international hearing on climate change and energy access for the poor 26th-28th march 2010, limbé,...
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International hearing on Climate change and energy access for the poor
26th-28th March 2010, Limbé, Cameroon
MICRO-GRID POWER SYSTEMS BASED ON RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION:
BENEFITS, EXAMPLES AND STEPS TO PROMOTE THESE SOLUTIONS
Xavier Vallvé, Engineer International consultant
- Trama tecnoAmbiental, Barcelona,Spain –
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Battery
Conversion and control
Consumptions
Autonomous Electrification with RE
PV generator
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BACKGROUND: Typical Design approach
Technical specification for PV-hybrid micro-power plants (<100 kW, LV) partially adapted from IEC 62257 TS series, IEA PVPS Task3 and Task11 recommended practices, etc
Demand analysis and segmentation
Monitoring of systems to validate technology and the service
10 yr. Service horizon with local operator and local capacity building
Standardized technical solutions with high PV penetration
Experience in Design and Project management of PV-hybrid micro-power plants in rural areas of southern Europe, Africa, Latin America, Pacific …
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The diversification of the energy resources increase the quality of the service
The rational use of energy allows savings in the initial investment and in the maintenance costs
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Energy access for the poor: current situation in SSA
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Low population density
Remoteness from the public grid
Low demand in electricity but with very high value
High energy losses on the transmission lines
High costs of grid extension and connection
High Operation and Maintenance costs
Lack of adequate regulation/business models for decentralized electrification
Energy access for the poor: current situation in SSA
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Existing micro grids running with Gensets (many are not working)
Many villages and households and villages not connected to the grid
But essential to access to electricity for basic needs (high value for the first few kWh)
Energy access for the poor: current situation in SSA
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Autonomous RE cheaper than grid extension for remote areas
Comparison of investment costs for grid extension in selected countries. Source ESMAP 2000
Country Labour & other costs
Materials Total($/km)
Bangladesh 350 6 340 6 690
Laos 1 420 7 230 8 650
El Salvador 2 090 6 160 8 250
Kenya 6 590 5 960 12 550
Senegal 5 150 10 810 15 960
Mali 2 590 15 170 19 070
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PV cheaper than grid extension for remote areas
Comparison of investment costs between grid extension and off-grid PV in Spain
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RE Hybrid micro grids more sustainable than fossil fuelled Gensets
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
0,90
1,00
Grupo electrógenodirecto
Grupo electrógeno+ baterías
FV híbrida (25%fracción solar)
FV híbrida (80%fracción solar)
FV (100% fracciónsolar)
€/k
Wh
0
4
8
12
16
20
€/m
es
us
ua
rio
me
dio
Combustible G&O&M Inversión (microplanta + microrred)
Levelized costs for PV and Diesel technologies in microgrid for 340 users in Peru
(D.R. 5%, Diesel: 1 €/l)
Source: http://www.esmap.org/filez/pubs/620200785630_Peru_Solar-Diesel_Amazon_111-07.pdf
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From interim to permanent solutions
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Typical load profilesProfile 1- Daily Cycle rigid slim loads
PROFILE LOAD
AVO
IDABLE
DEF
ERABLE
INTE
RRUPT.
MO
DULA
BLE
NO NO NO
NO NO YES NO
1100
TYPICAL DAILY RANGE
(Wh/day)
550 1100
NO
275 275
550 1100
2a
2b
2c
YES NO YES YES 0
A
A
Profile 2- Base Load
2a-Base Load 2b- Base Load Interruptible 2c- Base Load- Stand-by
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From individual PV autonomous power plants to micro-grids
Application types Types of uses
Home applications LightingAudio/videoRefrigeratorSmall household appliancesWashing machineIronsFreezerOdd jobs
Public areas applications(places of collective life: worship halls, community centre, healthcentre, etc.)
The same appliances as above areused, but more and more powerful.
Public lighting.
Village water pumping.
Economic activities applications Process equipment supply (mainlymotors)
Individual PV micro plants in Europe
Multi-user micro grids (MSG) in Developing Countries
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What is a Hybrid Mini Grid with RE?
A combination of different but complementary energy generation technologies based on renewable energies or mixed (RES + genset)
Hybrid powered mini-grids can provide steady community-level electricity service, such as village electrification, offering also the possibility to be upgraded through grid connection in the future
Total installed power up to 100 kW (according to IEC)
Distribution line in Low Voltage (up to 1.000V) (only distribution)
Single or 3-phase grid
PV Hybrid Mini Grid in West Bank, Palestine
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From single user to villages: MSG (Multi user Solar Grid) up to 150 kWh/day
Typical layout (DC bus-bar micro power plant+AC single phase grid )
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Comparison of PV Individual and Micro grids
Advantages Disadvantages
IndividualElectrificationMicro plants
• Consumption is user managed on a day to day basis.• Black outs affect only one user.• PV micro plants can be easily moved to a new location.
• Limited surge power capacity.• Monitoring individual plants can be expensive and difficult.• Maintenance and repair service complex to organize in rural areas.
Multiuser Solar Grids (MSG)
• Improved quality (surge power, load shedding, etc).• Lower investment for compact villages.• Energy saving can be practiced using improved management tools.• Lower maintenance costs.• Telemetry can be economic for monitoring plant’s status.
• In a general power plant failure, everybody is cut off.• Social rules required to distribute energy availability.• Local management required.• Plants generally need to be serviced on site.
Challenge: sharing the energy available without conflicts
Energy distribution and metering issue!
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VISION: Universal electrification-individual plants and micro grids under one operational scheme
Individual Micro-Power PlantsMSG
MSG
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Examples MSG (Multi user Solar Grids)
Akkan, Morocco, Africa
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Akkan, Morocco
PV HYBRID POWER PLANT
PV GENERATOR
Installed PV capacity 5.760 Wp
Module type 80 Wp 36 cell – mono crystalline
Number of modules 72
Inclination / orientation 43º / +5º S
PV CHARGE CONTROLLER
Rated power 6.000 Wp
Control algorithm MPPT - Boost
BACK UP GENSET
Rated power 8,2 kVA single phase
Fuel Diesel
BATTERY
Number of elements (voltage) 24 (48V)
Model Hawker 2AT1500
Capacity (C100) 1.500 Ah
Autonomy 4 days
INVERTER
Voltage input / output 48 V DC / 230 V AC
Rated power 7.200 W
Harmonic distortion < 2,5%
DATA LOGGER
Memory / log frequency 300 kbyte / hourly
Type of data Energy, voltage, radiation, etc.
ELECTRICITY DISPENSER – METER
Input 230 V AC 50 Hz
Maximum current 10 A
Algorithm Configurable Daily Energy Deliverability
STREET LIGHTING
Number of lamps 13
Type 70 W hp sodium / 2 level electronic ballast
Total power - high 910 W
Total power - low 683 W
INDIVIDUAL LOADS
Households 275 Wh/day 23
Households 550 Wh/day 3
School 550 Wh/day 1
Mosque 550 Wh/day 1
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Diakha Madina, Senegal, Africa
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Diakha Madina, Senegal
PV ARRAY
PV installed power 3.150 Wp
PV Module model PW750 75 Wp 12V
Nº PV modules 42
Orientation/Inclination 0º S / 10º S
PV Area 46 m2
AVAILABLE ENERGY
Available Energy (Wh/day) 4.803
Irradiation (ḠpHp) 5 HPS
Month of design December
BATTERY
Nº elements 24
Battery type Tudor 6 OPzS 420
Capacity (C100) 672 Ah
Day of autonomy 4 days
CHARGE CONTROLLER
Regulation capacity 4.000 Wp
Mode of charge control MPP Tracker
INVERTER
Input / Output voltage 48 V DC / 230 V AC
Nominal Power 3.600 W
DC/DC Converter (12 V) 10A máxima de corriente
Harmonic distorsion < 2%
DATA LOGGING
Memory / freq. of logging 300 kbyte / hourly
PUBLIC LIGHTING
Number 2
Type of lamp 70 W / electronic ballast
PUMPING SYSTEM
Power of the pump 1.100 W
Flow 5m3/h
Deep 49 m
Height of the tank 7 m
Tank capacity 20 m3
BACK-UP GENSET
Nominal power 4,2 kW single phase
Fuel Diesel
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Civil works of multi purpose building
Agreements with users
Local kick-off meeting
Floreana island (Galapagos), Ecuador, South America (I)
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Building entry
Data download
Battery
Floreana island (Galapagos), Ecuador, South America (II)
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San Lorenzo, Ecuador, South America (I)
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Typical household
San Lorenzo, Ecuador, South America (II)
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San Lorenzo, Ecuador, South America (III)
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Electricity Dispenser / meter
Metering and invoicing interface
Energy and power limitation and guidance according to energy allowance contracted
User pays for availability of energy, not for the consumed energy
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Community based scheme vs Utility based scheme
Ownership and Operation
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User’s fees can sustain operation and replacement during the horizon of the project
Typical cash flow for MSG of 20 households and monthly fee of 8 USD
Flujo de caja en el ciclo de vida (20años)
-8.000
-6.000
-4.000
-2.000
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027
Año
Flu
jo d
e C
aja
(US
D)
Acumulado
Anual
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Present and future potential for Renewable Energy Micro grids
Villages not connected to the grid, where the grid extension is too expensive and not cost effective: micro-grid for basic needs (health, school, water, etc)
Villages with obsolete diesel generator because of the high running costs (Operation and Maintenance): refurbishing distribution grid, electrical installations, etc
Short-term (0-2 years)
Medium-term (5-6 years)
Long-term (10 years onwards)
Villages not connected to the grid: extension of the mini-grid to private applications and productive uses
Villages not connected to the grid: interconnection of several mini-grids between them or/and the national grid
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Constraints and limitations
Training and capacity building
High costs of investment
Critical density for adequate maintenance
Management of accumulated money
Social organization may be a critical issue depending of the management scheme
Unfair existing regulation (unfair regulations that discriminate against technologies that are especially suited to rural areas)
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New technologies available with Renewable Energy hybrid micro-grids
Possibility of decentralised productive electricity uses
MSG little knowledge and often not considered
Very good local governance capacity building
Lack of demonstration and monitoring
Existing barriers:
• Conventional tariff structure
• Institutions and infrastructure
• Engineering and social experience
SOME CONCLUSIONS