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International Pittsburgh Coal Conference
2244thth AAnnnnuuaall IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall
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September 10-14, 2007 Johannesburg, South Africa
Volume 1 of 4
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ISBN: 978-1-60423-861-7
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DISCLOSURE AND COPYRIGHT Pittsburgh Coal Conference (PCC) has made every effort to ensure the quality of these proceedings. However, due to incompatible computer softwares, especially those used for figures and tables, poor reproduction and partial omission cannot be avoided. The papers contained in this CD-ROM may be reproduced for personal use only. Copies should not be offered for sale nor be used in a way that implies PCC endorsement of a product or a service. Copyright PCC © 2007 For any questions or contact information, please visit http://www.engr.pitt.edu/pcc Adobe Copyright Unpublished-rights reserved under the copyright laws of the United States. Adobe Systems Inc., 345 Park Avenue, San Jose, CA 95110-2704, USA. Adobe and Acrobat are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated, which may be registered in certain jurisdictions. Portions of this disc Copyright © 1984-2007 Adobe Systems Incorporated and its licensors. All rights reserved.
Pittsburgh Coal Conference (PCC) 1249 Benedum Hall
University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15261 www.engr.pitt.edu/pcc
International Pittsburgh Coal Conference
24th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume 1
SESSION 1: GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES: APPLICATIONS AND ECONOMICS I Major Factors and Trends Affecting the Growth and Development of the Gasification Industry (Manuscript not available)............................................................................. 1
Chuck McConnell
1-2 - Status of Global Coal and Petroleum Coke Gasification Projects ...................................... 20Tim Cornitius
Entrained-Flow Gasifier Fuel Blending Studies at Pilot-Scale ..................................................... 27A. Cousins
Progress Update for Commercial Plants of Air Blown IGCC (Manuscript not available) .......... 53Takao Hashimoto
Gasification Polygeneration - Valuing Optionality (Manuscript not available)........................... 54Gary Leatherman
SESSION 2: COAL PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION – 1: DRY PROCESSING OF COAL Dry Coal Cleaning Using the FFX Separator .................................................................................. 55
Rick Q. Honaker
Development of Coal Dry Beneficiation Technology in China ..................................................... 69Jin Lei
Development of a Process for Dry Fine Coal Processing (Manuscript not available)............... 75B.K. Parekh
Aspects of Using the Electromagnetic Mill in Coal Energetic Technology Development...................................................................................................................................... 76
Ryszard Sosinski
Possibilities of Dry Cleaning of Coal in the Czech Republic and Poland ................................... 89Hlavata M.
SESSION 3: COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES – 1; PULVERIZED COAL PLANTS AND CO 2 CAPTURE Site Specific Considerations for Investments in New Coal-Fired Power Plants with CO2 Capture ....................................................................................................................................... 95
Hannah Chalmers, Jon Gibbins
Progressing Pulverized Coal Plants to Near-Zero Emissions Performance (Manuscript not available).............................................................................................................. 114
John Wheeldon
Technical and Economical Analysis of a Zero-Emissions Power Generation Plant Integrated With a Sub-Bituminous Coal Mine in South-West Sardinia ..................................... 115
Alberto Pettinau
Developments in Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Technology (Manuscript not available) .......................................................................................................................................... 129
John Wheeldon
Advancement in Coal-Fired Power Plants: Higher Efficiency and Better Environmental Performance .......................................................................................................... 130
G.-N. Stamatelopoulos
SESSION 4: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES I: MERCURY SPECIATION Theoretical Kinetics of Oxidized Hg (Manuscript not available) ................................................ 145
Terumi Hisano
Mercury Speciation and Transformation in Flue Gas of a 600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant in China ...................................................................................................................... 146
Yufeng Duan
Direct Measurements of Oxidized Hg From Simulated Combustion Flue Gas (Manuscript not available).............................................................................................................. 156
Bihter Padak
Progressing Pulverized Coal Plants to Near-Zero Emissions Performance............................. 157Wayne Seames
SESSION 5: SYNTHESIS OF LIQUID FUELS, CHEMICALS, MATERIALS & OTHER NON-FUEL USES OF COAL - 1 Upgrading Coal Tar Pitch by Delayed Coking at Sasol............................................................... 171
Frans Wolters
Low Grade Coals for Non-Recovery Coke Making ...................................................................... 177Naas Pieters
Effect of Maceral Properties of Coking Coal on the Quality of Metallurgical Coke (Manuscript not available).............................................................................................................. 190
Dailin-Zhang
The Effect of Ageing Coal on the Extracts as Detected by Size Exclusion Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry, UV-F and Proximate Analyses .................................... 191
Virgil V. Corbeanu
Co-Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics and Brown Coal Upgraded Under Hydrothermal Condition ......................................................................................................................................... 212
Ryuichi Ashida
SESSION 6: HYDROGEN FROM COAL – 1: PRODUCTION The Sotacarbo Coal Gasification Pilot Plant for Hydrogen Production and CO2 Removal ........................................................................................................................................... 226
Alberto Pettinau
Optimising Hydrogen and Chemicals Production From the Transport Gasifier™ .................. 237John Abughazaleh
Catalytic Steam Gasification of HyperCoals From Lignites and Sub-Bituminous Coals at Less Than 650°C for H2 Production ............................................................................... 244
Atul Sharma
Membrane-Water-Gas-Shift Reactor for Hydrogen Separation From Coal-Derived Synthesis Gas (Manuscript not available).................................................................................... 252
Gokhan Alptekin
SESSION 7: GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES: APPLICATIONS AND ECONOMICS - 2 The Siemens Entrained Flow Gasification Process: Present Status and Future Developments.................................................................................................................................. 254
Christiane Schmid
GTI’s Flex-Fuel Test Facility - Current Capabilities and Ongoing Upgrades in Support of Advanced Gasification Technology Development ................................................... 266
Bruce Bryan
The Promotion of Gasification Technology Applied to Industrial Parks in Taiwan ................. 292Pin-Chao Hsu
Evaluation Process for Determining Coal Feedstock Quality and Compatibility for CTL, CTG, and IGCC (Manuscript not available) ......................................................................... 299
William Mark Hart
Overview of Gasification Research for the Australian Market (Manuscript not available) .......................................................................................................................................... 300
Lila Gurba
SESSION 8: COAL PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION – 2; DEWATERING OF COAL Determination of Reactive Effects on Dewatering of Small Sized Coals on Vibration Screen by Data Analysis................................................................................................ 301
Firat Burat
The Effect of Thermal Drying on the Mechanical Strength of South African Coals ................ 312Marco le Roux
Energy Prep: Rotating Kiln Coal Drier (Manuscript not available) ............................................ 327Thomas Menditto
Fine Coal Dewatering Equipment Selection: A Greenfields Approach (Manuscript not available) ................................................................................................................................... 328
Leon van der Walt
SESSION 9: COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES – 2: OXY-FUEL PILOT PLANT ACTIVITIES Oxy-Coal Technology Opportunities (Manuscript not available)............................................... 329
Richard Victor
A Novel Process Integration Approach for Zero Emission Oxy-Fuel Power Plants Using Low Rank Coals ................................................................................................................... 330
Murlidhar Gupta
State of the Art of Oxy-Combustion Technology for CO2 Control From Coal-fired Boilers “Are We Ready for Commercial Installation ................................................................... 340
Pavol Pranda
Flame Aerodynamics Study on Air-Fired PF Burners Retrofitted to Oxy-Fuel on Pilot-Scale and Utility Scale Furnaces.......................................................................................... 361
Sameer Khare
Coal-Based Oxy-Fuel System Evaluation and Combustor Development ................................. 386Scott MacAdam
SESSION 10: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES – 2: MERCURY CONTROL Emerging Control Strategies for Mercury - An International Review ........................................ 393
Lesley Sloss
Flight Sequestration of Elemental Mercury at High Temperatures by Mineral, Non-Carbon Based Sorbents............................................................................................................................... 400
Jost O. L. Wendt
Development of Sorbents for the Removal of Elemental Mercury in the Form of Mercury Sulfide From Coal Combustion Flue Gas ...................................................................... 416
Azhar Uddin
The Binding of Flue Gas Pollutants on Pd, Au and Their Alloy (Manuscript not available) .......................................................................................................................................... 428
Erdem Sasmaz
Long-Term Demonstration of Sorbent Enhancement Additive Technology for Mercury Control .............................................................................................................................. 429
Jason Laumb
SESSION 11: SYNTHESIS OF LIQUID FUELS, CHEMICALS, MATERIALS & OTHER NON-FUEL USES OF COAL -2 Coal to Liquid Development in China ........................................................................................... 438
Jerald J. Fletcher
Catalysts for Conversion of Synthesis Gas to Liquid Alcohol Fuels Prepared by Ethanol Induced Method ................................................................................................................ 447
Yunlai Su
Development of Highly Reactive Nanometer Fe-Based Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction..................................................................................................................................... 450
James A. Franz
Optimization of DME Synthesis Process: Simulation Study With Various Compositions of Coal Syngas ....................................................................................................... 456
Hyung-Taek Kim
Chemical Activation of Australian Coals for Advanced Energy Solutions............................... 467Sushil Gupta
SESSION 12: HYDROGEN FROM COAL – 2: HYDROGEN SEPARATION AND MINIMIZING CO 2 EMISSIONS Chemical Stability of Hydrogen Transport Membranes.............................................................. 485
Uthamalingam (Balu) Balachandran
Dense Hydrogen Transport Membranes for CO2 Capture in a FutureGen Plant ...................... 493Doug Jack
Development of a Hydrogasification Process for Co-Production of Substitute Natural Gas (SNG), Biofuel and Electric From Western Coal (Manuscript not available) .................... 506
Raymond Hobbs
THERMACT – A Multifunctional Coal Additive (Manuscript not available)............................... 507Swatantra Kumar
Ecological Fuels with Minimum Carbon Dioxide Emissions During the Burning Process..... 508Stefan Rãgãlie
SESSION 13: GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES: ADVANCED SYNTHESIS GAS CLEANUP - 1 The LINDE Rectisol® Process - Most Economic and Experienced Process for Removal of Acidgases from Coal Gasification Gas .................................................................... 512
Johannes Kauf
Development of a Warm Syngas Clean-Up Technology Platform Beyond Desulfurization (Manuscript not available)................................................................................... 530
Brian Turk
Comparison of a New Warm-Gas Desulfurization Process Versus Traditional Scrubbers for a Commercial IGCC Power Plant .......................................................................... 531
Jerry Schlather
Topsøe WSA Technology for Conversion of H2S From Coal Gasification to Sulphuric Acid ................................................................................................................................. 532
Helge Rosenberg
Two-Step Hot Coal Gas Desulphurization Process Integrated With Direct Production of Elemental Sulfur Using Iron-Based Sorbents: A Preliminary Study ................. 544
Jianglong Yu
SESSION 14: COAL PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION – 3: FROTH FLOTATION Adsorption Phenomena of Different Bridging Liquids Onto a Coal Surface in the Selective Oil Agglomeration Process ........................................................................................... 554
J.H.P. Van Heerden
Coal Spiral Automation for Process Improvement (Manuscript not available) ........................ 569Manoj Mohanty
Results of Classical and Column Flotation on a Variety of Bituminous Coal Samples .......... 570Peter Fecko
Evaluation of the Molecular Separation Technology (MST) for Fine Coal Classification (Manuscript not available) ..................................................................................... 577
Manoj Mohanty
Maceral Enrichment of South African Coal Using Froth Flotation ............................................ 578Vanessa Claassens
SESSION 15: COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES – 3: OXY-FUEL LABORATORY STUDIES - 1 Study on Ni-based Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping Combustion by Coal Char.......... 594
Haibo Zhao
Volume 2
Study on Changes in Pore Structure of Pulverized Coal Combustion in O2-CO2 Atmosphere ..................................................................................................................................... 615
Liqi zhang
Reaction Kinetics of High-Ash Char Particles Derived From Inertinite-Rich Coal Discards (Manuscript not available) ............................................................................................. 621
Raymond C. Everson
Investigations on the Fouling Behaviour of Rhenish Brown Coal ............................................ 622Annette Schimrosczyk
Oxy-Fuel Combustion for CO2 Capture from CFB Boilers (Manuscript not available) ............ 636Rick Victor
SESSION 16: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES – 3: MULTIPOLLUTANT CONTROL Multi-Pollutants Removal by AOP/SDA and Hybrid Particulate Collector ................................ 637
Sihyun Lee
Trace Elements in Coal: Associations With Coal and Minerals and Their Behaviour During Coal Utilisation................................................................................................. 647
Rajender Gupta
Chromium Emission During Combustion of High-Chromium Coal From Shenbei Coalfield, China ............................................................................................................................... 668
Junying Zhang
Antimony’s Intriguing Partitioning Behavior ............................................................................... 679Wayne Seames
Removal of CO2 and H2S from Various Gas Streams by a Two-stage Process with Nanoporous-material-supported Polymer Sorbents ................................................................... 696
Xiaoliang Ma
SESSION 17: SYNTHESIS OF LIQUID FUELS, CHEMICALS, MATERIALS & OTHER NON-FUEL USES OF COAL - 3 Fractionation of Brown Coal by Sequential Solvent Extractions and Characterization of the Fractions .................................................................................................. 699
Ryuichi Ashida
Transalkylation of Coal-Derived Higher Methylphenols With Phenol to Produce Cresols and Xylenols...................................................................................................................... 713
Jack Fletcher
Characteristics of Semi-Coke Prepared From the Various Brown Coals and Their Use for Environmental Purpose .................................................................................................... 740
Lukas Andel
The Pyrolytic Behaviour of South African Coals at Atmospheric Pressure and 30 bar in a Wire-Mesh Reactor............................................................................................................ 750
Alan A. Herod
SESSION 18: COAL CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES AND RESOURCES – 1: CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COKE Formation of Silicon Carbide in Heat-Treated Cokes.................................................................. 757
Yusuf A. Badat
Chemical Activation of Petroleum Coke and Coke Produced From Co-Coking of Decant Oil With Different Rank Coals ........................................................................................... 769
Parvana Gafarova Aksoy
Characteristics of Ash Composition and Its Mineral Catalytic Index of Primary Coals for Cokemaking in China..................................................................................................... 777
Shizhuang Shi
An Approach to Blast Furnace Coke Quality Prediction ............................................................ 786Liang Yu
SESSION 19: GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES: ADVANCED SYNTHESIS GAS CLEANUP - 2 Advanced Mercury and Trace Metal Control with Monolith Traps ............................................ 792
Michael Swanson
Sorbents for High Temperature Removal of Trace Metal Contaminants From Coal-Derived Synthesis Gas (Manuscript not available) ..................................................................... 804
Gokhan Alptekin
Comparison of Sodium Chloride Removal Abilities of Kaolin Clay and Calcined Bauxite as Possible Alkali Sorbents for Gasification ................................................................ 805
Marika Nel
Multicontaminant Warm Gas Cleanup .......................................................................................... 815Girish Srinivas
Ash Formation and Behavior in Lignite and Subbituminous Coal-Fired Gasification Systems...................................................................................................................... 829
Steven Benson
SESSION 20: FISCHER-TROPSCH TECHNOLOGY – 1: CATALYSTS, PROMOTERS, SUPPORT, AND SURFACE CHEMISTRY FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS Silica as a Chemical Promoter in Fe-Based Catalysts ................................................................ 839
E.I. Mabaso
Effect of Mn Addition on Ru/Al2O3 Catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis ............................ 845Mohammad Nurunnabi
Influence of Potassium on Silica-Supported Iron Catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis ......................................................................................................................................... 852
A. Blignaut
Cobalt Supported on Carbon Nanotubes: A Super Active Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst .......................................................................................................................... 858
Ahmad Tavasoli
Iron-Molybdenum Bifunctional Catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (Manuscript not available).............................................................................................................. 884
Liang Bai
SESSION 21: COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES – 4: OXY-FUEL LABORATORY STUDIES - 2 Evaluation of Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping Combustion of Coal and Solid Fuels ....................................................................................................................................... 885
Aurora Rubel
Oxy-Fuel Combustion: Effect of Recycled CO2 on Pyrolysis Behavior and Char Reactivity ......................................................................................................................................... 900
Sarma Pisupati
Effect of CO2 on Coal Char Combustion Rates in Oxy-Fuel Applications ................................ 910Christopher Shaddix
Thermodynamic Modeling of Ash Related Problems in the OXYCOAL-AC-Process .............. 917Christian Weber
Oxy-Combustion of High Rank Coals ........................................................................................... 927Rosa Menéndez
SESSION 22: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES – 4: EMISSIONS CONTROL FOR GASIFICATION APPLICATIONS Modeling of Trace Element Behaviour in the SASOL-LURGI MK IV FBDB Gasifier - Part 1 (The Volatile Elements: Hg, As, Se, Cd and Pb) ............................................................... 935
John Bunt
A Study on the Reactivity of Ce-Zr-Based Catalysts and Catalytic Reaction Mechanism for Coal Gas Desulfurization ..................................................................................... 951
Si Ok Ryu
The Preparation of ZnO Nanostructures by Matrix Assisted Method and its Desulfurization Test for Cleanup of Hot Coal Gas ...................................................................... 960
Tae Jin Lee
Methods for the Sequestration of By-Product H2S From Coal Gasification (Manuscript not available).............................................................................................................. 967
Tim Rappold
SESSION 23: COAL AND SUSTAINABILITY Current Status on Clean Coal Technology Development in NEDO, Japan............................... 968
Shunichi Yanai
Economics of Bulk Capture and Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide .......................................... 973Ram G. Narula
The Use of Methanated Coal Gas for SOFC Hybrid Power Plants ............................................. 985John Bøgild Hansen
Study of the Effect of Additives on the Sulfur-Fixing Efficiency of Shanxi Coal ..................... 994Yang Qiaowen
SESSION 24: COAL CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES AND RESOURCES – 2: CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF COAL Estimation of Coal Calorific Value With Petrography, Ultimate Analysis, Moisture, RMax and Ash Using Regression and Artificial Neural Network Methods ............................. 1003
Esmaeil Jorjani
Structural-Chemical Indices as Classification Characteristics of Fossil Fuels ..................... 1016A.M. Gyulmaliev
Application of Automated Image Analysis by QEMSCAN in the Characterisation of Coal and Coal Utilisation By-Products................................................................................... 1018
David French
Studies of the Relationship Between Petrography and Grindability for Kentucky Coals Using Artificial Neural Network ........................................................................................ 1030
Amir-Hossein Bagherieh
SESSION 25: GASIFICATION: ADVANCEDTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT - 1 PWR Dry Feed System Development for Compact Gasifiers ................................................... 1047
Kenneth M. Sprouse
ITM Oxygen: A Flexible, Low-Cost Oxygen-Supply Technology (Manuscript not available) ........................................................................................................................................ 1057
Phillip Armstrong
New Refractory Materials and Lining Systems for Coal Gasification (Manuscript not available) ................................................................................................................................. 1058
Christian His
Steam Hydrogasification of Carbonaceous Matter to Liquid Fuels......................................... 1079Chan Seung Park
Heat Treatment of Medium-Temperature SASOL-LURGI Gasifier Coal-Tar Pitch for Polymerizing to Higher Value Products...................................................................................... 1096
K. Mokoena, T.J. Van der Walt, T.J. Morgan, A.A Herod, R. Kandiyoti
SESSION 26: FISCHER-TROPSCH TECHNOLOGY – 2: CATALYSTS, PROMOTERS, SUPPORTS, AND SURFACE CHEMISTRY FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS Carbon Induced FCC-Cobalt Surface Reconstruction (Manuscript not available) ................ 1102
Ionel Ciobîcã
Activation Pressure Studies With an Iron-Based Catalyst for Slurry Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (Manuscript not available).......................................................................................... 1104
Qing-Lan Hao
Activity of Novel Egg-Shell Fischer-Tropsch Cobalt Catalysts ............................................... 1105Y.Q. Zhuang
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis of the UCG Product Gas ............................................................... 1117Sanjay M. Mahajani
SESSION 27: COMBUSION TECHNOLOGIES – 5: CFB AND CO-FIRING The CFB Users’ Experiences From Recent Polish Power Projects (Manuscript not available) ........................................................................................................................................ 1129
Robert Sekret
Combustion of Biofuels Based on Sludge and Coal ................................................................. 1130Pavel Kolat
Design and Performance Evaluation of an 81 MW CFBC Boiler for Assam (India) Coal ...... 1141D.N. Reddy
Design and Operation of a 28t DS/d Municipal Sewage Sludge Fluidized Bed Incinerator (Manuscript not available) ........................................................................................ 1152
Xiaoping Chen
Milestones for CFB And OTU Technology - The 460 MWe LAGISZA Supercritical Boiler Project Update.................................................................................................................... 1153
Ari Kettunen
SESSION 28: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES – 5: GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL Bypass Over Fire Air (BOFA) System for NOx Reduction - An Ideal System for High Ash Coals.............................................................................................................................. 1162
S. R. Kannan
Effect of Temperature on Coal Mercury Release ....................................................................... 1168Vladimir Strezov
Coal Biotechnology: Bio-Conversion of Different Rank Indian Coals for the Extraction of Liquid Fuel and Fertilizer (Manuscript not available)......................................... 1175
R. Banerjee
Development of an Efficient Coal-Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power System Concept Equipped for CO2 Separation (Manuscript not available) ......................................... 1176
Joseph F. Pierre
SESSION 29: GASIFICATION: FUNDAMENTALS AND SIMULATIONS Simulation of Operating Scenarios for IGCC-Power Plants: An Approach for Optimized Plant Design and Operation for Enhanced Profitability (Manuscript not available) .............. 1177
Mathias Rieger
Thermodynamic Modelling of the BGL-Gasification Process With Particular Consideration of Alkali Metals..................................................................................................... 1178
Stefan Guhl
Flow Characteristics and Dynamic Behavior of Dense-Phase Pneumatic Conveying of Pulverized Coal With Variable Moisture Content at High Pressure ................. 1192
Changsui Zhao
Experiment Study on Staged Entrained Flow Coal Gasification ............................................. 1203Zhang Jiansheng
SESSION 30: COAL CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES AND RESOURCES – 3: ANALYSIS OF COAL CHEMISTRY - 1 Effect of Various Atmospheres on Sulfur Transformation During Coal Pyrolysis by AP-TPR-MS ............................................................................................................................... 1209
Fenrong Liu
The Effect of Mineral Matter on Coal Structure and Its Pyrolysis Characteristics (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................................ 1222
Fangui Zeng
Volume 3
Effect of CoCl2 Catalyst on Pyrolysis of Lignite ........................................................................ 1223
Xianwu Zou
Coal Lump Devolatilization and the Resulting Char Structure and Properties ...................... 1238Victor Zymla
Mechanism of the Coal Nature Prediction System and Its Application in Fengfeng Coalfield of China.......................................................................................................................... 1250
Yaqun He
SESSION 31: GASIFICATION: ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT - 2 HydroMax – Breakthrough Molten-Metal Coal Gasification Technology ................................ 1259
Phillip Brown
Advanced Unmixed Combustion/Gasification: Potential Long Term Technology for Production of H2 and Electricity From Coal With CO2 Capture (Manuscript not available) .. 1266
Parag Kulkarni
Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification of Solubilized Brown Coal at Temperature Below 350°C................................................................................................................................... 1267
Nakorn Worasuwannarak
Soot Formation Pathways from a Coal Tar Surrogate Under Coal Gasification Conditions ..................................................................................................................................... 1279
R.J. Pugmire
Kinetic Study of the Gasification of Chinchilla Coal Char in Carbon Dioxide (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................................ 1280
Chetan R. Chodankar
SESSION 32: FISCHER-TROPSCH TECHNOLOGY – 3: LIQUEFACTION PROCESSES AND ECONOMICS Life Cycle Assessment of CTL Fuel Plants in Comparison to Conventional and Heavy Oil Derived Fuels ............................................................................................................... 1292
Robert L Freerks
RENTECH’S Coal-To-Liquid Process: An Overview.................................................................. 1308Belma Demirel
Development of Alternative Energy and Coal-To-Liquids in China ......................................... 1314Yu Zhufeng
Synthesis Gas and Liquid Fuels Production From Coal Gasification..................................... 1322Wolfgang Schellberg
SESSION 33: COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES – 6: CFD Research of Alternative Sorbents for Desulphurization - From the Laboratory to the Industrial-Scale ....................................................................................................................... 1334
Pavel Kolat
Modeling and Analysis of Coal/Air Balancing by Using CFD and Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) for Coal Handling System at North Chennai Thermal Power Stations (Manuscript not available) ............................................................................................ 1347
R. Dhamodharan
The Combustion Study of SURALAYA Coal Fired Steam Power Plant (600 MW) by Using Computerized Fluid Dynamic (CFD)................................................................................. 1348
Tonny Sarief
Plasma Technology in Czech Power Stations ........................................................................... 1360Pavel Kolat
SESSION 34: GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE – 1: GHG: OVERVIEW OF GHG ISSUES AND COAL PROPERTIES Climate Change: Scientific Evidence, Potential Impacts and Responses .............................. 1370
Jason S. Ogola
Effect of Coal Properties on CO2 Sorption Capacity Under Supercritical Conditions........... 1386Richard Sakurovs
Analysis of Gas Sorption Behavior in AKABIRA Coal by Differential Heat of Adsorption ..................................................................................................................................... 1404
Sohei Shimada
Mild Gasification Process for the Production of Smokeless Coal, Coke, and Coal Liquids ........................................................................................................................................... 1412
Richard Wolfe
SESSION 35: GASIFICATION: UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION The Commercialization of ISE’s Proprietary Underground Coal Gasification Technology (Manuscript not available) ...................................................................................... 1437
Alan H. Singleton
A Novel Approach for Clean Power Generation Using Coal Liquids and the LPP Combustion Process in an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) System ........................................................................................................................................... 1438
Leo Eskin
Experimental and Numerical Study of the Flow Characteristics of Opposed Multi-Burner Entrained-Flow Gasifier................................................................................................... 1451
Hai-Feng Liu
SESSION 36: COAL CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES AND RESOURCES – 4: ANALYSIS OF COAL CHEMISTRY - 2 Comparison of Solvent-Soluble Fractions of a Petroleum Residue and Three Coal Tars by Size Exclusion Chromatography (Sec), UV-Fluorescence (UV-F) and Mass Spectrometry.. 1462
Alan A. Herod
Coal and Coal Extracts Compositional 13C and 1H Chemical Shifts via NMR Predictive Spectroscopy .............................................................................................................. 1477
P.P. Ndibewu, R.I. McCrindle, C.M. Nkambule, M Mujuru, B. Lefebvre
The Nature of Solvent Extracts From Vitrinite-Rich and Inertinite-Rich South African Bituminous Coals ............................................................................................................ 1497 Daniel Van Niekerk, Jonathan P. Mathews
Extraction of Coal in Various Solvents Under Microwave-Assisted Condition (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................................ 1507
Hong Chen
Characteristic and Application of Bituminous Coal Produced by China Shenhua Energy Company Limited............................................................................................................. 1508
Wenhui Zhang
SESSION 37: GASIFICATION FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES - 1 Gasification Kinetics: Modeling and Experimental Validation ................................................. 1511
Vladimir Zamansky
The Use of Wire Mesh Reactors to Provide an Improved Understanding of Large Scale Processes (Manuscript not available) .............................................................................. 1512
Rafael Kandiyoti
Slag-Refractory Interaction in Coal Gasifiers ............................................................................ 1513S. K. Sundaram
Effect of Slag Tap Size on Gasification Performance and Heat Losses in a Quench-Type Coal Gasifier .......................................................................................................... 1522
Ting Wang
Effect of Cooling Rate on Coal Slag Viscosity under a Reducing Atmosphere ..................... 1533Myongsook Oh
SESSION 38: FISCHER-TROPSCH TECHNOLOGY – 4: LIQUEFACTION PROCESSES AND ECONOMICS Coal Gas to Gasoline .................................................................................................................... 1543
Finn Joensen
Coal-To-SNG: The Methanation Process.................................................................................... 1551Christian Wix
Progress in Synthetic Fuels From Coals (Manuscript not available) ...................................... 1561A.S. Maloletnev
Coal-to-Fuel Plant Simulation Studies for Optimal Performance and Carbon Management .................................................................................................................................. 1562
John Baardson
Coal-To–Liquid: An Environmental Friend or Foe? .................................................................. 1582Diane Hildebrandt
SESSION 39: MATERIALS, INSTRUMENTATION, AND CONTROLS The Advanced Monitoring Method to Improve Boiler Availability and Performance ............ 1598
Markku Orjala
Role of Thermocompositional Investigation in Early Detection of Spontaneous Heating/Fire for Safe Mining of Coal ........................................................................................... 1611
R. V. K. Singh
Coal Powder Measurement in Power Station by Means of Electrostatic Technique ............. 1624Shimin Wang
SESSION 40: GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE – 2: GHG: COAL BEHAVIOR AND GEOLOGICAL STORAGE Investment Implications of Climate Change: The Need for Clean Coal Technologies ................................................................................................................................. 1632
Nils Mellquist
A Study of CO2 Sequestration and Methane Recovery from Australian Coal Seams............ 1646Abouna Saghafi
The Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership: Activities Shaping the Future of CO2 Management .......................................................................................................................... 1660
Stephanie L. Wolfe
The Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership Geologic CO2 Sequestration Approach – Demonstrating the Technical and Commercial Viability of this Emerging Technology..... 1668
Edward N. Steadman
SESSION 41: COAL PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION – 4: COAL CLEANING (GENERAL) - 1 How Vibratory Machines Can Improve Coal Handling & Processing ...................................... 1677
George D. Dumbaugh
Statistical Methods Usability in Make-up of Coking Charges .................................................. 1695Miroslav Kaloc
Life Cycle Costing of Coal Pulverising Plant and the Influence of Coal Properties (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................................ 1701
Edgar Bradley
Beneficiation of Coal Fines From SOMA Coal Washing Plant Tailings .................................. 1702Güven Önal
Desulphurization of South African Coal Using Low Power Microwave Energy ..................... 1707Waseela Mohamed
SESSION 42: COAL CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES AND RESOURCES – 5: ANALYSIS OF COAL CHEMISTRY - 3 Fundamental Understanding of the Influence of Physical Properties on the Thermal Fragmentation of Coal ................................................................................................... 1715
Bafana Hlatshwayo
Ash-Less Coal Preparation by Using Solvent Extraction ......................................................... 1724Sihyun Lee
Understanding the Process of Deposition in pf Furnaces: The Fundamental Role of both Coal Mineral Matter and Deposit Mineralogy................................................................ 1731
Robert A. Creelman
The Characterization of Heavy Hydrocarbons by Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Methods: An Overview ........................................................................................ 1743
Alan A. Herod
Thermally Altered and Oxidized Bituminous Coal .................................................................... 1754Zdenek Klika
SESSION 43: GASIFICATION FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES - 2 Investigation of the Influence of Mineral Composition on the Abrasiveness of Coal Gasification Ash ................................................................................................................... 1759
Bafana Hlatshwayo
Identification of the Reaction Zones Occurring in a Commercial-Scale SASOL-LURGI FBDB Gasifier ................................................................................................................................ 1771
John Bunt
Gasification of Lignite Coal Using Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier TIGAR ....................... 1786Toshiyuki Suda
Sulfur Behaviour in The Sasol-LURGI Fixed Bed Dry Bottom Gasification Process ............ 1797Pat Skhonde
A Study on the Coal Gasification With High Temperature Steam ........................................... 1819Seon Ah Roh
SESSION 44: FISCHER-TROPSCH TECHNOLOGY – 5: REACTOR DESIGN AND REACTION CONDITIONS FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS Tailored Fischer-Tropsch Product Distributions Using a Microstructured Reactor.............. 1824
Yong Wang
Volume 4
Gas Holdup in Large-Scale Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Reactor ............................................ 1833
Rongle Zhang
The Role of a Hydrocarbons in the Feed for the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Under “Supercritical Conditions” ........................................................................................................... 1841
L.D. Biquiza
Investigation of Increasing Out Gas Products to Feed on Fischer -Tropsch Products Selectivity Over Fe-ZSM-5 Catalyst ............................................................................ 1845
Yahya Zamani
SESSION 45: COAL UTILIZATION BY-PRODUCTS - 1 Interaction of Coal Ash Leachate WithRock Strata for Mine Backfill Evaluation................... 1852
Colin Ward
Using Flue Gas Desulfurization Solids to Control Acid Mine Drainage: A Case Study ........ 1864Jennifer B. Fulton
Hydraulic and Transport Properties of Fly Ash (Manuscript not available) ........................... 1875Adolf G. October
An Effective and Economical Alternative for Acid Mine Drainage Treatment With Fly Ash Derived From Coal Fired Power Utilities (Manuscript not available)......................... 1876
Damini Surender
Full Scale Testing of CCP Pavement Sections Subjected to Repeated Wheel Loads (Manuscript not available) ................................................................................................ 1877
Tarunjit S. Butalia
SESSION 46: GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE – 3: GHG: CO 2 SCRUBBING PROCESS Kinetics of the Acid Digestion of Serpentine With Simultaneous Grinding for the Purposes of CO2 Sequestration................................................................................................... 1878
Dirk Van Essendelft
Second Year Operation Experience With a 1 t/hr CO2 Absorption Pilot Plant at ESBJERG Coal-Fired Power Station in Denmark ...................................................................... 1889
Jacob Knudsen
Simulation of CO2 Capture Using Ammonia Scrubbing: A Comparison With MEA Scrubbing ...................................................................................................................................... 1901
Shujuan Wang
Nano-Porous CO2 Molecular-Basket Sorbent for CO2 Capture From Flue Gas: Influence of Moisture on CO2 Separation by a Polyethylenimine-Modified Molecular Sieve MCM-41 .............................................................................................................. 1917
Chunshan Song
Organic-Ca Cyclic Calcination-Carbonation for CO2 Sequestration ....................................... 1920Changsui Zhao
SESSION 47: COAL PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION – 5: COAL CLEANING (GENERAL) - 2 Spontaneous Combustion of Coal: Gases and Solids Mobilized (Manuscript not available) ........................................................................................................................................ 1931
J. Denis N Pone
Evaluation of Grootegeluk Semi-Soft Coking Coal in Energy Recovery Coke Ovens .......... 1932Zelmia Oppel
Mechanism of Increase in Cokes Strength by Blending Hypercoal ........................................ 1949Toshimasa Takanohashi
Effect of Jharia Coal Mine Fire on Rhizosphere Soil Quality (Manuscript not available) ........................................................................................................................................ 1959
V.A. Selvi
Study of Reductive Desulphurization of Coal Under the H2 and CO Atmosphere ................. 1960Wei Zhao
SESSION 48: COAL CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES, AND RESOURCES – 6: MACRO AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN COAL Coal is a Complex Heterogeneous Mixture of Organic and Inorganic Constituents of Allothigenic or Authigenic Origin (Manuscript not available).............................................. 1965
Guijian Liu
Chromium and Nickel Enrichments in Feed Coals From SEYITOMER Power Plant, KUTAHYA-Turkey (Manuscript not available) ............................................................................ 1967
Ali Ihsan Karayigit
Modes of Occurrence of Selenium in Coal................................................................................. 1968David French
Evaluation of Slurry Preparations for Multi-Element Determinations in Coal by ICP-OES ......................................................................................................................................... 1978
Munyaradzi Mujuru
Determination of Mineral Matter and Elemental Composition of Individual Macerals in Coals From HIGHVELD Mines................................................................................. 1995
R.H. Matjie
SESSION 49: GASIFICATION: FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES - 3 Investigation Into the Gasification Characteristics of South African Power Station Coals............................................................................................................................................... 2009
Andre Engelbrecht
Preliminary Selection of IGCC Candidate Coals in Korea for IGCC Applications ................. 2030Yongseung Yun
Gasification of Lignites to Produce Liquid Fuels, Hydrogen, and Power............................... 2043Michael Jones
Measurement of Coal Devolatization Rates in a Transport Reactor Operating on Powder River Basin Subbituminous Coal .................................................................................. 2059
Michael Swanson
Repowering Steam Plants With Mild Gasification IGCCS......................................................... 2071Alex Wormser
SESSION 50: FISCHER-TROPSCH TECHNOLOGY – 6: REACTION MODELS Effective Control of Carbon Number Distribution During Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Over Supported Cobalt Catalyst................................................................................ 2095
Kaoru Fujimoto
Optimization of the Fischer-Tropsch Process: Choice of Better Operating Regions for Reactor Design (Manuscript not available) ........................................................... 2108
Thierry Musanda Mukenz
Ordering Fischer-Tropsch Selectivity Fundamentally .............................................................. 2109Hans Schulz
Factors Influencing The WGS Reaction in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Over Iron-based Catalysts ........................................................................................................................................ 2123
Chenghua Zhang
SESSION 51: COAL UTILIZATION BY-PRODUCTS - 2 Combustion Byproducts Recycling Consortium....................................................................... 2135
Jennifer B. Fulton
Mercury Emissions From Coal Fired Power Plants, South Africa: Analytical Developments (Manuscript not available) .................................................................................. 2164
Senzo Makhathini
Carbon Texture Comparison of Cokes Produced from Decant Oil and its Hydrotreated Version when Reacted with Coal ......................................................................... 2165
Maria Escallon
Organic Petrology Applied to Materials and Coal By-Products Characterization ................. 2178Rosa Menéndez
SESSION 52: GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE – 4: GHG: NEW PROCESSES FOR CO 2 REMOVAL CO2 Capture: Retrofit Issues for a Reference IGCC .................................................................. 2187
Christopher Higman
In Situ CO2 Capture Using CA-Based Sorbent Looping in Dual Fluidized Beds.................... 2198Dennis Lu
Carbon Dioxide Capture From Flue Gas of Coal-Fired Power Plant Using Dry Regenerable Alkali Metal Carbonate Sorbents (Manuscript not available) ............................ 2215
Chong Kul Ryu
CO2 Removal in Dry Sorbent CO2 Capture Systems With Two Interconnected Fluidized-Bed Reactors ................................................................................................................ 2216
Chang-Keun Yi
Testing of Lithium Silicate and Hydrotalcite as Sorbents for CO2 Removal From Coal Gasification........................................................................................................................... 2222
Michael D. Mann
SESSION 53: COAL PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION – 6: COAL PRODUCTION Investigation of Factors Effecting in Heave And Convergence in Galleries of TABAS Coal Mine (PARVADE 5) (Manuscript not available) .................................................... 2229
K. Shahriar
Development of a Competitive Strategy for African Based Coal Junior Miners (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................................ 2230
Mike Seeger
The Mechanism Analysis of Sand Inrush Disaster in Yu-Shen-Fu Mining Area’s Shallow Seam (Manuscript not available) .................................................................................. 2231
Jie Zhang
Advances in Blockcaving Longwall Technology in Thick Coal Seam Extraction at TASHAN Coal Mine in China (Manuscript not available) .......................................................... 2232
Yuzhou Liu
SESSION 54: COAL CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES, AND RESOURCES – 7: ALTERNATIVES OF COAL Synthesis of Zeolitic Material From Residue Resulting From the Neutralization of Acid Mine Drainage With Fly Ash Process and Their Potential for Toxic Element Removal (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................ 2233
Damini Surender
Influence of the Dissolved Products on Viscosity of Coal-Oil Slurry During Heating Stage (Manuscript not available)................................................................................... 2234
Dexiang Zhang
Study on the Emulsification Mechanism of Coal-Tar and Its Emulsion Model ...................... 2235Shizhuang Shi
Coal as a Reductant in the Carbothermal Production of Silicon Nitride Nanostructures..... 2250Anthony H Clemens
Characterization and Application of Cenospheres Generated in Pulverized Coal Fired Boilers (Manuscript not available)..................................................................................... 2257
Pradip Kumar Mandal
POSTER SESSIONS
POSTER SESSION 1: GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES Combustion Analysis on the Low-Btu Synthetic Gas Fuels Derived From Coal or Biomass Gasification for Gas Engine Application .................................................................... 2258
Chan Lee
Three-Stage Air/Steam Turbine, Externally Heated Cogenerative System Fed With Coal Powder, Coupled to a High Pressure, LURGI-Type, Coal-Gas Generator...................... 2266
Krzysztof J. Jesionek
A Phenomenological Study on Primary Atomization of Coaxial Two-Channels Air-Blast Burner in Combustion .................................................................................................................. 2274
Qinfeng Liang
Statistical Experimental Design and Robustness Study for Sustainable Gasifier (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................................ 2280
R.L.J. Coetzer
POSTER SESSION 2: COAL PREPARATION, CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES, AND RESOURCES Proposed Methods to Study the Influence of Trace Metals on Sintering and Agglomeration of Different Coal Feeds (Manuscript not available) ........................................ 2281
Marika Nel
The World Coal Quality Inventory Project in Africa .................................................................. 2282Susan Tewalt
Metallurgical Fuel Production From Low-Metamorphism Coals After Their Chemical Treatment...................................................................................................................... 2291
Artem Madatov
The Effect of Aspect Ratio on the Stability of Coal-Water Slurries ......................................... 2298Gündüz Atesok
Potential Utilization of Fine-Grained Tailings From Hard Coal Drying.................................... 2310Miluše Hlavatá
Production of Activated Carbon Prepared by Pyrolysis of Waste Biomass in a Stream of Water Vapour ............................................................................................................... 2315
Pavla Holcová – Lièáková
Coal as a Base Material to Carbonaceous Membranes Preparation ....................................... 2322Petr Ševèík
The Valorisation of Selected Industrial Waste by Co-Pyrolysis With Coals........................... 2327Pavla Holcová – Lièáková
The Use of Eddy-Current Method in the Metal Separation (Manuscript not available) ......... 2335Shaohua Pang
Deterministic Pore-Scale Model for Different Porous Structures ............................................ 2336Sonia Woudberg
A Study of the Moisture Adsorption and Desorption Characteristics of South African Coal (Manuscript not available) ..................................................................................... 2346
Quentin Campbell
Behavior of Zinc in Cokemaking Process of Coal Blends with Scrap Tires Granulates ....... 2347Andrzej Koszorek
Lowering of Coals Caking Propensity (Manuscript not available) .......................................... 2358Etienne Schuin
POSTER SESSION 3: SYNTHESIS OF LIQUID FUELS, CHEMICALS, MATERIALS & OTHER NON-FUEL USES OF COAL Operational Experience With a New Type Additive Agent for a Combustion Gas Desulphurisation........................................................................................................................... 2359
Lubomir Chytka
Sustainability of Inland Ash Disposal Facilities as Salt Sinks (Manuscript not available) ........................................................................................................................................ 2364
Kelley Reynolds
Solvent Extraction of Coal Using a Low Volatile, Coal-Derived Solvent (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................................ 2365
E. Janse van Rensburg
Non-Fuel Uses of Lignite in Its Natural State ............................................................................. 2366Miloslav Pekar
Low-Pressure Methanol/Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from Syngas Over Gold-based Catalysts (Manuscript not available)........................................................................................... 2379
Arthur Mpela
The Influence of Scrap Tire Granulate Addition into Coal Blends on CRI and CSR of Coke Produced in Laboratory Scale....................................................................................... 2380
Andrzej Mianowski
Comparison of Direct and Indirect Coal Liquefaction Processes (Manuscript not available) ........................................................................................................................................ 2388
Jerald Fletcher
POSTER SESSION 4: OTHER TOPICS Utilization of Chosen Carbo-Chemical Precursors to Carbonaceous Membranes Preparation .................................................................................................................................... 2389
Ivan Koutník
A New Method of Production of Non-Explosive Stone Dusts .................................................. 2396Bronislaw Buczek
A Proposed Method to Investigate the Chemistry and Behaviour of Aluminum and Silicon During Coal Conversion Processes (Manuscript not available) ................................. 2405
Monica Raghoo
Systematic Hg Heterogeneous Oxidation Studies (Manuscript not available)....................... 2406Takahiro Yamada
Assessment of CO2 Reduction Processes in the Energy Industry.......................................... 2407Carmen Clemente
Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide by Different Coal Components................................................ 2415Nikki Wagner
Natural Gas Industry in Iran ......................................................................................................... 2421Hedayat Omidvar
Carbon Dioxide Sorption Studies on South African Coals (Manuscript not available) ......... 2427Rosalind Cox
Effect of Cobalt Particle Size on the Catalytic Properties in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis..... 2428Ki-Won Jun
Author Index