international journal of telecommunications & emerging technologies vol 2 issue 1
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International Journal ofTelecommunications
& Emerging Technologies
IJTCET
Jan – June 2016
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From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies. This
journal is part of the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, and is devoted
to the scope of present Electronics issues, from theoretical aspects to application-
dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of
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International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies focuses on original high-quality
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division multiplexing, Wired communication, Fiber optics, Digital revolution, Dual-tone multi-frequency
signaling, Telecommunications environment, Regulatory and privatization issues in telecommunications,
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It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of
Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Floating Tracking Cooling Concentrator (FTCC) System – An Introduction Dheeraj Joshi, Simmi Sharma 1
2. Head Movement Based Controlling of Home Appliances for Physically Challenged Pratik Savadi 5
3. Model Simulation & Resource Allocation in Cognitive Radio SystemSwati, Deeksha Singh, Amit Yadav 14
4. Power Theft Identification Using Embedded SystemRahul Saraf 18
5. Enabled Impairment Cognizant of Elastic Optical Networks by Traffic Grooming and Multipath RoutingDeeksha Singh, Swati, Amit Yadav 24
6. A Review Analysis of Operating System Kernel Used in Distributed Systems and High Performance ComputingAnkit Nahata, Deboshree Das, Runjhun Agrawal 29
7. Review on CryptographySonia, Sonia Chaudhary 37
Contents
IJTCET (2016) 1–4 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies ISSN: 2455-0345 (Online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Floating Tracking Cooling Concentrator (FTCC) System – An
Introduction
Dheeraj Joshi1*
, Simmi Sharma2
1DTU, Delhi, India
2B.P.I.T, Delhi, India
Abstract In country like India, achieving energy security through sustainable technologies is the most
challenging objective that needs to be fulfilled. Though Nuclear energy is expected to meet a
part of India's energy demand by 2030 but it is an unsafe way of producing power as was
seen in Japan’s nuclear plant. Solar energy is one of the best alternatives that can provide
power requirements. Floating tracking cooling concentrator (FTCC) Systems are used to
harness solar energy keeping in view the availability of 70% water on earth, decreasing land
area due to increasing population, the efficiency degradation due to thermal drifts. This
paper explains FTCC system and their role in widening the solar energy domains.
Keywords: FTCC system, MPPT, solar inverter
INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic cells allow the direct
conversion of solar energy into electrical
energy with maximum efficiency around
9–12% depending on the type of solar cells
used. More than 80% of the solar radiation
reaching the photovoltaic cell is not
converted into electricity; it is reflected or
transformed into heat energy. This heat
increases the cell temperature and results
in decreasing the efficient conversion of
electricity.[1-3]
This high temperature has a
negative effect on the electrical output
parameters of the PV panels. The electrical
efficiency and hence the power output of a
PV panel depend on the operating
temperature. The temperature variations
thus degrade conversion efficiency by
about 0.4–0.5% per degree rise in
temperature. The operating temperature
plays an important role in the photovoltaic
conversion process. In recent few years
photovoltaic panels have emerged as
robust and distributed energy source. The
decreasing costs justify the efforts to
improve their use and to study the
possibility of building large plants.
However the energy source is not utilized
up to its maximum utility because of lack
of space, thermal drift which lowers the
efficiency of the system by 10-15 percent,
high cost of tracking systems. With water
covering over 70% of our planet, it makes
sense to utilise water surface not only for
offshore wind farms but also for solar
electricity generation too.
FLOATING TRACKING COOLING
CONCENTRATOR
To overcome the disadvantages of
conventional systems, Floating Tracking
Cooling Concentrator (FTCC) System
which is photovoltaic floating plant with
tracking and cooling system is introduced.
It harnesses small basins, natural and
artificial lakes to install PV plants and they
possess characteristics like tracking
system, Panels cooling system, set of
IJTCET (2016) 5–13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 5
International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies
ISSN: 2455-0345(online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Head Movement Based Controlling of Home Appliances for
Physically Challenged
Pratik Savadi*
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, D.K.T.E’s Textile and Engineering Institute,
Ichalkaranji, India
Abstract
In the world there are many physically challenged people who cannot move and operate
devices like switching of lights, fans, etc. Similarly the paralyzed or a dumb cannot speak and
ask for their needs like food, medicine, water etc. So they are facing many difficulties in
fulfilling of their basic needs. So in our project we are designing a “Head movement
controlled device switching system for physically challenged”. Now the person who is
physically challenged can wear this device to head and with the simple head movements can
request the basic needs like water, food or medicine. This is based on MEMS technology and
Accelerometer is the main unit in this system.
Keywords: ADXL355 accelerometer, deaf and dumb, home automation, 16F877A PIC
microcontroller, switching system, voice commands, APR9600 voice module
INTRODUCTION
Home automation systems are not
developed in recent years it has been
developed so many years back. This makes
use of emerging technologies for the
development. Home automation now a
days has become so popular that it
introduces many technologies for making
the automation easy and with best
performance. The main concept is to form
a network connecting the electrical and
electronic appliances in a house. Some has
used wired as well as wireless
technologies to communicate. This is a
developing technology that has changed
the livings of people. The Wireless Home
Automation System is an integrated
system that helps elderly and disabled
people with an easy-to-use home
automation system that can be fully
operated based on Head Movement. This
Home Automation System is not only used
by physically challenged people but also
by the rich people those how wants
luxurious life.
Smart home systems have captured many
disparate technologies so far and products
have been in the market for more than one
decade. This method reduces the wiring
and complexity of the system.
The main aim of the reported Wireless
Home Automation System is to provide
those with special needs with a system that
can respond to voice commands and
control the on/off status of electrical
devices, such as lamps, fans, television etc.
The system should be reasonably cheap,
easy to configure, and easy to run. Many
developed companies have started working
and developing new technologies. Many
big organizations are planning to expand
this industry in near future.
IJTET (2016) 14–17 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 14
International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies ISSN: 2455-0345 (Online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Model Simulation & Resource Allocation in Cognitive Radio
System
Swati1*
, Deeksha Singh1, Amit Yadav
2
1Department of Electronics Communication Engineering, RBS ETC, Bichpuri, Agra, India
2Department of Electrical Engineering, DEI, Dayalbagh, Agra, India
Abstract Cognitive radio is the technique where different sorts of wireless communication devices
work dynamically and change frequencies and other parameters over time. The idea of
cognitive radio (CR) is to find means to use these “gaps” or “holes” in the frequency spectra
and do something useful of the frequencies floating around unused and the goal of cognitive
radios is to utilize under used spectrum as spectral resources are becoming sparts. We aim to
develop a system model scenario and the approach is to take the decisions on the basis of
power spectral density of the channel which can be used cognitively to find out the available
gaps, those can be assigned to new incoming users thus improving the overall channel’s
throughput & performances.
Keywords: cognitive radio, digital communications, multiplexing, software-defined radio
INTRODUCTION
Cognitive radio is the name of a technique
where different sorts of wireless
communications devices somehow works
dynamically and change frequencies and
other parameters overtime.[1-3]
The ability of sensing the RF environment
and extracting the knowledge from the
system environment is called Cognitive.
Awareness of the radio environment,
Dynamic adaptability,[4-6]
Highly efficient
cooperative behavior are the key features
of Cognitive Radio.
Based on software-defined radio (SDR)
technology cognitive radios are the
products of multidisciplinary effort
involving experts in wireless networks,
digital communications, systems
engineering, artificial intelligence and
other fields. As a result of these activities,
it is hoped that these systems can
simultaneously respect the rights of the
incumbent license holders while providing
greater flexibility and access to spectrum.
SUBCARRIER IN COGNITIVE
RADIO Subcarrier is the kind of the resource
which has to allocate in cognitive radio
system. A subcarrier is a separate analog
or digital signal carried on a main radio
transmission, which carries extra
information such as voice or data. This is
an early and simple method of
multiplexing.
SUBCARRIER ALLOCATION &
ALGORITHMS SUMMARY According to the different purposes of the
resource allocation, some of the main
algorithms are Max-Rate, Min-
Interference, Fair- Rate Subcarrier
Allocation algorithm and Greedy
algorithm.
IJTET (2016) 18–23 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 18
International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies ISSN: 2455-0345(online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Power Theft Identification Using Embedded System
Rahul Saraf*
Essel Vidyut Vitaran, pvt. Ltd. Sagar, India
Abstract
Today, power theft plays the key role in transmission losses of electricity from the generating
station to the consumer end. About 30% of power produced is being theft. Though the
electricity boards know that there is power theft in the area under their vigilance, they are
not able to locate the area or location of theft. So, to identify the power theft and to
communicate to the EB there needs a system to be developed. Here comes the system
developed by us which will find the power theft if it happens and sends the information about
the place of the theft to the nearby Electricity Board.
Keywords: digital ammeter, energy meter, GSM module, microcontroller, multiplexer
INTRODUCTION
India, the largest democracy with an
estimated population of about 1.1 billion,
is on the road to rapid growth in economy.
Energy, particularly electricity, is a key
input for accelerating economic growth of
the country. Today, the power theft is
becoming a very serious issue in the power
sector of the World. About 20–30% of the
power produced is being theft. This causes
a major loss to the Electricity boards. So it
becomes inevitable task these days, during
which power shortages occur frequently,
to find a solution to identify the power
thefts and to eradicate them.
METHODS OF POWER THEFT
There are various methods by which
power is being theft in the distribution
lines. The most commonly used methods
are:
(1) Energy meter tampering
(2) Illegal tapping from the distribution
lines
(3) Bypassing the feeders
Energy Meter Tampering
In meter tampering, the energy meter in
the consumer side is made to malfunction
by introducing materials which make the
energy meter not to read its original
readings. This is usually done by
introducing magnets near the energy meter
which work on electromagnetic principles,
such that the magnetic forces are made to
malfunction and hence the meter readings.
So the meter reads the different readings,
usually lesser readings than the original
ones. Recently, a popular way to slow
down a meter is the use of strong
permanent magnets like rare earth
neodymium magnets. In induction meters,
a number of torques are balanced to get
optimum linear characteristics. One of
them comes from permanent magnet (N-S)
braking the aluminium disc (Al).
Neodymium magnets installed close to
rotating discs may effectively boost
braking torque. After removing this
magnet, the meter starts to rotate much
faster so “having already saved a lot",
users complain about reading. Fortunately,
utilities found a way to distinguish
IJTET (2016) 24–28 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 24
International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies ISSN: 2455-0345(online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Enabled Impairment Cognizant of Elastic Optical Networks by
Traffic Grooming and Multipath Routing
Deeksha Singh1*
, Swati1, Amit Yadav
2
1Department of Electronics Communication Engineering, RBS ETC, Bichpuri, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
2Department of Electrical Engineering, DEI, Dayalbagh, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
The large bandwidth of fibre optical networking is far wider than the typical bandwidth
required by network service providers. This variation leads to a need for multiplexing the low
rate traffic demands into optical wavelength channels, but this call for a extravagant
electronic swapping devices, potentially equalizing the advantage of low cost optical
transport. Traffic grooming and multipath routing are two techniques that are being
commonly used to increase the performance of traditional wavelength division multiplexed
networks. They have been recently used in elastic optical networks to increase spectral
efficiency. In this paper we have employed these two techniques with the realistic physical
impairment model in order to find out the potential gain. We focus in this paper to present an
analytical optimization simulation for small networks and a heuristic for large networks
which can allocate resources and quantify spectral efficiency gains over existing impairment-
awareness layout. With the help of various numerical methods traffic grooming and
multipath routing have been explained together along with increased spectral efficiency and
reduced resource consumption. this work conclude significant performance enhancements in
networks with low degrees of connectivity, high traffic loads, and long links.
Keywords: elastic optical networks (EON), impairment-aware schemes, spectral efficiency,
traditional WDM networks
INTRODUCTION
The exponentially increasing internet
traffic and arising bandwidth-intensive
applications have fetched the requirement
for more advanced, high-capacity optical
fiber transmission technologies.[1-5]
Excess of 400 GB/s in transmission rates
is due to the recent advancements in
optical technologies.[6-12]
Next-generation
optical networks are expected to arise into
more transmission-rate-flexible,
reconfigurable, and capacity-efficient
elastic optical networks (EONs) in order to
increase usage of this available high
bandwidth.
A traffic connection in EON, is kept by
allotting a set of consecutive spectrum
slots (i.e., a band) with “just enough”
bandwidth.[1–3]
EONs remarkably decrease
bandwidth waste vis-à-vis traditional
wavelength division multiplexed (WDM)
networks, as spectrum slots are placed at a
finer granularity (e.g., 6.25 GHz) and
combined to accommodate connections of
different bandwidths. Optical connections
aim to give fully high information
capacity. However, the rate of fluctuations
in network conditions, such as traffic and
routing information, is much more than the
time required for setting up or taking down
these connections. On the other side, low
IJTET (2016) 29–36 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 29
International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies ISSN: 2455-0345(online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Review Analysis of Operating System Kernel Used in
Distributed Systems and High Performance Computing
Ankit Nahata*, Deboshree Das, Runjhun Agrawal
CSE Department, JK Lakshmipat University, Jaipur, India
Abstract
In this paper we are analyzing six different operating system. All we have aim to analyze
these operating system by their kernel. Mainly the traditional operating system is for the
bigger system like to run java application but as we see the operating system pertaining
distributed system it looks to the user as centralized OS but operates on multiple independent
CPU’s. In this paper we discuss about the different operating systems i.e. angel, helios,
paramecium, cosy, hive and Puma.
Keywords: angle, Helois, paramecium, Cosy, Hive, PUMA
INTRODUCTION
Angel is an operating system, was
developed at imperial college. Angel is an
operating system which believes in the
principle of using shared and distributed
memory in multiprocessor systems where
it is not implemented in hardware. The
machine which has this operating system it
is seen to be a hierarchical system
containing multiprocessor clusters using
physically shared memory. In this
operating system it has DSM (distributed
shared memory) mechanism into it so that
the entire system's address space is unified
under a single DSM region which handles
the caching of code, migration of data and
coherency of distributed data structure.[1]
Helios is a Unix-like os for parallel PCs. It
was created and developed by Perihelion
Software. Its essential design was the
Transputer. Helios' microkernel actualized
a distributed namespace and informing
convention, through which administrations
were gotten to. A POSIX similarity library
empowered the utilization of UNIX
application programming, and the
framework gave the greater part of the
typical UNIX utilities. A helios network
requires at least one I/O Server node that is
able to provide a file
system server, console server and reset
control for the processing nodes.
Paramecium is an operating scheme which
is a kernel uses an object-based software
construction which collected with example
designation, late binding and explicit
predominates allows tranquil
reconfiguration. Defining which
constituents exist in in the kernel
fortification field is up to the user.
Cosy is an operating system developed by
R. Butenutha, W. Burkeb, C. De Roseb, S.
Gillesb and R. Weberba. Cosy project
started in 1992 with the aim to build an
operating system designed and optimize
especially for parallel computers. The
focus was to provide appropriate system
services to ease the work of application
programmers and users of parallel
computers. This operating system’s kernel
supports a small set of kernel objects.
IJTET (2016) 37–45 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 37
International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies ISSN: 2455-0345 (online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Review on Cryptography
Sonia, Sonia Chaudhary*
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ganga Institute of Technology and Management, Kablana.
Jhajjar, Haryana, India
Abstract
Numerous groups are working rigid to safe themselves from the rising extortions of note
hacking through several trends in cryptography. Yet the headlines are dominated with the
latest news of message passing disaster more frequently than any time before.
A comprehensive debate has been done on the traditional cryptography and the
disadvantages of the classical cryptography to confirm the need for going to novel tendencies
in cryptography like quantum cryptography, elliptic curve cryptography. These novel
methods that has appeared out of numerous mistreatments in the arena of cryptography
growths a fair amount of hope that we can incredulous the difficulties we are facing in a head
hoc way. These demonstrated skills can happen the wants of the greatest arduous of
atmospheres while their individual emphasis on manageability has mechanical several
errands and basic administrative functions through easy-to-use interfaces developed finished
years of customer response and at the end of the text we can accomplish that rapidly we can
save confidentiality complicated in message passing from the unsafe controls of
communication hackers.
Keywords: cryptography, elliptic curve, quantum
INTRODUCTION The Internet is the globally linked network
of computer networks with addresses that
are controlled by IANA (Internet address
and Naming Authority). It grew intensely
because anyone can attach to it and
everyone associated to it can connect
others to it as glowing. Every site that
linked to it, can develop an Internet
Service supplier to other sites Does
increased security deliver ease to paranoid
people? Throughout this time when the
Internet delivers vital communication amid
tens of millions of people and is being
progressively used as a tool for commerce,
security becomes a significant subject to
transaction. There are various features to
security and various submissions,
extending from protected commerce and
expenditures to secretive communications
and caring passwords. One important
characteristic for safe communications is
that of cryptography.
This paper has two foremost
determinations. The first is to describe
certain of the terms and concepts overdue
basic cryptographic methods, and to offer
a way to compare the myriad
cryptographic schemes in use today.
The second is to provide some real
examples of cryptography and new trends
in use today.
Cryptographic schemes incline to include
in cooperation a procedure and a stealthy
value. The secret worth is recognized as
the key. The aim for consuming a key in
calculation to an algorithm is that it is
problematic to keep planning new
International Journal ofTelecommunications
& Emerging Technologies
IJTCET
Jan – June 2016
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