international journal of civil engineering and technology ... dynasand filters. the filters provided...

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308

(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME

230

COMPARISON BETWEEN RAPID SAND FILTER AND DYNA SAND

FILTER IN WASTEWATER TERTIARY TREATMENT

Mostafa. H.1

& Aly. O.H.I.2

1Assistant Professor of Sanitary & Environmental Engineering, Public works, ASU, Faculty of

Engineering, Cairo, Egypt 2Assistant Professor of Sanitary & Environmental Engineering, Higher Institute of Engineering,

Shorouk City, Cairo, Egypt

ABSTRACT

Tertiary treatment is any treatment process added to the flow scheme following conventional

secondary treatment. The general target for this study is to evaluate and compare between the

performance of the Dyna sand filter and the rapid sand filter as tertiary treatment method for

wastewater to be able to enhance the characteristics of effluent wastewater. The samples for analysis

were taken from 15th of May City wastewater treatment plant during the study period. The samples

were collected after the final sedimentation tanks. The secondary treatment applied in this

wastewater treatment plant is the aeration tanks. Then samples were collected after the tertiary

treatment, which was Rapid Sand Filters. These filters were later replaced by Dynamic up flow Sand

Filters. The samples were collected after the Dyna sand filter for evaluation and comparison between

both filters efficiencies. The Dynamic up flow sand filter showed high removal efficiency in the

removal of the total suspended solids, while for BOD & COD the removal efficiency was similar

compared to that of the Rapid sand filter. However the removal efficiency in case of Dyna Sand was

steady, although in the rapid sand filter there were great fluctuations in the results, which in return

will cause further problems in the case of the Rapid Sand Filter.

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, Egypt development are growing quickly especially in cities like Cairo,

Alexandria …etc. These developments suffer from several problems as level of utilities service

available, the air pollution, the wastewater drainage & disposal and the shortage of potable water

required for human usage in such developed cities. The potable water shortage is mainly due to the

high costs required for water treatment due to area need, operation techniques difficulties and low

investments in such field with the absence of its developing. To overcome such problems it has been

found that it is necessary to resort to fast processing techniques. The developing for the filtration

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)

ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)

ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)

Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December, pp. 230-238

© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp

Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.3277 (Calculated by GISI)

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IJCIET

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231

techniques to increase filtration production per square meter area became a need for this case to solve

the filtration problems as the used area, water quality and operation and maintenance economy. One

of these problems is the need for repeated cleaning by back wash. This led to establish new technique

for the filter cleaning. Among the new techniques of filtration, Dyna sand filtration system which has

been effectively used in treating several varieties of water resources to produce potable water around

the world (such as England, Sweden, Holland) had succeeded in producing good results.(1)

Tertiary treatment may be defined as any treatment process in which unit operations are

added to the flow scheme following conventional secondary treatment. Additions to conventional

secondary treatment could be as simple as the addition of a filter for many unit processes for organic,

suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Primary and Secondary treatment remove the

majority of BOD and suspended solids found in waste waters. However, in an increasing number of

cases this level of treatment has proved to be insufficient to protect the receiving waters or to provide

reusable water for industrial or domestic recycle. Thus, additional treatment steps have been added to

waste water treatment plants to provide for further organic and solids removals or to provide for

removal of nutrients and toxic metals, according to London School of Hygiene, 1999.(2)

The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a final treatment stage to raise the effluent

quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment (sea, river, lake, ground, etc...). More

than one tertiary treatment process may be used at any treatment plant. If disinfection is practiced, it

is always the final process. It is also called effluent polishing. The main purpose can be identified in

the additional removal of organic and suspended solids removal, nitrogenous oxygen demand

removal, toxic and nutrient removal.(3)

The problem in the treatment of wastewater is that the Governments are giving high attention

nowadays to the quality of wastewater effluent to reuse the wastewater in several applications.

Filtration is considered the cheapest method for tertiary treatment of wastewater. Several researches

& applications were done for the application of Dyna Sand in Industrial Wastewater.

The general target for this study is to evaluate and compare between the performance of the

Dyna sand filter and the rapid sand filter as tertiary treatment method for wastewater to be able to

enhance the characteristics of effluent wastewater.

LITERATURE REVIEW

They are different methods of Tertiary treatment applied all over the world. From these

techniques is Filtration, lagooning, Nutrient Removal and Disinfection.

The Sand Filtration removes much of the residual suspended matter. Filtration over activated

carbon, also called carbon adsorption, removes residual toxins. Granular media filtration removes

those suspended and colloidal solids, which are carried over from previous unit processes is a

common unit process in advanced waste water treatment. Effluents of less than 10 mg/l BOD and 5

mg/l suspended solids are not uncommon for effluents from biological treatment processes after

filtration. Gravity filters similar to rapid sand filters are sometimes used. Often a combination of

filter media, such as anthracite coal and sand are used to provide coarse combination of filter Medias,

such as anthracite coal and sand are used to provide coarse to fine filtration as the water passes

through the filter. The water passes through the filter media and support gravel and is then collected

by the under drain system. As filtration proceeds, the head loss through the filter increase until it

reaches an unacceptable level or until solids breakthrough occurs and the effluent becomes

unacceptable. When either the head loss becomes excessive or solids break through occurs, the filter

is backwashed. Ideally, filters are designed to have the solids in the effluent and the head loss

reaches their allowable levels at the same time. (4)

Lagooning is one of the methods of tertiary treatment of wastewater, which provide

settlement and further biological improvement through storage in large man made ponds or lagoons.



232

These lagoons are highly aerobic and colonization by native macrophysics, especially reeds, is often

encouraged, small filter feeding invertebrates such as Daphria and species of Rotifer greatly assist in

treatment by removing fine particulates, referring to Ballater, 2010.(5)

Also another application of tertiary treatment is Nutrient Removal. Waste water may contain

high levels of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. Excessive release to the environment can lead

to a buildup of nutrients, called eutrophication, which in turn can encourage the over growth of

weeds, algae, and cyanobacteria (blue green algae). This may cause an algal bloom, a rapid growth in

the population of algae, the algae numbers are unsustainable and eventually most of them die. The

decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up so much of oxygen in the water that most or all of the

animals die, which creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition to causing

deoxygenating, some algal species produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

Different treatment processes are required to remove nitrogen and phosphorus.

Disinfection is one of the methods used in tertiary treatment of wastewater. The purpose of

disinfection in the treatment of waste water is to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms

in the water to be discharged back into the environment for the later use of drinking, bathing,

irrigation, etc. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the quality of the water being treated

(e.g. cloudiness, ph, etc...) and other environmental variables. Common methods of disinfection

include ozone, chloride, ultraviolet light or sodium hypochlorite. Chloramine, which is used for

drinking water, is not used in waste water treatment because of its persistence. After multiple steps of

disinfection, the treated water is ready to be released back into the water cycle by means of the

nearest body of water or agriculture. Afterwards, the water can be transferred to reserves for

everyday human use.(6)

In October/November 2001, Holmen Braviken of Sweden benefited from improved water

supply at its paper mill. Braviken met its requirements of good quality water with the installation of

20 Dynasand filters. The filters provided a continuous sand cleaning process and eliminate the

problem of downtime for back washing. These filters also provided additional benefits such as light

maintenance and reduction in the quantity of polymer required for retaining fines on the paper.(7)

In October/November 2001, Minett and Jonsson found in its use for water treatment that the

filters provide a continuous sand clearing process, eliminate the problem of down time backwashing,

light maintenance and reduction in the quantity of polymer required for retaining fines. (8)

In December 2006, Abdel Azeem, M.M studied the Evaluation of The performance of

Dynamic Sand Filtration under Real Working Conditions. In 2007 Ahmed, H. studied the Dyna sand

Filter Application in Water Treatment. In 2013 Aly, O.H.I., studied the optimization of design and

operating parameters for dynamic up flow sand filter.(9)

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The samples for analysis were taken from 15th

of May City wastewater treatment plant during

the study period. The samples were collected after the final sedimentation tanks. The secondary

treatment applied in this wastewater treatment plant is the aeration tanks. Then samples were

collected after the tertiary treatment, which was Rapid Sand Filters. These filters were later replaced

by Dynamic up flow Sand Filters. The samples were collected after the Dyna sand filter for

evaluation and comparison between both filters efficiencies.

The following tables show the sizing and units of the wastewater treatment plant in 15th

of

May City. The number of Rapid Sand Filter units in 15th of May Wastewater treatment plants is 12,

the depth of water is 1.95m, the area of one unit is 54.48 m2, while the volume per unit is 106.23 m

3

and the total Capacity is 1274.83 m3. The specification of the pilot unit for the dynamic up flow sand

filter is as follows: Diameter = 0.95 m, area = 0.7 m2, height = 3m and effective bed height is 2m.

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976

(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November

Figure (1): The Pilot Unit

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Samples were collected and examined for the Rapid Sand Filter. These samples were tested

to point out the concentration in the Influent to both types of filters. The influent samples were

examined after the secondary treatment. On the other hand

were taken from the effluent of the filter and the parameters were

the concentration of Suspended Solids, Bio chemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen

Demand in the Influent and both effluents.

Figure (2): The SS concentration

Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976

6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME

233

(1): The Pilot Unit of the Dyna Sand


out the concentration in the Influent to both types of filters. The influent samples were

examined after the secondary treatment. On the other hand, to evaluate the Dyna sand filter samples

were taken from the effluent of the filter and the parameters were tested. The following figures show


Demand in the Influent and both effluents.

Figure (2): The SS concentration

Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308

December (2013), © IAEME


out the concentration in the Influent to both types of filters. The influent samples were

Dyna sand filter samples

tested. The following figures show




The Suspended solids concentration after the

mg/l, while after the tertiary treatment using the rapid sand filter it was found to be between 10 to 20

mg/l. Finally after the Dyna sand it ranged between 3 to 6 mg/l.

The BOD concentration after the secondary treatment ranged between

after the tertiary treatment using the rapid sand filter it was found to be between 10 to

Finally after the Dyna sand it ranged between

Figure (4): T

The COD concentration after the secondary treatment ranged between

after the tertiary treatment using the rapid sand filter it was found to be between 1

Finally after the Dyna sand it ranged between



234

The Suspended solids concentration after the secondary treatment ranged between 30 to 40


mg/l. Finally after the Dyna sand it ranged between 3 to 6 mg/l.

Figure (3): The BOD concentration

concentration after the secondary treatment ranged between 25 to 40 mg/l, while

after the tertiary treatment using the rapid sand filter it was found to be between 10 to

Finally after the Dyna sand it ranged between 10to 16 mg/l.

Figure (4): The COD concentration

OD concentration after the secondary treatment ranged between 30 to 4

after the tertiary treatment using the rapid sand filter it was found to be between 1

Finally after the Dyna sand it ranged between 10to 17 mg/l.



secondary treatment ranged between 30 to 40


to 40 mg/l, while

after the tertiary treatment using the rapid sand filter it was found to be between 10 to 18mg/l.

to 48 mg/l, while

after the tertiary treatment using the rapid sand filter it was found to be between 11 to 25mg/l.



235

The removal efficiency for the three parameters, the suspended solids, the BOD and the COD

was derived between the influent and the effluent of the Rapid sand filters and the Dyna Sand. The

removal efficiency for the three parameters id illustrated in tables (4) and (5). Figures 5, 6 and 7

show the removal efficiency for the three parameters.

Table (4) Effluent of Rapid Sand Filter and the Removal efficiency

Sample No BOD RR BOD COD RR COD SS RR SS

1 18 50 25 38 19 42

2 10 72 12 71 12 67

3 12 60 15 63 12 66

4 10 60 12 61 11 63

5 12 68 15 69 12 68

6 11 73 12 73 13 68

7 10 74 12 74 12 68

8 16 56 20 57 16 54

9 12 70 12 73 12 68

10 12 69 19 61 12 70

11 12 69 18 62 12 67

12 11 72 16 66 10 72

Table (5) Effluent of Dyna Sand Filter and the Removal efficiency

Sample No BOD RR COD RR SS RR

1 14 61 14 65 6 82

2 14 61 15 64 4 89

3 12 60 14 65 4 89

4 10 60 11 65 3 90

5 15 61 17 65 4 89

6 16 60 16 64 4 90

7 15 61 16.5 65 4 89

8 14 61 16 65 4 89

9 16 60 15.5 65 5 87

10 15 62 17 65 4.5 89

11 15 62 16.5 65 4 89

12 15 62 16.5 65 4 89



Figure (5): The SS removal efficiency

The removal efficiency of the Rapid sand filter in the removal of Suspended Solids ranged between

43 t0 70%, while for the Dyna Sand it was found to be between

showed very high removal efficiency and proved that it is very successful in SS removal.

Figure (6): The BOD removal efficiency

The removal efficiency of the Rapid sa

while for the Dyna Sand it was found to be



236

Figure (5): The SS removal efficiency


0%, while for the Dyna Sand it was found to be between 82 to 90%. The Dyna Sand Filter


Figure (6): The BOD removal efficiency

The removal efficiency of the Rapid sand filter in the removal of BOD ranged between

while for the Dyna Sand it was found to be around 60%.




%. The Dyna Sand Filter


ranged between 50 t0 75%,



Figure (7): The COD removal efficiency

The removal efficiency of the Rapid sand filter in the removal of

while for the Dyna Sand it was found to be around 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATI

The Dynamic up flow sand filter showed high removal efficiency in the removal of the total

suspended solids, while for BOD & COD the removal efficiency was

Rapid sand filter. However the removal efficiency in case of Dyna Sand was steady, although in the

rapid sand filter there were great fluctuations in the results, which in return will cause further

problems in the case of the Rapid Sand Filter.

Sand were obtained with one pilot unit, although in case of Rapid Sand Filter there was 12 filters.

According to the previous results, the following conclusion can be driven:

1. The removal ratio of COD was ranging from 38 % to 75 % for the Rapid Sand Filter, while

for the Dyna Sand it was around 65%

2. The removal ratio of BOD was ranging from 50 % to 75% for the Rapid Sand Filter, when

for the Dyna Sand it was around 60%.

3. The removal ratio of TSS was ranging from

for the Dyna Sand it showed high efficiency 82% to 90%.

Therefore, it is recommended to use

of Suspended solids in wastewater. However for the removal of BOD and COD their removal was

almost the same for both filters, although

advantage. The effluent from both filters can be used in the irrigation of tress and the crops

cooked before eating according to the Environmental Laws.



237

Figure (7): The COD removal efficiency

The removal efficiency of the Rapid sand filter in the removal of COD ranged between

while for the Dyna Sand it was found to be around 65%.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS


suspended solids, while for BOD & COD the removal efficiency was similar compared to that of the



e Rapid Sand Filter. From the economic point view, the results of the Dyna

obtained with one pilot unit, although in case of Rapid Sand Filter there was 12 filters.

According to the previous results, the following conclusion can be driven:

moval ratio of COD was ranging from 38 % to 75 % for the Rapid Sand Filter, while


The removal ratio of BOD was ranging from 50 % to 75% for the Rapid Sand Filter, when


atio of TSS was ranging from 43 % to 70 % in case of Rapid Sand Filter, while

for the Dyna Sand it showed high efficiency 82% to 90%.

Therefore, it is recommended to use Dynamic up flow sand filter (Dyna Sand) in the removal

er. However for the removal of BOD and COD their removal was

ters, although the steady removal efficiency of Dyna Sand gives it great

advantage. The effluent from both filters can be used in the irrigation of tress and the crops

cooked before eating according to the Environmental Laws.



OD ranged between 38 t0 75%,


similar compared to that of the



results of the Dyna

obtained with one pilot unit, although in case of Rapid Sand Filter there was 12 filters.

moval ratio of COD was ranging from 38 % to 75 % for the Rapid Sand Filter, while

The removal ratio of BOD was ranging from 50 % to 75% for the Rapid Sand Filter, when

in case of Rapid Sand Filter, while

Dynamic up flow sand filter (Dyna Sand) in the removal

er. However for the removal of BOD and COD their removal was

the steady removal efficiency of Dyna Sand gives it great

advantage. The effluent from both filters can be used in the irrigation of tress and the crops that are



238

REFERENCES

1. Mark J. Hammer, "Water and Wastewater Technology", Third Edition. Prepared by Chapter

(7). Copy right at (1996).

2. Syrotynski. S., "Microscopic Water Quality and Filtration Efficiency", Journal American

Water Works Association. Copy right at (1984).

3. Anonymous Company,Conference paper, "Continuous Sand Filter", prepared by Anonymous

Company. Copy right at (1982).

4. Nordic Water Products, "Dyna sand Hand Book." [email protected]. (1998).

5. "Gordon and Russell L.Culp, “ New Concepts in Water Purification", 2000.

6. Hand Book, "Water Treatment", volume (2). Sixth Edition. Copy right at (1991).

7. MassoudTajirishy and Ahmad Abrishamchi, Integrated Approach to Water and Waste Water.

Water Conservation Reuse, and Recycling, American Workshop, National Academic Press

(2005).

8. Minett, S. Jonsson, C, "PMs Benefits from filtered water", prepared by Europe. Copy right at

(2001).

9. Aly, O.H “studied the optimization of design and operating parameters for dynamic up flow

sand filters”, El Azhar Journal, 2013.

10. Mukherjee. S., Bhattacharya A. K. and Mandal. S. N., “Mitigation of Colour and COD from

Textile Wastewater by Hms, Polymeric Coagulants and Aids – Including Longitudinal Study”,

International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 5, 2013,

pp. 33 - 41, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.

11. R. S. Sapkal and Dr. S. S. Valunjkar, “Development and Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality

Index for Evaluation of Surface Water for Drinking Purpose”, International Journal of Civil

Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 119 - 134, ISSN Print:

0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.

12. R Radhakrishanan and A Praveen, “Sustainability Perceptions on Wastewater Treatment

Operations in Urban Areas of Developing World”, International Journal of Civil Engineering

& Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 45 - 61, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308,

ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.

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