - D r a i n e d C l a y and Sandy A g r i c u l t u r a l Watersheds. Submitted t o PLUARG Task Group C (Canadian S e c t i o n ) A c t i v i t y 1, P r o j e c t 13. Windsor, Ontario. October 1977, 97 pp.

Summary

Two smal l watersheds were se lected in southern Ontar io near Leamington, and n i t r o g e n a d d i t i o n s and losses under d i f ferent cropping and f e r t i l i z i n g p r a c t i c e s were mon i to red du r ing t he 1974 to Ap r i l 1977 period. Average stream N03-N concelIi-r.<:l i I ; ' : ~ '.! q.9 + 3.2 mg/L f o r the sandy watershed AG-13 where vegetable and tobacco p roduc t ion were t h e predominant crops. Average stream N03-fi concen t ra t i ons were 3.6 f 4.2 mg/L f o r t h e t i l e - d r a i n e d c l a y w a t e r s h e d AG-01 where corn and soybean product ion dominated. Average dissolved NH4-N concen t ra t i ons were 0.34 + 0.43 mg/L f o r AG-13 and 0.21 + 0.31 f o r AG-01. Average t o t a l K j e l d x h l n i t r o g e n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e s i m i l a r ; 1.4 2 1.0 mg/L for bo th AG-13 and AG-01.

Es t imated average annua l to ta l n i t rogen losses were 29 and 22 kg N/ha f o r AG-13 and AG-01, respec t ive ly , o f wh ich d isso lved n i t rogen accounted f o r 87% and 64% o f t h e t o t a l n i t r o g e n l o s s e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 60% of the d isso lved n i t rogen losses occurred dur ing February-March a t which t ime 70% o f t he annua l runo f f occu r red . The h igher losses f rom the sandy watershed AG-13 a r e b e l i e v e d t o be a r e f l e c t i o n o f g r e a t e r f e r t i l i z e r i n p u t and grea ter annua l runof f .

Remedia l measures which might he lp improve the conservat ion o f n i t rogen and r e d u c e p o l l u t i o n f r o m a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d i n c l u d e : c a r e f u l use o f s o l u b l e n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r s t o meet c rop needs only, delet ion of t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f f a l l - a p p l i e d n i t r o g e n , encouragement o f r o t a t i o n s t h a t do n o t r e q u i r e h i g h r a t e s o f f e r t i l i z e r - n i t r o g e n a d d i t i o n , encouragement of f j e ld cove r c rops t o reduce l each ing and establ ishment o f grass or non-row c r o p b u f f e r zones nex t t o s t reams o r where r u n o f f i s a problem.


# Nei lsen, G.H., J.L. C u l l e y and D.R. Cameron. Nitrogen Loadings from A g r i c u l t u r a l A c t i v i t i e s i n the Great Lakes Bas in . In tegra t ion Repor t on N i t rogen. Submi t ted to PLUARG Task Group C (Canad ian Sec t i on ) Ac t i v i t y 1. ‘d indsor , Ontar io . Apr i l 1978, 103 pp.

Summary

A number of management methods a l r e a d y e x i s t t o r e d u c e s t r e a m n i t r o - gen load ing . However, management studies such as those conducted across O n t a r i o f o r PLUARG (1977) o r w i th in t he Thames Valley Conservation Autho- r i t y (1978) suggested tha t , w i th the except ion o f c rop ro ta t ion , such methods were be ing used by a minor i ty (10-20%) of .farmers. Thus, expanded emphasis on conserva t i on p rac t i ces by ag r i cu l tu ra l ex tens ion worke rs cou ld r e s u l t i n i m p r o v e d f a r m management and reduced s t ream n i t rogen loading.

A number of these recommended p r a c t i c e s may requ i re spec ia l mod i - f i c a t i o n i n Canada. For example, as a r e s u l t o f c o o l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e s and l a r g e snowmelt r u n o f f , no t i l l a g e and s l o w r e l e a s e f e r t i l i z e r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , may be less use fu l . Quest ions such as these could be researched a t l oca l ag r i cu l tu ra l research s ta t i ons where t h e e f f e c t i v e - ness o f management p r a c t i c e s f o r t h e c o n t r o l o f n u t r i e n t l o s s e s c o u l d be e v a l w t e d as e x t e n s i v e l y as have been crop impacts on r u n o f f and eros ion.

F i n a l l y , i t should be recogn ized tha t inc reased n i t rogen use has r e s u l t e d i n l a r g e p o s i t i v e economic advantages f o r a g r i c u l t u r e . Most impor tan t among these a re t he i nc reased y ie lds and economic r e t u r n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n and t h e r e s u l t i n g a b i l i t y t o produce these h igher y ie lds on a d im in i sh ing amount o f c u l t i v a t e d l a n d . Thus, i n s t i t u t i o n o f measures t o reduce NO3-N 10s:: T;. 11,1 : - I : : I s should c o n s i d e r t h e e f f e c t s t h a t such measures would have upon achieving s a t i s f a c t o r y p r o d u c t i o n .

7Z IJC 769 PCUARG 78-056

# Kowalenko, G . C . Watershed Soi 1 s . Activity 1, Project 11. Windsor, Ontario. April 1978, 98 pp.

Summary

Soils were characterized with respect to the rates of biological processes important to nitrogen leaching considerations. Nitrification was shown to be a relatively fast process which was related to temperature and moisture content conditions. A regression equation including these environmental factors was derived for several groups of soils, depending largely on textural differences.

Mineralization was particularly influenced by environmental factors (temperature and moisture content) when soil (%C, %N, pH, etc.) and environmental factors were considered. An estimate of the amount of nitrogen produced by mineralization under field conditions suggested considerable nitrogen was released, depending on the soil type. Incorporation of plant residues alters the mineralization-immobilization pattern in so i l s considerably and is dependent on the content of the plant material. Organic amendments must be considered in the long term for nitrogen considerations because of changing mineralization-immobilization relationships.

Denitrification can progress very quickly if warm anaerobic conditions are met. The rates suggest that short but quantitatively large bursts of denitrification may be important in N O 3 losses and these may occur during or immediately after rains.

Asyrnbiotic nitrogen fixation does not appear to be an important source of nitrogen in these soils.

Mineralization and denitrification appear to be two key processes to consider in addition t o soil nitrogen leaching.


# Robinson, J.B., N.K. Kaushik and L. Chatarpaul . Ni t rogen Transport and Transformat ions i n Canagagigue Creek. Submitted t o PLUARG Task Group C y A c t i v i t y 1, P r o j e c t 19A. Guelph, Ontario. June 1978, 62 pp.

Sumnary

A g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s a r e known t o be a source o f apprec iab le amounts o f n i t r o g e n c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f bo th su r face and ground waters. Much o f t h i s n i t r o g e n e n t e r s w a t e r as n i t r a t e . F i x e d n i t r o g e n i s v e r y r e a c t i v e and undergoes a l a r g e v a r i e t y o f b i o l o g i c a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , t h e k i n d s and r a t e s o f which depend l a r g e l y on env i ronmenta l fac to rs such as the p re - sence o r absence o f oxygen, temperature, etc. While these processes have been e x t e n s i v e l y s t u d i e d i n s o i l s and, t o some e x t e n t i n l a k e s , l i t t l e i s known about the i r occu r rence i n s t reams . The degree t o wh ich n i t rogen fo rms a re sub jec t t o t rans fo rma t ion p rocesses wh i l e be ing t ranspor ted i n streams, p a r t i c u l a r l y t o s i n k p r o c e s s e s such as d e n i t r i f i c a t i o n , may s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t t h e degree t o w h i c h a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s con- taminate receiv ing waters . The o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s p r o j e c t was to de te rm ine t h e e x t e n t o f d e n i t r i f i c a t i o n i n s t r e a m s and t o assess i t s e f f e c t on s t r e a m t r a n s p o r t o f n i t r o g e n .


# Spires, A. and M.H. M i l l e r . C o n t r i b u t i o n o f Phosphorus f r o m A g r i c u l t u r a l Land t o Streams by Surface Runoff . Submit ted to PLUARG Task Group C (Canad ian Sec t i on ) Ac t i v i t y 1, P r o j e c t 18. Windsor, Ontario. February 1978, 101 pp.

Sumnary

The o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s p r o j e c t was t o develop a c a p a c i t y f o r p r e - d i c t i o n of t h e amount o f phosphorus carr ied to s t reams by sur face runof f f r o m a g r i c u l t u r a l c r o p l a n d i n O n t a r i o .

The p r o j e c t has succeeded i n d e v e l o p i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r e s t i m a t i o n o f t o t a l phosphorus concentrat ion i n s u r f a c e s o i l s i n O n t a r i o and f o r p red ic t i on o f t he phosphorus en r i chmen t ra t i o . However, it has n o t been as success fu l i n p red ic t i ng t he sed imen t l oad , t he t h i rd pa ramete r re - q u i r e d f o r e s t i m a t i n g t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n of phosphorus. The d i f f i c u l t y i n p r e d i c t i n g t h e s e d i m e n t l o a d i s due t o d i f f i c u l t y i n e s t i m a t i n g t h e s e d i m e n t d e l i v e r y r a t i o .

Although sediment-associated phosphorus loss could be estimated, i t was n o t p o s s i b l e t o d e v e l o p a r e l a t i o n s h i p t o p r e d i c t d i s s o l v e d p h o s p h o r u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n r u n o f f .

The study has improved our .understanding o f t h e p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d i n phosphorus loss f rom c rop land and i t s t r a n s p o r t t o stream. Although the deve lopment o f the p red ic t i ve capac i ty has n o t been f u l l y r e a l i z e d , t h e understanding obta ined will g r e a t l y a s s i s t i n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and ex tens ion o f t h e m o n i t o r i n g d a t a f r o m t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l Watersheds Study.


# M i l l e r , M.H. and A.C. Sp i res . Cont r ibu t ion o f Phosphorus to the Great Lakes f rom Agr icu l tu ra l Land in the Canad ian Great Lakes Bas in . Submi t ted t o PLUARG Task Group C (Canad ian Sec t i on ) Ac t i v i t y 1. M a r c h 9 7 8 , 55 pp.

Summary

The cont r ibu t ions o f phosphorus to the Great Lakss f rom agr icu l tu ra l l a n d and t h e a s s o c i a t e d a c t i v i t i e s i n s o u t h e r n O n t a r i o have been est imated p r i m a r i l y f r o m t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e m o n i t o r i n g d a t a and t h e s e v e r a l d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s c o n d u c t e d i n t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a g r i c u l t u r a l watersheds. Because t h e r e i s v e r y l i m i t e d a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y i n t h e n o r t h e r n O n t a r i o p o r t i o n o f t h e Canadian Great Lakes Basin, the estimates made a r e t h o u g h t t o be va l i d f o r t he t o ta l Canad ian Grea t Lakes Basin.


# Beak C o n s u l t a n t s L t d . E f f e c t s o f L i v e s t o c k A c t i v i t y on Surface Water Q u a l i t y , F i n a l R e p o r t . S u b m i t t e d t o PLUARG Task Group C (Canadian S e c t i o n ) A c t i v i t y 1, P r o j e c t 20. Windsor, Ontario. November 1977, 109 pp.

Summary

The o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s s t u d y i s t o e v a l u a t e t h e l o s s e s o f n u t r i e n t s and b a c t e r i a t o s u r f a c e w a t e r due t o t h e e f f e c t s of l i v e s t o c k a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e L i t t l e Ausable River Sub-Basin (Watershed AG-3).

W i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e e x p o r t o f n u t r i e n t s and b a c t e r i a f r o m d i f f e r e n t sub-basins or due t o d i f f e r e n t l i v e s t o c k management f a c t o r s , t h e f o l l o w i n g conc lus ions a re made:

2) t h e a n n u a l e x p o r t r a t e i s 0.48 Kg P/ha/yr, 57 Kg N/ha/yr and 1.4 c f s /m i2 of water;

2 ) for phosphorus, BEAK es t ima tes t ha t t he expor t f r om non - l i ves tock a reas , i . e . con t ro l s i s 0.33 Kg P/ha/yr . Expor t f rom l ivestock areas vary f r o m t h i s r a t e up t o 2.3 Kg P/ha/yr;

3 ) d i f f e r e n c e s i n e x p o r t o f n u t r i e n t s c a n n o t b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t y p e of l i v e s t o c k o p e r a t i o n s ;

4 ) d i f f e rences i n phosphorus expor t between ,farms and b a c t e r i a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n a r e a t t r i b u t a b l e t o s p e c i f i c p h y s i c a l and management f a c t o r s ;

5 ) compared w i t h many l a r g e s i z e d f e e d l o t s , , a l l l i v e s t o c k o p e r a t i o n s i n , ,

AG-3 a re sma l l t o modera te l y s i zed ( ~ 5 0 0 indiviILi.,' '-.:'),peration). . '

Fo r t h i s sca le o f ope ra t i on , phosphorus expor t appears t o be l i n k e d more t o t h e management o f an a g r i c u l t u r a l o p e r a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n t o the t ype and d e n s i t y o f l i v e s t o c k ;

6 ) w i th respec t t o seasona l e f fec ts , t he g rea tes t pa r t o f phosphorus . expor t occu rs du r ing t he sp r ing pe r iod f rom March 1 t o May 31;

7 ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o f o r m s of n u t r i e n t s , s u r f a c e w a t e r s t a t i o n s e x p o r t 60 t o 85% o f t h e t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s as d isso lved phosphorus ; the g rea tes t p a r t o f t h i s i s s o l u b l e r e a c t i v e phosphorus. T i l e d r a i n s e x p o r t 80 t o 100% o f i t s phosphorus i n t h e d i s s o l v e d f o r m a l l o f w h i c h i s so lub le reac t ive phosphorus ;

8) values for chemical parameters pH, conduct iv i ty , hardness and a l k a l i n i t y a r e t y p i c a l o f a moderate ly hard water and

9 ) the geometr ic mean ( i ) o f t o t a l c o l i f o r m s ranges from 290 t o 52000 per 100 ML, ( i i ) o f f e c a l c o l i f o r m s ranges from 9 t o 8100/100ML, and ( i i i ) f e c a l s t r e p t o c o c c i r a n g e s f r o m 5 t o 1100/100ML f o r a l l s t a t i o n s .


P Robinson, J.B. and D.W. Draper. A Model f o r E s t i m a t i n g I n p u t s t o t h e Great Lakes f rom L ives tock Enterpr ises in the Great Lakes Bas in . Submi t ted t o PLUARG Task Group C, A c t i v i t y 1. March 1978, 29 pp.

Sumnary

To meet t h e need fo r es t ima t ing i npu ts o f phosphorus t o the Grea t Lakes f rom the l i ves tock i ndus t r y a model was developed to de termine i n p u t s f r o m f e e d - l o t s and barn-lots, manure storages and winter -spread manure. R u n o f f o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m manure spread on u n f r o z e n l a n d i s i n c l u d e d i n a model developed separate ly for crop land. A f u r t h e r s o u r c e o f l i ves tock i npu t , recogn ized bu t no t i nc luded i n t he model, was d i r e c t i n p u t s t o s t r e a m s b y g r a z i n g c a t t l e . An at tempt was made t o e s t i m a t e t h i s i npu t separa te l y .


# Patni, N.K. and F.R. Hore. Pollutant lransport t o 3uDsurtace ana burface Waters i n an Integrated Farm Operation. PLUARG Special Study No. 22. February 1978, 79 pp.

Sumnary

A study was conducted at the Greenbelt Farm of the Animal Research Ins t i tu te of Agriculture Canada to determine pollutant transport t o subsurface and surface waters i n an integrated farm operation involving large-scale livestock operations.

The objectives of the study were:

1) to determine if subsurface pollutant transport i n a small f ie ld could be extrapolated to a large field, other conditions such as manuring, cropping practice, soil characterist ics, etc. being the same for both f ie lds ;

2 ) to determine the difference i n pollutant transport i n t i l e drainage water under a largely coarse-textured soil compared w i t h a fine-textured soil under similar conditions o f manuring and cropping practice and

3 ) to determine pollutant transport to surface water i n a 594 ha drainage area under a closely controlled cropping operation.


# Gi l lham, R.W. e t a l . S t u d i e s o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l C o n t r i b u t i o n t o N i t r a t e Enr ichment of Groundwater and t h e Subsequent Loading t o S u r f a c e Waters. Submi t ted t o PLUARG Task Group C y A c t i v i t y 1, P r o j e c t 14. January 1978, 430 pp.

Sumnary

Th is repor t descr ibes de ta i led g roundwater inves t iga t ions conducted i n a sub- reg ion o f the H i l lman Creek (PLUARG AG-13) watershed. The o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s were:

t o d e t e r m i n e t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n g r o u n d w a t e r o f n i t r a t e and t o r e l a t e t h i s t o t h e o b s e r v e d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l a n d use p rac t i ces ;

t o o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n on the mechanics o f n i t r a t e s t o r a g e and t ranspor t i n t he g roundwate r zone;

t o deve lop p rocedures fo r p red ic t ing the ra tes a t wh ich the n i t ra te which i s p r e s e n t l y i n s u b s u r f a c e s t o r a g e will be t r a n s p o r t e d i n t o streams t h a t d r a i n t o t h e G r e a t Lakes and

t o d e v e l o p r e l a t i o n s h i p s t h a t can be used f o r e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f a t l e a s t some o f t h e r e s u l t s f r o m t h e d e t a i l e d s t u d y a r e a t o o t h e r a r e a s i n t h e G r e a t Lakes drainage system.

ZZ 13C 769 PLUARG 78-064

# Gaynor, J.D. Sources o f N u t r i e n t s and Meta ls in H i l lman Creek . Submi t ted t o PLUARG Task Group C (Canadian Sect ion) . Apr i 1 1978, 66 pp.

Sumnary

This s tudy was i n i t i a t e d t o q u a n t i f y i n p u t s o f suspended so l i ds , n u t r i e n t s , s o l u b l e c a t i o n s and m e t a l s i n f i v e subwatersheds o f H i l l m a n Creek; t o r e l a t e t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e s e i n p u t s t o l a n d use i n t h e subwatersheds and to p resen t remed ia l measures which would reduce the magn i tude o f these inpu ts where necessary.

Two land uses, i .e . predominant ly rura l housing and a g r i c u l t u r e were s e l e c t e d b y t h e l o c a t i o n o f f i v e s a m p l i n g s i t e s on the wes t b ranch o f the H i l lman Creek. The m o n i t o r i n g a t t h e s e s i t e s o c c u r r e d f r o m A p r i l 4, 1975 t o March 10, 1976. The concent ra t ions o f the var ious parameters and d ischarges were de termined per iod ica l l y th roughout the year and du r ing r a i n and snow-melt events. Stream load and annual subwatershed loss were ca l cu la ted f rom the concen t ra t i on and d ischarge data a t each s i t e and s t a t i s t i c a l comparisons were made t o d e t e r m i n e s i g n i f i c a n t i n p u t s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e l a n d use.


# Hynes, H.B. and K.W. Dance. Comparat ive Nutr ient Budget o f t h e Two Branches o f Canagagigue Creek. Submitted t o PLUARG Task Group C y P r o j e c t 19, P a r t B. Windsor, Ontario. February 1977, 42 pp.

Sumnary

The q u a n t i t i e s o f d r i f t i n g s o l i d o r g a n i c m a t t e r (S.O.M.) i n t w o s i z e p a r t i c l e r a n g e s were sampled weekly f o r t h i r t e e n months a t f o u r s t a t i o n s on the upper reaches of the Canagagigue Creek. Two s t a t i o n s were l o c a t e d on each o f t h e e a s t and west branches of the Creek.

The p a r t i c l e s i z e r a n g e s sampled were 1.3 - 3.0 cm and 253 micron - 1.0 cm. The m a t e r i a l w i t h i n t h e s e s i z e r a n g e s was d i v i d e d i n t o r e c o g - n i z a b l e f r a c t i o n s : green, coni ferous, deciduous algae, detr i tus and aquat ic animals. Nurt ient analyses were conducted on monthly bulked f r a c t i o n samples. S.O.M. was ana lyzed f o r t he pe rcen tage o f o rgan ic m a t t e r , t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f K j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n i n t h e o r g a n i c m a t t e r and pe rcen tage o f t o ta l phosphorus i n the o rgan ic mat te r .

A g r i c u l t u r a l p l a n t m a t e r i a l was n o t f o u n d t o c o n t r i b u t e a s i g n i f i c a n t amount o f m a t e r i a l t o t h e stream.

The f r a c t i o n w h i c h c o n t r i b u t e d t h e g r e a t e s t q u a n t i t i e s o f S.O.M. and n u t r i e n t s was t h a t o f d e t r i t u s and algae i n t h e p a r t i c l e s i z e r a n g e 253 microns - 1 cm. T h i s f r a c t i o n c o n t a i n e d o r g a n i c d e t r i t u s as w e l l as q u a n t i t i e s o f i n o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l w h i c h had been churned up f rom the s t ream bed.


# Whitby, L.M. " e t a l . Sources, Storage and Transpor t o f Heavy M e t a l s i n A g r i c u l t u r a l Watersheds. Submitted t o PLUARG Task C (Canadian Section) A c t i v i t y 1. 1978, 142 pp.

Sumnary

The o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s p r o j e c t was to de termine and assess the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f s e l e c t e d heavy metals i n stream water, suspended sediments, bottom sediments and s o i l s w i t h i n s e l e c t e d a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s , w i t h t h e a i m o f e l u c i d a t i n g s t o r a g e and t r a n s p o r t mechanisms fo r t race e lemen ts .

S o i l p r o f i l e samples o f t h e m a j o r s o i l t y p e s o f e a c h o f t h e s i x ag r i cu l tu ra l wa te rsheds were o b t a i n e d f o r n u t r i e n t and t race me ta l analysis. Analyses o f t o t a l m e t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (As, Cd, C r , Cu, Hg, Mn, N i , Pb, Se, Zn, A1 and Fe) and DTPA ex t rac tab le me ta l s (Cd, Cu, N i , Pb and Zn), as w e l l as t o t a l carbon, o rgan ic carbon, to ta l n i t rogen, to ta l phosphorus and pH were performed. To demonstrate f i e l d v a r i a b i l i t y and t h e e f fec t i veness o f ou r samp l ing system, s i x r e p l i c a t e s o i l samples were t a k e n w i t h i n t h e same s o i l p i t f o r most s i t e s . In a d d i t i o n , f o u r s o i l p i t s w i t h i n t h e same so i l t ype separa ted by a t l e a s t one m i l e were sampled i n one watershed. The r e p l i c a t e s o i l s were analyzed f o r t o t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zb, A l , Fe, C and N. Composites o f t he A hor izons f rom each m a j o r s o i l o f each watershed were used f o r t h e e x t r a c t i o n o f HA's and F A ' S . Ult imate analyses, funct ional group analyses, chemical degradation and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p r o d u c t s were performed on each sample.


# Wall, G.J., L.J.P. van V l i e t and W.T. D ick inson. Cont r ibu t ion of Sediments t o t h e G r e a t L a k e s f r o m A g r i c u l t u r a l A c t i v i t i e s i n O n t a r i o . S u b m i t t e d t o PLUARG Task Group C (Canad ian Sec t ion) Ac t iv i t y 1. A p r i l 1978, 41 pp.

Summary

Th is repo r t sumnar i zes t he resu l t s o f a th ree -yea r s tudy conduc ted i n the Canadian Great Lakes Basin t o a s c e r t a i n t h e n a t u r e and ex ten t t o wh ich a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d use c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e s e d i m e n t l o a d o f t h e G r e a t Lakes.

L o c a l i z e d v a r i a t i o n s i n p o l l u t a n t s o u r c e s , s o i l p r o p e r t i e s and landscapes, sediment contr ibut ing areas and c ropp ing systems make genera l i - zat ions about remedial sediment control programs impossible. Erosion and t r a n s p o r t o f s e d i m e n t s f r o m a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d i s a s i t e - s p e c i f i c p r o b l e m requ i r i ng t he imp lemen ta t i on o f s i t e - s p e c i f i c r e m e d i a l measures on t h e a c t i v e c o n t r i b u t i n g a r e a s .

All est imates and o b s e r v a t i o n s i n t h i s r e p o r t a r e b a s e d on one t o two years of f i e l d data. The l im i ted t ime base of the study should be con- s i d e r e d i n any a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e d a t a .


# Wall, G.J., L.J.P. van Vliet and W.T. Dickinson. Soil Erosion from Agricultural Land in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin. Task Group C (Canadian Section) Activity 1, Projects 16 and 17. March 1978, 166 pp.

Sumnary

This report describes the results o f several integrated projects (Project 16: Erosional Losses from Agricultural Land and Project 17: Sediment Delivery Ratios in Small Agricultural Watersheds, and Sediment Integration Aspects) designed to further our understanding of the sources and magnitude o f fluvial sediment derived from agricultural lands and delivered to the Canadian Great Lakes. Agricultural regions with high potential sheet erosion losses were intensively farmed with high percentages of row crops (beans, corn, horticultural crops). Rainfall- induced soil erosion losses showed considerable year to year variations and are not equally distributed throughout any given year. Winter soil erosion losses associated with snowmelt events can account for up to 25% of the total annual soil loss.


# M. I h n a t . A g r i c u l t u r a l Sources, Transpor t and Storage o t Metals: Copper, Zinc, Cadmium and Lead L e v e l s i n Waters o f Se lec ted Southern Ontar io A g r i c u l t u r a l Watersheds. Submitted t o PLUARG Task C (Canadian Section) P r o j e c t 9B Technical Report. Ottawa, Ontario. November 1978, 156 pp.

Summary

The o b j e c t i v e o f P r o j e c t 9 was to de termine and assess t h e r e l a - t ionsh ip be tween concent ra t ions o f se lected heavy meta ls in s t ream waters , suspended sediments, bottom sediments and s o i l s w i t h i n s e l e c t e d a g r i - cu l tu ra l wa te rsheds d ra in ing i n to t he l ower Grea t Lakes, w i th t he a im o f e luc ida t ing sources , s to rage and t r a n s p o r t mechanisms of these elements. I n s u p p o r t o f t h e s e g o a l s , t h e m a i n o b j e c t i v e o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n was t o o b t a i n r e l i a b l e a n a l y t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb i n waters and suspended sediments from t h e s i x watersheds: AG 1 (Big Creek), AG 3 (Upper L i t t l e Ausable River) , AG 4 (Canagagigue), AG 5 (Ho l i day Creek, t r i b u t a r y o f M i d d l e Thames R ive r ) , AG 10 (Nor th Creek, t r i b u t a r y o f Twenty Mi le Creek) and AG 13 (west branch o f Hi' l lman Creek).


# Topp, G.C. Physical Properties of the Soils of Agricultural Watersheds 1 and 13 Which Control Moisture Storage and Transport. Submitted to PLUARG Task Group C (Canadian Section) Project 12. Ottawa, Ontario. 1978, 43 PP*

Sumnary

The objectives of th is study were two-fold. Firs t , t o make i n situ and associated laboratory measurements of soil physical properties (hydraulic conductivity, bu lk density and the desorption water capacity relationship), t h a t govern the storage and transmission of water solutions. Second, t o characterize or represent these soil properties so t h a t they may be applied i n the nitrogen and water transport simulation program of D.R. Cameron e t a1 (Project 13) . The wide variation i n soil properties i n the two water= meant t h a t different f ield measurement methods were used i n each watershed. I t was assumed t h a t the hydraulic conductivity was the major property controlling transmission of water and a number of attempts were made t o measure i t i n bo th watersheds. In Watershed AG-1 the shrinking and cracking o f the cJay soil meant t h a t cracks played an important role i n the transmission of water and a d d i t i o n a l measurements were necessary. The water storage properties were measured i n the laboratory.

Z Z IJC 769 PLUARG 78- 07 1

# Coote, D.R. and F.R. Hore. P o l l u t i o n P o t e n t i a l o f C a t t l e F e e d l o t s and Manure Storages i n t h e Canadian Great Lakes Basin. Submitted to PLUARG t a s 1 < i n d s o r , Group Ontario. August 1978, 131 pp.

Sumnary

T h i s r e p o r t c o v e r s t h e p e r i o d f r o m t h e f a l l of 1973 t o t h e summer o f 1977, ddr ing which t ime a v a r i e t y o f r e s e a r c h and m o n i t o r i n g a c t i v i t i e s were tak ing p lace under t he ausp ices o f t he IJC P o l l u t i o n .from Land Use Studies. Two d i s t i n c t s t u d i e s were undertaken on t h e t o p i c o f t h e env- i r onmen ta l impac t o f f eed lo ts and manure storages. They were c a r r i e d o u t c o n s e c u t i v e l y : t h e f i r s t was concerned wi th surface water; the second with groundwater. The repo r t s o f t hese two s t : . rd ies a re p resen ted i n t h i s volume as two separate sections.

T h i s r e p o r t p r e s e n t s t h e r e s u l t s o f a two-year st.rdy of runoff q u a l i t y and quan t i t y f rom two bee f f eed lo ts and two manure storage areas in southern Ontar io. One o f t h e f e e d l o t s was paved, wh-ile the other had an unpaved soil surface. One o f t h e manure s t o r a g e s h e l d s o l i d ( w i t h bedding) manure, t he o the r he ld semi -so l i d manure. Both were paved.

The s tudy pe rm i t ted t he es t ima t ion 0-f t h e p 3 l l u t a n t l o a d i n g s t h a t f e e d l o t s and manure storages may y i e l d i n r u n o f f . D a t a c o l l s c t e d i n an e a r l i e r a i r - p h o t o s u r v e y o f l i v e s t o c k o p e r a t i o n s - i n the Canadian Lower Great Lakes Basin were used to est imate the impact o f runof f f rom feedlots and manure s t o r a g s i n t h e b a s i n . It was c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f T o t a l Phosphorus f rom l ivestock operat ions probably f d l l s between 0.5% and 13% o f t h e t o t a l G r e a t Lakes Basin loadings o f t h i s p o l l u t a n t now coming f rom agr icu l tu ra l a reas .


# Coote, D.R. and R. DeHaan. Agr icu l tura l Watersheds Overv iew Data Analys is and Ex t rapo la t i on . Submi t ted t o PLUARG Task Group C (Canadian Section) A c t i v i t y 1, P r o j e c t l B , December 1378, 79 pp.

Sumnary

There has been a p e r s i s t e n t gap between the two most general ly ava i l ab le f o rms of i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e e f f e c t s of a g r i c u l t u r e on water q u a l i t y . These t w o f o r m s o f i n f o r m a t i o n a r e t h e r e s u l t s o f s m a l l sca le " p i l o t " s t u d i e s and l a r g e s c a l e r i v e r b a s i n or lake loading analyses. The f o r m e r a r e u s u a l l y l i m i t e d i n t e r m s o f v a r i a b i l i t y o f s o i l , management and c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s ; t h e l a t t e r g e n e r a l l y fail t o d i s t i n g u i s h between even d i s t i n c t l y d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t s . The r e s u l t s of t h i s s t u d y h e l p t o b r i d g e t h e gap between these di f ferent approaches.

The r o l e o f s o i l p a r t i c l e s i z e as a ma jor in f luence on t o t a l phosphorus, organic n i t rogen, z inc and a t r a z i n e l o a d i n g s f r o m a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d has been c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d .

The i n f l u e n c e o f s o u r c e m a t e r i a l a v a i l a b i l i t y on stream loadings o f t h e more water soluble contaminants i n streams i s evidenced by the loadings o f so lub le or tho-phosphorus and n i t r a t e n i t r o g e n w h i c h c a n be accounted f o r t o a c o n s i d e r a b l e d e g r e e b y t h e i n p u t s ( f e r t i l i z e r and manure) of phosphorus and n i t rogen , respec t i ve l y .

The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t some mate r ia l s , such as PCB and copper, are e s s e n t i a l l y u n r e l a t e d t o any aspect o f a g r i c u l t u r e . C o n t r o l o r r e d u c t i o n s should not be expected through any remedia l programs appl ied to agr icu l - t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s .

Pred ic t ion equat ions based on s t a t i s t i c a l r e g r e s s i o n s o f stream load ings on p h y s i c a l and management c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f the watersheds appear t o b e f e a s i b l e f o r some water qua l i t y parameters such as t o t a l and so lub le o r tho -phosphorus , t o ta l n i t rogen and n i t r a t e ( p l u s n i t r i t e ) n i t rogen. At tempts t o ex t rapo la te reg ress ion equa t ions f o r sed imen t (suspended sol ids) appear less sat isfactory. For most other parameters, t he ex t rapo la t i on o f reg ress ion equa t ions wou ld appear un re l i ab le , t hough t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f p e s t i c i d e s w h i c h a r e f a i r l y s p e c i f i c t o c e r t a i n c r o p s may be e x t r a p o l a t e d b y c o n s i d e r i n g t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e crops.


# Whiteley, H.R. and S.R. Ghate. Hydro log i ca l Model P r o j e c t - A g r i c u l t u r a l Watershed Studies. Submitted to PLUARG Task Group C (Canadian Section) P r o j e c t 1.15. March 1978, 100 pp.

Sumnary

A storm-event watershed model named the GAWSER (Gue lph Ag r i cu l tu ra l Watershed Storm-Event Runoff) has been developed and a use r ' s manual has been produced f o r it. The model produces stream f low rate hydrographs f r o m r a i n f a l l a n d / o r snowmelt i n t e n s i t y i n p u t s . Two components o f storm r u n o f f a r e computed by t he model. These a r e s u r f a c e ( o v e r l a n d ) r u n o f f and s u b s u r f a c e s t o r m r u n o f f . F l o w i n d r a i n a g e t i l e s i s i n c l u d e d i n , and i s l i k e l y a ma jor par t o f , subsur face s to rm runof f .


# Veska, Er ic. Geochemistry and Hydrogeo logy o f Agr icu l tu ra l Watershed No. 10, and T h e i r I n f l u e n c e on the Chemical Composition o f Water and Sediments. Submi t ted t o PLUARG Task Group C ( C a n a d i a n S e c t i o n ) A c t i v i t y 1, P r o j e c t 23. Windsor, Ontar io. August 1977, 119 pp.

Summary

The o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s s t u d y was t o examine t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t w e n t y elements i n b o t t o m and suspended sediments, and stream and w e l l w a t e r s i n Watershed No. 10, t r i b u t a r y o f t h e Twenty M i l e Creek on t o p o f t h e N i a g a r a Escarpment, Ontar io . It was hoped tha t t h i s s tudy wou ld de te rm ine t he sources and causes f o r c o n t a m i n a n t s i n s u r f a c e and ground waters. These con taminan ts can o f ten be co r re la ted w i th so i l s , t opography , geo logy o r t o some f o r m o f l a n d use i n r e l a t i o n t o m a n ' s a c t i v i t i e s .

The t r a c e e l e m e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s f r o m 240 bottom sediment sampl ing s i tes per formed dur ing the months o f June and J u l y 1976 f o r t h e p re l im ina ry geochemica l su rvey i nd i ca ted t ha t t he no r th cen t ra l sec to r o f t he Nor th Creek Watershed i s an area o f h igh meta l con ten t .

A s p r i n g a t t h e anomaly s i t e seems t o i s s u e m a i n l y f r o m a d o l o m i t i c - shale bedrock source due t o i t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c w a t e r q u a l i t y . The pecu- l i a r water chemist ry was a p p a r e n t l y d e r i v e d f r o m o x i d a t i o n o f s u l p h i d e minera ls and d i s s o l u t i o n o f gypsum c r y s t a l s p r e s e n t i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g , mineral ized bedrock.

A chemical and t e x t u r a l s t u d y o f t h e l i t h o l o g y o f t h e w e l l c o r e sediments and bedrock d r i l l e d a d j a c e n t t o t h e anomalous s i t e r e v e a l e d t h e m i g r a t i o n p a t h o f t h e g r o u n d w a t e r f l o w w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e s e l e c t i v e m o b i l i t y o f c e r t a i n e l e m e n t s i n t h i s s e c o n d a r y e n v i r o n m e n t .

Thermodynamic e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e i o n s p e c i a t i o n o f t h e m a j o r c h e m i c a l c o n s t i t u e n t s f r o m t h e anomalous s p r i n g and sur face waters showed gypsum t o be supersa tu ra ted i n t hese anomalous spr ing waters. Downstream f rom the spr ing , the loss of t h e s p r i n g ' s c a r b o n d i o x i d e i n a t t a i n i n g e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h t h e a t m o s p h e r i c c a r b o n d i o x i d e r e s u l t e d i n t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r s b e i n g supersa tu ra ted w i th respec t t o t he ca rbona te m ine ra l s , such as c a l c i t e , aragoni te, magnesi te and dolomi te.

Downstream f rom the spr ing , the minor cons t i tuents , such as the heavy me ta l s , a re co -p rec ip i t a ted w i th CaCos, complexed wi th the su lphate r a d i c a l and o the r i no rgan ic l i gands and fo rm aquo metal complexes. Time- w ise , t he re la t i ve heavy me ta l concen t ra t i ons i n t hese anomalous su r face waters showed d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h r e s p e c t t o p r e c i p i t a t i o n and t h e sur face water d ischarge o f the Nor th Creek waters.

T h i s b r i e f l y summarized t h e o r i g i n and the geochemica l h i s to ry o f t he abnormal i t y o f the h igh meta l va lues . The source of these high heavy m e t a l s a r e d e r i v e d n a t u r a l l y f r o m t h e d i s s o l u t i o n o f t h e b e d r o c k m i n e r a l deposi ts , thus contaminat ing the groundwater d ischarge in the Nor th Creek waters. The c o n t r i b u t i o n o f man's a c t i v i t i e s as a source o f heavy metal con tamina t ion i n t hese na tu ra l wa te rs appeared t o be n e g l i g i b l e , s i n c e t h e i m p l i c a t i o n o f a t m o s p h e r i c p o l l u t i o n was p roven to be minute.


# Knap, Ka the r ine M. and Wi 11 iam F. Mi ldner . Streambank E r o s i o n i n t h e Great Lakes Basin. Submitted t o PLUARG Task Group C. June 1978, 29 pp.

CONCLUSIONS

Joint Statements

1. The amount of sediment produced from streambank erosion can vary f rom bas in to bas in , season t o season and y e a r t o y e a r . I t i s a l s o n o t e d t h a t t h e t o t a l amount of m a t e r i a l e r o d e d i s n o t l a r g e when viewed on a g loba l o r con t i nen ta l sca le .

2. When v i e w e d r e l a t i v e t o o t h e r s o u r c e s of sediment, bank e ros ion does not appear to be a major con t r ibu tor , account ing fo r 1 t o 10% o f t h e l o a d i n t h e U.S. study watersheds and 2 t o 32% i n t h e Canadian basin.

3. Total phosphorus i s t h e most important chemical contr ibuted f rom bank eros ion. An es t imated 426,000 kg of phosphorus are added t o the Great Lakes each year from eroding banks.

4. While downstream sections o f r i v e r s were n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y inc luded in the Canad ian s tgdy watersheds they were i n U.S. study basins. There seem t o be no reasons why l o a d i n g r a t e s on these areas should be h ighe r or lower than other areas.

I n t h e Canadian basins s e ~ e l - a i o ther conc lus ions have been reached:

1. The source areas o f bank erosion wi th in each watershed can be h i g h l y v a r i a b l e and b o t h p o i n t and non-point i n n a t u r e .

2. From o b s e r v a t i o n s i n t h e . f i e l d a list o f n a t u r a l and c u l t u r d l f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o bank eros ion has been compiled. Some of the main physical causes are sheet and rill eros ion by ove r land f ? ow and s c o u r i n g b y t h e s t r e a m o f t e n f o l l owed by slumping of the upper bank under g r a v i t y .

3. The above fac to rs va ry f rom a rea t o a rea w i th some r e g i o n s o f the p rov ince hav ing a combination o f f ac to rs t ha t wou ld sugges t h igher or lower sediment y ie lds f rom bank eros ion.

PB 296853 ZZ IJC 769

PLUARG 78-076

# M i l d n e r , W i l l i a m F. Streambank E r o s i o n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s P o r t i o n o f t h e Great Lakes Basin. Submitted t o PLUARG Task C (U.S. S e c t i o n ) A c t i v i t y 6. Windsor, Ontario. January 1978, 45 pp.

Sumnary

This s tudy was c a r r i e d o u t on t h e Maumee River Basin. The concept used was t o examine a 2% sample of the watershed. Sample areas 160 acres i n s i z e s e l e c t e d on a random bas is were examined and the da ta expanded t o the watershed. The f i e l d crew worked 1,182 hours and t r a v e l l e d 12,630 m i l e s t o v i s i t 597 sample s i t e s .

A worksheet was designed t o p r o v i d e a r e c o r d o f i t e m s of i n t e r e s t rega rd ing streambank e ros ion and arranged i n a manner t o f a c i l i t a t e keypunch ing opera t ions . S ince th is was a streambank erosion study, i tems on erod ing bank he igh t , l eng th and average annual bank recess ion were inc luded. It was though t t ha t ad jacen t l and use and s o i l s e r i e s m i g h t c o r r e l a t e w i t h e r o d i n g b a n k s so columns were i nc luded on the worksheet fo r t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n . S i n c e an i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f t h e s t u d y was t o recommend a program of treatment, columns were included f o r p r e s e n t and needed t reatment . I t was a l so t hough t t ha t t he re m igh t be some c o r r e l a t i o n between the absence o f f e n c i n g a d j a c e n t t o t h e streambank and bank e ros ion so t h i s i t e m was a l so i nc luded on the worksheet.

Each i n d i v i d u a l o f t h e f i e l d c r e w was g iven the necessary maps t o l o c a t e t h e sample areas and t o i d e n t i f y t h e soi l se r ies . They were a l so g iven i ns t ruc t i ons f o r comp le t i ng t he workshee t and d e f i n i t i o n s o f t h e terms t o be used i n t h e s t u d y .

On a volume b a s i s , r i v e r b a n k e r o s i o n i s a m i n o r p o r t i o n o f t h e sediment y i e l d and chemica l con t r i bu t i on t o t he Grea t Lakes.


# O ' N e i l l , J.E. P o l l u t i o n f r o m Urban Land Use i n t h e Grand and Saugeen Watersheds. PLUARG Task Group C (Canad ian Sec t i on ) Ac t i v i t y 3. January 1979, 55 pp.

Sumnary

Under t h e IJC-PLUARG program, seven urban stlrdy areas i n t h e Grand R i v e r and Saugeen R i v e r p i l o t w a t e r s h e d s were studied between 1974 and 1977, namely K i t c h e n e r - Water loo - Cambridge, Schneider Creek, Montgomery Creek, Guelph, New Hamburg, Durham and Al lan Park. The p o l l u t a n t s i d e n t i f i e d i n r u n o f f f r o m t h e s e u r b a n a r e a s were: t o t a l phosphorus, metals ( lead, copper, chromium), chloride, organic chemicals and b a c t e r i a . The po l l u tan t p rob lems were g r e a t e s t ( i n t e r m s o f u n i t - a r e a l o a d s ) i n t h e m o s t urbanized areas at the Schneider Creek, Montgomery Creek, K i tchener - Waterloo - Cambridge and Guelph s i tes. No s i g n i f i c a n t p o l l u t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s were measured i n t h e l e a s t u r b a n i z e d a r e a s a t New Hamburg, Durham and A1 l a n Park.

The ma in sou rces o f po l l u t i on i n u rban a reas appear t o be res iden t ia l and commercial land and i n d u s t r i a l p o i n t sources. A major pathway by wh ich po l l u tan ts en te r rece iv ing wa te rs i n u rban a reas i s t hough t t o be the wash-of f o f accumulat ions o f a i rborne-der ived contaminants f rom imperv ious sur faces. Resident ia l and i n d u s t r i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e s , where the vege ta t i ve cove r has been removed, and areas where o n - s i t e p r o t e c t i o n measures have n o t been undertaken appear t o be s o u r c e s o f g r e a t l y increased sediment and sed iment -assoc ia ted po l lu tan t loads .


# Avadhanula, M. Rao. P o l l u t i o n f r o m R u r a l , T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , E x t r a c t i v e and Undisturbed Land Uses i n t h e Grand and Saugeen Watersheds. Submitted t o PLUARG Task Group C (Canad ian Sec t i on ) Ac t i v i t i es 3 and 4. March 1979, 60 PP.

S u n a r y

The e f f e c t s o f l a n d d r a i n a g e f r o m r u r a l l a n d use, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o r r i d o r s , e x t r a c t i v e o p e r a t i o n s and und is tu rbed (under perenn ia l vegeta t ive cover ) a reas on t h e r e c e i v i n g w a t e r q u a l i t y i n t h e Grand R i v e r and Saugeen R i v e r p i l o t watersheds (Ontar io) were i n v e s t i g a t e d as p a r t o f t h e Task C a c t i v i t i e s u n d e r t h e P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use Reference Group (PLUARG) o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Commission. Wate r -qua l i t y and wa te r -quan t i t y da ta were c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g 1975 and 1976 from: e i g h t r u r a l watersheds: upstream and downstream o f a major h ighway corr idor , a sand and g r a v e l p i t , a l imestone quar ry and f r o m t w o r e l a t i v e l y u n d i s t u r b e d (wooded/ id le ) land a reas in the Grand R i v e r and Saugeen R i v e r p i l o t watersheds. Based on the ana lys i s o f t he da ta ove r a two-year per iod (1975-1976), the major sources o f p o l l u t a n t s f r o m t h e s e d i f f e r e n t l a n d uses have been t e n t a t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d .

Z Z IJC 769 PLUARS 79-079

# Chan, H.T. Contaminat ion of the Great Lakes by P r i v a t e Wastes. Submitted t o PLUARG Task Group C (Canadian Sect ion) Parts 1 and 2, A c t i v i t y 3. December 1978, 269 pp.

Summary

Th is s tudy cons i s ted o f two pa r t s : (1) f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f some e x i s t i n g p r i v a t e waste disposal systems and ( 2 ) e s t i m a t i o n o f p o l l u t a n t loadings from systems i n watersheds ad jacent to the Great Lakes.

The o b j e c t i v e s of t h e f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s were: t o s t u d y t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e ground water adjacent t o p r i v a t e waste disposal systems, t o es t ima te t he a t tenua t ion o f chemica l po l l u tan ts by va r ious so i l s , and on t h e basis o f t h e f i n d i n g s o b t a i n e d i n t h e - f i e l d , t o r e v i e w t h e g u i d e l i n e s se t by t h e O n t a r i o M i n i s t r y o f t h e E n v i r o n m e n t p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s e p t i c t a n k - t i l e f i e l d systems.

It was found tha t t he a t tenua t ion o f phosphorus by s o i l s was u s u a l l y e x c e l l e n t (>go%), t i l t - ! 3.; I :? : luat ion of n i t r o g e n was good (about 30%) and the a t tenua t ions of sodium and potassium were moderate (about 50%). G e n e r a l l y , t h e g u i d e l i n e s p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s e p t i c t a n k - t i l e f i e l d systems were found t o he adequate.

The approach used i n P a r t I1 was t o c o l l e c t d a t a on t h e e x i s t i n g p r i v a t e waste disposal systems (PWDS) which may c o n t r i b u t e p o l l u t a n t s t o the Canad ian por t ion o f Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron and Super ior. The maximum p o t e n t i a l p o l l u t a n t l o a d s f r o m t h e PWDS were f i r s t c a l c u l a t e d t o o b t a i n an es t ima te o f t he upper limit o f p o t e n t i a l l o a d i n g . These c a l c u l a t i o n s were performed fo r twen ty - fou r wa te rsheds i n sou the rn Ontar io . The resu l t s f o r t hese wa te rsheds were then summed t o d e r i v e t h e t o t a l p o l l u t a n t l o a d i n g e s t i m a t e s t o t h e G r e a t L a k c s i n s o u t h e r n O n t a r i o . For the Great Lakes border ing nor thern Ontar io , the load ing computa t ions were performed on an i nd i v idua l coun ty bas i s .


# International Reference Group on Great Lakes Pollution from Land Use Activities. Quality Control- Handbook for P i l o t Watershed Studies. Windsor, Ontario. 1975, revised June 1976, March 11377, 49 pp.

Sumary

This handbook i s intended t o give investigators associated w i t h Task Group C studies under PLUARG the guid-.lines for quality control. These guidelines w i l l ensure t h a t the conclusions of the v?rious investigators, and hence the summaries developed, are based upon comparable d a t a . In addition, the program will a i d investigators i n ascertaining whether their needs for precision and accuracy are being met and w i l l contribute t o overall proficiency by p r o v i d i n g opportunities for scient is ts t o discuss solutions t o common problems.


# Dube, D. " e t a l . D a t a Q u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e f o r W a t e r s h e d and Land Use Studies. Windsor, Ontario. 1978, 33 pp.

Summary

To ensure adequate q u a l i t y c o n t r o l w i t h i n i t s s t u d i e s , PLUARG i n - ves t i ga to rs t ook a number o f a c t i o n s . They developed a q u a l i t y c o n t r o l handbook tha t desc r ibed t he necessa ry p ro toco l t o determine i f sampling, sample handling, and sample analys is produced data o f the necessary in- t e g r i t y t o s u p p o r t s p e c i f i c s t u d y c o n c l u s i o n s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e y c a l l e d f o r r e m e d i a l a c t i o n s when a l a b o r a t o r y was found to per fo rm inadequate ly .

Subsequently, t o meet t h e sample q u a l i t y c o n t r o l r e q u i r e m e n t a qua l i t y assurance p rogram was i n s t i t u t e d . It was c o m p r i s e d o f i n t e r - l a b o r a t o r y a n a l y t i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e t e s t s , b l i n d r e p l i c a t e p r e c i s i o n t e s t s and the documen ta t i on o f ana ly t i ca l methods and i n t r a l a b o r a t o r y q u a l i t y cont ro l procedures.

F i f t een i n te r l abo ra to ry ana ly t i ca l pe r fo rmance s tud ies were conduc ted f o r n u t r i e n t s , demand, minera ls , meta ls and p e s t i c i d e s i n w a t e r and f o r m e t a l s , n u t r i e n t s and p e s t i c i d e s i n s e d i m e n t s . I n a d d i t i o n , s i m i l a r a n c i l l a r y s t u d i e s were ca r r i ed ou t by seve ra l Canadian l a b o r a t o r i e s . S e v e r a l h u n d r e d b l i n d f i e l d r e p l i c a t e samples were -taken and analyzed. Data f rom these rep l i ca tes were rev iewed by p r i nc ip3 l i nves t i ga to rs and s t a f f o f t h e IJC Great Lakes Regional Off ice. Each p a r t i c i p a t i n g l a b o - r a t o r y p r o d u c e d d e s c r i p t i o n s o f i t s a n a l y t i c a l methods and "in-house" q u a l i t y c o n t r o l p r o c e d u r e s . All data and documentat ion der ived f rom the program were assembled by and are arch ived a t the Regional Of f ice. A lmost a l l l a b o r a t o r i e s g e n e r a t e d a n a l y t i c a l d a t a w h i c h were s u i t a b l y c o m p a t i b l e w i t h o t h e r l a b o r a t o r i e s . The la rge r l abo ra to r ies t ha t genera . ted t he bu l k o f t h e d a t a u n i f o r m l y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e b e s t c o m p a t i b i l i t y . Most labora tor ies cons is ten t ly demonst ra ted adequate recover ies on reference and s p i k e m a t e r i a l s i n samples, and when a d i f f i c u l t y was Found, remedial a c t i o n was taken. The analyses o f t h e b l i n d f i e l d r e p l i c a t e samples demonstrated that sampl ing and a n a l y t i c a l i n t e g r i t y had been adequately m a i n t a i n e d t o p r o v i d e u s e f u l d a t a f o r PLUARG s tud ies . From a l l t h e v a r i o u s s t u d i e s i n t h e Q u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e Program, on l y two l abo ra to r ies d e m o n s t r a t e d a n a l y t i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s much o f t h e t ime. Appropr ia te s teps were taken t o ensu re t ha t t he f i nd ings f rom the s tud ies suppor ted by t hese l a b o r a t o r i e s d i d n o t a f f e c t t h e c o n c l u s i o n s o f t h e Task C Work Group.

The Qual i ty Assurance Program was a b l e t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t o v e r a l l l a b o r a t o r i e s were ab le t o p roduce ana ly t i ca l da ta wh ich were adequate f o r t h e PLUARG Task C Watershed Studies. The program was s u c c e s s f u l i n r e m o v i n g i d e n t i f i e d a n a l y t i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s i n all b u t two labo ra to r ies . Appropr ia te s teps were t a k e n t o e n s u r e t h a t d a t a d e r i v e d f r o m t h e t w o l a b o r a t o r i e s d i d n o t a f f e c t t h e c o n c l u s i o n s o f t h e Task C Work Group. The program establ ished that sampl ing procedures, sample hand l ing and analyses were i n c o n t r o l by use o f f i e l d sample r e p l i c a t e s ( u n i d e n t i f i e d t o t h e l abo ra to ry ) . On ly 5% o f t h e r e p l i c a t e r e s u l t s were no t w i th in accep tab le ranges.

The p rog ram con f i rmed tha t l abo ra to r ies p roduc ing t he mos t da ta f o r the Watershed Studies a lso produced the most compat ib le data.


* Onn, Dennis. Point Source Studies. (Unpubl ished). Submit ted to PLUARG Task Group C (Canad ian Sec t i on ) Ac t i v i t y 4. November 1976, 3 pp.

Sumnary

The purpose o f t h i s s t u d y i s t o measure the magnitude and s i g n i f i c a n c e o f ma te r ia l i npu ts f rom mun ic ipa l sewage t r e a t m e n t p l a n t e f f l u e n t and i n d u s t r i a l s o u r c e s e n t e r i n g t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r c o u r s e e i t h e r d i rec t l y o r v ia t he u rban s to rm-sewer system.


Bodo, B. Loadings and Parameter-Flow Relationships. (Unpublished). Submi t ted t o PLUARG Task Group C (Canad ian Sec t ion) Ac t iv i t ies 1. 3 and 4. 1976, 27 pp.

Summary

The pu rpose o f t h i s s t t l dy i s t o e s t i m a t e q u a n t i t a t i v e l y t h e p o l l u t a n t i n p u t i n t o t h e G r e a t Lakes system and t o r e l a t e t h e s e e s t i m a t e s t o t h e var ious land-use pract ices be ing examined under PLUARG Task C studies. These es t ima tes a re u l t ima te l y i n tended to p rov ide a bas is fo r bas in -w ide e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f f l u x e s t i m a t e s .

The r e l a t i o n s h i p s between parameter concentrat ions and s-treamflow, as w e l l as parameter mass f l u x c o m p u t a t i o n s a t a p p r s x i r n a t e l y t h i r t y PLUARG s i t e s s e l e c t e d f r o m among t h e Grand, Saugeen and a g r i c u l t u r a l watersheds f o r t h e y e a r 1975 have been sgmmarized. Relat ionships between concen- t r a t i o n and f l o w have been grouped in to t h ree genera l ca tegor ies . Nu t r i en ts , me ta l s and genera l l y the par t i cu la te -assoc ia ted parameters tend t o w a r d s p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n w h i c h c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n c r e a s e s as f l o w increases. The "minera l " (sodium, su lphate, ch lor ide, magnesium, etc . ) pa ramete rs cons i s ten t l y exh ib i t t he oppos i te t rend t o have any c o n s i s t e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h f l o w . V a r y i n g degrees o f s c a t t e r c h a r a c t e r i z e most re la t i onsh ips wh ich were i nves t i ga ted .

Loading est imates suggest that marked increases in t h e r a t e s o f con taminant f lux occur f rom ups t ream to downstream s i t e s on t h e Grand R ive r . S ign i f i can t i nc reases i n po l l u tan t l oads a re obse rved be low the urban complex of Kitchener-Waterloo, Guelph and Cambridge. These po l lu tan t leve ls a re sus ta ined be low the u rban complex down t o t h e mouth o f t h e G r a n d R i v e r , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y i s a l s o a major po l l u tan t con t r i bu to r i n t he l ower reaches o f t he Grand R ive r . The Saugeen B a s i n i s a comparat ive ly less p o l l u t e d watershed, showing f l u x rates comparable to the upper and middle reaches o f t h e Grand R ive r . The a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y i n p o l l u t a n t o u t p u t s r e f l e c t i n g d i f f e r e n c e s i n t y p e and i n t e n s i t y o f a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y . Some o f t hese watersheds appear t o be s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t o r s o f v a r i o u s p o l l u t a n t s , p r i m a r i l y n u t r i e n t s . F l u x e s t i m a t e s were der ived by the IJC recommended approach.


* Avadhanula, M. Rao. Water Q u a l i t y S t u d i e s , F a l l R e p o r t . S u b m i t t e d t o PLUARG Task Group C (Canad ian Sec t i on ) Ac t i v i t i es 1, 3 and 4. November 1976, 24 pp.

Summary

Th is repo r t p resen ts t he p rog ress ach ieved t o da te t h rough the A c t i v i t i e s 1, 3 and 4 of t h e PLUARG Task C study. Resul ts summarized i n t h i s r e p o r t c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e m a i n o b j e c t i v e o f " o b t a i n i n g t h e d a t a on t h e i n p u t s o f p o l l u t a n t s " f r o m t h e d i f f e r e n t l a n d - u s e a r e a s i n t h e Grand, Saugeen and W i l t o n Creek Basins i n O n t a r i o .

Among t h e e l e v e n a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s i n c l u d e d i n t h e PLUARG study, Hi l lman Creek and t h e L i t t l e Ausab le R iver s i tes (Ag.-13 and Ag.-3) c o n t a i n e d t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l s o f NO2 +Nos. The h ighes t to ta l phosphorus concen t ra t i ons were found i n t h e downstream o u t l e t s o f N o r t h Creek and B i g Creek (Ag. -10, Ag.-1). Total phosphorus showed s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s ( r va lues g rea ter than .8) w i t h i o n , TKN and t u r b i d i t y , whereas i no rgan ic n i t rogen had poor cor re la t ion va lues w i th phosphorus . Great cons is tency was observed i n t h e w a t e r - q u a l i t y d a t a o v e r t h e s t u d y p e r i o d (1974, 1975, s p r i n g 1976).

I n general , t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s u n d e r PLUARG c o n f i r m r e s u l t s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e h i s t o r i c G r a n d R i v e r w a t e r - qual i ty data. Marked seasonal t rends and m o n t h l y v a r i a t i o n s i n some parameter concentrat ions were observed i n t h e s e d a t a . The PLUARG da ta f o r t h e Grand R i v e r B a s i n e x h i b i t e d w a t e r - q u a l i t y d e t e r i o r a t i o n a t downstream s t a t i o n s . The concent ra t ions o f impor tan t nu t r ien ts (phosphorus and n i t rogen) i nc reased f rom the m idd le o f t he Grand R ive r Bas in and remained h i g h all along the downstream main channel t o t h e o u t l e t . I n c o m p a r i s o n t h e c o l l e c t e d w a t e r - q u a l i t y d a t a s u g g e s t t h a t t h e Saugeen R iver , Wi l ton Creek waters a re f ree f rom any s i g n i f i c a n t p o l l u t i o n .

M u l t i v a r i a t e a n a l y s i s o f t h e 1975 PLUARG w a t e r q u a l i t y was undertaken. The s a m p l i n g s t a t i o n s w i t h h i g h l e v e l s o f p o l l u t a n t i n p u t s were l o c a t e d on the N i th R iver t r ibu tary , be low the u rban a reas and t h e downstream reach o f t h e Grand River main channel . A b e t t e r w a t e r q u a l i t y was found t o be p r e s e n t i n t h e Saugeen R iver .

Based on cu r ren t i n fo rma t ion , it i s t e n t a t i v e l y c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e urban and a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d - u s e a c t i v i t i e s a r e t h e m a i n s o u r c e s o f p o l - l u t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n i n t h e Grand River Basin.


* Coote, D.R. " e t a l . A g r i c u l t u r a l Land Uses, L i v e s t o c k and S o i l s o f t h e Canadian Great Lakes Basin (South of Lat i tude 45 degrees N), A Report o f t h e A c t i v i t i e s o f t h e E n g i n e e r i n g R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e and the Soi l Research I n s t i t u t e as P a r t o f A g r i c u l t u r e Canada's C o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e Imp lementa t ion o f the Great Lakes Water Qua l i t y Agreement, 1973-1974. (Unpublished). Prepared i n p a r t f o r PLUARG, Task Group C (Canadian Section). June 1974, 133 pp.

Summary

Sec t ion I - " P r e p a r a t i o n o f B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r A g r i c u l t u r a l Region I d e n t i f i c a t i o n and Watershed Selection"

PLUARG's A g r i c u l t u r a l Sub-Committee r e q u i r e d c e r t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n on w h i c h t o b a s e i t s c o l l e c t i v e s e l e c t i o n of s i t e s f o r P r e l i m i n a r y A g r i c u l t u r a l Watershed Studies. Th is in format ion was prov ided by the p r o j e c t s on c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and mapping of t he so i l s , da ta ob ta ined f rom A c t i v i t y I1 below and data on c l i m a t i c v a r i a b i l i t y . These data were u t i l i z e d t o i d e n t i f y d i s t i n c t " a g r i c u l t u r a l r e g i o n s " w i t h i n t h e l o w e r Great Lakes Basin.

Sec t i on I 1 - "So i l E ros ion and F luv ia l Sed imen ta t i on i n Sou the rn On ta r io "

A map was p r e p a r e d i n d i c a t i n g t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r e d i c t e d s o i l e ros ion losses f rom the p redominant so i l and a g r i c u l t u r a l r e g i o n s o f southern Ontario. Losses ranged from 0 t o 15 tons/ac./yr. Watersheds l o c a t e d i n r e g i o n s o f h i g h e s t s o i l e r o s i o n l o s s f r o m a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d i nc luded the Thames, Sydenham and Humber Rivers.

Sec t i on I11 - "L ives tock Feed lo t and Manure Storage Runoff"

Two b e e f f e e d l o t s and two manure storage areas have been instrumented so t h a t a r e c o r d o f r a i n f a l l and r u n o f f can be obtained.

Sec t i on IV - "A Se lec t i ve I nven to ry o f L i ves tock Opera t i on i n Sou the rn On ta r io "

An i n v e n t o r y o f l a r g e l i v e s t o c k o p e r a t i o n s i n southern Ontar io has been c a r r i e d o u t u t i l i z i n g a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h s . More than 4,500 farms have been recorded, and an area o f over 25,000 square miles has been surveyed d u r i n g t h i s i n v e n t o r y .


# Ostry, R.C. The Evaluation of the Effect o f Some Waste Disposal Practices on Great Lakes Water Quality. 1 9 Summary

As part of the Ministry of the Environment's input to the Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group (PLUARG) program, studies were conducted on some waste-disposal of sewage sludge on agricultural sanitary landfilling, disposal of sewage sludge on agricultural land, private waste disposal, wastewater lagoons and irrigation, and point-source discharges. Excluding point-source discharges, the other waste-disposal practices appear to pose no serious environmental hazard, provided they are subject to proper site selection, design and operation. Soil attenuating mechanisms appear to be highly effective in restricting the migration o f contaminants from most waste-disposal sites. The potential pollutants identified from existing waste-disposal practices in Ontario are sumnarized below:

1. sanitary landfilling - chloride, organic toxicants; 2. disposal of sewage sludge on agricultural land - nitrogen, 3 . private-waste disposal - chloride, nitrogen, phosphorus; 4. wastewater lagoons and irrigation - nitrogen, phosphorus, metals 5. point-source discharge - nitrogen, phosphorus, metals and

phosphorus, metals, pathogenic organisms;

and

organic toxicants.

Surface runoff carrying pollutants from existing waste-disposal sites was found to be of secondary importance, The principal mechanism of dispersing contaminants was by way o f the ground-water system, ultimately leading to surface-water contamination.

With respect to point-source discharges, significant pollutant inputs were identified as contributing t o water-quality impairment of the Great Lakes. For example, a combined municipal and industrial point-source discharge in the Grand River Basin comprises a significant proportion of the low flow or base flow i n the river based on historic records (up to 80%). In terms of the total annual load monitored at the mouth of the Grand River, point-source discharges accounted for 37% of the phosphorus, 19% of the nitrogen, 11% of the lead, 25% of the zinc and 21% o f the copper.


Sunmary

Data-co l lec t ion techn iques employed in the Min is t ry o f the Env i ron- ment 's PLUARG monitor ing program were documented to ensure that the f i n d i n g s and conclusions based on these data could be compared and eva lua ted w i th da ta f rom o the r s tud ies .

Water-quant i ty, water-qual i ty and sediment-qual i ty measurements conducted i n t h e m o n i t o r i n g p r o g r a m were used t o p r o v i d e q u a n t i t a t i v e e s t i m a t e s o f p o l l u t a n t mass t r a n s p o r t f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g uses: ag r i cu l tu re , u rban , t ranspor ta t i on and u t i l i t y , s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l , processed organic waste, ext ract ive indust r ies and p r i v a t e waste disposal.

Continuous records of water level were obtained from streamflow gaug ing s ta t i ons and r e l a t i o n s h i p s between stage and d ischarge fo r each s t a t i o n were developed i n o r d e r t o compute cont inuous discharge. Rainfal l i n t e n s i t y and d a i l y , t o t a l r a i n f a l l measurements were obtained using a network o f t i p p i n g b u c k e t and s t a n d a r d r a i n gauges. Ground-water sampling p o i n t s were i n s t a l l e d and mon i to red to de termine the impa i rment o f g r o u n d - w a t e r q u a l i t y i n t h e v i c i n i t y of se lec ted s tudy s i t es . The sediment-qual i ty moni tor ing program was des igned to measure t h e q u a l i t y o f f l u v i a l sediments and s o i l s .

Emphasis i n t h e w a t e r - q u a l i t y m o n i t o r i n g p r o g r a m was p laced on t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f samples when s u r f a c e r u n o f f ( r e s u l t i n g f r o m r a i n f a l l e v e n t s o r snow and i c e m e l t ) t r a n s p o r t e d p o l l u t a n t s f r o m t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e l a n d t o t h e t r i b u t a r y c h a n n e l . Water samples were c o l l e c t e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t e d l a n d - u s e a c t i v i t i e s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p o l l u t a n t c o n t r i b u - t i o n f r o m t h a t l a n d use. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e s u r f a c e - w a t e r m o n i t o r i n g network was expanded to unmonitored areas o f t h e p i l o t watersheds t o t r a c e t h e movement o f p o l l u t a n t s t o t h e boundary waters.

So i l ana lyses were undertaken t o q u a n t i f y t h e a t t e n u a t i o n r a t e s o f nu t r i en ts , i no rgan ic t race con taminan ts and organic t race contaminants on l a n d s u s e d f o r s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l , p r i v a t e w a s t e d i s p o s a l and t h e a p p l i c a - t i on o f p rocessed o rgan ic was te as f e r t i l i z e r . Suspended-sediment q u a l i t y was measured to de termine the percentage o f con taminants car r ied by sediment and t o e s t i m a t e t h e mass t r a n s p o r t o f some contaminants, i.e. PCB's, wh ich o f ten occur in water be low the ana ly t i ca l de tec t ion limit. Measurement o f b e d - m a t e r i a l q u a l i t y was a lso under taken t o determine the degree of sediment impairment i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t e d l a n d uses.


TASK ‘D’ REPORTS To diagnose the degree o f impairment o f w a t e r q u a l i t y i n t h e G r e a t Lakes, i n c l u d i n g an assessment o f con- c e n t r a t i o n s o f contaminants i n sediments, f i s h and other aquat ic resources.

# Great Lakes Basin Commission. E x i s t i n g R i v e r M o u t h L o a d i n g D a t a i n t h e U.S. Great Lakes Basin. Submit ted to PLUARG Task Group D (U.S. Sect ion) . May 1976, 713 pp.

Sumnary

R i v e r mouth l oad ing da ta f rom 550 t r i b u t a r i e s t o t h e G r e a t Lakes have been i d e n t i f i e d . These da ta a re re la ted t o po l l u t i on o f t he Grea t Lakes po ten t i a l l y de r i ved f rom l and d ra inage . Chemica ls cons ide red i nc lude nu t r ien ts , pes t ic ides , heavy meta ls and re f rac to ry o rgan ics , i . e . pers is ten t o rgan ics , such as PCBs, n o t n o r m a l l y c l a s s i f i e d as p e s t i c i d e s , b o t h i n s o l u t i o n and a t t a c h e d t o p a r t i c u l a t e m a t e r i a l s . I n a d d i t i o n , water d ischarge and sediment loading data have been sought.

Water q u a l i t y and i d e n t i f i e d f l o w d a t a were a l so eva lua ted i n t e rms o f t h e i r adequacy f o r compu t ing t r i bu ta ry l oad ing t o t he Grea t Lakes. Adequacy o f t he da ta was based on the f requency o f sampl ing, the durat ion o f samp l ing and t h e s t a t i o n l o c a t i o n , b u t n o t on t h e a n a l y t i c a l q u a l i t y o f the data.

O f t h e 550 t r i b u t a r i e s c o n s i d e r e d f o r p o s s i b l e r i v e r mouth l oad ing data, approximately 30% were f o u n d t o h a v e s u f f i c i e n t w a t e r q u a l i t y d a t a to cons ide r ca l cu la t i ng annua l l oad ings . Abou t 14% o f t h e s e t r i b u t a r i e s were gauged a t a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e r i v e r mouth gauging stat ion. O f t h e 550 t r i b u t a r i e s i d e n t i f i e d , 102 were cons idered to be major t r ibutar ies, the r e m a i n i n g b e i n g r e l a t i v e l y m i n o r s t r e a m s t h a t i n d i v i d u a l l y a r e n o t l i k e l y t o have a ma jo r i n f l uence on the Great Lakes (excep t f o r poss ib le l oca l e f f e c t s ) . Most o f t h e m a j o r t r i b u t a r i e s i d e n t i f i e d had s u f f i c i e n t w a t e r q u a l i t y d a t a t o c o n s i d e r l o a d i n g c a l c u l a t i o n s , a l t h o u g h a number o f m a j o r s t reams d id no t h a v e g a u g i n g s t a t i o n s a t s t r a t e g i c r i v e r mouth l o c a t i o n s . Those f e w m a j o r t r i b u t a r i e s t h a t l a c k w a t e r q u a l i t y d a t a t e n d t o d r a i n undeveloped areas, and i t i s n o t recommended that sampling programs be e s t a b l i s h e d on these streams as a f i r s t p r i o r i t y .

I n g e n e r a l , t h e r e i s a good water q u a l i t y d a t a r e c o r d f o r G r e a t L a k e s ' t r i b u t a r i e s f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f month ly moni tor ing. F low data g e n e r a l l y 1 ag b e h i n d w a t e r q u a l i t y d a t a i n t e r m s o f t h e number o f t r i bu ta r ies adequa te l y mon i to red . The i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e on many t r i b u t a r i e s may l e a d t o an u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n o f t o t a l l o a d i n g s o f a t l e a s t some parameters due t o t h e l a c k o f d a t a d u r i n g h i g h f l o w p e r i o d s , when a l a r g e p o r t i o n o f t h e t o t a l annual loading can occur. Very few streams were found t o h a v e d a t a a v a i l a b l e s p e c i f i c a l l y on runof f events .

Because o f t h e l a r g e a r e a encompassed by the Great Lakes Basin and t h e v a s t amounts o f t r i b u t a r y d a t a w h i c h have been c o l l e c t e d and con t inue t o b e c o l l e c t e d , t h e r e i s a need f o r g r e a t e r c o o r d i n a t i o n o f d a t a c o l l e c t i o n , s t o r a g e and r e t r i e v a l . T h e r e i s a l s o a need f o r c o l l e c t i o n cons is ten t da ta over the long- te rm per iod , espec ia l l y event - type da ta , o r d e r t o assess t h e s h o r t - t e r m as w e l l as l o n g - t e r m v a r i a b i l i t y o f t h e hydro1 og i c system.

ZZ IJC PLUARG 76

o f i n

769 - 089

# Sonzogni , Submitted Ontario.

W.C. " et al. United States Great Lakes Tributary Loadings. to PLUARG Task Group D (U.S. Section) Activity 2 .3 . Windsor, - January 1978, 187 pp.

Sumary

Annual loads to the Great Lakes from U.S. tributaries were estimated for total phosphorus, soluble ortho phosphorus, suspended solids, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and chloride. Loads were calculated for water years 1975 and 1976 using all available data. All loads for monitored tributaries were calculated using the ratio-estimator calculation method, except for Lake Erie tributary loads which were obtained from the Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study. In order t o provide complete coverage of the Basin, loads from unmonitored watersheds were estimated from unit~area loads determined from similar and usually adjacent monitored watersheds.

While the estimated loads are believed to be based on the best available information, they are naturall~y subject t o the limitations of the data and must Se interpreted with these limitations in mind. A major source of error for the estimated loads of' some tributaries is the lack of representative data over different flow regimes during the annual cycle. However, if the data are carefully interpreted with the limitations of specific situations in mind, much useful information can be obtained. Moreover, the loading information presented should serve as a foundation for expanding and imprwi!y load estimates as more extensive and lo'ng-term data become avai 1 able.

PB 296851/AS ZZ IJC 769

PLUARG 78-090

# Ongley, Edwin D. Land Use, Water Q u a l i t y and River Mouth Loadings: A Se lec t i ve Overv iew fo r Sou the rn On ta r io . Submi t ted t o PLUARG Task Group D (Canad ian Sec t i on ) Ac t i v i t y 2.1. Windsor, Ontario, March 1978, 110 pp.

Sumnary

T h i s r e p o r t i s b a s e d upon a long-term PLUARG program i n t h e Department o f Geography a t Queen 's Un ive rs i t y under t he ausp ices o f Canadian Task D, f o r t h e assembly, management and a n a l y s i s o f d a t a h o l d i n g s p e r t i n e n t t o t h e assessment o f r e g i o n a l t r e n d s f o r t h e Canadian s i d e o f t h e G r e a t Lakes. These assessments have i n t h e p a s t i n v o l v e d c o m p u t a t i o n s o f t r i b u t a r y l o a d i n g s o f a v a r i e t y o f n u t r i e n t s , s o l i d s , contaminants and o t h e r w a t e r q u a l i t y a t t r i b u t e s ; t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f r o u t i n e l y a v a i l a b l e d a t a f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f d e v e l o p i n g r e g i o n a l t r e n d s ; t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f w a t e r q u a l i t y - l a n d use r e l a t i o n s h i p s and t h e development both o f f i l e management and o f a n a l y t i c a l methods f o r Task D purposes. The work performed under this program appears in a s e r i e s o f repo r t s t o (Canad ian ) PLUARG Task D o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Commission.

T h i s r e p o r t , a l t h o u g h l i m i t e d t o s e l e c t e d r e s u l t s o f a s t a t i s t i c a l eva lua t i on o f phosphorus t rends and o f l a n d u s e - w a t e r q u a l i t y i n t e r - ac t ions , con ta ins enough p r i m a r y i n f o r m a t i o n t o p e r m i t f u l l u n d e r s t a n d i n g w i t h o u t r e c o u r s e t o e a r l i e r r e p o r t s . The s t u d y i s i n t e n d e d p r i m a r i l y as a source document t o be used w i t h o t h e r PLUARG i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e p r e p a - r a t i o n o f t h e f i n a l PLUARG r e p o r t , d e a l i n g w i t h e v a l u a t i o n o f r e g i o n a l t r e n d s o f l o a d i n g s and l a n d use l i nkages and the development of remedial s t ra teg ies . There fore , much o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d w i t h e x p l a n a t o r y n o t e s b u t w i t h l i t t l e d e t a i l e d comment f o r , p r i o r t o r e c e i p t o f t e c h n i c a l r e p o r t s f r o m o t h e r PLUARG a c t i v i t i e s , d e t a i l e d s y n t h e s i s a t t h i s s t a g e i n t e r m s o f r e m e d i a l programs would be premature. It should a l s o be no ted tha t many r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o u n d among var iab les a re no ted h e r e i n b u t l e f t u n e x p l a i n e d because they are beyond th is wr i ter 's experience.

Al though PLUARG i s p r i m a r i l y i n t e r e s t e d i n s u b s t a n t i v e r e s u l t s , t h e m u l t i v a r i a t e a n a l y s i s o f t h e Task D data bank he ld a t Queen 's Un ivers i ty has p r o v i d e d i n s i g h t i n t o a n a l y t i c a l p r o c e d u r e s i n v o l v i n g r e g i o n a l d a t a se ts . The re fo re , i n add i t i on t o subs tan t i ve conc lus ions drawn f rom the analys is , methodologica l exper ience ga ined through care and h a n d l i n g o f t h i s d a t a bank i s germane t o p o t e n t i a l post-PLUARG a c t i v i t i e s . It seems l i k e l y t h a t f u t u r e l a n d u s e - w a t e r q u a l i t y models f o r r e g i o n a l p u b l i c p o l i c y development will i n v o l v e a s t a t i s t i c a l component i n which data o f t h e t y p e u s e d h e r e a r e t h e b e s t l i k e l y t o be a v a i l a b l e f o r r e g i o n a l ana lys i s .

I n most o f t h e work repo r ted he re , agg rega te bas in cha rac te r i s t i cs are compared w i t h mean ( u s u a l l y mean annual) r iver-mouth load and/or concen t ra t i on da ta . A l though so l i ds da ta , wh ich a re pa r t i cu la r l y suscep t ib le t o seasona l (a.nd even t ) hyd ro log i c va r ia t i ons , have been assessed f o r seasona l reso lu t i on , l and use -wa te r qua l i t y l i nkages a re he re assessed using mean annua l da ta . Su f f i c ien t da ta do e x i s t t o e x p l o r e seasonal 1 inkages; however, there are good s c i e n t i f i c and s t a t i s t i c a l reasons f o r r e f r a i n i n g f r o m d o i n g so u n t i l the d i s t r i b u t e d d a t a w i t h i n i n d i v i d u a l b a s i n s c a n b e f u l l y e x p l o i t e d .


# Seibel, Erwin, John M. Armstrong and Cheryl L. Alexander. Technical

Sumnary

Over 3,438 k i l o m e t e r s (2,116 m i l e s ) of t h e U.S. Great Lakes shorel ine have been c l a s s i f i e d as s u b j e c t t o e r o s i o n w h i l e a n o t h e r 780 k i l o m e t e r s (483 m i les ) a re f l ood p rone . E rod ib le b lu f f s and low p la ins occur a long each o f t h e U.S. Great Lakes coasts i n v a r y i n g degrees. The e ros ion p r o c e s s t e n d s t o b e i n t e n s i f i e d d u r i n g o r j u s t a f t e r p e r i o d s o f h i g h w a t e r l e v e l . H i g h l a k e l e v e l s p r e v a i l e d d u r i n g t h e e a r l y 1950's and a g a i n a t t he p resen t t ime . Wh i le t he e f fec ts o f t he i nc reased recess ion ra tes a re r e l a t i v e l y unknown, one a n t i c i p a t e d e f f e c t i s an increase in t h e a c t u a l i npu t o f sed imen t t o t he Grea t Lakes from the U.S. shore l ine . Th is s tudy was undertaken as p a r t o f Task D (U.S.) A c t i v i t y 1.1, which i s designed t o develop an est imate of t he impor tance o f sho re l i ne e ros ion as a p o l l u t a n t t o t h e G r e a t Lakes r e l a t i v e t o o t h e r l a n d a s s o c i a t e d p o l l u t a n t s .

Es t ima tes o f t he annua l vo lumet r i c con t r i bu t i ons o f eroded sediment c rea ted by b lu f f recess ion , have been de r i ved i n t h i s s tudy f o r abou t 44% o f t h e e r o d i b l e U.S. Great Lakes shore l ine , Approx imat ions o f the inpu t o f t he chemica l components o f the eroded mater ia l , generated f rom speci f ic reaches along the U.S. coasts, have also been calculated. Both sets of values are dependent on the recess ion ra tes wh ich were obtained from v a r i o u s r e p o r t s and agencies. The methods b y w h i c h t h e b l u f f r e c e s s i o n r a t e s were determined and the t ime in te rva ls over wh ich they a re recorded a r e s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r s when e v a l u a t i n g t h e v a l i d i t y o f t he va lues de r i ved f o r t h e v o l u m e t r i c c o n t r i b u t i o n and the chemical input o f the eroded m a t e r i a l . F u r t h e r e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f t h e d a t a t o o b t a i n t h e t o t a l q u a n t i t y and q u a l i t y o f s h o r e l i n e m a t e r i a l e r o d e d i n t o t h e G r e a t Lakes will be a t t e m p t e d i n A c t i v i t y 1.2 o f Task D.


# Montei th, Timothy J. and W i l l i a m C. Sonzogni. U.S. Great Lakes Shore1 ine Eros ion Load ings . Techn ica l Repor t o f the In te rna t iona l Reference Group on Great Lakes Po l lu t ion f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s . December 1976, 211 pp.

Sumnary

Th is s tudy p rov ides an e s t i m a t e o f t h e t o t a l q u a n t i t y and q u a l i t y o f m a t e r i a l c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e l a k e s f r o m s h o r e l i n e e r o s i o n , w h i c h has g e n e r a l l y been igno red as a s o u r c e o f l a n d - d e r i v e d p o l l u t a n t s t o the Great Lakes. It comple tes Subact iv i t y 1 -2 o f U.S. Task D, P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s R e f e r e n c e Group (PLUARG). The genera l background fo r th is r e p o r t was developed i n S u b a c t i v i t y 1 - l ( a ) , i n w h i c h samples from the U.S. Great Lakes shore l ine were co l lected and ana lyzed fo r chemica l charac ter - i s t i c s , and S u b a c t i v i t y 1 - l ( b ) , i n w h i c h t h e a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n on Great Lakes shore l ine e ros ion ra tes was compiled.

The estimated sediment and chemical loadings f rom shore erosion i n t h i s r e p o r t a r e o n l y f i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n s or o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e e s t i - mates. The e s t i m a t e d l o a d i n g s a r e p r i m a r i l y i n t e n d e d t o show t h e r e l a t i v e magnitude o f sho re e ros ion l oad ings , pa r t i cu la r l y i n compar i son w i th o the r sources o f sediment and chemicals to the Great Lakes.


# Thomas, R.L. and W.S. Haras. Contribution of Sediment and Associated Elements to the Great Lakes from Erosion of the Canadian Shoreline. PLUARG Task Group D, Activity 1 Technical Report. 1978, 57 pp.

Sumnary

The primary base for this study of erosion o f the Great Lakes shoreline is the detailed investigation conducted under the Canada/Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Shoreline Damage. This study incorporated an assessment o f long-term shoreline recession/accretion rates by photogrammetry between 1952 and 1973 and the short-term erosion rates during the high water levels o f 1972 and 1973. For this latter part o f the study shore erosion transects were established in the region from southern Georgian Bay to Pres'quille on Lake Ontario. Samples for analysis for PLUARG were collected from a number of these transects for analysis o f texture, major and trace elements.


# Acres Consulting Services Ltd. Atmospheric Loading of the Lower Great Lakes and the Great Lakes Drainage Basin. Submitted to the International Reference Group on Great Lakes Pollution from Land Use Activities. March 1977, 79 pp.

# Atmospheric Loadings to the Great Lakes, a Technical Note. Submitted to the International Reference Group on Pollution of the Great Lakes from Land Use Activities. September 1977, 17 pp.

Sumnary

Acres Consulting Services Limited carried out scientific inves- tigations of deposition of airborne material on the Lower Great Lakes and the entire Great Lakes Drainaqe Basin. This reDort is essentially an extension of the report, Atmoipheric Loading of' the Upper Great Lakes, 1975.

In that report, a mathematical model was developed that simulated, on a daily average basis, the meteorological transport, diffusion and deposition (loading) of atmospheric pollutant emissions from large sources in and around the Great Lakes Basin. Using the model, calculations were made of the loadings in 1974 of sixteen pollutants originating from thirty major emission regions in Canada and the United States. Emissions data were available only on an annual basis and it was necessary to assume that these were distributed uniformly throughout the year. Daily average meteorological data were used from a network of fourteen stations in the study area. The calculated loadings were then compared with loadings estimated from a network of shoreline, island and buoy precipitation chemistry stations.

Results from the two methods were in reasonable agreement on those pollutants for which relatively reliable atmospheric emissions data were avail able.

For this report, model estimates were required for Lakes Michigan, Erie and Ontario, as well as for the entire land drainage area in the Great Lakes Basin, subdivided into thirty-seven individual areas.

Projections were made of growth rates to the year 2000 for those industrial sectors that contribute the bulk of emissions (about 90% of the total ) .

A substantial effort was made to obtain data in both Canada and the United States on atmospheric emi'ssions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) for input to the model. The information collected was judged to be insufficient to permit calculations of loadings. Consequently, populations of each emissions region were extracted from published data, and dimensionless distribution patterns were calculated on the assumption that PCB air emissions are related to population density.


PB 296850/AS ZZ IJC 769

PLUARG 77-095T

# Gregor, D.J. and E.D. Ongley. Analys is o f Nearshore Water Qual i ty Data i n the Canadian Great Lakes, 1967-1973, Part 1. Submi t ted t o PLUARG Task Group D (Canad ian Sec t i on ) Ac t i v i t y 2.1. Windsor, Ontario. January 1978, 270 pp.

Sumnary

An e v a l u a t i o n and a n a l y s i s o f n e a r s h o r e w a t e r q u a l i t y d a t a has been undertaken. These data have been col lected along the Canadian shorel ine o f t h e G r e a t Lakes between 1967 and 1973 by t he On ta r io M in i s t r y o f t he Environment.

The s i n g l e m o s t d i f f i c u l t p r o b l e m i n d e a l i n g w i t h t h i s d a t a s e t i s i t s h i g h degree o f s p a t i a l and t e m p o r a l v a r i a b i l i t y ; t h e r e f o r e , c o n s i - de rab le t ime and e f f o r t were expended i n o b t a i n i n g an a p p r e c i a t i o n o f i t s c o m p l e x i t i e s . T h i s i s a c h i e v e d w i t h d e t a i l e d summaries o f s t a t i o n and parameter sampl ing f requencies. Parameters which meet speci f ic sampl f r e q u e n c y c r i t e r i a a r e i d e n t i f i e d as b e i n g s u i t a b l e f o r s t a t i s t i c a l ana lys i s . However, on l y e igh t pa ramete rs , genera l l y app l i cab le t o a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e h e a l t h o f t h e n e a r s h o r e zone, a r e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h r e p o r t .

i ng

i s

The d a t a o f each geograph ic reg ion fo r each season and depth are summarized u s i n g p a r a m e t r i c s t a t i s t i c s . A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e i s employed t o t e s t f o r s i g n i f i c a n t seasonal and depth d i f fe rences . Spat ia l water q u a l i t y p a t t e r n s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d and tempora l t rends are evaluated. The resu l t s a re d i scussed , i n te rp re ted and compared t o p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s in an a t t e m p t t o p r o v i d e a summary o f w a t e r q u a l i t y i n t h e Canadian nearshore zone o f t h e G r e a t Lakes f o r t h e p e r i o d 1967 t o 1973.


# Chesters, Gordon and Joseph J. Delf ino. Frequency and E x t e n t o f Wind-Induced Resuspension o f B o t t o m M a t e r i a l i n t h e U.S. Great Lakes Nearshore Waters. Submitted to PLUARG Task Group D (U.S. Sec t ion) A c t i v i t y 3.3b. Windsor, Ontario. June 1378, 111 pp.

Sunrnary

An e x t e n s i v e l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w was conducted t o e s t i m a t e t h e f requency and ex ten t o f w ind- induced resuspens ion in the U.S. Great Lakes nearshore zones and t o i d e n t i f y n e a r s h o r e a r e a s o f t h e U.S . Great Lakes where d u r i n g c e r t a i n t i m e s o f t h e y e a r , s e d i m e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and wind/wave cond i t i ons a re espec ia l l y conduc ive t o resuspens ion o f bo t tom sediments. Two major areas o f l i t e r a t u r e s e a r c h and in fo rma t ion syn thes i s were explored: wind and wave c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f n e a r s h o r e s u r f i c i a l s e d i m e n t s i n t h e U.S . Great Lakes. Addi t ional ly , l i m i t e d i n f o r m a t i o n on c r i t i c a l v e l o c i t i e s and en t ra inmen t ra tes o f sediments was evaluated.

The approach o f t h i s s t u d y t o d e t e r m i n e t h e f r e q u e n c y and e x t e n t o f sediment resuspension was t o u t i l i z e wave h e i g h t and wave p e r i o d d a t a t o c a l c u l a t e wave o r b i t a l v e l o c i t i e s . Wave h e i g h t d a t a c o l l e c t e d o v e r a 19-year per iod by observers on Great Lakes vessels (SSMO, 1975) were coup led w i th wave per iod data obta ined through wave-h indcast ing techniques (Resio and Vincent, 1976-1978). Other sources o f wave da ta were considered, but they were e i ther judged incomplete because only some o f the Great Lakes were covered or were i n such a raw f o r m t h a t e x t e n s i v e computer t ime was r e q u i r e d t o s y n t h e s i z e them be fo re t hey cou ld be used. Such a computer e f f o r t was beyond the resources o f t h i s p r o j e c t .

It i s i m p o r t a n t t o c o n s i d e r t h e q u a l i t y o f n e a r s h o r e s e d i m e n t when d e s i g n a t i n g c r i t i c a l areas. Using t h i s c r i t e r i o n , c r i t i c a l a r e a s i n t h e U.S. Great Lakes nearshore zones are ident i f ied as Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron), the western Basin of Lake Er ie, the southern segment of Lake Mich igan and the Du lu th -Super io r and no r the rn segments o f Lake Superior. Accord ing t o o u r e s t i m a t e s , l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f sediment are not resuspended i n t h e n o r t h e r n zones o f Lake Superior. However, t h i s zone encompasses S i l v e r Bay where tacon i te t a i l i ngs a re d i scha rged . Obv ious l y , resuspension o f po l lu ted bot tom sediments will have a f a r g r e a t e r i m p a c t on water qual i ty than the resuspension o f uncontaminated sediment .

It i s i m p o r t a n t t o remember tha t the p red ic ted sed iment resuspens ion r e p o r t e d i s o n l y a f i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n and e x t r a p o l a t i o n i s o n l y u s e f u l i f f u r t h e r s t u d i e s a r e c o n d u c t e d t o v e r i f y ( o r d i s p r o v e ) t h e s e e s t i m a t e s .


# Suns, K. e t a l . O rganoch lo r ine and Heavy Metals Residues i n t h e Nearshore B i o t a o f t h e Canadian Lower Great Lakes. Submitted t o PLUARG Task Group D -(Canadian S e c t i o n ) A c t i v i t y 3.3. May 1978, 45 pp.

Sumnary

D i s s o l v e d o r g a n o c h l o r i n e r e s i d u e l e v e l s i n t h e r i v e r w a t e r s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t be tween Oakv i l le Creek and Grand R iver water samples.

Body-burden levels o f po lych lor inated b iphenyls (PCB's) , hexachloro- benzene (HCB), t o t a l l , l , l - t r i c h l o r o - 2 , 2 - h i s ( p - c k l o r o p h e n y l e t h a n e ) (CDDT) and m i r e x w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n e m e r a l d s h i n e r s f r o m t h e O a k v i l l e Creek es tua ry t han sh ine rs f rom the Grand R iver .

PCB r e s i d u e s i n a d u l t e m e r a l d s h i n e r s a t b o t h s t a t i o n s exceeded t h e proposed IJC g u i d e l i n e c r i t e r i a f o r p r o t e c t i o n of w i l d l i f e .

M i rex and HCB res idues were f o u n d o n l y i n t h e O a k v i l l e Creek es tua ry sh i ners.


* Eadie, Br ian J. E f f e c t o f t h e Grand R iver Spr ing Runof f on Lake

T-9s M i c h i an. (Unpubl ished) . Draf t Repor t submi t ted to PLUARG Task Group D U.S. e c t i o n ) S u b a c t i v i t y 3.1. September 1976, 82 pp.

S umn a r y

A s e r i e s o f c r u i s e s i n and around the Grand River plume d u c t e d d u r i n g t h e s p r i n g r u n o f f t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t o f h load ings on nearshore Lake Michigan. It was found tha t :

were i g h f

con- 1 ow

1. the plume was r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l r a r e l y e x t e n d i n g beyond a 3 x 3 km area;

2. d u r i n g s p r i n g r u n o f f t h e r i v e r l o a d s t h e l a k e a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y twice the background ra te;

3. an approximate p lume residence or replacement t ime of one day l e a d s t o m o s t m a t e r i a l s a c t i n g i n a conserva t i ve manner;

4. t h e r i v e r i s l o a d i n g t h e l a k e s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n t o t a l suspended m a t t e r , n u t r i e n t s and t race meta ls ;

5. t h e r i v e r does no t appear to be a source o f PCB's and

6. r e a l t i m e c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h NASA o v e r f l i g h t s d i d n o t p r o v e successful , a l though the concept has s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l f o r nearshore studies.


Environment Canada and O n t a r i o M i n i s t r y o f Natural Resources. Canada- Ontar io Great Lakes Shore Damage Survey Technical Report. October 1975, 97 PP*

Environment Canada and O n t a r i o M i n i s t r y o f Natural Resources. Canada- Ontario Great Lakes Shore Damage Survey Coastal Zone A t las . March 1976, 732 PP.

Sumnary

The cu r ren t h igh wa te r l eve l s o f t he Grea t Lakes caused widespread damage t o t h e s h o r e l i n e s , r e s u l t i n g i n c o n s i d e r a b l e l o s s o f p u b l i c and p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y . I n r e s p o n s e t o c o n c e r n f o r s h o r e l a n d p r o p e r t i e s , Environment Canada and t h e O n t a r i o M i n i s t r y o f N a t u r a l Resources entered i n t o an agreement t o s u r v e y t h e n a t u r e and e x t e n t o f s h o r e l i n e damage th rough e ros ion and inunda t ion and t o make p r e l i m i n a r y recommendations w i t h r e s p e c t t o s h o r e l i n e management and p lanning. The f ind ings, conc lus ions and recommendations are presented i n t h i s t e c h n i c a l r e p o r t .

A c o a s t a l zone a t l a s was produced t o d i s p l a y c a r t o g r a p h i c a l l y shore l ine parameters such as l a n d use, land value, ownership, physical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , s h o r e p r o t e c t i o n and e x i s t i n g p r o t e c t i o n i n damaged areas. The a t l a s u t i l i z e s a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h s f r o m 1952-55 and 1973 and o l d s u r v e y r e c o r d s t o q u a n t i f y r e c e s s i o n on the Great Lakes s h o r e l i n e and p resen ts t hese ra tes as histograms.

The survey was designed t o c o l l e c t and analyse data on the Grea t L a k e s s h o r e l i n e w i t h r e s p e c t t o e r o s i o n and inunda t ion damage as an i n i t i a l s t e p i n i d e n t i f y i n g t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r s h o r e l i n e managements and p lanning.

T h i s r e p o r t d e a l s w i t h t h e p o r t i o n s o f s h o r e l i n e c l a s s i - f i e d as erodib le , extending f rom Por t Severn on Georgian Bay t o Gananoque on Lake Ontar io. General and s p e c i f i c causes of e r o s i o n and inundat ion a re examined along with the economic, engineering, environmental and s o c i a l i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e r e s u l t i n g l o s s e s . P o s s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s o r s t r a t e g i e s t o ame l io ra te sho re l i ne damage a re p resen ted f o r f u tu re i n -dep th cons ide ra t i on . Recommendations a re p resen ted i n respec t t o l ong - te rm p r o t e c t i o n , i n s h o r e l a n d management and p lanning, and i n t h e development o f s t u d i e s t o f u r t h e r e x p l o r e t h e s e f i e l d s .



Appendix I: Geographical and Geomorphical Data (Volume 2) Appendix 11: Discharge Records (Volume 2) Appendix 111: Water Quality Records

Basin Index: Lake Ontario (Volume 3 ) Basin Index: Lake Erie (Volume 4) Basin Index: Lake Huron (Volume 5) Basin Index: Lake Superior (Volume 5)

Summary

Although the immense reservoir characteristic of the Great Lakes produces relative hydrologic stahi lity, it also serves to retain and concentrate material discharging from tributary drainage. In view of diverse physical and cultural characteristics of the Great Lakes watershed, the purpose o f this report is to provide data to enable identification o f spatial patterns o f river discharge and water quality for all Canadian tributaries draining into each o f the Great Lakes. In addition, basic geologic and geomorphologic information is compiled for each tributary watershed. With the exception o f Appendix I, the report omits data for tributaries draining t o waterways connecting the Great Lakes.

Appendix I contains geographic, geomorphologic and landform description o f basins included in Appendices I1 and 111, plus basins added in 1973 to the provincial monitoring system. Appendices I1 and 111, which tabulate discharge and water quality records, include all basins for which discharge and/or water quality data are available to December 31, 1972.


* Ongley, Edwin D. Hydrophysical Characteristics of Great Lakes Tributary Drainage, Canada: Evaluation of Loadings from Tributary Waters to the Great Lakes and Interconnecting Channels. (Unpublished). Submitted to LUARG Task Group D. I-ebruary 1976, 22/ pp.

Summary

This report continues the work f o r PLUARG Task D and contains a contract work statement, "raw data sets" status report, and water quality and loadings calculations for interconnecting waterways.

It was recommended that Task data both within the framework of and as additional PLUARG inf ormat that verification of surveil lance watersheds and only for suspended quality parameters be checked aga limited Task C data sets.

D continue its assessment of loadings concentration-discharge relationships ion becomes available. It has been noted data can be performed on only five sediment. It is imperative that other inst the more exhaustive but temporally

The Task D data bank is sufficiently complete to subject the data to multivariate analysis in order to examine linkages between water quality attributes and independent variables such as land use, overburden, geology, discharge, etc. These linkages will form the foundation for extrapolation (modelling) using the Task B future projections of land use.


* Ongley, Edwin D. Study of Statistical Evaluation and Update of Data Bank with Discharge and Water Quality Data for the Great Lakes Interconnecting Channels and Associated Tributaries. (Unpublished). Submitted to PLUARG Task Group D (Canadian Section). March 1977, 91 pp.

Sumnary

This status report includes a statement of data file organization, activities pertaining to statistical analysis, an overview of current work status and a sumnary of loadings data for the period of record to 1974. No effort was made to reproduce earlier information contained in the 1974 report .


* Sydor, Michael and Gordon J. Oman. E f f e c t s o f Nemadj i River Runoff on Lake Super io r : E f fec ts o f R i ve r I npu ts on the Great Lakes , Submi t ted to t h e U.S. Envi ronmenta l Protect ion Agency and PLUARG, Task G r o w D i n f u l f i l l m e n t o f S u b a c t i v i t i e s 3.1 and 3.3a. May 1977, 193 pp. '

Summary

Among the t op i cs d i scussed i n t h i s repo r t a re : t he ex ten t o f con tami - na t i on f rom sp r ing runo f f , r esuspens ion , e f f l uen t budge ts , e f f l uen t i den t i - f i ca t ion th rough Landsat , chemica l load ing f rom spr ing runof f , long range e f f l u e n t t r a n s p o r t and accumu la t i on , e f f l uen t d i ss ipa t i on t o backg round l e v e l s , i n t e r s t a t e t r a n s p o r t o f p o l l u t a n t s , s e p a r a t i o n o f r u n o f f and resuspens ion e f fec ts .

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Landsa t da ta f o r Lake Super io r can be used i n s ta t i s t i ca l d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f p a r t i c u l a t e l o a d i n g due t o r u n o f f , e r o s i o n and resuspension. The a v a i l a b i l i t y o f t h r e e s a t e l l i t e s p r o v i d e s good s t a t i s t i c s , l o w c o s t and a good oppor tun i ty fo r s imu l taneous g round t r u t h d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n .

2. N u m e r i c a l m o d e l i n g o f t u r b i d i t y plumes, i n c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h r e m o t e s e n s i n g d a t a , p r o v i d e s r e a l i s t i c r e s u l t s f o r d i s p e r s i o n and t r a n s p o r t o f p o l l u t a n t s t o b a c k g r o u n d l e v e l s .

3. A l though mon i to r ing o f chemica l load ing th rough the use o f remote s e n s i n g a p p e a r s d i f f i c u l t , t h e use of sa te l l i t e -bo rne i ns t rumen ts , s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s i g n e d f o r w a t e r q u a l i t y measurements, would be h e l p f u l . The p r e s e n t s a t e l l i t e and manned o v e r f l i g h t d a t a c a n be used i n d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g e f f l u e n t s i n Lake Superior, and can be used in es t ima tes o f chemica l l oad ing f o r t hose pa ramete rs wh ich show s t r o n g c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e o p t i c a l l y - d e t e c t a b l e p a r a m e t e r s . F u r t h e r c o r r e l a t i o n o f c h e m i c a l p a r a m e t e r s w i t h s a t e l l i t e d a t a and o p t i c a l parameters could be f r u i t f u l . T h e m a n n e d o v e r f l i g h t s h a v e t h e advantage o f n a r r o w e r s p e c t r a l r e s o l u t i o n , b u t s u f f e r f r o m an a d d i t i o n a l need f o r c o r r e c t i o n due to angu la r dependence o f a tmospher i c e f fec ts and the angu lar dependence o f M i e s c a t t e r i n g b y suspended s o l i d s . C u r r e n t l y t h e l a c k o f s u f f i c i e n t d a t a r e p r e s e n t i n g near ly s imultaneous sampl ing and o v e r f l i g h t s , p r e v e n t s t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e f u l l p o t e n t i a l of remote sensing data i n e v a l u a t i o n o f w a t e r q u a l i t y on a large geometric scale. Repeated low l e v e l o v e r f l i g h t s , such as. were per fo rmed a t the Nemadj i s i te fo r Apr i l 9, c o u l d b e h e l p f u l .


* Sydor, Michael and G.J. Oman. E f f e c t s o f Nemadj i River Runoff on Lake Super ior. (Unpubl ished). Submi t ted to PLUARG Task Group D (U.S. Sec t ion) A c t i v i t i e s 3.1 and 3.3a. December 1977, 174 pp.

Sumnary

Among t h e t o x i c s d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s r e p o r t a r e : t h e e x t e n t o f con- tam ina t ion f rom sp r ing runo f f , r esuspens ion , e f f l uen t budge ts , e f f l uen t i den t i f i ca t i on t h rough Landsa t , chemica l l oad ing f rom sp r ing runo f f , l ong r a n g e e f f l u e n t t r a n s p o r t and a c c u m u l a t i o n , e f f l u e n t d i s s i p a t i o n t o backg round l eve l s , i n te rs ta te t ranspor t o f po l l u tan ts , separa t i on o f r u n o f f and resuspension e f fects .

Z2 IJC 769 PLUARG 77-105

* Herdendorf, Charles E. and John E. Zapo tosky . E f fec ts o f T r i bu ta ry Loading t o Western Lake Er ie Dur ing Spr ing Runof f Events . (Unpubl ished) . S u b m i t t e d t o PLUARG Task D (U.S. S e c t i o n ) A c t i v i t y 3.1. May 1977, 153 pp.

Sumnary

Suspended sediments and associated chemical contaminants in western Lake E r i e o r i g i n a t e from a t leas t four sources : land runof f and channel e ros ion v ia t r i bu ta r ies , resuspens ion o f bo t tom sed imen ts and eros ion o f f sho re ma te r ia l by wave ac t ion , vesse l opera t ion ( inc lud ing d redg ing) and atmospher ic cont r ibut ions. Because t h e Maumee R i v e r i s one o f t h e m a j o r c o n t r i b u t o r s o f sediment and chemical contaminants , the h igh leve l of these mater ia ls has been suspected o f h a v i n g a p r o f o u n d e f f e c t on t h e wes te rn bas in o f Lake E r i e .

The r e s u l t s o f t h e 1975 p i l o t s t u d y i n Maumee Bay (NASA, 1975 and Herdendorf, 1975) demonstrated the advantages o f coord ina ted sh ipboard / a i r c r a f t s u r v e y s i n o b t a i n i n g i n f o r i n a t i o n on t h e e f f e c t s o f r i v e r l o a d i n g s and d i s p e r s a l o f t r i b u t a r y - d e r i v e d p o l l u t a n t s . I n f o r m a t i o n on the resuspension of Sediments by wave a c t i o n was a l so ob ta ined du r ing t he p i l o t s t u d y . Based on the exper ience ga ined i n 1975, t h e p r o j e c t was cont inued and expanded i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1976. Th is repo r t dea ls w i th t he p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s o f t h e second y e a r o f t h i s p r o j e c t .

The o b j e c t i v e o f t ? e second year was to conduct comprehensive surveys o f t h e Maumee and D e t r o i t 2 i v e r mouths and adjacent areas of western Lake Er ie immed ia te l y a f te r i ce ' l b reak -up" and to con t inue these surveys dur ing the ma jo r t r i bu ta ry runo f f even ts wh ich a f fec t t he wes te rn bas in , Fo l l ow ing t he ma jo r e f fec ts , c ru i ses and o v e r f l i g h t s were planned t o sample areas of t r i b u t a r y plumes, areas of major sediment resuspension, o f fshore a reas of the western basin, is land areas of the wes tern bas in and i n t e r f a c e o f t h e w e s t e r n and cen t ra l bas ins o f t he l ake .

These su rveys were i n tended to es tab l i sh t he a reas o f d i rec t t r i bu ta ry impac t , t he a reas and amount o f sediment resuspension and a chronology of western bas in t ranspor t pa t te rns , inc lud ing the long- te rm t r a n s p o r t o f t r i b u t a r y i n f l o w t h r o u g h o u t t h e b a s i n .


* Bannerman, Roger, John Konrad and Don Becker. Effects of Menomonee River Inputs on Lake Michigan During Peak Flow. (Unpublished). Submitted to PLUARG Task Group D (U.S. Section) Activities 3.1 and 3.la. August 1977, 78 PP.

Sumnary

The effects of the combined inputs from the Menornonee, Milwaukee and Kinnickinnic Rivers on Lake Michigan water quality were investigated. Estimates o f annual r iver loadings indicated the Menomonee River usually discharged less t h a n half o f the annual r iver loadings reaching the Milwaukee Harbor and the effect of the Menomonee River on Lake Michigan water quali ty could not be isolated from t h a t of the Milwaukee and Kinnickinnic River. The study focused on the area around the Milwaukee harbor and the area was d iv ided into four regions: the inner harbor, outer harbor, inshore zone and offshore zone. The inner harbor was bounded upstream by the p o i n t on the river where the lake and harbor seiche effects were no longer apparent and downstream by the outermost p o i n t of the shipping channel. The outer harbor was separated from the inshore zone by the breakwater and the inshore zone extended five kilometers into the lake. Water quality surveys were conducted i n the study area d u r i n g periods of h i g h and low flow i n the rivers. The parameter l i s t included nutrients, solids and metals.


* Nat iona l Aeronaut ics and Space Administrat ion, Lewis Research Center. Coord ina ted A i rc ra f t /Sh ip Surveys fo r Determin ing the Impact o f R iver I n p u t s on Great Lakes Waters - Remote Sensing Resul ts. (Unpubl ished). Submi t ted t o t he I n te rna t i ona l Re fe rence Group on Great Lakes Po l lu t ion f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s . June 1977, 25 pp.

Sumnary

A i rc ra f t remote sens ing has proved t o be a p r o d u c t i v e t e c h n i q u e f o r a s s e s s i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f p o l l u t i o n f r o m l a n d u s e a c t i v i t i e s . Summarized h e r e a r e t h e o v e r a l l r e m o t e s e n s i n g r e s u l t s f o r t h e c o o r d i n a t e s a i r c r a f t / sh ip su rvey p rog ram a t t he s i x s tudy s i t es . Fo r t y -seven ove r f l i gh ts o f the study areas have been reported, many o f wh ich were made d u r i n g t h e s p r i n g p e r i o d o f maximum runof f . A lso , twenty - f i ve Landsat images were e s p e c i a l l y u s e f u l i n r e v e a l i n g t h e e x t e n s i v e r e s u s p e n s i o n a n d / o r s h o r e eros ion a long the south shore o f Lake On ta r io and the west shore of Lake Michigan. The o v e r a l l d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n r e c o r d d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e r e a r e s u f f i c i e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s w i t h c l o u d - f r e e s k y c o n d i t i o n s o v e r t h e G r e a t Lakes such that a dedicated remote sensing system can meet the da ta requi rements o f extens ive survey programs such as PLUARG.


# Gregor, Dennis J. and Wa l te r Ras t . T roph ic Charac te r i za t i on o f t he U.S. and Canadian Nearshore Zones of the Great Lakes. Submi t ted to the P o l l u t i o n from Land Use A c t i v i t i e s R e f e r e n c e Group o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Commission. February 1979, 38 pp.

Summary

The t r o p h i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f water bodies, as used i n t h i s r e p o r t , r e f e r s t o a comparison o f t h e degree o f f e r t i l i t y o r e u t r o p h i c a t i o n o f water bodies, using a common sca le o r i ndex ing system. T h i s concept o f a r e l a t i v e s c a l e f o r t h e c o m p a r i s o n of water bodies, or condi%ions wi th in t h e same water body, i s used for most t rophic index ing schemes, w i t h t h e major d i f fe rences be tween schemes being the parameters chosen to formulate the index.

Many l a k e t r o p h i c i n d e x i n g systems have been proposed by numerous researchers over the pas t severa l decades fo r t he pu rpose o f t r o p h i c s t a t e d e l i n e a t i o n , as w e l l as f o r j u s t i f i c a t i o n o f n u t r i e n t c o n t r o l s t r a t e g i e s .

As p a r t o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f Task D, a t roph ic index was developed f o r comparison o f t he nea rsho re zone of the Great Lakes. T h i s t r o p h i c index i s based on a m o d i f i c a t i o n o f Dobson and Chapra's (1977) approach t o the o f fshore waters o f the Great Lakes . The development o f t h i s i n d e x and i t s a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e n e a r s h o r e w a t e r s i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s r e p o r t .


# Rast, Walter and Dennis J . Gregor. Report on D i f f e rences i n Grea t Lakes Phosphorus Load Est imates. Submi t ted to the Pol lu t ion f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s R e f e r e n c e Group o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Commission. February 1979, 27 pp.

Sumnary

A rev iew was conducted o f t h e 1976 Great Lakes phosphorus load es t imates deve loped by the Po l lu t ion f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s R e f e r e n c e Group (PLUARG) , t h e Water Q u a l i t y B o a r d (WQB) and Task Group I 1 I (TG), t h e b i la tera l technica l group which developed phosphorus Target Loads f o r t h e Great Lakes as p a r t o f t h e F i f t h Year Review o f t h e U.S.-Canadian Water Q u a l i t y Agreement. The load es t imates were examined to de termine the sources o f d i f ferences between est imates and, where p o s s i b l e , t o e x p l a i n t h e d i f f e r e n c e s . A summary o f t he sou rces o f in format ion used by the th ree g roups to deve lop the 1976 phosphorus load est imates i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s r e p o r t .


# Sonzogni , Wi l l iam C. C r i t i c a l Assessment o f U.S. Land Der ived Po l lu tan t Loadings to the Great Lakes . Techn ica l Repor t o f the In te rna t iona l Reference Grow on Great Lakes Pol lut ion f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s . Submi t ted to PLUARG Task Group D (U.S. S e c t i o n ) S u b a c t i v i t y 3-4. March 1979, 179 pp.

Summary

TQis r e p o r t p r e s e n t s t h e f i n d i n g s o f S u b a c t i v i t y 3-4 o f t h e U.S. Task D p o r t i o n o f t h e P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s Reference Group (PLUARG) stddy. The report reviews the degree of Great Lakes water q u a l i t y i m p a i r m e n t , w h i c h i s known o r t hough t t o be caused by p o l l u t i o n from land drainage. It a lso summarizes and i n t e g r a t e s t h e o v e r a l l U.S. Task D e f f o r t . F u r t h e r , t h e r e p o r t examines c e r t a i n c r i t i c a l q u e s t i o n s t h a t were n o t answered i n t h e PLUARG f i n a l r e p o r t b u t were recognized as essen t ia l t o imp lemen t ing t he PLUARG recommendations.

Based on an e x t e n s i v e l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w , i t was concluded that , whi le many s tud ies have i m p l i c a t e d l a n d - d e r i v e d p o l l u t i o n as a f a c t o r i n t h e degradat ion of G r e a t L a k e s w a t e r q u a l i t y , t h e r e i s l i t t l e c o n c l u s i v e evidence of d i rec t e f fec ts . Nonpo in t sou rces a re obv ious l y impa i r i ng t he l akes , bu t i t i s o f t e n i m p o s s i b l e t o s e p a r a t e t h e e f f e c t s o f p o i n t and o the r sou rces t o de te rm ine t he spec i f i c ro le of nonpo in t source po l lu t ion .


# M i l l a r d , E.S. e t a l . B i o m a g n i f i c a t i o n o f A t r a z i n e i n Lake Column Simu- l a t o r s . S u b m i t t e d t o PLUARG Task Group D (Canadian Sect ion). Bur l ington, On ta r io . August 1979, 27 pp.

"

Sumnary

Add i t i ons o f a t raz ine a t two t rea tmen t l eve l s were made t o f o u r l a k e column s imulators i n each o f two experiments. The lowes t t rea tmen t i n both exper iments was s u f f i c i e n t t o y i e l d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e r a n g e (0-30 ppb) f r e q u e n t l y measured i n a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s i n l a t e s p r i n g and e a r l y sumner w h i l e t h e o t h e r was an order o f magn i tude h igher . The amount o f a t r a z i n e added a t each t reatment leve l was s i m i l a r between experiments, b u t was a p p l i e d o v e r d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h s o f t i m e , f o u r t e e n days i n t h e f i r s t experiment and f i v e days i n t h e second.

A t r a z i n e was de tec ted i n mos t components o f a s imple food chain, but c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n f i s h , were n o t much h igher than in water . Over 90% of t h e a t r a z i n e added could be accounted for by adding quant i t ies found i n open water o f the upper and lower layers. The bulk o f a t r a z i n e added remained i n s o l u t i o n i n t h e upper layer.

N e i t h e r i m p a i r m e n t o f p h o t o s y n t h e s i s b y a l g a e n o r t o x i c e f f e c t s t o zooplankton and f i s h were apparent i n column experiments. Atrazine does not appear t o be a t h r e a t t o t h e G r e a t Lakes ecosystem i n terms o f e i t h e r t o x i c i t y o r b i o a c c u m u l a t i o n .


# Millard, E.S. , C.C. Charlton and G.A. Burnison. Availability of Phosphorus in Different Sources Entering the Great Lakes for Algal Growth. Submitted to PLUARG Task Group D (Canadian Section). Burlington, -0. August 1979, 38 pp.

Sumnary

The bioavailability of phosphorus in various sources contributing to loadings of this element in the Great Lakes was studied in lake column simulators. Loading of total phosphorus was equivalent between treatments that included river water, tertiary-treated sewage effluent, shoreline bluff material and Grand River suspended particulates. Growth response of algal communities to treatments was compared with the response to phosphoric acid. A background response due to phosphorus in the water which was used to fill the columns, and contaminating sources was also measured. Averages for total and soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations were similar between treatments, although obvious differences in growth response were observed. Sewage effluent produced an overall growth response equivalent to the phosphoric acid control, while river water had an overall response of 65% of the control. Response to bluff material was indistinguishable from that due to background sources. An inverse relationship existed between nitrate concentrations and phosphorus availability. The full response to the Grand River particulates and its control was probably limited by zooplankton grazing pressure. All other columns had declines in algal standing crops coincident with increases in numbers of Bosmina spp.

In bluff material, the high density of particles containing apatite phosphorus and the poor solubility of this compound led to a short residence time in the upper layer and low bioavailability of the phosphorus in this treatment. The impact of shoreline erosion on the Great Lakes in terms of phosphorus loading is negligible compared with municipal point-source and diffuse tributary loads of phosphorus. The cost-effectiveness of phosphorus control strategies proposed by PLUARG is increased in a relative sense when bioavailability of phosphorus is considered.


# Armstrong, D.E., J.R. Perry and D.E. Flatness. Availability of Pollutants Associated with Suspended or Settled River Sediments Which Gain Access to the Great Lakes. Submitted to PLUARG Task Group D. Windsor, Ontario. December 1979, 96 pp. (See also ZZ IJC 769/PLUARG 79-043).

Sumnary

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the availability of certain elements, mainly phosphorus, transported to the Great Lakes by suspended sediment. Nitrogen was also investigated because of its importance as a nutrient element. Certain trace metals were included because of concern over their possible adverse effects on the Great Lakes.

Availability was estimated by chemical methods. For phosphorus, the chemical methods (NaOH extraction and anion exchange resin desorption) have been related to direct measurements of biologically-available phosphorus in the laboratory; for nitrogen, measurements were made of inorganic nitrogen (available) and an organic fraction which may be converted to inorganic nitrogen; for trace metals, measurements were made of the fraction readily desorbed (chelating cation exchange resin) and the fraction associated main1 with hydrous oxides (hydroxylamine hydrochloride extractable!.

Samples were collected from five tributaries within the Great Lakes Basin, namely Genesee in New York, Grand in Michigan, Maumee in Ohio and Menomonee and Nemadji in Wisconsin. These tributaries, except the Nemadji, were also among the pilot watersheds used by the International Reference Group on Great Lakes Pollution from Land Use Activities to investigate pollutant loadings to the Great Lakes for the International Joint Comnission. Samples were transported to the laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin 'for analysis. The suspended sediments were fractionated according t o particle size, and chemical measurements were used to estimate the availability of phosphorus, nitrogen and trace metals in the suspended sediment. Samples of recessional shoreline material were also analyzed for available phosphorus.


STUDY PLANS

# In te rna t i ona l Re fe rence Group on Great Lakes Po l lu t ion f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s . D e t a i l e d S t u d y P l a n t o Assess Great Lakes P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s . F e b r u a r y 1974, 148 pp.

Sumnary

I n t h i s r e p o r t PLUARG de ta i l ed t he f ou r t asks necessa ry t o ful-Fi.11 i t s s t u d y r e q u i r e m e n t s .

Task A was t o assess land use problems, managernent programs and r e s e a r c h i n an a t t e m p t t o s e t p r i o r i t i e s and recommend remedial measures i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e b e s t c u r r e n t i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e e f f e c t s o f land use a c t i v i t i e s . Task B was to develop an i n v e n t o r y o f land use and land p r a c t i c e s w i t h p r o j e c t i o n s o f t rends t o 2020. Task C was to conduc t i n t e n s i v e s t u d i e s o f a number of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e watershed:; i n the Great Lakes Basin t o r e l a t e c o n d i t i o n s t h e r e t o s p e c i f i c l a n d uses and p r a c t i c e s . Task D was t o d iagnose the degree o f water qual i ty impai rment i n t h e G r e a t Lakes and t o assess the concen t ra t i on o f con taminan ts i n sediments, f i s h and other aquat ic resources. The proposed schedule and d e s c r i p t i o n o f a c t i v i t i e s , p a r t i c i p a t i n g a g e n c i e s and cos ts were a l s o i n c l u d e d i n t h e r e p o r t .


# In te rna t i ona l Re fe rence Group on Great Lakes Po l lu t ion f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s . Supplement t o t h e D e t a i l e d S t u d y P l a n t o Assess Great Lakes P o l l u t i o n f r o m L a n d Use A c t i v i t i e s . S u b m i t t e d t o t h e G r e a t Lakes Water Q u a l i t y Board, I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Commission. August 1976, 119 pp.

Summary

The de ta i l ed S tudy P lan f o r t he I n te rna t i ona l Jo in t Commiss ion ' s P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s R e f e r e n c e Group was p u b l i s h e d i n February 1974. S i n c e t h a t t i m e t h e s t u d y p a r t i c i p a n t s have gained a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s needed t o meet t h e r e q u e s t o f t h e IJC t o assess the degree o f impa i rmen t o f wa te r qua l i t y f r o m l a n d u s e a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e G r e a t Lakes system and t o i d e n t i f y t h e sources o f t h i s p o l l u t i o n and recommend p r a c t i c a b l e r e m e d i a l measures. Wh i le t he re have been no major s h i f t s i n emphasis i n t h e s t u d y , many r e f i n e m e n t s o f t h e o r i g i n a l s t u d y p l a n have been made. This supplement t o the s tudy p lan covers those re f inements and expansions. Thus, a f u l l unders tand ing o f t he work be ing ca r r i ed ou t under t he PLUARG program can be gained f rom the February 1974 p l a n and t h i s supplement.


# Coote, D.R. e t a l . Detailed Plan for the Study of Agricultural Watersheds in the Great Lakes Drainage Basin - Canada, 1974-1975. Prepared by PLUARG Task Group C (Canadian Section) Technical Committee, Agricultural

"

Subcommittee. Febrdary 1974, 54 pp.

S urn ary

An Agricultural Subcommittee was formed to prepare and implement a study p l a n t o integrate the requirements of an agricultural study w i t h those o f the other Task C awas o f interest.

?lans for a two-phase study were developed. The f i r s t phase would consist o f the collection and analysis of d a t a obtained by sampling and g a u g i n g from fifteen t o twenty selected watersheds a t their outlets. The second phase would consist of detai1.d stgdies of either individual pollutants or o f i n d i v i d u a l l and uses associated with agriculturP. I t was assumed t h a t less than one-half D f the o r ig ina l watersheds would need t o have detailed studies conducted within them, and t h a t the results of the preliminary phase would enable a rational selection o f parameters and sites for inclusion in the detailed phase of the study.

This report describes the approach t o the selection o f agricultural watersheds and the progress w i t h preparation of required information. The plan for implementation of the preliminary phase of the study w i t h a proposed schedule o f act ivi t ies is included.


* Wisconsin Depar tment o f Natura l Resources, Univers i ty o f Wisconsin System Water Resources Center and Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Comnission. Menomonee R i v e r P i l o t Watershed Study, Work Plan. (Unpub l i shed) . Submi t ted t o t he Po l l u t i on f rom Land Use A c t i v i t i e s Reference Group and t h e U.S. Env i ronmenta l Pro tec t ion Agency. September 1974, 44 pp.

Sumnary

The Menomonee River watershed has been s e l e c t e d f o r t h e s t u d y o f t h e e f f e c t s o f u r b a n - r e s i d e n t i a l l a n d uses undergoing rapid change. The o v e r a l l o b j e c t i v e o f t h e Menomonee R ive r wa te rshed s tudy i s t o i nves t i ga te t h e e f f e c t s o f land dra inage on t h e p o l l u t i o n a l i n p u t t o Lake Michigan and t o develop a p red ic t i ve capac i t y w i th respec t t o t he sou rces , f o rms and amounts o f p o l l u t a n t s r e a c h i n g Lake Michigan.

The s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e Menomonee giver watershed stddy are:

a ) to de termine the leve ls and q u a a t i t i e s o f m a j o r and t r a c e c o n s t i t u e n t s i n c l u d i n g , b u t n o t l i m i t e d t o , n u t r i e n t s , p e s t i c i d e s and sediment reaching or moving i n f l o w systems l i k e l y t o a f f e c t t h e q u a l i t y o f Lake Michigan water;

b ) t o d e f i w t h e s o u r c e s and e v a l u a t e t h e b e h a v i o r o f p o l l u t a n t s f rom an urban I2rd Gse s e t t i n g w i t h p a r t i c u l a r emphasis on t h e impact o f r z s i d e n t i a l and i n d u s t r i a l a r e a s i n c l u d i n g u t i l i t y f a c i l i t i e s , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a l , r e c r e a t i o n a l , a g r i c u l t u r a l and c o n s t r u c t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i - t h r a p i d u r b a n i z a t i o n and

c ) t o d e v e l o p t h e p r e d i c t i v e c a p a b i l i t y n e c e s s a r y t o f a c i l i t a t e extens ion o f t h? f i nd ings f rom the Menomonee River watershed stddy t o o the r u rban se t t i ngs l ead ing t o an eventua l goa l o f i n teg ra t i ng pg l l u t i ona l i npc l t s f rom u rban sou rces t o t he en t i re Great Lakes Basin,

A c t i v i t i e s and dec i s ions made i n m e e t i n g t h e s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e Yenomonee R i v e r watershed study will be c a r r i e d o u t i n such a manner as t o i n t e r f a c e e f f e c t i v e l y w i t h o b j e c t i v e s o f Task D. A l s o i n c l u d e d i n t h i s r e p o r t 3 r e d e t a i l s o f the s tudy p lan .


* Onta r io M in i s t r y o f t he Env i ronmen t , Water Resources Branch. Work Plan f o r Task C, A c t i v i t i e s 1, 3 and 4, P o l l u t i o n f r o m Land Use A c t i v i t i e s Reference Group. (Unpubl ished). Toronto, Ontar io. October 1975, 130 pp.

Sumnary

The p u r p o s e o f t h i s Work P l a n i s t o p r o v i d e t h e w o r k i n g d e t a i l s f o r t h e PLUARG s t u d i e s ( o r p a r t s o f s t u d i e s ) i n w h i c h t h e O n t a r i o M i n i s t r y of the Environment (MOE) i s i nvo l ved under Task C. Discussed i n t h i s Work Plan are:

A c t i v i t y 1

A c t i v i t y 1 r e l a t leds and i s coopera t ive s tudy be tween Aqr icu l tu re Canada (CDA),

es t o a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h a

O n t a r i o M i n i s t r y - o f A g r i c u l h r e and Food (OMAF) and t h e O n t a r i o M i n i s t r y o f t h e E n v i r o n m e n t (MOE). The PLUARG D e t a i l e d S t u d y P l a n d e s c r i b e d t h e o v e r a l i o b j e c t i v e o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s t u d i e s .

A c t i v i t y 3

A c t i v i t y 3 invo lves the s tudy o f urban land development and use, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and u t i l i t y systems, s a n i t a r y landf i l ls , processed organic waste d isposal , waste water lagoons and i r r i g a t i o n systems, l a n d f i l l , e x t r a c t i v e i n d u s t r i e s , p r i v a t e w a s t e d i s p o s a l and r e c r e a t i o n a l 1 and use.

A c t i v i t y 4

A c t i v i t y 4 i s p r i m a r i l y a monitor ing program which c o n s i s t s o f t w o f u n c t i o n s - an ex tens i ve su rve i l l ance network and an intensive studies program.

This Work P lan emphas izes the co l lec t ion o f water quant i t y and q u a l i t y d a t a . It i s hoped tha t t he i n fo rma t ion con ta ined he re in will serve as a u s e f u l g u i d e f o r o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s i n v o l v e d i n t h e PLUARG s tud ies . De ta i l ed i n fo rma t ion on t h e i n d i v i d u a l s t u d i e s i s c o n t a i n e d i n the Appendices and c i t ed re fe rences . Rev is ions t o t h e Work Plan may be necessary as the study progresses and r e q u i r e d changes are ident i f ied.


* Agriculture Canada, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food and Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Agricultural Watershed Studies, Great Lakes Drainage Basin, Canada; Detailed Study Plan, 1975-1976. (Unpublished). Prepared for the International Reference Group on Great Lakes Pollution from Land Use Activities, Task Group C (Canadian Section) Activity I. October 1975, 123 pp.

Sumnary

Project No.

1 2 3

4 5 6A 6B

7 8

9

10

12

13

14

15 16 17

18

19A

19B

20

21 22

Title

Co-ordination, Data Handling and Transfer Stream Flow Quantity (formerly project 3 ) Stream Flow Quality - (A) Routine Water and Sediment Quality (formerly project 4) Stream Flow Quality (B) Pesticides Land Use Information Precipitation-Quantity (formerly project 2) Precipitation-Chemical Characteristics (formerly project 6) Soi 1 Survey Nature and Enrichment of Sediments in Agricultural Watersheds: A Mineralogical and Physical Characterization Agricultural Sources, Transport and Storage of Heavy Metals Sources o f Nutrients and Heavy Metals in Hillman Creek Physical Properties of the Soils of Agricultural Watersheds 1 and 13 Which Control Moisture Storage and Transport Mathematical Model of Nitrogen Transport in the Agricultural Watershed Soils Studies of Agricultural Pollution of Groundwater and its Influence on Stream Water Quality in Two Agricultural Watersheds Hydro 1 og i c Mode 1 Erosional Losses from Agricultural Land Sediment Delivery Ratios in Small Agricultural Watersheds Contribution of Phosphorus from Agricultural Land to Streams by Surface Runoff Nitrogen Transport and Transformations in Two Branches of Canagague Creek Secondary Production and Organic Drift of Nutrients in Two Branches of Canagague Creek Effect of Livestock Activities on Surface Water Quality Feedlot and Manure Storage Runoff Pollutant Transport to Subsurf ace and Surface Waters in an Integrated Farm Operation.


international reference group on annotated … · the great lakes 003 ... urban land use forecasts...

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