international journal of chemical separationtechnology - vol 2_issue 2
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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Ajay SinghDepartment of Chemistry & Environmental
Science, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Alexander RussellMechanical Process Engineering, University of
Magdeburg, Germany
Ms. Amita ChaudharyDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Dr. Animes K GolderDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
Ms. Anjali TripathiBabu Banarasi Das National Institute of
Technology of Management, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Dr. Arpana MishraFaculty of Science and Environment, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramoday Vishwavidyalaya
, Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India
Dr. B. Ashraf AliDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
Dr. Bashir Ahmad DarUniversity of Kashmir, North campus Delina,
Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Dr. C. Jaya KumarDepartment of Chemical Engineering, A. C. Technology, Anna University,
Chennai, India
Prof. C. V. SubrahmanyamDepartment of Chemical Engineering, RVR &
JC College of Engineering (Autonomous), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. Chandi Charan MalakarDepartment of Chemistry, National Institute of
Technology, Imphal, Manipur, India
Mr. Chandrakumar Bhimraoji MohodDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
Government Polytechnic, Arvi, Maharashtra, India
Dr. Dharam PalDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, Raipur,Chhattisgarh, India
Dr. Feyzullah TokayDepartment of Chemistry, Expert Dr. Balikesir
Universtiy, Research Center of Applied Sciences, Turkey
Dr. Kalyan DasGE Power and Water in Industrial Water
Treatment Processes, J F Welch Technology Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Dr. Neetu SinghDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
Thapar University, Patiala,Punjab, India
Dr. Parin ShahDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Prof. Pushpa JhaSant Longowal Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Prof. Ramakrishna KaripeddiDepartment of Chemistry, Institute of Science,
GITAM University, Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh, India
Mr. Sachin Suresh ShindeDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
K K Wagh Institute of Engineering, Education and Research, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
Mr. Sanjay L BhagatPravara Rural Engineering College, Loni,
Maharashtra, India
Dr. Seema GuptaDepartment of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra
Dev College (University of Delhi),New Delhi, India
Dr. Sharad M SontakkeInstitute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai,
Maharashtra, India
Dr. Shi-Peng SunNational University of Singapore,
Singapore
Dr. T. K. RadhakrishnanDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli,Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. V. Venkata Basava RaoUniversity College of Technology (A),
Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. Vangalapati MeenaDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
A.U.C.E. (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
Mr. Vidyadhar Vikram GedamDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Dr. Xin GaoSchool of Chemical Engineering and
Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology. This journal is part of
the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present separation technology issues,
from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging
technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of chemical separation
technology as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of
scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Chemical Separation Science
community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.
The core vision of International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology in Journals Pub is to propagate
novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional
research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in chemical separation in general. Journals
Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time &
successfully.
International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology focuses on Residual contamination and excess
depositions, Temporary hoses and pipework, Heating coils exchangers, Analytical/Control equipment,
Mechanical filtration, Deionization, Evaporation separation, Reverse osmosis, Nanofiltration and many
more.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Chemical
Separation and solutions in the area.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Chemical Separation
community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an
innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new
developments in the field of separation technology.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for chemical separation readers
and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Chemical Separation Technology.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Recovery of Succinic Acid by Reactive Extraction Using Tri-n-Octylamine in 1-Decanol: Equilibrium Optimization Using Response Surface Method and Kinetic Studies E. Sumalatha, T. Prathap Kumar, B. Satyavathi, P. Sudhakar, R. Parthasarathy 1
2. Novel Ionic Liquids Supported Membranes: A Review Tejas T. Shetiye, Shamali S. Chavan, Swapnil A. Dharaskar 15
3. The Performance of Microbial Lipase Immobilized onto Ion Exchange Resins and onto the Natural Zeolite ClinoptiloliteLaurence Weatherley, Akash Anand 24
4. Numerical Analysis of Flow Characterization in a Continuous CrystallizerA. Thimmaiah, L. Falleiro, A. Naval, A. Ambekar, B. Ashraf Ali 33
5. Methods of Separation: A Guide to BeginnersShalu Singh, Aruna Singh 44
Contents
IJCST (2016) 1–14 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Recovery of Succinic Acid by Reactive Extraction Using Tri-n-
Octylamine in 1-Decanol: Equilibrium Optimization Using
Response Surface Method and Kinetic Studies
E. Sumalatha1,2
, T. Prathap Kumar1*, B. Satyavathi
1, P. Sudhakar
1, R. Parthasarathy
2
1Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-IICT, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India
2School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Australia
ABSTRACT
Reactive extraction is a promising technique for the recovery of organic acids from aqueous
streams. Succinic acid, is a white, odorless solid dicarboxylic acid, and is a precursor for
some specialized polyesters. Present paper presents an optimization study of reactive
extraction of succinic acid equilibrium studies from aqueous solutions using Tri-n-octylamine
in 1-Decanol using response surface methodology including reaction kinetics in a stirred
cell. Extraction efficiency (𝑌), a response function was optimized using three process
parameters: initial succinic acid concentration, tri-n-octylamine composition, and
temperature(𝑇). Response surface methodology in conjunction with central composite design
consisting of twenty experimental runs was statically employed for the reactive extraction of
succinic acid. A statistical second order polynomial quadratic model predicted an extraction
efficiency of 93.75% with optimum values of parameters being: 0.2 kmol m-3
acid
concentration, tri-n-octylamine composition 33 (% v/v), at 305.5 K temperature. The
extraction efficiency obtained was 91% at the optimal conditions. The kinetic studies were
carried out to analyze the process. Interfacial area correlation was derived based on the
droplet radius. The mass transfer coefficients of succinic acid, tri-n-octylamaine, and 1:1
acid-amine complex in 1-decanol were determined using water/acetic acid/kerosene system.
Based on the Hatta number, the reaction regime found to be instantaneous reaction regime
occurring in the film.
Keywords: central composite design, equilibrium studies, kinetic studies, optimization,
reactive extraction
INTRODUCTION
Succinic acid and its derivatives have vast
usage in polymers, foods, pharmaceuticals,
and cosmetics. At present, the commercial
succinic acid is nearly all of produced by
the chemical process from maleic
anhydride derived from petroleum; which
limits the use of succinic acid for a huge
range of applications due to the high
conversion cost. Anaerobiospirillum
succiniciproducens,[1–5]
Actinobacillus
succinogenes[6–9]
and Mannheimia
succiniciproducens[10]
(isolated from
bovine rumen), which were discovered as
facultative anaerobic bacteria, are newly
considered as effective succinic acid
producers due to the high demand for
succinic acid production.[11,12]
Reactive extraction with specific
extractant giving higher distribution
coefficient has been suggested as a
promising technique for the recovery of
carboxylic acids. Separation of acids from
their aqueous
IJCST (2016) 15–23 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 15
International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Novel Ionic Liquids Supported Membranes: A Review
Tejas T. Shetiye, Shamali S. Chavan, Swapnil A. Dharaskar* Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering, Management, and Research,
Akurdi, Pune (M.S), India
ABSTRACT
In this work, a supported ionic liquid membrane (SILM) can be prepared by impregnating
different types of polymers with suitable novel phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs). ILs
have reached an enormous interest as CO2 solvents and other engineering applications due
to their unique properties such as negligible vapour pressure and selectivity, making them
very attractive in order to obtain stable supported liquid membranes. This work can appraise
the preparation and use of a new class of supported liquid membranes. ILs are compounds
that typically contain organic cations and inorganic anions with unique properties. These ILs
can be synthesized by the reaction of phosphonium-based salts with different hydrogen bond
donors. Phosphonium cations based ILs are a readily available family of ILs that in some
applications after superior properties as compare to Nitrogen cation based ILs. These are
used as Extraction solvents, Chemical synthesis solvents, electrolytes in batteries and in
super capacitor-anion combinations that are available commercially. Here, we provide an
overview of the properties of these interesting materials and their diverse applications. An
evaluation of the membrane stability was carried out for stable SILMs can be experimentally
determined.
Keywords: CO2 separation, ionic liquids, phosphonium-based ILs, supported ILs membrane
INTRODUCTION
Ionic Liquids (ILs) are having different
unique properties like, low melting
temperature (<100°C), wide liquid phase
range, high thermal stability, non-
flammability, and very low vapour
pressure and ILs compounds typically
contain organic cations and inorganic
anions.[1]
Due to the remarkable increase
in research related to the use of ILs as
potential replacements for organic solvents
in chemical processes.[2]
The rising interest
about ILs in regards to Green Chemistry
and Engineering has largely been a result
of the fact that they have no measurable
vapour pressure, thus they do not release
volatile organic compounds (VOCs).[3]
ILs
also have a diversity of potential
applications.[4]
Now days, ILs has been predictable as an
alternative to prevailing solvents and ILs
themselves. They are a Grouping of a salt
and a hydrogen-bond donor (HBD), in
which a new compound is formed, usually
having much lower melting temperature
than the components of the combination.
They can be easily prepared in high purity
at low cost, and their components are
biodegradable and possess low toxicity, So
that they are more advantageous. Industrial
applications of phosphonium-based ILs are
very favourable and we can find out
various chemical engineering applications
with SILMs.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption is a
significant separation process where
efforts have to be applied in order to
IJCST (2016) 24-32 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 24
International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
The Performance of Microbial Lipase Immobilized onto Ion
Exchange Resins and onto the Natural Zeolite Clinoptilolite
Laurence Weatherley*, Akash Anand Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Learned Hall, The University of Kansas, KS, USA
ABSTRACT
The paper describes a study into the performance of a microbial lipase immobilized on to
four different ion exchangers. Lipase from the yeast Candida rugosa was immobilized onto
the anionic ion exchange resins Dowex MWA-1, Purolite A109, and Amberlite IR45. The
performance of the immobilized lipase in each case was evaluated by measuring the
immobilization efficiency and by following the reaction kinetics of hydrolysis of a tri-
glyceride ester to free fatty acid and glycerol. The immobilization efficiency is a measure of
the enzyme activity in the immobilized state relative to the free enzyme. The performance of
the three synthetic anionic ion exchangers was compared with that of the naturally occurring
zeolitic cationic exchanger – clinoptilolite, which was similarly evaluated as a lipase support.
The potential improvement of immobilization using the technique of pre-cross-linkage of the
lipase using a glutaraldehyde crosslinking agent was also studied. The final part of the study
focused on the potential enhancement of reaction performance through the addition of pure
form cationic and anionic ion exchange resin to the reaction mixture together with the
immobilized enzyme as a means of in-situ removal of free fatty acid product. In all cases the
specific enzyme activity for the immobilized lipase was significantly lower compared with the
activity in free solution. The Purolite A109 displayed the highest value of immobilization
efficiency but only by a small margin compared with the Dowex MWA-1, and the Amberlite
IR45. The clinoptilolite showed immobilization efficiency 50% lower than that of the
synthetic ion exchangers. The application of glutaraldehyde cross-linkage during the
immobilization protocol in the cases of the Dowex MWA-1 and the Purolite A109 resulted in
increases in total protein uptake of 14.5 and 4.1%, respectively. The significant increase in
total protein uptake in the case of the Dowex MWA-1 was not reflected in any significant
enhancement of reaction kinetics. The reaction kinetics exhibited by the lipase immobilized
on the anionic Purolite A109 resin, when mixed with cationic ion exchange resin in the
sodium form during the reaction showed substantial enhancement. This observation suggests
removal of fatty acid product through ion exchange uptake of H+ ions.
Keywords: anionic ion exchangers, Candida rugosa, clinoptilolite, lipase
INTRODUCTION
Enzymes are naturally occurring
sustainable catalysts, which function
effectively at close to ambient conditions
of temperature and pressure. Therefore,
they offer scope for more environmentally
friendly and more cost-effective chemical
manufacture. The application of many
heterogeneous catalysts at industrial scale
requires mounting the active catalyst agent
on to a stable solid support. This is
essential for effective catalyst re-use, for
the control of mixing, and to allow
efficient contact of the reactant rich gas or
IJCST (2016) 33-43 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 33
International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Numerical Analysis of Flow Characterization in a Continuous
Crystallizer
A. Thimmaiah, L. Falleiro, A. Naval, A. Ambekar, B. Ashraf Ali* Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore, India
ABSTRACT
In this work, hydrodynamics in a draft tube continuous crystallizer is analyzed
computationally through Ansys CFD in terms of crystallization phenomena. Hindrance to
fluid mixing and particle suspension due to vortexing can be overcome by providing baffles.
A draft tube ensures that it directs the flow in the vertical direction ensuring good axial
blending. Here, CFD simulations are performed using multiple reference frame (MRF) with
sliding mesh approach in transient condition for a flow time of 5s. The flow fields and liquid
circulation patterns were modelled using the standard k-ε turbulence model. The flow-field in
the continuous crystallizer is quantified by calculating time averaged velocity profiles along
the horizontal line and by analyzing the temporal variation of liquid velocity at a point for
various flow rates. Further, turbulence in such crystallizer is analyzed for various flow rates.
The liquid circulation in such a continuous crystallizer is calculated for various flow rates to
find an optimal flow rate at which the continuous crystallizer is to be operated, hence to
improve overall performance of the crystallizer; as it depends both on the mean flow field
and on the associated turbulence characteristics.
Keywords: CFD, continuous crystallizer, multiple reference frame, hydrodynamics, liquid
circulation
INTRODUCTION
Crystallization is the formation of solid
particles within a homogenous phase.
Solid particles can be formed from either
vapor phase or liquid phase through
crystallization [1]. Crystals formed during
crystallization from an impure solution are
itself pure and suitable for packing and
storing. Above 80% substances that are
used in pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals,
agrochemicals, food and cosmetics are
either isolated or formulated in their solid
form. The primary goal of crystallization is
to generate pure particles with the set size
and shape, which eases downstream
operations. Crystallization is complex as it
involves the coupling of several individual
phenomena. The hydrodynamics of non-
ideal mixing coupled with the kinetics of
nucleation and growth affect the final
crystal size distribution. The driving force
for crystallization from solution is
supersaturation. Based on the dependence
of solute solubility on a number of factors,
four methods have been classified for
generating supersaturation- temperature
reduction, evaporating the solvent,
changing the solvent composition (salting)
and chemical reaction (precipitation).
If the solute concentration exceeds the
equilibrium (saturated) solute
concentration at a fixed temperature, then
the solution is said to be a supersaturated
solution. Formation of crystal is generally
considered to be a two-step process. First
is the formation of nuclei known as
nucleation and second is the growth of
IJCST (2016) 44-46 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 44
International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Methods of Separation: A Guide to Beginners
Shalu Singh*, Aruna Singh Department of Engineering and Technology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India
ABSTRACT
Learning different separation methods is important in chemical and biochemical world.
Different techniques are known that helps to separate complex mixtures of substances.
Herewith, we provide a brief overview of these methods which can be helpful for the students
that are in the beginning of their learning stage of chemical separation methods and
techniques.
Keywords: analyte, distillation, filtration, membrane, separation
BACKGROUND
Several techniques are available to
separate mixture of two or more
substances. It is required that these
substances should differ in at least one of
their physical or chemical characteristics.
A mixture of substances can be separated
based on their size, density, physical or
chemical state, complex formation, etc.
Herewith, we provide an overview of
such separation techniques that exploit
the physical and/or chemical properties
of the analyte or the interferent in a
mixture [1].
SEPARATION METHODS BASED
ON SIZE
Size is the simplest physical
characteristic that can be exploited as a
separation method. Usually, a porous
medium of specific pore size is used
through which the mixture of analyte and
interferent is made to pass. Only one of
the two substances can pass through the
medium while the other is left on the
porous medium. Techniques that work on
this principle include filtration, dialysis
and size-exclusion.
FILTRATION
This is the simplest and the most common
separation method based on size. A
membrane or filter of particular pore size
is used that retains the interferent from a
mixture of dissolved analytes. The
substance retained on the filter is termed
the retentate while the other that passes
through the membrane is referred as the
filtrate. Different membrane filters having
varying pore size are easily available for
these purposes.
DIALYSIS
This separation method is based on the
difference in the concentrations of the
particular species to be separated on two
sides of the separating membrane. In this,
the mixture or the sample is injected into
the dialysis membrane, usually made up of
cellulose that is tightly sealed in a gasket.
The whole apparatus is kept in a large unit
and filled with liquid whose composition
is different from the sample. The
concentration gradient of the species to be
separated on the two sides of the liquid
solution acts as the driving force for its
diffusion across the separating membrane.
This method is used to separate enzymes,
proteins and hormones. Dialysis is also
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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India
E-mail: [email protected]
¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications
¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering
and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning
« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning
« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment
« International Journal of Town Planning and Management
Applied Mechanics
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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms
Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
Pollution
Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics
« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements
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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
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Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
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