international man of mystery outline

7/25/2019 International Man of Mystery Outline

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Part Two: Professor Schaefer Big 10 (12) Goals:

(1) Power to Negotiate(2) Power to Sign/Initial(3) Power to Approve(4) Power to Rati!(") #t$erwise %ali&(') Power to Ipleent() Sel*+,e-.ting v Non*Sel +,e-.ting() Private Rig$t o A-tion() $aring Bets!(10) ierar-$! o Nors(11) Power to erinate(12) Power to A&inister (interpret5 vote in I#5

aen&)

(1) Power to Negotiate Presi&ent/+,e-.tive Bran-$ US v Curtis-Wright

I t$e Presi&ent 6n&s ,5 t$en $e a! &o !

I t$e Presi&ent 6n&s t$ere is $ostilit!5 $e a! pro$i7it ars sales

8$et$er ongress -an &elegate oreign powers to t$e presi&ent

9.st now t$e &i;eren-e 7tw internal an& e,ternal powers o t$e

e&eral govow ro

t$e -onstit.tion (an& are s.7?e-t to t$e &o-trine o en.erate&powers

The President maintains the foreign aairs powers of the US

Presi&ent $as t$e power to negotiate (-o.ni-ation)

S.t$erlan& 7elieves t$e Presi&ent is t$e sole organ o oreign

relations In realit! t$ere are &ivi&e& (s$are&) powers 7etween t$e

Presi&ent an& -ongress in poli-! atters o aing oreign

poli-! 8$at i -ongress $a& spe-i6-all! a.t$ori@e& t$e sale o ars 8o.l&

t$e pro-laation 7! t$e presi&ent 7e vali& No $e Presi&ent -annot tae an a-tion in violation o t$e law

Takeaways from this case

Presi&ent $as power to negotiate (sole organ or t$e

-o.ni-ation/negotiation .n-tion) ongress -an paint wit$ a 7roa& 7r.s$ w$en &elegating power in

t$e oreign a;airs real (an& t$is is reall! sa!ing soet$ing


2/49

7e-a.se ew5 i an!5 &elegations even in &oesti- atters ever

str.- &own) Presi&ent is N# t$e sole organ in oreign poli-! aing (its s$are&

wit$ ongress) 7.t &oes $ave s.7stantial powers in t$e real (s$ort

-onstit.tion5 lots o gre! area)

=oreign relations powers o t$e e&eral governent &o >ow ro t$e-onstit.tion (an& are s.7?e-t to &o-trine o en.erate& powers)

() Power to Sign!"nitia#

+,e-.tive Bran-$ #n-e a treat! is signe&5 t$ere is a inial legal o7ligation not to &eeat

t$e p.rpose o t$e agreeent $e a7ilit! to C.nsignD or -an-el a treat! e,ists 7eore it is rati6e&5 t$.s

eliinating an! legal o7ligation ($) Power to %ppro&e

(1) reat! 9et$o&

onstit.tion5 Art 25 Se- 2

2/3 approval ro Senate (2) +A (ongressional +,e-.tive Agreeent)

Power originates ro ongressional la.se

9a?orit! approval 7! 7ot$ $o.ses (3) P+A (Presi&ential +,e-.tive Agreeent)* (rare)

ongress $as pre*approve& t$e agreeent

9a! 7e regar&ing e,e-.tive powers an& a! not nee& approval as

oan&er in $ie $e Presi&ent &eterines w$at wa! to a-$ieve approval

Pre*approval: Presi&ent a! alrea&! $ave approval ro ongress

onstit.tional Power* oan&er in $ie Eeterining w$i-$ et$o& to .se

9ostl! &eterine& 7! past pra-ti-e

ra&e agreeents (+A)F Investent agreeents an& .an

Rig$ts agreeents (reat! et$o&) Bot$ t$e reat! 9et$o& an& +A are e.all! -onstit.tional5 7.t +A

is easier Dames & Moore v Regan

istori-al 7a-&rop* Iran $ostage -risis

+,e-.tive or&er an& part o t$e agreeent (Algiers a--or&s) wit$ Iran:

N.lli6es atta-$ent or&ers

ransers Iranian assets ro Iranian $an&s to Int


3/49

a-son ('ackson ategories) (AN + PR+SIE+N E# J .st

anal!@e t$ro.g$ a-son -on-.rren-e an& r$en.ist spe-tr.) Presi&ential powers aren


4/49

$e Presi&ent -an &e-line t$is power wit$ -ongressional approval (wont

$appen) (+) ,therwise -a#id

Eoes t$e agreeent -on>i-t wit$ t$e onstit.tion/Bill o Rig$ts Ipa-ts on HS law

#ne si&e -an tae s.e t$e ot$er or violation in International o.rt 9a&e in HSA =o.n&ation v HS*

A -$allenge to NA=A

Are +As -onstit.tional es

ongress gave approval (siple a?orit! o 7ot$ $o.ses)

$e Presi&ent is a.t$ori@e& to e,-$ange notes or provi&ing entr!

into or-e Are +As -opletel! inter-$angea7le wit$ t$e treat! et$o&

9ostl! I t$ere is one w$i-$ is not inter-$angea7le5 it is t$e P+A

et$o& 9.r! or -onteste& approval* Ei& ongress reall! approve o t$e

agreeent AA HS rati6e& t$e agreeent5 7.t &i& not give it to ongress or approval

Sen 8!&en was e,treel! &ist.r7e&* wante& to now w$at t$e

a.t$orit! was 8$ite o.se response: ongress approve& it in a&van-e5 7!

a.t$ori@ing t$e to wor wit$ oreign -o.ntries on t$e iss.e Eoes t$is ean t$at t$e Presi&ent $as a.t$orit! to rati! w$enever

ongress s.ggests negotiations to wor o.t sol.tions wit$ ot$er

nations Eeonstrates t$at iplie& approval o ongress ig$t 7e .se& to

as ?.sti6-ation to rati! agreeents

(.) Power to "mp#ement

I an agreeent is non*sel e,e-.ting an& in -on>i-t wit$ -.rrent HS law5

ongress a! $ave to ena-t new legislation in or&er or t$e agreeent to

tae e;e-t o.l& also 7e ree&ie& 7! Presi&ent via e,e-.tive or&er (i $e $as t$e

power to &o so) Presi&ential Pro-laation: Eoes not $ave or-e o law .nless I

ongress were to pass an a-t5 w$i-$ wo.l& tae e;e-t .pon t$e

$appening o a -ontingent event5 an& s.7se.entl! t$e Presi&ent

pro-laie& t$at t$e event $appene&5 t$en t$e pro-laation wo.l&

$ave t$e or-e o law (/) Se#f02ecuting &3 Non0Se#f 2ecuting

Sel*e,e-.ting

Ie&iate e;e-t on HS &oesti- law Non*Sel +,e-.ting

No ie&iate e;e-t on HS &oesti- law Eoes not allow or a private

rig$t o a-tion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Congress


5/49

=or soe -o.ntries (ana&a5 A.stralia5 HO) all treaties are not sel*

e,e-.ting (&.alist) $e -r., o w$at &eterines i a treat! is sel*e,e-.ting or non sel*

e,e-.ting is US po#itica# 4ranch intent In re ollins

ollins is attepting to s.e to get into t$e 7ar wit$o.t taing t$e 7are,a S$e 7elieves NA=A s$o.l& appl! to $er5 &.e to $er training an&

e&.-ation in ana&a Ne7rasa &oes $ave t$e possi7ilit! o 7eing

a&itte& wit$o.t t$e e,a (Pra-ti-ing in t$e HS or "* !earsF

gra&.ate& ro ABA approve& law s-$ool) er arg.ent is t$at

NA=A provi&es one -annot &is-riinate against oreign servi-e

provi&ers $e o.rt -on-l.&es t$at NA=A &oesn


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As 7etween HS gov


7/49

Internationall!: $ereore5 t$e HS will 7e in violation o t$e treat! an&

t$e oreign -o.ntr! part! to treat! -an (a) Bring -lai .n&er &isp.te settleent e-$anis provi&e& 7!

t$e treat! (7) lai a aterial 7rea-$ .n&er %M Art '0 an& see to s.spen&

or terinate t$eir o7ligations .n&er treat! in soe -ases (-) I not aterial 7rea-$5 tae proportionate -o.ntereas.res

So a goo& wa! to tae -are o t$at pro7le i t$e +A et$o& is 7eing

.se& is to $ave ongress in t$e sae a-t approve t$e international

agreeent5 &e-lare it in essen-e non*sel*e,e-.ting an& ae an!

ne-essar! -$anges to HS law to ipleent t$e agreeent es5 t$ats w$at we &o wit$ tra&e agreeentsTNA=A5 8#5 et-

Summary: o now w$et$er a treat! is part o t$e HS legal s!ste5 we

nee& to now i it is S+/NS+ HS intent is w$at &eterines S+/NS+

o.l& 7e straig$t orwar& (NA=A)

9a! $ave to glean it ro te,t.al interpretations o t$e treat! Oeep an e!e o.t or t$e re-ipro-it! a-tor

.&i-iar! interprets treaties5 7.t -o.rts give great weig$t to e,e-.tive

views o treat! interpretation (6) harming 7etsy

HS o.rts are to -onstr.e HS stat.tes as -onsistent wit$ treaties an&

-.stoar! international law Oeeps t$e HS ro violating international agreeents HS v PM#*

HS $as a stat.te w$i-$ 7ans PM# a-tivit! in t$e Hnite& States HS

wants to -lose &own HN PM# peranent o7server ission $eea&.arters A-t re.ires t$e Hnite& States to allow ree transit (entr!5

transit an& resi&en-e) o invitees o t$e HN regar&less o t$eir stat.s

wit$ t$e HS $e o.rt wants to appl! 7ot$ r.les -onsistentl! i

possi7le onstit.tion &oes not -reate a $ierar-$! in t$e S.prea-! -la.se

7etween treaties an& e&eral laws Post rati6-ation .n&erstan&ing (pra-ti-e) o t$e treat! also re.ires t$e

esta7lis$ent o an #U-e $e o.rt attepts to &eterine t$e intent o t$e ongress

ongress $a& not sai& an!t$ing a7o.t it5 &espite nowing t$at it

wo.l& 7e an iss.e $ereore -ongress &i& not ae it e,pli-itl!-lear t$at it wante& t$e PM# #U-e s$.t &own

No ention o intera-tion/e,-l.sion o treat!

Therefore the ourt interprets the statute such that it wi##

not interfere with the 8ead9uarters agreement

In Re Rat$


8/49

Rat$ is s.ing to eep $is tra&ear in t$e HS $e Mang$a A-t &oes

not allow or s.rnaes as tra&ears Rat$ loos to t$e Paris

onvention (w$ose lang.age is non sel*e,e-.ting) an& -lais t$at t$e

Mang$a A-t ipleents t$e Paris onvention an& nee&s to 7e

interprete& -onsistentl! .n&er $aring Bets!

Spe-i6-all! $e is looing at Mang$a A-t se- 44 Se- 44(e) Registration on prin-ipal or s.ppleental registerF -op!

o oreign registration A ar &.l! registere& in t$e -o.ntr! o

origin o t$e oreign appli-ant a! 7e registere& on t$e prin-ipal

register if e#igi4#e5 ot$erwise on t$e s.ppleental register $erein

provi&e&

Rat$ -lais Ci eligi7leD reers to t$e Paris onvention $e o.rt

6n&s it reers to Se- 2 o t$e Mang$a A-t $e -on-.rring opinion o t$e -o.rt points to a part o t$e Paris

onvention in&i-ating tra&ears C&evoi& o an! &istin-tive

-$ara-terD an& &eterines t$at t$e Mang$a A-t is in a--or& wit$

t$e Paris onvention an& t$at t$e Paris onvention wo.l& prevent

t$e .se o s.rnaes as a tra&ear

(1) 8ierarchy of Norms

I t$ere is a non*sel e,e-.ting agreeent in -on>i-t wit$ a HS stat.te5 t$e

HS stat.te prevails All sel*e,e-.ting P+A5 +A an& reaties will preept state law

(11) Power to Terminate

$e Presi&ent (Goldwater v Carter) +ssentiall! a reverse rati6-ation $e Presi&ent &oes not re.ire ongressional approval to terinate

(1) Power to %dminister (interpret; &ote in ",; amend) o.rts are t$e .ltiate interpreters o.rts give great weig$t to e,e-.tive 7ran-$ opinions

+,e-.tive oU-ers $ave greater nowle&ge a7o.t t$e nat.re o t$e

agreeent5 negotiation5 et- +,e-.tive 7ran-$ $as t$e power to vote in international organi@ations (I#)

or t$e HS Aen&e& treaties are siilar to new treaties

#t$er 9a?or Goals: Mearn a Mittle Stat.tor! Interpretation Mearn a Mittle onstit.tional Maw

Eo-trine o en.erate& powers Separation o Powers (P v ) =e&eralis

ha##enging State


9/49

Dormant =oreign ommerce #ause: a-iall! &is-riinator! I

so virt.all! per se illegalF ot$erwise 7alan-ing (e;e-t on -oer-e

v a-$ieveent o legitiate lo-al p.rpose)F w$en oreign

-oer-e e,tra prong L interere wit$ e&eral govts Con-e voi-eDF

9P+ L a! not 7e availa7le wit$ oreign -oer-e

Oeeps states ro aing prote-tionist a-tions against oneanot$er

S-$aeer 6n&s t$is t$e ost iportant pie-e o t$e -onstit.tion:

+ssentiall! -reates a ree tra&e agreeent wit$ 33 o t$e largest

e-onoies in t$e worl& Dormant =oreign %airs Doctrine:

8$en t$e oreign a;airs powers are .n.se& or &orant5 t$ere

still e,ist liits on state powers to e,ert in>.en-e on oreign

a;airs $ree tests or t$e &o-trine

Thresho#d eects test: Core t$an soe in-i&ental or

in&ire-t e;e-tD on HS oreign relations or oreign -o.ntr! Purpose*7ase& test: is t$e goal o t$e state law to -$ange or

-riti-i@e 7e$avior o oreign governent >P (>arket Participant 2ception) Mower -o.rts split

N= -ase

Illinois -reates a stat.te &esigne& to san-tion S.&an

Preeption No e,press preeption* ongress &i& not spe-i6-all! pro$i7it

states ro san-tioning S.&an on>i-t preeption

Eire-t -on>i-t: Ipossi7le to -opl! wit$ 7ot$ (e& an&

state) laws #7sta-les on>i-t: 9aes it &iU-.ltF stan&s as an o7sta-le to

e&eral law In t$is -ase t$e HS law onl! targets HS -orp5 w$ereas t$e

Illinois law targets oreign entities $e HS also e,epte&

-ertain regions t$at t$e IM a-t &i& not =e& gove,i7ilit!

$e IM a-t Intereres wit$ ongress< &esire to rat-$et

.p/&own san-tions &epen&ing on -ir-.stan-es =iel& preeption* (not relie& on 7! t$e -o.rt) ongress is so

involve& in a 6el& t$at it .st e,-l.&e state a-tions Eorant =oreign A;airs Eo-trine

$e ipa-t o t$e eas.re on oreign a;airs is t$e a?or iss.e 9ore t$an in-i&ental or in&ire-t e;e-t IM $a& wit$&rawn

V2"50005000 $is in-reases press.re on -opanies to stop

&oing 7.siness wit$ S.&an In t$e pension portion t$ere was not


10/49

eno.g$ evi&en-e (on-eiva7l! it -o.l& a;e-t s$are pri-e5 7.t

t$at is not -ertain) Eorant =oreign oer-e la.se

=a-iall! &is-riinator! wit$ state law or international -oer-e elling 7ans to ipleent a poli-! against 7ans &oing

7.siness wit$ S.&an #n t$e pension part o t$e law5 t$e Plainti;s arg.e&

e,-eption wit$ t$e 9aret Parti-ipant +,-eption (9P+)5 w$i-$

e,epts t$e state (as a 7.!er or seller) ro Eorant

oer-e la.se s-r.tin! $e o.rt &eterines t$at &oes

not appl! $ere I not a-ial &is-riinator!5 Balan-e +;e-t on -oer-e vs

legitiate lo-al p.rpose (-ons.er prote-tion5 environental

prote-tion e-t) I law s.rvives 7alan-ing5 t$en as &oes it ris oreign

-o.ntries retaliating against t$e HS


11/49

Part 3: Proessor Mepar&

ustomary ?aw and the %#ien Tort Statute

o .stoar! International Maw Revisite& So.r-es o International .an Rig$ts Maw (Arti-le 3 o t$e I

Stat.te) $e o.rt &e-i&es -ases in a--or&an-e wit$:

international treaties an& -onventions in or-e5

@internationa# custom; as e&idence of a genera#

practice accepted as #awA (customary internationa#

#aw);

general prin-iples o law5 an&5

as s.7si&iar! eans5 ?.&i-ial &e-isions an& t$e tea-$ings

o t$e ost $ig$l! .ali6e& p.7li-ists +,aples o .stoar! Nors Re-ogni@e& 7! t$e I

.an rig$ts nors5 s.-$ as:

o $e pro$i7ition o geno-i&eo $e pro$i7ition o tort.reo $e pro$i7ition o slaver!o $e pro$i7ition o ra-ial &is-riination

International -riinal law nors5 s.-$ as:o $e pro$i7ition o geno-i&e5o $e pro$i7ition o war -rieso $e pro$i7ition o -ries against $.anit!

Nors on t$e .se o or-e .n&er international

$.anitarian law5 in-l.&ing:o $e pro$i7ition o t$e .se o or-e 7! states e,-ept

in sel*&eense or wit$ HN Se-.rit! o.n-ila.t$ori@ation

o Re.ireents o ne-essit! an& proportionalit!o 9an! nors in t$e 14 Geneva onventions

Nors involving t$e seas an& water reso.r-es

Nors relating to treaties5 in-l.&ing treat! interpretation

(lie Arti-le 31 o t$e %ienna onvention) $e ra&itional Ee6nition o .stoar! International Maw

wo ain re.ireents: .nior state pra-ti-e an& a

sense o legal o7ligation (Copinio juris) (#ne 7elieves it

to 7e t$e law)

$e -on-ept o -.stoar! law $as origins in -ivil laws!stes5 as e,epli6e& in t$e Mo.isiana ivil o&e

$e Cpersistent o7?e-torD &o-trineo I a govt $as persistentl! o7?e-te& to a nor ro

t$e ver! 7eginning5 it -an e,ept itsel ro t$e

nor Pereptor!(Cjus cogensD) -.stoar! nors

o So iportant t$e! -an never 7e violate&


12/49

Soe pro7les wit$ as-ertaining -.stoar! international law

$e para&o, o opinio juris (an a-t.al 7elie or sipl! an

a-t o gra-e) 8$at is t$e .n-tion o t$e state pra-ti-e re.ireent

$e role o et$i-s

8$at are so.r-es o evi&en-e o opinio juris 8$at is t$erole o HN resol.tions

8$at are so.r-es o state pra-ti-e

9! (Meapr&s) new t$eor! L 7.t it is not t$e lawo Re*Rea&ing he !a"uete #a$ana

$e S.pree o.rt esta7lis$es -.stoar! international law as

part o o.r law Mooe& to past state pra-ti-e5 treaties5 e,e-.tive or&ers (t$ere

&oesnt $ave to .naniit! in pra-ti-e5 ?.st -onsisten-!) #pininio .ris* t$e 7elie $el& 7! ot$er nations vessels t$at one

s$o.l& rerain ro -apt.ring -ivilian vessels 7e-a.se t$e!

7elieve it is t$e lawF t$e &issent 7elieves no opiniono ?.ris5 7.terel! a-ts o gra-e

+t$i-s a! tip t$e 7alan-e in avor o a parti-.lar r.lingo $e Alien ort Stat.te

2 HS 13"0 L esta7lis$es original &istri-t -o.rt ?.ris&i-tion

over Can! -ivil a-tion 7! an alien or a tort onl!5 -oitte& in

violation o t$e law o nations or a treat! o t$e Hnite& StatesD Ee7ate over t$e origins o t$e AS5 in-l.&ing t$e C9ar7ois

In-i&entDo $e %ilartigaase

=ail! o an tort.re& an& ille& in Parag.a! s.es t$e tort.rer

w$o now lives in t$e HS W.estion o w$et$er t$e -o.rt $as s.7?e-t atter ?.ris&i-tion $e -o.rt o.n& t$at it $a& ?.ris&i-tion .n&er t$e Alien ort

Stat.te +vi&en-e o opiniono ?.ris

14": A&option o t$e HN $artero It is a treat!F Not w$oll! S+

14: Hniversal Ee-laration o .an Rig$tso =ree&o ro tort.re or ot$er -r.el5 in$.an5 or

&egra&ing treatent or p.nis$entFo $e rig$t to re-ognition 7eore a& e.al prote-tion

o t$e lawFo $e rig$ to an e;e-tive ree&! or $.an rg$ts

violationso =ree&o ro ar7itrar! arress5 &etention or e,ileFo $e rig$t to a air $earing 7! an in&epen&ent an&

p.7li- tri7.nal


13/49

$e a-t t$at soe -o.ntries parti-ipate in tort.re5 represents a

violation o t$e international -.stoar! law an& &oes not

ao.nt to evi&en-e against opiniono ?.riso $e Aterat$ o %ilartiga

Eoes t$e AS -reate a -a.se o a-tion in a&&ition to granting

?.ris&i-tion to e&eral -o.rts Sosa v 'lvare(-Machain(HS 2004)

Ei& not strie &own =ilartiga5 7.t sai& t$at a $.an rig$ts

violation .st 7e wi&el! re-ogni@e& an& &e6ne& wit$

great pre-ision to 7e a violation o -.stoar!

international law Recent 'S cases

Oio7el v Ro!al E.t-$ Petrole.o 8$et$er a -orporation -an violate -.stoar!

international lawo 8$et$er AS -lais s$o.l& 7e liite& to torts

o--.rring in t$e Hnite& States (es) 14 * HN onvention Against ort.reF 10 L HS Rati6-ation

$e HS Senate &e-laration: CCIII $e Senate


14/49

1331: =e&eral .estion ?.ris&i-tiono C$e &istri-t -o.rts s$all $ave original ?.ris&i-tion o

all -ivil a-tions arising .n&er t$e onstit.tion5 laws5

or treaties o t$e Hnite& StatesDo Eoes it in-l.&e ?.ris&i-tion over treaty issues

(es)o Eoes it in-l.&e ?.ris&i-tion over iss.es .n&er

customary internationa# #aw (No) Re-all t$e

anal!sis in %ilartiga =ilartigawo.l& s.ggest t$at ig$t 7e t$e

-ase* -.stoar! intl law is part o o.r

law/spe-i6-all! -oon law o.rt let it open an& o.n& ?.ris&i-tion

.n&er ASo Eoes it in-l.&e ?.ris&i-tion over allege& violations

o t$e ort.re %i-ti Prote-tion A-t (es* stat.te)

1332: Eiversit! ?.ris&i-tiono C$e &istri-t -o.rts s$all $ave original ?.ris&i-tion o

all -ivil a-tions w$ere t$e atter in -ontrovers!

e,-ee&s t$e s. or val.e o V"50005 e,-l.sive o

interest an& -osts5 an& is 7etween * (1) -iti@ens o

&i;erent StatesF (2) -iti@ens o a State an& -iti@ens

or s.7?e-ts o a oreign stateF (3) -iti@ens o

&i;erent States an& in w$i-$ -iti@ens or s.7?e-ts o

a oreign state are a&&itional partiesF an& (4) a

oreign state as plainti; an& -iti@ens o a State

or o &i;erent StatesD 13"0: $e Alien ort Stat.te

o Provi&es t$at t$e &istri-t -o.rts $ave ?.ris&i-tion

over Can! -ivil a-tion 7! an alien or a tort onl!5

-oitte& in violation o t$e law o nations or a

treat! o t$e Hnite& StatesDo S.7?e-t atter ?.ris&i-tion .n&er t$is provision was

t$e iss.e in %ilartiga State o.rts: Pres-ri7e& 7! State Stat.tes

o Ne7rasa &istri-t -o.rts $ave general ?.ris&i-tiono Spe-ial -o.rts $ave liite& s.7?e-t atter

?.ris&i-tion5 lie t$e ?.venile -o.rts an& -o.nt!-o.rts

Personal .ris&i-tion

Personal ?.ris&i-tion over t$e plainti;

Personal ?.ris&i-tion over t$e &een&anto E.e Pro-ess la.se o HS onstit.tion re.ires:

Noti-e #pport.nit! to -ontest


15/49

.ris&i-tional 7asiso .ris&i-tional 7asis -an 7e:

Presen-e wit$in t$e state (CtagD ?.ris&i-tion)

Re-all %ilartiga

Hp$el& in )urnham-ase (HS 10)

Megislative $istor! o ort.re %i-tiProte-tion A-t

onsent o t$e &een&ant (in-l.&ing t$ro.g$

a or. sele-tion -la.se in a -ontra-t) Hn&er ClongarD stat.tes5 s.-$ as Ne7 Rev Stat 2"*

"3'o In a&&ition to spe-i6e& -onta-ts5 it grants personal

?.ris&i-tion over an! person Cw$o $as an! ot$er

-onta-t wit$ or aintains an! ot$er relation to t$is

state to a;or& a 7asis or t$e e,er-ise o personal

?.ris&i-tion -onsistent wit$ t$e onstit.tion o t$e

Hnite& StatesDo *n rem?.ris&i-tion

o R.les on a o.rts Eis-retion Not to ear a ase #ver 8$i-$ It as

.ris&i-tion %orum non conveniens

C$e &o-trine o +orum non conveniensreers to t$e

&is-retionar! power o a -o.rt to &e-line ?.ris&i-tion w$en

t$e -onvenien-e o t$e parties an& t$e en&s o ?.sti-e

wo.l& 7e 7etter serve& i t$e a-tion were 7ro.g$t an&

trie& in anot$er or. 8$et$er a s.it s$o.l& 7e

entertaine& or &isisse& .n&er t$e r.le o +orum non

conveniens&epen&s largel! .pon t$e a-ts o t$e

parti-.lar -ase Hnless t$e 7alan-e is strongl! in avor o

t$e &een&ant5 $owever5 t$e plainti;s -$oi-e o or.

s$o.l& rarel! 7e &ist.r7e&D Christian v Smith5 2' Ne7

'5 "*' (200) Aong ot$er a-tors5 Ct$e trial -o.rt s$o.l& -onsi&er

pra-ti-al a-tors t$at ae trial o t$e -ase eas!5

e,pe&itio.s5 an& ine,pensive5 s.-$ as t$e relative ease o

a--ess to so.r-es o proo5 t$e -ost o o7taining

atten&an-e o witnesses5 an& t$e a7ilit! to se-.re

atten&an-e o witnesses t$ro.g$ -op.lsor! pro-essDI& at '

Politi-al .estion &o-trine A-t o state &o-trine omity0 legal re-ipro-it!: t$e ?.&gents o a parti-.lar

?.ris&i-tion will 7e re-ogni@e& an& enor-e& 7! a or. onl! to

t$e e,tent t$at t$e ot$er ?.ris&i-tion wo.l& re-ogni@e an&

enor-e t$e ?.&gents ren&ere& 7! t$at or.


16/49

#t$er &o-trineso #verview o R.les on onBict of ?aws

General prin-iples

9ost r.les o -on>i-t o laws5 soeties -alle& choice of

#aw5 are -reate& 7! -ase law5 t$o.g$ soe are -o&i6e& in

stat.tes or treaties Soe 7asi- -on-epts:

o A or. -o.rt in a or. state will appl! its own

proceduralr.leso owever5 a or. -o.rt a! appl! t$e su$stantive

law o eit$er t$e or. state or anot$er state wit$

an interest in t$e &isp.te5 -alle& t$e Coreign

stateDo CInternal lawD or Clo-al lawD reers to all o a states

s.7stantive law other than its con,ict o+ laws rules A istor! o HS R.les o on>i-t o Maws

o $e =irst Restateent o on>i-t o Maws (134) Rigi& r.les5 in-l.&ing le loci delicti o.l& pro&.-e a7s.r& res.lts (lo-ation o t$e

in-i&ent ig$t 7e insigni6-ant to t$e overall

transa-tion)o $e Restateent (Se-on&) o on>i-t o Maws

(11) A&opte& a Cost signi6-ant relations$ipD

stan&ar& .rie R Co v omp/ins (HS 13)

o It la!s &own a or o -$oi-e o law r.le or e&eral

&iversit! ?.ris&i-tion -aseso Hn&er .rie5 t$e e&eral -o.rt .st appl! t$e or.

states s.7stantive law5 in-l.&ing its -oon lawo .rie overr.le& Swi+t v 0son5 4 HS 1 (142)5 w$i-$

$a& $el& t$at in &iversit! -ases not governe& 7! an

e,pli-it state stat.te t$e e&eral -o.rts s$o.l&

appl! general Ce&eralD -oon law rat$er t$an

state -oon lawo +ven t$o.g$ .riereno.n-e& t$e appli-ation o a

generale&eral -oon law5 t$ere -an 7e e&eral

-oon law in parti-.lar areas owever5 t$is is a -ontroversial iss.e

ipli-ating t$e stat.s o -.stoar!

international law in t$e HS legal s!ste 9an! -o.rts appl! -.stoar! international

law as part o e&eral -oon law B.t soe ?.&ges5 s.-$ as S.pree o.rt

.sti-e Antonin S-alia5 7elieve t$at .rie


17/49

prevents t$is stat.s or -.stoar!

international law5 as in $is -on-.rren-e in

Sosa v 'lvare(-Machain R.les or tort -lais

#l& r.le o t$e =irst Restateent: 1e 1oci Delictio

Re-all %ilartiga2p 3456 7It is not e,traor&inar! or a-o.rt to a&?.&i-ate a tort -lai arising o.tsi&e o its

territorial ?.ris&i-tion A state or nation $as a

legitiate interest in t$e or&erl! resol.tion o

&isp.tes aong t$ose wit$in its 7or&ers5 an& w$ere

t$e le loci delicti commissiis applie&5 it is an

e,pression o -oit! to give e;e-t to t$e laws o

t$e state w$ere t$e wrong o--.rre&Do Hn&er t$e ol& r.le5 t$e law was applie& o Ct$e

state w$ere t$e last event ne-essar! to ae an

a-tor lia7le or an allege& tort taes pla-eD

(Restateent (=irst) 3) $is was a t$eor! oCveste& rig$tsD

o #l& r.le was viewe& as ine.ita7le w$en t$ere was

onl! a tangential relations$ip 7etween t$e pla-e o

t$e in?.r! an& t$e partieso #l& r.le &i& not wor well w$en t$ere was no single

Cpla-eD w$ere t$e in?.r! o--.rre&5 s.-$ as in -ases

o ra.&5 &eaation5 or .nair -opetition R.le o t$e Se-on& Restateent

o A&opts a ore >e,i7le approa-$ t$at applies t$e

law o t$e state wit$ t$e Cmost signiCcantre#ationshipD to t$e torto Se-tion 14"(1) o t$e Se-on& Restateent

provi&es: C$e rig$ts an& lia7ilities o t$e parties

wit$ respe-t to an iss.e in tort are &eterine& 7!

t$e lo-al law o t$e state w$i-$5 wit$ respe-t to t$at

iss.e5 $as t$e ost signi6-ant relations$ip to t$e

o--.rren-e an& t$e parties .n&er t$e prin-iples

state& in 'Do Se-tion ' o t$e Se-on& Restateent lists a wi&e

variet! o a-tors a -o.rt s$o.l& -onsi&er in t$e

a7sen-e o a stat.tor! &ire-tive on -$oi-e o law5in-l.&ing:

$e nee&s o t$e interstate an& international

s!stes5 $e relevant poli-ies o t$e or.5 $e relevant poli-ies o ot$er intereste&

states an& t$e relative interests o t$ose


18/49

states in t$e &eterination o t$e parti-.lar

iss.e5 $e prote-tion o ?.sti6e& e,pe-tations5 $e 7asi- poli-ies .n&erl!ing t$e parti-.lar

6el& o law5

ertaint!5 pre&i-ta7ilit! an& .niorit! ores.lt5 an&

+ase in t$e &eterination an& appli-ation o

t$e law to 7e applie&o Se-tion 14" o t$e Se-on& Restateent goes on to

sa! t$at -onta-ts to 7e taen into a--o.nt .n&er '

in-l.&e: $e pla-e w$ere t$e in?.r! o--.rre&5 $e pla-e w$ere t$e -on&.-t -a.sing t$e

in?.r! o--.rre&5 $e &oi-ile5 resi&en-e5 nationalit!5 pla-e o

in-orporation an& pla-e o 7.siness o t$eparties5 an&

$e pla-e w$ere t$e relations$ip5 i an!5

7etween t$e parties is -entere& It sa!s t$at Ct$ese -onta-ts are to 7e

eval.ate& a--or&ing to t$eir relative

iportan-e wit$ respe-t to t$e parti-.lar

iss.eD Spe-i6- R.les or Personal In?.r! lais

o Se-tion 14' o t$e Se-on& Restateent provi&es

wit$ respe-t to personal in?.r! -lais: CIn an a-tion

or a personal in?.r!5 t$e lo-al law o t$e state

w$ere t$e in?.r! o--.rre& &eterines t$e rig$ts

an& lia7ilities o t$e parties5 .nless5 wit$ respe-t to

t$e parti-.lar iss.e5 soe ot$er state $as a ore

signi6-ant relations$ip .n&er t$e prin-iples state&

in ' to t$e o--.rren-e an& t$e parties5 in w$i-$

event t$e lo-al law o t$e ot$er state will 7e

applie&Do $e Ne7rasa S.pree o.rt $as a&opte& an&

applie& t$e prin-iples in 14' See8 eg8 #ein(e v

#ein(e5 24 Ne7 ""5 " (200) (olora&oa--i&ent)

o )a$coc/ v 9ac/son5 240 NS2& 435 11 N+2&

2 (N 1'3) R.les or ot$er t!pes o -lais

ontra-ts aseso Se-tions 1' to 1 o t$e Se-on& Restateent

provi&e generall! t$at parties -an -$oose t$e law


19/49

t$at will govern &isp.tes .n&er t$eir -ontra-t

t$ro.g$ a C-$oi-e o lawD provision in t$e -ontra-to $oi-e o or. -la.ses in -ontra-ts are generall!

$onore& as well See se-tion 0 o t$e Se-on&

Restateent Nee& ore n.an-e& anal!sis t$an

?.st sa!ing C-opan! a is larger so $as oreleverageD

Propert! ases

9arriage5 Eivor-e5 an& $il& .sto&! ases An +,aple o a $oi-e o Maw la.se

=ro Apple orporations CSotware Mi-ense Agreeent

or I*.nes or 8in&owsD: Controlling Maw an& Severa7ilit! $is Mi-ense will 7e

governe& 7! an& -onstr.e& in a--or&an-e wit$ t$e laws o

t$e State o aliornia5 excluding its confict o law

principles $is Mi-ense s$all not 7e governe& 7! t$e

Hnite& Nations onvention on ontra-ts or t$eInternational Sale o Goo&s5 t$e appli-ation o w$i-$ is

e,pressl! e,-l.&e& I !o. are a -ons.er 7ase& in t$e

Hnite& Oing&o5 t$is Mi-ense will 7e governe& 7! t$e laws

o t$e ?.ris&i-tion o !o.r resi&en-e I or an! reason a

-o.rt o -opetent ?.ris&i-tion 6n&s an! provision5 or

portion t$ereo5 to 7e .nenor-ea7le5 t$e reain&er o t$is

Mi-ense s$all -ontin.e in .ll or-e an& e;e-tD 8$! &o !o. s.ppose t$e -ontra-t reers to t$e Claws o

t$e State o aliornia5 e,-l.&ing its -on>i-t o law

prin-iplesD instea& o ?.st t$e Claws o t$e State oaliorniaD 8$at pro7le ig$t 7e -reate& wit$ t$e

latter lang.ageo $is g.arantees t$at it will get A law even i A

law wo.l& sen& it soew$ere elseo $e on-ept o CEoi-ileD

Is relevant to an! legal iss.es5 in-l.&ing personal ?.ris&i-tion

an& -on>i-t o laws (see 14" o t$e Se-on& Restateent) $e Ne7rasa S.pree o.rt $as aUre&: CEoi-ile is

o7taine& onl! t$ro.g$ a persons p$!si-al presen-e

a--opanie& 7! t$e present intention to reain in&e6nitel! at a

lo-ation or 7! t$e present intention to ae a lo-ation t$epersons peranent or 6,e& $oeD We$$ v Craven 2*n re

.state o+ Craven55 2'" Ne7 415 4" (2002) $ange o &oi-ile Ei;eren-e ro -iti@ens$ip an& resi&en-e

o Re-ognition o =oreign .&gents .&gents o #t$er State o.rts


20/49

Hn&er t$e =u## =aith and redit #auseo Arti-le I%5

se-tion 1 o t$e HS onstit.tion5 a HS state -o.rt .st

re-ogni@e an& enor-e a ?.&gent &.l! ren&ere& in

anot$er HS state -o.rt It provi&es: C=.ll =ait$ an&

re&it s$all 7e given in ea-$ State to t$e P.7li- A-ts5

Re-or&s5 an& ?.&i-ial Pro-ee&ings o ever! ot$er StateD See Russell v )ridgens5 2'4 Ne7 215 '4 N82& "'

(2002)F9ohn ' :ion %amil0 rust v :ion 2*n re :ion55

2 Ne7 "4'5 "4*"0 (200) .&gents o =oreign o.ntr! o.rts

=.ll =ait$ an& re&it la.se o t$e onstit.tion &oes not

re.ire a HS state -o.rt to re-ogni@e an& enor-e

a.toati-all! a ?.&gent ren&ere& 7! a -o.rt in a oreign

-o.ntr! States -an -$oose w$et$er or not to re-ogni@e oreign

-o.ntr! ?.&gents5 7.t in general t$e! give &eeren-e to

t$e 7ase& on t$e prin-iple o CcomityD so long as t$e

oreign -o.ntr! ?.&gent res.lts ro pro-e&.res

-onsi&ere& air .n&er HS &.e pro-ess stan&ar&s $e Ne7rasa S.pree o.rt $as aUre&5 Coit! is

neit$er a atter o a7sol.te o7ligation nor ere -o.rtes!

As a general r.le5 a oreign ?.&gent will not 7e given

e;e-t .n&er t$e prin-iples o -oit! i oppose& to t$e

settle& p.7li- poli-! o t$is stateD We$er v We$er5 200

Ne7 '"5 ''" (1) "ntroduction to omparati&e ?aw and i&i# ?aw Systems

o Intro&.-tion to oparative Maw 8$! Is oparative Maw Relevant to o.r =.t.re Pra-ti-e as a

Maw!er Ne7rasas +-ono! an& Glo7al ra&e

Ne7rasa is t$e 6t$ lea&ing state e,porter o agri-.lt.ral

pro&.-ts Its lea&ing arets or agri-.lt.ral pro&.-ts are 9e,i-o5

.7a5 aiwan5 an& ana&a A7o.t 2'35"00 ?o7s in Ne7rasa &epen& on international

tra&e In 2005 Ne7rasa -opanies sol& t$eir pro&.-ts in nearl!

10 oreign -o.ntries5 in-l.&ing ana&a5 9e,i-o5 apan5

an& R.ssia 0X o Ne7rasas e,porting -opanies in 200 were

sall or i&*si@e -opanies Soe Mea&ing +,porting Ne7rasa opanies


21/49

o %alont In&.stries * e,ports irrigation e.ipent to

$ina5 Spain5 Argentina5 an& t$e Hnite& Ara7

+irateso onagra =oo&s * e,ports pop-orn an& ot$er

oo&st.;s to t$e Ba$aas5 $ina5 an& I-elan&

o enasa Bio.els * e,ports -orn oil to .re! an&+g!pt

Soe =oreign*#wne& Ne7rasa +plo!erso BA+ S!stes5 In- (HO)o Bri&gestone Aeri-as (apan)o a&7.r! S-$weppes (HO)o Novartis (Swit@erlan&)o So&e,$o (=ran-e)o S.are E (=ran-e)

oparative Maw: A Ne7rasa ra&ition

In t$e past -ent.r! we st.&ie& law ro wit$in $e

?.rists o to&a! are st.&!ing it ro wit$o.tT 8$ere t$elast -ent.r! $el& -oparative law t$e 7est o.n&ation or

wise lawaing5 Qt$e ?.rists o to&a! $ol& it not eno.g$

to -opare t$e laws t$eselves5 7.t t$at even ore t$eir

so-ial operation .st 7e st.&ie& an& t$e e;e-ts w$i-$

t$e! pro&.-e5 i an!5 w$en p.t in a-tionD Ros-oe Po.n&5

he Spirit o+ the Common 1aw

o ivil Maw S!stes an& $eir Relevan-e to HS Maw Roan Maw

$e welve a7les o Roan Maw

$e Roan Praetoro A gateeeper to t$e -o.rt* i !o.r &isp.te et

-riteria o -ertain or.lae5 !o. were allowe&

a--ess to t$e -o.rt (or.lar! pro-e&.re) Portrait o a .ris-ons.lt (pre&e-essor to a law proessor)

.stinians Corpus 9uris Civiliso one o t$e 6rst -o&i6-ations o law in t$e western

worl& +nglan& an& Roan Maw

o 8$ats one o t$e legal lega-ies weve in$erite&

ro t$e Roans (Res Ipsa Mo.itor) 9o&ern ivil Maw S!stes

o Roan Maw an& Its In>.en-e on ivil Maw S!steso $e +vol.tion o t$e ivil Maw in +.rope ater t$e =all o t$e Roan

+pire $e res.rgen-e o in&igeno.s law $e re&is-over! o .stinians Corpus 9uris Civilis


22/49

$e &evelopent o t$e ?.s -o.ne on t$e +.ropean

-ontinent $e evol.tion o o&ern*&a! nation*states an& international law

ater t$e Pea-e o 8estp$alia o 1'45 w$i-$ en&e& t$e $irt!

ears 8ar

o $e Erating an& Pro.lgation o t$e Civil o&esD Napoleons 104 ivil o&e

Si t$e a7le o ontents at $ttp:// wwwnapoleon*

seriesorg/resear-$/governent/-Y-o&e$tl 8$at &i;erent s.7?e-ts !o. $ave alrea&! st.&ie& in law

s-$ool5 or anti-ipate st.&!ing5 appear in t$is -o&e 8$ere &o !o. s.ppose r.les on torts ig$t 7e o.n&

o orts o.n& in a 7roa& law o o7ligations aong

-ries an& .asi*-ries Sele-te& Arti-les ro t$e =ren-$ ivil o&e

o Arti-le 3: CStat.tes relating to p.7li- poli-! an&

saet! are 7in&ing on all t$ose living on t$eterritor! Iova7les are governe& 7! =ren-$ law

even w$en owne& 7! aliens Stat.tes relating to

t$e stat.s an& -apa-it! o persons govern =ren-$

persons5 even t$ose resi&ing in oreign -o.ntriesDo Arti-le 4: CA ?.&ge w$o re.ses to give ?.&gent on

t$e prete,t o legislation 7eing silent5 o7s-.re or

ins.U-ient5 a! 7e prosecuted for 4eing gui#ty

of a denia# of usticeDo Arti-le ": C.&ges are or7i&&en to &e-i&e -ases

s.7itte& to t$e 7! wa! o general an&reg.lator! provisionsD Prevents ?.&ge a&e law

o Arti-le ': CStat.tes relating to p.7li- poli-! an&

orals a! not 7e &erogate& ro 7! private

agreeentsD (.s ogens) $e Sprea& o ivil o&es

$e Geran ivil o&e o 100

$e Swiss an& A.strian ivil o&es

Hn-o&i6e& CRoan E.t-$D Maw in t$e Net$erlan&s an&

So.t$ Ari-a

$e =o.n&ers Onowle&ge o Roan Maw an& t$e ivilo&es: $oas e;ersons li7rar! -ontaine& an! wors

on Roan law an& t$e -ivil law5 in-l.&ing .stinians

Corpus 9uris Civilisan& t$e =ren-$ ivil o&e o 104o $e Role o onstit.tions an& A.,iliar! Stat.tes in ivil Maw S!stes

onstit.tions: $e In>.en-e o t$e HS onstit.tion an& t$e

14 Hniversal Ee-laration o .an Rig$ts A.,iliar! Stat.tes t$at S.ppleent t$e ivil o&e
http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_code.htmlhttp://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_code.htmlhttp://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_code.htmlhttp://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_code.htmlhttp://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_code.html


23/49

+,aples o A.,iliar! Stat.tes in =ran-e

-o&e o -ivil pro-e&.re (not to 7e -on.se& wit$ t$e -ivil

-o&e) -o&e o -riinal pro-e&.re

-riinal -o&e (w$i-$ &e6nes -ries)

-oer-ial -o&e environental -o&e

law on traU- a--i&ents

an! ot$er spe-iali@e& stat.tes $e =ren-$ onstit.tion o 1"

PR+A9BM+: C$e =ren-$ people solenl! pro-lai t$eir

atta-$ent to t$e Rig$ts o 9an an& t$e prin-iples o

national sovereignt! as &e6ne& 7! t$e Ee-laration o

15 -on6re& an& -opleente& 7! t$e Prea7le to

t$e onstit.tion o 14'5 an& to t$e rig$ts an& &.ties as

&e6ne& in t$e $arter or t$e +nvironent o 2004 B!

virt.e o t$ese prin-iples an& t$at o t$e sel*

&eterination o peoples5 t$e Rep.7li- o;ers to t$e

overseas territories w$i-$ $ave e,presse& t$e will to

a&$ere to t$e new instit.tions o.n&e& on t$e -oon

i&eal o li7ert!5 e.alit! an& raternit! an& -on-eive& or

t$e p.rpose o t$eir &eo-rati- &evelopentD ARIM+ 1: C=ran-e s$all 7e an in&ivisi7le5 se-.lar5

&eo-rati- an& so-ial Rep.7li- It s$all ens.re t$e

e.alit! o all -iti@ens 7eore t$e law5 wit$o.t &istin-tion

o origin5 ra-e or religion It s$all respe-t all 7elies It s$all

7e organise& on a &e-entralise& 7asis Stat.tes s$allproote e.al a--ess 7! woen an& en to ele-tive

oU-es an& posts as well as to position o proessional an&

so-ial responsi7ilit!Do #rgani@ation o S.7stantive Maw in ivil Maw o.ntries


24/49

P.7li- Maw

onstit.tional Maw

A&inistrative Maw

riinal Maw Private Maw

ivil Maw (t!pi-all! -overe& in t$e ivilo&e)

o Maw o Personso =ail! Mawo 9arital Propert! Mawo Propert! Mawo S.--ession Mawo Maw o #7ligations

orts (Eeli-ts) ontra-ts Hn?.st +nri-$ent

oer-ial Maw Ma7or Maw

Governental str.-t.res

Parliaent

+,e-.tive

.&i-ial Bran-$

9onis vers.s E.aliso 9onis* treaties a.toati-all! rati6e&o E.alis* treaties re.ire rati6-ation o soe

politi-al 7o&!

o (HS is a $!7ri& s!ste) $e Role o t$e +.ropean onvention on .an Rig$ts (1"0)

A&opte& as t$e law in +H statesF -reates t$e +.ropean

-o.rt o $.an rig$tso #rgani@ation o t$e o.rts in ivil Maw o.ntries

#r&inar! o.rts A&inistrative o.rts oer-ial o.rts onstit.tional o.rts

$e =ren-$ o.rt S!ste

o.r &e assation (S.pree #r&inar! o.rt)

Seat o t$e =ren-$ onseil &+tat (S.pree A&inistrative

o.rt) $e Geran =e&eral onstit.tional o.rt

o #rgani@ation o t$e Megal Proession an& Megal +&.-ation in ivil Maw

an& oon Maw o.ntries Eivi&e& vers.s Hnitar!


25/49

Eivi&e&o Avo.Zs vers.s Avo-ats in =ran-eo Soli-itors vers.s Barristers in t$e HO

Hnitar!o Geran!o

$e Hnite& States $e Iportant Role o Notaries in ivil Maw S!stes

9ore t$an ?.st witnessing signat.res #ten e,plain

-ontra-t.al provisions an& legal ipli-ations oparative Megal +&.-ation

Hn&ergra&.ate vers.s Gra&.ate (HS)

#ne or wo ears o Pra-ti-al raining

Spe-ial S-$ools or .&ges an& Prose-.tors

Saple Megal .rri-.l. at t$e Sor7onneo Intro&.-tion to Maw an& to ivil Mawo =ren-$ onstit.tional Maw

o istori-al Intro&.-tion to Mawo International Relationso +-onoi- S-ien-eso =oreign Mang.ages (+nglis$5 =ren-$5 or Geran)o .ri&i-al 9et$o&olog! o onstit.tional Maw an&

ivil Mawo =ail! Mawo Intro&.-tion to +.ropean Maw

o on-l.&ing W.estion or Re>e-tion 8$at in>.en-e $ave -ivil law s!stes $a& on HS law

$ere is a $ig$l! organi@e& HS o&e (HS)

Stat.tes are organi@e& in a ver! siilar as$ion to -ivil law-o.ntries 8$at are soe o t$e &i;erent wa!s in w$i-$ a nowle&ge o

-ivil law s!stes ig$t 7e .se.l to !o. in !o.r ever!&a!

pra-ti-e in Ne7rasa ommon ?aw Systems and the U3S3 ?ega# System


26/49

o

o $e #rigins o t$e oon Maw in +nglan& A ret.rn to in&igeno.s law ater t$e &epart.re o t$e Roans

aro.n& 400 AE R.le 7! t$e Norans as o 10'' CMaw =ren-$D: A Mega-! o Noran R.le

+,aples: C?.r!D an& Cvoir direD Megal Eevelopents .n&er t$e Norans


27/49

+sta7lis$ent o ro!al -o.rts to s.ppleent tra&itional

-o.rts5 w$i-$ oten ipleente& Ctrial 7! or&ealD Hse o lo-al ?.ries to &eterine a-ts

ontin.ing role or e--lesiasti-al -o.rts

Role o t$e Mor& $an-ellor

$e -oon law in e;e-t allowe& ?.&ges to C-reateD law In -ivil law s!stes t$e role o t$e ?.&ge is .-$ ore

restri-te&5 an& t$ere $istori-all! $as even 7een a oral

pro$i7ition on ?.&ges CaingD law 8$ere &i& we see

t$is in t$e =ren-$ ivil o&e B.t t$ere is a -oon law tra&ition o ?.&ge as C.pireD

wit$ respe-t to a-t*6n&ing oparison wit$ proinent a-t*6n&ing role o ?.&ge in

-ivil law s!steso $e 8rit S!ste

$e s!ste .n&er w$i-$ onl! -ertain -lais -o.l& 7e $ear&

a& to at-$ an e,isting writo +,aples o writs:o writ o trespass (or &ire-t &aage)o writ o Ctrespass on t$e -aseD (or in&ire-t &aage5

in-l.&ing soe 7rea-$ o -ontra-t -lais)o writ o ha$eas corpus

#ver tie5 a7o.t " writs were -reate& +nglan& a7olis$e& t$e writ s!ste in 132 In t$e HS5 t$e writ*7ase& -on-ept o Cors o a-tionD was

eliinate& in -ivil pro-e&.re $e New or =iel& o&e o 14

was one o t$e 6rst -ivil pro-e&.re -o&es to &o so5 lea&ing to

CopenD or C-o&eD plea&ingo $e In&.-tive St!le o oon Maw Reasoning

C$e t$eor! o o.r s!ste is t$at t$e law -onsists not in t$e

a-t.al r.les enor-e& 7! &e-isions o t$e -o.rts at an! one tie5

7.t t$e prin-iples ro w$i-$ t$ese r.les >owF t$at ol& prin-iples

are applie& to new -ases5 an& t$e r.les res.lting ro s.-$

appli-ation are o&i6e& ro tie to tie as -$ange&

-on&itions an& new states o a-t re.ireD Williams v Miles5 '

Ne7 4'3 (103)o Stare Decisis

8$at is stare decisis $e 7in&ing or-e o pre-e&ent $e evol.tion o stare decisis

Eevelope& o.t o a nee& to -opile .ni6e& r.les 8illia Bla-stone5 Commentaries on the 1aws o+ .ngland(1'"

to 1') Rea&5 -opile an& rationali@e &e-isions to iner w$at t$e

law is


28/49

Not reall! a -o&e5 7.t an in&.-tive -o&e (treatises5

restateents) +vol.tion o .ni.e -oon law -on-epts on torts5 -ontra-ts5

an& propert! law +,aple o propert! (grants ro t$e Oing)

o $e Eevelopent o +.it! o.rts Iportant legal -on-epts &evelope& 7! e.it! -o.rts

Ree&! o spe-i6- peroran-e o -ontra-ts

Ree&! o in?.n-tions to prevent irrepara7le $ar

Eis-over!

r.sts5 w$i-$ separate ClegalD an& Ce.ita7leD owners$ipo $e Britis$ o.rt S!ste

$e Britis$ o.rt o Appeal $e =orer Mor&s o Appeal in #r&inar! (CMaw Mor&sD) (Mor&s

were also legislators) #-t 200* $e -reation o a S.pree o.rt o t$e HO (as a

separate 7ran-$ o governent)o $e Britis$ Governental S!ste

$e rown $e Role o Parliaent an& Parliaentar! S.prea-!

Parliaent -an t$eoreti-all! &o w$atever it wants to &oo No one -an strie &own an& a-t o parliaent

o $e In>.en-e o t$e oon Maw on HS Maw $e lega-! o Britis$ -oloni@ation an& t$e -.rrent Britis$

oonwealt$ Ne7 Rev Stat 4*101 &e-lares: CSo .-$ o t$e -oon law

o +nglan& as is appli-a7le an& not in-onsistent wit$ t$e

onstit.tion o t$e Hnite& States5 wit$ t$e organi- law o t$isstate5 or wit$ an! law passe& or to 7e passe& 7! t$e Megislat.re

o t$is state5 is a&opte& an& &e-lare& to 7e law wit$in t$e State

o Ne7rasaD Roper v Sions (HS S.pp t 200")* pro$i7ition o ?.venile

e,e-.tions Mooe& at 1' rig$ts a-tF looe& at HO parliaent

A o7ination o oon Maw an& ivil Maw In>.en-es on

Ne7rasa Maw 8$at are soe -ivil law eat.res o Ne7rasa law t$at

&isting.is$ it ro t$e +nglis$ -oon law an&

-onteporar! HO lawo Ne7rasa revise& stat.eso on-epts o $.an rig$ts

$e $istori-al in>.en-e o t$e -ivil law in Ne7rasao $e Roan or -ivil law s!ste was in or-e in t$is

territor! prior to t$e Mo.isiana p.r-$ase * Ros-oe

Po.n&


29/49

"ndigenous ?aw (inc#uding Nati&e %merican ?aw)

o 200 L HN Ee-laration on t$e Rig$ts o In&igeno.s Peoples 8$i-$ aong ot$er t$ings5 &e-lares t$eir &esire to preserve

t$eir own legal tra&itionso ARA+RISIS #= INEIG+N#HS MA8

8$at are soe e! val.es proote& 7! in&igeno.s law

+p$asis on &isp.te resol.tion an& -ons.ltation as

oppose& to an a&versarial s!ste ons.ltation is soet$ing t$at $as in6ltrate& HS law

o #pen*in&e& -ons.ltation an& e,pression o

opinions (t$e t$eoreti-al i&eal o t$e legislat.re)o .r! s!ste (woring o.t t$e iss.es5 et-)

ow are in&igeno.s -o.nities t!pi-all! governe&

o.n-ils o +l&ers (istori-all! .nele-te&)

$ies* $owever t$e! .st oten -ons.lt el&ers 8$at are soe -oon eat.res o in&igeno.s laws treatent

o -ries Not governe& 7! a -lear -riinal -o&e

reate& as in?.ries to spe-i6- people5 ailies or t$e

-o.nit!o 8or o.t agreeents 7etween o;en&ers an&

vi-tiso Preeren-e or &ialog.e

+,* Pra-ti-e o Ga-a-a in Rwan&a 8$at are -oon in&igeno.s views o lan& owners$ip

A -o.nal interest $el& in tr.st* no private owners$ipo $e preservation o in&igeno.s law in an! orer -olonies

In&igeno.s law in Ari-an legal s!stes Preservation o in&. an& 9.sli law in In&ia

o Aeri-an In&ian Maw $e prin-iple o tri7al sovereignt!

$e HS S.pp t $as re-ogni@e& t$e in$erent sovereignt!

o In&ian nations an& t$e rig$t o reservation In&ians to

ae t$eir own laws an& 7e r.le& 7! t$e* 8illias v

Mee (1") $e plenar! legislative power o ongress over tri7es

CPlenar! a.t$orit! over t$e tri7al relations o t$e In&ians

$as 7een e,er-ise& 7! ongress ro t$e 7eginning5 an&

t$e power $as alwa!s 7een &eee& a politi-al one5 nots.7?e-t to 7e -ontrolle& 7! t$e ?.&i-ial &epartent o t$e

governentD * 1one Wol+ v #itchcoc/5 1 HS ""35 "'"

(103) Hse o t$e -.stoar! international law &o-trines o C&is-over!D

an& C-on.estD to legitiate HS title over Native Aeri-an

lan&s


30/49

CQ$e Hnite& States aintain5 as all ot$ers $ave

aintaine&5 t$at &is-over! gave an e,-l.sive rig$t to

e,ting.is$ t$e In&ian title o o--.pan-!5 eit$er 7!

p.r-$ase or 7! -on.estF an& gave also a rig$t to s.-$ a

&egree o sovereignt!5 as t$e -ir-.stan-es o t$e people

wo.l& allow t$e to e,er-ise on.est gives a titlew$i-$ t$e o.rts o t$e -on.eror -annot &en! $e

title 7! -on.est is a-.ire& an& aintaine& 7! or-eD *

9ohnson v M;*ntosh5 21 HS "435 "* (123) United States e rel Standing )ear v Croo/(E Ne7 1)

@%n "ndian is a EpersonFwit$in t$e eaning o t$e laws

o t$e Hnite& States5 an& $as5 t$ereore5 t$e rig$t to s.e

o.t a writ o $a7eas -orp.s in a e&eral -o.rt5 or 7eore a

e&eral ?.&ge5 in all -ases w$ere $e a! 7e -on6ne& or in

-.sto&! .n&er -olor o a.t$orit! o t$e Hnite& States5 or

w$ere $e is restraine& o li7ert! in violation o t$e

-onstit.tion or laws o t$e Hnite& StatesD * United States

e rel Standing )ear v Croo/5 2" = as '"5 00*01 (E

Ne7 1) ri7al sovereignt!5 governan-e5 an& -o.rts to&a!

$e HS re-ogni@es ore t$an "'0 tri7al governents

$ereore t$ere are ore t$an '00 CsovereigntiesD in t$e

HS5 in-l.&ing t$e e&eral governent5 state

governents5 an& tri7al governents 8$at are t!pi-al eat.res o tri7al governents to&a!

o !pi-all! a -o.n-il (nowa&a!s t$e!


31/49

$e W.ran $e Sunna(7e$avior an& sa!ings o t$e Prop$etF re-or&e& in

Ctra&itionsD or C$a&it$sD) C*jma5D or -onsens.s o t$e 9.sli -o.nit!5 an& C


32/49

(7) No law a! 7e ena-te& t$at -ontra&i-ts t$e prin-iples

o &eo-ra-! (-) No law a! 7e ena-te& t$at -ontra&i-ts t$e rig$ts an&

7asi- ree&os stip.late& in t$is onstit.tiono Islai- ivil Pro-e&.re

$e role o t$e "adi(?.&ge) #ral pro-ee&ingsF inoral

an investigate a-ts

Applies Islai- law to t$e -ase at $an& (no stare &e-isis) 8$at are soe siilarities to an& &i;eren-es ro -oon law

pro-e&.re No notion o ollowing pre-e&ent

Parties -an present evi&en-e an& spea

Appeals allowe& $e role o t$e mu+ti

+.ivalent o a legal s-$olar in t$e HSo Governent in Islai- o.ntries

ivil law or -oon law in>.en-es 9an! a&opt a 8estern*st!le -o.rt s!ste5 s.-$ as t$e =ren-$

s!ste o or&inar! an& a&inistrative -o.rts $e role o shura(-ons.ltation) in ?.sti!ing ele-te& parliaents

or asse7lies $e majlis(parliaent) in t$e Islai- Rep.7li- o Iran

onsists o 20 e7ers ele-te& or ters o o.r !ears

In-l.&es representatives o t$e ewis$5 $ristian5 an&

\oroastrian -o.nitieso Islai- law an& international $.an rig$ts law

Potential -opati7ilities +.al $.an &ignit! 7ase& on .nit! o t$e $.an ail!

A tr.st t$eor! o governent 7ase& on ?.sti-e

=ree&o o religion5 as e,presse& in t$e W.rani- verse

CNo -op.lsion is t$ere in religionD (2:2") Soe rig$ts or woen5 in-l.&ing to wor an& own

propert! ensions

Eenial o ree&o o religion in pra-ti-e

P.nis$ent o Capostas!D

Eis-riination against non*9.slis in pra-ti-e

r.el -riinal p.nis$ents (s.-$ as stoning)

S.7?.gation o woen in pra-ti-eo $inese Maw

$e Relevan-e o $inese Maw $e In>.en-e o on.-ianis

Oe! +leents o on.-ian So-ial ea-$ingso $e tea-$ings o li(rit.al) an& ren($.aneness)


33/49

o An ep$asis on so-ial roleso R.lers are to lea& 7! e,aple5 not or-eo CIn $earing -ases I a as goo& as an!one else5 7.t

w$at is reall! nee&e& is to 7ring a7o.t t$at t$ere

are no -asesD L on.-i.so

ension wit$ t$e ClegalistsD $e In>.en-e o t$e CMegalistsD an& $inas E!nasties

$e tri.p$ o t$e legalists in t$e $in E!nast! (221 B

L 20' B) an& an ep$asis on +a(law) ipleente& 7!

or-e Oe! eat.res o $inese law .n&er t$e iperial -o&es (.ntil

111) $e Great 9ing o&e (13) an& t$e Wing o&e (111)

$e role o stat.tes an& -.stoar! law

A o-.s on a&inistrative law

No separation o ?.&i-ial an& e,e-.tive power

Inoral reg.lation o.tsi&e t$e -o&es o -ontra-ts57.siness5 tenan-!5 &e7ts5 ail! law5 partners$ips

Inoral resol.tion o &isp.tes &rawing on on.-ian

prin-iples ollapse o t$e $inese +pireF t$e ipleentation o t$e CSIJ

MawsD 9o&ele& on western -o&esF 7orrowe& ro apan5 w$i-$ in

t.rn 7orrowe& ro Geran! $ina Hn&er o.nis (sin-e 14) an& t$e +vol.tion o

CSo-ialist MawD Repeale& an! laws

9o&ele& laws ater Soviets

#t$ers saw so-ialist law as a variant o -ivil law $e $inese Megal S!ste o&a!

Revival o t$e CSi, MawsD

Growt$ o law s-$ools (HNM a! partner wit$ one o

t$e) Revival o on.-ian i&eas

raining o ?.&ges an& law!ers

Hp&ating o t$e ivil o&e

S.pree Peoples o.rto

General Prin-iples o ivil Maw o t$e PR wit$Provisions on Propert! (200) an& orts (2010)*

Eeonstrates $ow re-ent t$ese legal

&evelopents are omparati&e Tort ?aw

o $e Relevan-e o oparative ort Maw Review o -oparative tort iss.es weve alrea&! &is-.sse&:

$e AS an& t$e ort.re %i-ti Prote-tion A-t


34/49

on>i-t o laws r.les an& t$e appli-ation o oreign tort

lawo reaties Relating to ertain ransnational ort lais L t$e 9ontreal

onvention Revisite& $e 9ontreal onvention

=oral Nae: Convention or t$e Hni6-ation o ertainR.les or International arriage 7! AirD

$is was t$e treat! at iss.e in )aah v =irgin 'tlantic

'irwa0s5 43 =S.pp2& "1 (SE N 200) Eo !o. ree7er w$! t$e -o.rt in )aaho.n& t$at it

la-e& s.7?e-t atter ?.ris&i-tion .n&er t$ese provisions Is t$e 9ontreal onvention sel*e,e-.ting Eoes it -reate

a private rig$t o a-tion ow &o we nowo es5 S+5 PRAo oittee Reports (Bi&en])

o =e&eral Stat.tes Relating to ertain ransnational ort lais

$e Alien ort Stat.te $e ort.re %i-ti Prote-tion A-t $e =oreign Sovereign I.nities A-t o 1' (=SIA)

It is -o&i6e& at 2 HS 1'02*1'11

It iposes restri-tions on t$e a7ilit! o plainti;s to s.e

oreign governents in HS -o.rts In general5 it provi&es t$at oreign governents are

i.ne ro -ivil s.it .nless an e,-eption is appli-a7le Se-tion 1'04 provi&es t$e general i.nit! r.le:

o S.7?e-t to e,isting international agreeents to

w$i-$ .nite& states is a part! at t$e tie o

ena-tent o t$is a-t a oreign state s$all 7e

i.ne ro t$e .ris&i-ito o t$e -o.rts o t$e

.nite& state an& o t$e states e,-ept as provi&e&T

S++ SMIE+ #ne e,-eption is or -oer-ial a-tivities o

governents $e Anti*erroris A-t o 11

It is -o&i6e& at 1 HS 2331 et se

It esta7lis$es a -a.se o a-tion or a HS national w$o

was in?.re& 7! reason o an a-t o international terroris

See 2333(a)o wo e! e,-eptions relevant to -ross*7or&er tort -lais:

$e tortio.s -on&.-t e,-eption

Se-tion 1'0"(a)(") provi&es an e,-eption or an a-tion Cin

w$i-$ one! &aages are so.g$t against a oreign state

orpersonal injur0 or death5 or damage to or loss o+

propert0; occurring in the United Statesan& -a.se&

7! t$e tortious act or omissiono t$at oreign state or o


35/49

an! oU-ial or eplo!ee o t$at oreign state w$ile a-ting

wit$in t$e s-ope o $is oU-e or eplo!entD (+p$asis

a&&e&) $e terrorist a-t e,-eption

Se-tion 1'0"A(a)(1) provi&es: CA oreign state s$all not

7e i.ne ro t$e ?.ris&i-tion o -o.rts o t$e Hnite&States or o t$e States in an! -ase not ot$erwise -overe&

7! t$is -$apter in w$i-$ one! &aages are so.g$t

against a oreign state or personal in?.r! or &eat$ t$at

was -a.se& 7! an a-t o tort.re5 e,tra?.&i-ial illing5

air-rat sa7otage5 $ostage taing5 or t$e provision o

aterial s.pport or reso.r-es or s.-$ an a-t i s.-$ a-t or

provision o aterial s.pport or reso.r-es is engage& in

7! an oU-ial5 eplo!ee5 or agent o s.-$ oreign state

w$ile a-ting wit$in t$e s-ope o $is or $er oU-e5

eplo!ent5 or agen-!D In general5 t$e c#aim must 4e 4y a U3S3 nationa#5 an&

the foreign state must ha&e 4een designated as a

state sponsor of terrorismat t$e tie t$e a-t

o--.rre& See 2 HS 1'0"A(a)(2) $e =SIA also provi&es t$at Ct$e ters tort.re an&

^e,tra?.&i-ial illing $ave t$e eaning given t$ose ters

in se-tion 3 o t$e ort.re %i-ti Prote-tion A-t o 11

(2 HS 13"0 note)D 2 HS 1'0"A($)()o $e Relations$ip Between t$e AS an& t$e =SIA

I an alien 7rings a -lai against a oreign governent or a

violation o -.stoar! international $.an rig$ts law5 t$en 7ot$t$e AS an& t$e =SIA will appl!

owever5 .n&er t$e =SIA5 t$e plainti; will $ave to eet t$e

ters o at least one o t$e e,-eptions to sovereign i.nit!

%TS T-P% =S"%

Gho

can

sueH

#nl! an

alien

A HS iti@en an& an alien A HS iti@

.n&er t$e

terrorist

e,-eption

an!one .

t$e tortio-on&.-t

e,-eptionGho

can 4e

suedH

A person

_silent in

regar&s

w$et$er

"ndi&idua#sa-ting .n&er -olor o

title _not -orporations or govt

agen-ies

=oreign

governe

#NM MI9

SIHAI#


36/49

-orps -an

7e s.e&

(we learn

t$ree)


37/49

sponsor o

terroris

t$e tie o

t$e a-t

"s

Pri&at

e right

of

action

create

dH

es

7e-a.se

t$is is an

ipleent

ing stat.te

es 7e-a.se t$is is an

ipleenting stat.te

es 7e-a

t$is is an

ipleen

stat.te

S>'H es 1331 es5 i wit

e,-eptionP'H Personal

servi-e Qi

alien E L

.st 7e

present in

t$e HS

Personal servi-e 9a! i&nap

&een&ant to serve

So? 10 !ears 10 !ears ,ther

re9uir

ement

sH

Per

>io$els

$ol&ing:

-lai.st

to.-$ an&

-on-ern

t$e HS

9.st $ave e,$a.ste& lo-al

ree&ies Qi reasona7le 7eore

7ringing a -lai 7eore t$e HS

o.rts ort.re/-rie .st $ave o--.rre&

outside of the US

HS

Govern

-an asser

Ca-t o stas a gro.

to &isiss

-ase

B.t note t$at .n&er t$e tortio.s -on&.-t e,-eption t$e

governents -on&.-t .st $ave o--.rre& in t$e Hnite&

States Also5 .n&er t$e terrorist a-t e,-eption onl! a HS national

-an s.e5 not an alien So t$e =S"% may 4ar many; if not most; %TS c#aims against

go&ernments owever5 AS -lais against in&ivi&.als or -orporations are not

7arre& 7! t$e =SIA%#ien Tort Statute

o +sta7lis$es original &istri-t -o.rt ?.ris&i-tion over Can! -ivil a-tion 7!an alien or a tort onl!5 -oitte& in violation o t$e law o nations or atreat! o t$e Hnite& StatesD

o 8$o -an s.e .n&er t$e AS


38/49

#nl! an alieno 8$at in& o a-tion -an 7e 7ro.g$t .n&er AS

#nl! a -ivil -lai or &aages5 not a -riinal -oplainto Against w$o -an t$e -lai 7e asserte&

A persono #n w$at gro.n&s -an a -lai 7e 7ro.g$t .n&er t$e AS

=or a CtortD -oitte& in violation o t$e Claw o nationsD Lgenerall! .n&erstoo& to en-opass -.stoar! international law

o $e AS grants S9 to e&eral &istri-t -o.rts to $ear s.-$ -laiso B.t ?.st lie wit$ an! ot$er -ase5 !o. nee& P over t$e &een&ant

I !o. $ave an alien E5 t$at eans t$at norall! t$e E .stp$!si-all! 7e present in t$e HS an& .st 7e serve& wit$s.ons an& -oplaint $ere

o In a&&ition to S9 an& P5 or a -lai to 7e $ear& 7! a -o.rt5 t$ere .st7e a legall! re-ogni@e& -lai t$at e,ists in t$e 6rst pla-e Qprivate rig$to a-tion Lin t$is -ase5 tort.re is a -lear violation o a -.stoar!international $.an rig$ts r.le t$at pro$i7its tort.re instigate& 7!

governent oU-ials In =ilartiga5 t$e -o.rt $el& t$at t$e nor t$at is allege&l! 7eing

violate& $as to 7e s.U-ientl! &e6nite to s.pport a -a.se oa-tion

o o.rts -an &isiss -ivil s.its 7ase& on: CA-t o stateD &o-trine sovereign i.nit! &o-trineF an& forum non con&eniens

he doctrine o+ +orum non conveniens re+ers to the

discretionar0 power o+ a court to decline jurisdiction whenthe convenience o+ the parties and the ends o+ justicewould $e $etter served i+ the action were $rought andtried in another +orum 8$et$er a s.it s$o.l& 7eentertaine& or &isisse& .n&er t$e r.le o or. non-onveniens &epen&s largel! .pon t$e a-ts o t$eparti-.lar -ase Hnless t$e 7alan-e is strongl! in avor ot$e E5 $owever5 t$e Ps -$oi-e o or. s$o.l& rarel! 7e&ist.r7e&

The Torture -ictim Protection %ct IT-P%JLipleenting legislation ort$e onvention Against ort.re

o Can in&ivi&.al w$o5 .n&er a-t.al or apparent a.t$orit!5 or -olor o law5o an! oreign nation (1) s.7?e-ts an in&ivi&.al to tort.re s$all5 in a -ivil

a-tion5 7e lia7le or &aages to t$at in&ivi&.alD $e %PA &oes not -over p.rel! private -riinal a-ts 7!

in&ivi&.als or nongovernental organi@ationso Ca -o.rt s$all &e-line to $ear a -lai .n&er t$is se-tion i t$e -laiant

$as not e,$a.ste& a&e.ate an& availa7le ree&ies in t$e pla-e inw$i-$ t$e -on&.-t giving rise to t$e -lai o--.rre&D

o Cno a-tion s$all 7e aintaine& .n&er t$e provision .nless it is-oen-e& wit$in 10 !ears ater t$e -a.se o a-tion aroseD


39/49

o w$ile t$e AS provi&es a ree&! to aliens onl!5 %PA wo.l& e,ten& a-ivil ree&! also to HS iti@ens w$o $ave 7een tort.re& a7roa&

In ot$er wor&s5 7ot$5 aliens an& HS iti@ens -an s.e .n&er t$e%PA

o 8$o -an s.e .n&er t$e AS #nl! in&ivi&.als A HS iti@en or an alien

o 8$o -an 7e s.e& #nl! in&ivi&.als (not t$e governent)

o 8$at in& o a-tion -an 7e 7ro.g$t .n&er AS #nl! a -ivil -lai or &aages5 not a -riinal -oplaint

o Against w$o -an t$e -lai 7e asserte& A person

o #n w$at gro.n&s -an a -lai 7e 7ro.g$t .n&er t$e AS =or orts an& e,tra&ional illings .n&er -olor o a.t$orit!

o #t$er re.ireents 9.st $ave e,$a.ste& lo-al ree&ies Qi reasona7le 7eore

7ringing a -lai 7eore a HS o.rto SoM

10 !ears

_N#+: alien vi-tis o tort.re wit$in ten !ears prior to laws.it essentiall! $ave t$e

option o s.ing .n&er eit$er t$e AS or t$e %PA (s.7?e-t to t$e S#HS $ol&ing in

>io$el) an& -an also plea& -lais .n&er 7ot$ stat.tes in a single -oplaint

=oreign So&ereign "mmunities %ct I=S"% K 1.01.11J:

o Iposes restri-tions on t$e a7ilit! o Ps to s.e oreign governents int$e HS

o In general5 it provi&es t$at oreign governents are i.ne ro -ivils.it un#essan e,-eption is appli-a7le

Cs.7?e-t to e,isting international agreeents to w$i-$ t$eHnite& States is a part! at t$e tie o ena-tent o t$is A-t aoreign state s$all 7e i.ne ro t$e ?.ris&i-tion o t$e -o.rtso t$e Hnite& States an& o t$e States e,-ept as provi&e& inse-tions 1'0" to 1'0 o t$is -$apterD

o Three e2ceptions: =or torts re#ated to commercia# acti&ities

Tortious onduct 2ception: An a-tion Cin w$i-$ one! &aages are so.g$t against a

oreign state or personal in?.r! or &eat$5 or &aage to orloss o propert!5 occurring in the United States %NDcaused 4y the tortious act or omission of thatforeign state or of any oLcia# or emp#oyee of thatforeign state whi#e acting within the scope of hisoLce or emp#oymentA


40/49

%nother e2ception is for terrorist acts committed 4y a

foreign go&ernment; even i a7roa&5 against a US nationa#

A foreign state shall not be immune from the jurisdiction of courts of the

United States or of the States in any case not otherwise covered by this

chapter in which money damages are sought against a foreign state for

personal injury or death that was caused by an act of torture, extrajudicial

killing, aircraft sabotage, hostage taking, or the provision of material

support or resources for such an act if such act or provision of material

support or resources is engaged in by an official, employee, or agent of

such foreign state while acting within the scope of his or her office,

employment, or agency. 2 U.S.!. "#$%&A'a('#(.

o )n general, a claim must be by a U.S. national, and the foreign

state must have been designated as a state sponsor of terrorism at

the time the act occurred

*ote that if an alien brings a claim against a foreign government for a

violation of customary international human rights law, then both the A+S

and the S)A will apply

-owever, because S)A generally immunies governments from suit, the / will

have to meet the terms of at least one of the exceptions to sovereign immunity

o $e A-t o State an& Politi-al W.estion Eo-trines +ven i a -lai is allowe& .n&er t$e =SIA5 t$e governent -o.l&

assert t$e Ca-t o stateD &o-trine as an aUrative &eense $is &o-trine essentiall! arises o.t o a -on-ern t$at HS -o.rts

not interere wit$ t$e -on&.-t o oreign a;airs 7! t$e HS

+,e-.tive Bran-$ o.rts a! also invoe t$e Cpoliti-al .estionD &o-trine to

&e-line to $ear s.-$ a -ase i t$e! 7elieve t$at t$e iss.es

involve& are priaril! politi-al rat$er t$an ?.&i-ial

o ort on-epts in ivil Maw S!stes +,aple: Provisions o t$e =ren-$ ivil o&e orts are &ealt wit$ in itle I% o t$e =ren-$ ivil o&e5 w$i-$ is

entitle&5 C# Hn&ertaings =ore& wit$o.t an AgreeentD Arti-le 130 intro&.-es t$is title 7! stating: Certain

.n&ertaings are ore& wit$o.t t$e intervention o an!

agreeent5 eit$er on t$e part o $i w$o 7in&s $isel5 or on

t$e part o $i towar&s w$o $e is 7o.n& Soe o t$e res.lt

ro t$e sole a.t$orit! o legislationF ot$ers arise ro an a-t

personal to t$e one w$o is o7ligate& Hn&ertaings arising

ro an a-t personal to $i w$o is 7o.n& res.lt eit$er ro

.asi*-ontra-ts5 or ro intentional or .nintentional wrongsFt$e! -onstit.te t$e s.7?e-t*atter o t$is itleD

wo ategories o Non*ontra-t.al #7ligations .n&er t$e =ren-$

ivil o&e W.asi*ontra-ts

C# Intentional an& Hnintentional 8rongs Q# ortsD


41/49

Art 132: CAn! a-t w$atever o an5 w$i-$ -a.ses &aage to

anot$er5 o7liges t$e one 7! w$ose a.lt it o--.rre&5 to

-opensate itD on e,a or s.re Art 133: C+ver!one is lia7le or t$e &aage $e -a.ses not onl!

7! $is intentional a-t5 7.t also 7! $is negligent -on&.-t or 7! $is

ipr.&en-eD Art 134: CA person is lia7le not onl! or t$e &aages $e -a.ses

7! $is own a-t5 7.t also or t$at w$i-$ is -a.se& 7! t$e a-ts o

persons or w$o $e is responsi7le5 or 7! t$ings w$i-$ are in $is

-.sto&!D Sele-te& #t$er Provisions o Art 134

(A-t no 0*4" o 4 .ne 10) $e at$er an& ot$er5 in

so ar as t$e! e,er-ise Cparental a.t$orit!D (A-t no 2002*

30" o 4 9ar-$ 2002)5 are ?ointl! an& severall! lia7le or

t$e &aage -a.se& 7! t$eir inor -$il&ren w$o live wit$

t$e (A-t o " April 13) $e a7ove lia7ilit! e,ists5

.nless t$e at$er an& ot$er or t$e -ratsen prove t$at

t$e! -o.l& not prevent t$e a-t w$i-$ gives rise to t$at

lia7ilit! ea-$ers an& -ratsen5 or t$e &aage -a.se& 7! t$eir

p.pils an& apprenti-es &.ring t$e tie w$en t$e! are

.n&er t$eir s.pervision Soe W.estions A7o.t $ese Provisions

8$at &o !o. noti-e a7o.t t$e st!le o t$ese provisions

S$ort5 -lear5 not a lot o ela7oration Pro7le is a7ig.it!

(w$at is a.lt 8$at are t$ings -onsi&ere& in !o.r

-.sto&! +-t) Is t$ere an e.ivalent provision to Arti-le 132 in HS

stat.tor! law5 w$et$er e&eral5 or state I so5 w$ere I

not5 w$! not No5 o.rs is 7ase& on -oon law Are t$ere HS stat.tor! e.ivalents to t$e ot$er arti-les

ow &o t$ese provisions -opare wit$ t$e -oon law o

torts !o. $ave st.&ie& in !o.r orts -lass 8$at a--o.nts or an! &i;eren-es 7etween t$e given

!o.r st.&! o t$e respe-tive $istories o -ivil law s!stes

an& -oon law s!stes #t$er ort Maw Iss.es A&&resse& in ivil o&es an& A.,iliar!

Megislation Pro&.-t lia7ilit! -lais

ontri7.tor! or -oparative negligen-eo 8$at is t$e Ne7rasa r.le on -ontri7.tor!

negligen-e See Ne7 Rev Stat 2"*2151"0


42/49

o 8$! &i& Ne7rasa -reate a stat.tor! provision on

-ontri7.tor! negligen-e instea& o rel!ing on t$e

-oon lawo on>i-t o Maws R.les Regar&ing orts5 ontin.e&

o re-all5 se-tion 14"(1) o t$e Se-on& Restateent provi&es:

CCt$e rig$ts an& lia7ilities o t$e parties wit$ respe-t to an iss.ein tort are &eterine& 7! t$e lo-al law o t$e state w$i-$5 wit$

respe-t to t$at iss.e5 $as t$e ost signi6-ant relations$ip to t$e

o--.rren-e an& t$e parties .n&er t$e prin-iples state& in 'D Also re-all t$e general r.le or personal in?.ries .n&er se-tion

14' 8$at is t$at r.le oparative ontra-t Maw

o $e HN onvention on ontra-ts or t$e International Sale o Goo&s

(CISGD) A&opte& 7! t$e HN General Asse7l! in 10 8as inten&e& to repla-e national laws on -ontra-ts w$en it

applies an& -reate .nior r.les t$at wo.l& reove legal7arriers to international tra&e an& proote it

8as rati6e& 7! HS in 1' Is -onsi&ere& 7! HS -o.rts to 7e sel*e,e-.ting an& to -reate a

private -a.se o a-tion $ereore preepts state -ontra-t law w$ere it applies state parties as o 9ar-$ 315 2013 States to w$i-$ t$e ISG Applies

Hn&er Arti-le 1(1)5 t$e ISG applies to -ontra-ts o sale o

goo&s 7etween &i;erent states parties w$ose pla-es o

7.siness are in &i;erent States:o (a) w$en t$e States are ontra-ting StatesF oro (7) w$en t$e r.les o private international law

(-on>i-t o laws) lea& to t$e appli-ation o t$e law

o a ontra-ting State Hpon rati6-ation t$e HS a&e a reservation re?e-ting (7)

$ereore t$e ISG will onl! appl! to -ontra-ts o sale o

goo&s 7etween parties w$ose pla-es o 7.siness are in

t$e HS an& anot$er part! to t$e ISG #t$er -o.ntries t$at are parties to t$e ISG in-l.&e HS

neig$7ors ana&a an& 9e,i-o

Parties are free to &ary!modify ru#es "f they donMt do that; "S< wi## go&ern as part of the

supreme #aw of the #and ,ne maor dierence is U 0/

o Soe Siilarities an& Ei;eren-es in Approa-$es to ontra-t Maw

Between ivil Maw S!stes an& oon Maw S!stes onsi&eration in t$e -oon law an& t$e proinen-e o t$e

notarial seal in t$e -ivil law


43/49

Ree&ies or -ontra-t 7rea-$eso on>i-t o Maws Prin-iples Regar&ing ontra-t Maw

$e =irst Restateent provi&e& generall! t$at in &eterining t$e

vali&it! o a -ontra-t an& $ow to interpret it5 as well as w$at

ree&ies were availa7le .n&er it5 t$e law o t$e state w$ere t$e

-ontra-t was a&e applie& $e Se-on& Restateent provi&es or ore >e,i7ilit!5 an& gives

respe-t to -$oi-e o law -la.ses Se-tion 1' provi&es t$at Ciss.es in -ontra-t are &eterine& 7!

t$e law -$osen 7! t$e parties in a--or&an-e wit$ t$e r.le o

1 an& ot$erwise 7! t$e law sele-te& in a--or&an-e wit$ t$e

r.le o 1D Se-tion 1 states a general r.le in paragrap$ 1 t$at t$e parties

-an -$ose t$e law t$at will govern t$eir -ontra-t It sa!s: C(1)

$e law o t$e state -$osen 7! t$e parties to govern t$eir

-ontra-t.al rig$ts an& &.ties will 7e applie& i t$e parti-.lar

iss.e is one w$i-$ t$e parties -o.l& $ave resolve& 7! an e,pli-itprovision in t$eir agreeent &ire-te& to t$at iss.eD

o R.les or $oi-e o =or. la.ses in a ontra-t Se-tion 0 o t$e Se-on& Restateent provi&es: C$e parties

agreeent as to t$e pla-e o t$e a-tion will 7e given e;e-t

.nless it is .nair or .nreasona7leD ases in w$i-$ -o.rts $ave $el& -la.ses to 7e .nair or

.nreasona7le in-l.&e t$e .se o ra.&5 &.ress5 t$e a7.se o

e-onoi- power5 or t$e .se o ot$er .n-ons-iona7le et$o&s to

o7tain t$e -la.se oparative ivil Pro-e&.re an& Review o t$e o.rse

o An #verview o ivil Pro-e&.re in ivil Maw o.ntries an& Its Relevan-e

to HS ases Attorne!


44/49

o HS r.les (-oit!)o ivil law r.les (re-ipro-it! stat.tes)

Servi-e o pro-ess an& international ?.&i-ial -ooperation

International ?.&i-ial -ooperation an& letters rogator!

reaties t$at .rt$er international ?.&i-ial -ooperationo

1'" $a.ge -onvention on t$e servi-e a7roa& o?.&i-ial an& e,tra ?.&i-ial &o-.ents in -ivil an&

-oer-ial atterso R.le 4() o t$e e&eral r.les o -ivil pro-e&.re

provi&es in part t$at .nless e&eral law provi&es

ot$erwise an in&ivi&.al ot$er t$an a inor5 an

in-opetent person5 or a person w$ose awiver $as

7een 6le&Tsee sli&e Plea&ings an& oration o iss.es

#pen plea&ing $as alwa!s 7een t$e r.le in -ivil law

-o.ntries

.&ges tae an a-tive role in plea&ing an& -an -orre-t anattorne!


45/49

o CA part! w$o inten&s to raise an iss.e a7o.t a

oreign -o.ntr!s law .st give noti-e 7! a

plea&ing or ot$er writing In &eterining oreign

law5 t$e -o.rt a! -onsi&er an! relevant aterial

or so.r-e5 in-l.&ing testion! w$et$er or not

s.7itte& 7! a part! or a&issi7le .n&er t$ee&eral r.les o evi&en-e $e -o.rts &eterination

.st 7e treate& as a r.ling on a .estion o lawD Hse treaties to get assistan-e to gat$er evi&en-e

$e o.rt


46/49

o (2) HS r.les regar&ing $ow an& w$en international law is applie& in HS

-o.rtso (3) r.les o oreign law as t$e! are applie& in t$e legal s!stes o ot$er

-o.ntries5 in-l.&ing s!stes &rawing .pon t$e -ivil law5 -oon law5

in&igeno.s law5 Islai- law5 an& $inese law tra&itionsF an&

o (4) HS r.les5 regar&ing $ow an& w$en oreign law is applie& in HS-o.rts

8$at are t$e e! iss.es I now I $ave to tal a7o.t

S$ow soe &ept$ 9a!7e t$row in a senten-e a7o.t t$e $istor!

al a7o.t soe o t$e -on.sion C#ne one $an& plainti; ig$t arg.e t$is5

on t$e ot$er $an&TD

SA+=+R +JA9 WH+SI#NS =R#9 MAS +AR

1 ("0 pointsF a7o.t 30 in.tes) Ass.e -.rrent HS law -$arges a 20X tari; on iporte&

-apa-itors (Note: A tari; is sipl! a ta, ipose& on iporte& goo&s) In 20135 ongress

passes a law t$at states5 C$e Presi&ent -an pro-lai into law an! tari; -.t on -apa-itors5-op.ters5 televisions an& ot$er inoration te-$nolog! pro&.-ts5 provi&e& t$at s.-$ tari; -.t

is agree& to wit$in t$e 8orl& ra&e #rgani@ation (8#) negotiations 7! at least "0 ot$er

-o.ntriesD In late 201'5 t$e Presi&ent negotiates wit$ ot$er 8# -o.ntries .n&er t$e

a.spi-es o t$e 8# a tari; -.t on -apa-itors &own to 0X In t$e agreeent5 all -o.ntries

agree to re&.-e tari;s on -apa-itors &own to 0X $e Presi&ent signs t$e agreeent ater

law!ers &rat t$e 6nal agreeent an& two wees later rati6es t$e agreeent wit$o.t sen&ing

it to t$e Senate or t$e ongress or approval ater t$e &eal was rea-$e& Several e7ers o

ongress -riti-i@e t$e agreeent5 arg.ing t$e Presi&ent nee&e& to s.7it it to t$e ongress

or approval prior to rati6-ation o t$e agreeent owever5 t$eir e;orts to intro&.-e a 7ill

&isapproving t$e agreeent go now$ere as ongressional lea&ers are o--.pie& wit$

iigration reor an& -!7er se-.rit! legislation No -ongressional -oittee is willing to

tae .p t$e &isapproval otion S$ortl! t$ereater5 t$e Presi&ent &oes in a-t iss.e apro-laation in an.ar! 201 re&.-ing HS tari;s on -apa-itors &own to 0X $e HS -apa-itor

in&.str! s.es t$e HS -.stos servi-e or -$arging 0X tari; on iporte& -apa-itors

o. are a -ler or t$e HS e&eral &istri-t -o.rt ?.&ge $earing t$e -ase in t$e o.rt o Internationalra&e5 a HS Art III e&eral &istri-t -o.rt3 She asks you to write a memo on whether theagreement is &a#id under the US #ega# system and whether the proc#amation issued 4y thePresident imp#ementing the agreement is &a#id under the US #ega# system3

"3 Ghether the internationa# agreement is &a#ida3 (1) Power to Negotiate

i3 President has power to negotiate as so#e organ for the

communication!negotiation functionii3 ongress can paint with a 4road 4rush when de#egatingpower in foregin aairs

13 U.S. v. Curtis-Wright43 () Power to Sign

i3 Power to sign #ies in the 2ecuti&e 7ranchc3 ($) Power to %ppro&e

i3 'ackson oncurrence!*ehn9uist Spectrum


47/49

13 President has imp#ied appro&a# from ongress toenter into agreement and issue proc#amation (from1$ ongressiona# #aw)

ii3 ongressiona# 2ecuti&e %greementd3 () Power to *atify

i3 President posseses power to ratify Cna# consent to 4e

4ounde3 (+) ,therwise -a#id

i3 %greement does not conBict with onstitution!7i## of*ights

""3 Ghether the proc#amation is &a#ida3 PresidentFs proc#amation does not ha&e the force of #aw;

un#ess authoriOed 4y ongressi3 "f ongress passes an act; which wou#d take eect upon

the happening of a contingent e&ent (getting at #east +countries to agree); and su4se9uent#y the Presidentproc#aimed that the e&ent happened; then theproc#amation wou#d ha&e the force of #aw

2 ("0 pointsF a7o.t 30 in.tes) Ass.e t$e ollowing a-ts In 20145 t$e Hnite& States enters a

.ltilateral onvention on Aviation Poll.tion an& Noise A7ateent (APNA) $e treat! is vali&

.n&er t$e HS legal s!ste5 $aving 7een properl! negotiate& an& signe& 7! t$e Presi&ent5

approve& 7! 2/3r&s o t$e Senate5 an& rati6e& 7! t$e Presi&ent =.rt$er5 no provision o APNA

-on>i-ts wit$ t$e onstit.tion In t$e Presi&ential transittal letter to t$e Senate5 t$e

Presi&ent state& $is intention t$at t$e APNA 7e sel*e,e-.ting $e $airan o t$e Senate

=oreign Relations oittee also state& t$at intention on t$e >oor o t$e Senate5 7.t was

.na7le to $ave s.-$ a stateent p.t in t$e Senate =oreign Relations oittee report an& t$e

Senate Resol.tion o onsent 7e-a.se o opposition o several Senators on t$e oittee5

w$o elt t$at t$e .ll ongress s$o.l& 7e involve& in ipleenting an! new stan&ar&s -reate&

7! APNA to allow tailoring o t$e stan&ar&s $e APNA re.ires parties to t$e treat! to

re.se lan&ing rig$ts to an! air-rat -reating ore t$an "0 &e-i7els (&B) o noise 7eginning in

201' ongress passe& a law in 2012 pro$i7iting t$e HS =e&eral Aviation A&inistration (=AA)

ro granting lan&ing rig$ts to Can! air-rat -reating noise levels t$at e,-ee& '0&B or t$at

ot$erwise are $ar.l to $.an $ealt$D $e Senate oittee report to t$e 2012 law state&

t$at Cgenerall! air-rat -reating noise '0&B or lower will 7e peritte& HS lan&ing rig$ts 7.t t$e

a&&itional lang.age o ^or t$at ot$erwise are $ar.l to $.an $ealt$ was a&&e& 7e-a.se

t$ere ig$t 7e sele-te& areas in t$e -o.ntr! w$ere 7.il&ing -onstr.-tion is so &ate& t$at noise

levels 7elow t$at ig$t 7e -onsi&ere& $ar.lD In 201'5 t$e =AA re.ses lan&ing rig$ts to an

airline seeing to esta7lis$ a ro.te into a o&ern HS -it! an& w$ose air-rat -reates ""&B o

noise

$e airline s.es t$e =AA or re.sing to grant it lan&ing rig$ts into t$e o&ern HS -it! The US federa#

district udge hearing the case asks you to write a on memo on the impact the %PN%

treaty has on the case and how to interpret the 1 statute3

ANS8+R:

ISSH+S: 1*" are taen o.t o pla! 7e-a.se its a val.e treat! So sel e,e-.ting vs non sel e,e-.ting

onse.en-es or ea-$ $aring 7est!


48/49

I t$e treat! is sel e,e-.ting5 airline will pro7a7l! lose No lan&ing rig$ts a7ove "0 an& t$e!

are at "" Airline will arg.e non sel e,e-.ting an& =AA will arg.e sel e,e-.ting =AA will point to

presi&ential transittal letter s$ows intent 8ill point to -$airperson o oreign relations -oitte w$o

t$o.g$t it was sel e,e-.ting Airline will point o.t t$at it &i&nt ae it into resol.tion o -onsent or

into -oitte report 7e-a.se several senators oppose& it o.rts give greater weig$t to e,e-.tive

7ran-$ views on treat! interpretation $is is a reall! -lose -all5 -o.l& go eit$er wa! I its sel

e,e-.ting5 t$en it is later in tie t$an stat.te (s$o.l& tr! to .se -$aring 7ets! 7eore going to$ierar-$! o nors) It its non sel e,e-.ting nee& tos tart wit$ -$aring 7ets! =AA will arg.e t$at Cor

ot$erwise $ar.l to $.an $ealt$D s$o.l& ean "0 so as to -onstr.e t$e as -onsistent Stat.tor!

lang.age -arries ore weig$t t$an legislative $istor!

"3 Ghether Se#f02ecuting or Non0Se#f 2ecutinga3 (/) Se#f02ecuting &3 Non0Se#f02ecuting

i3 2amine U3S3 intent43 (5) Pri&ate *ight of %ction

i3 No Senate *eso#ution of onsentii3 ongressiona# appro&a# on#y !$ Presidentia# transmitta#

state intention for Se#f02ecutingiii3 Senate =oreign *e#ations ommittee no #anguage for

Se#f02ecuting inc#udedi&3 Te2t of the %greement re9uires parties to 4egin acting in

1.c3 ?ike#y not a Se#f02ecuting agreement

""3 1 Statute ?anguage @or that otherwise are harmfu# to humanhea#thAa3 Possi4#e way for =%% to defend air#ines suit e&en if treaty is

ru#ed Non0Se#f02ecuting

International ontra-t Erating

G#%+RNING MA8 ANE EISPH+ R+S#MHI#N:

$e present agreeent5 w$i-$ is law.ll! entere& into5 .st 7e perore& in goo&

ait$ an& a! onl! 7e revoe& 7! .t.al -onsent5 or or -a.ses a.t$ori@e& 7! law

$e ISG applies An! iss.es involving t$e agreeent or its interpretation t$at are

not governe& 7! t$e ISG s$all 7e governe& 7! t$e laws o Ne7rasa5 in-l.&ing 7.t

not liite& to t$e vali&it! o t$e -ontra-t an& all o its provision or t$e e;e-t w$i-$

t$e -ontra-t a! $ave on t$e title in t$e goo&s sol& An! &isp.te5 -ontrovers! or

-lai arising o.t o or relating to t$is -ontra-t or t$e 7rea-$5 terination5 or vali&it!

t$ereo s$all 7e settle& 7! &ire-t negotiation 7etween t$e anaging &ire-tors

owever5 i &ire-t negotiation &oes not res.lt in a resol.tion o t$e &isp.te5-ontrovers! or -lai5 t$en it s$all 7e resolve& 7! ar7itration a--or&ing to t$e

HNIRAM Ar7itration R.les Ar7itration is to tae pla-e in Min-oln5 Ne7rasa in t$e

+nglis$ Mang.age

+JPMANAI#N:


49/49

$e 6rst -la.se is a .t.al

international man of mystery outline

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