international conflict elements of a just war (i) jus ad bellum - the right to make war
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International Conflict Elements of a Just War (i) Jus ad bellum - the right to make war. Just Cause Cause must be proportionate Right Intention Authorisation by an appropriate authority Reasonable prospect of success A last resort. International Conflict Elements of a Just War - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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International Conflict
Elements of a Just War
(i) Jus ad bellum - the right to make war
• Just Cause
• Cause must be proportionate
• Right Intention
• Authorisation by an appropriate authority
• Reasonable prospect of success
• A last resort
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International Conflict
Elements of a Just War
(ii) Jus in bellum - justice in the conduct of war
• Discrimination - no attacking of the innocent
• Proportionality - the minimum necessary force
• Winnable???
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International Conflict
Study Design
Preamble (implications)
• Causes and nature of post cold-war conflict
• Global terrorism and its responses
• Nationalist, religious, economic or ethnic tensions came together at the Sept.11 terrorist attacks on the US.
• US as main superpower; China and India emerging.
•Tensions between the EU and US.
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International Conflict
Exam Aspects
• Study Design
• Essay Question - 2008 essay will be on conflict.
• You will need to have a thorough understanding of ‘terrorism’ and the war on terror in relation to the general issue of conflict - Its causes, nature and effects.
• The war on terror will be the focal point for this term.
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International Conflict
Main Dot Points
• Outcome 2 - to analyse and evaluate the nature of post cold war conflict.
• Causes and nature of armed conflict in the PCW
• global terrorism - definitions of terrorism, and state and non-state based terror
•Causes and effects of international terrorism
•US power: extent nd limitations
•Success/failure of states and groups in the PCW
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International Conflict
Analyse and evaluate the nature of international terrorism in PCW
• Definitions of terrorism including state and non-state terrorism
• Nature: what is international terrorism and what form(s) does it take
• What causes are championed by international terrorist ‘movement’ or phenomena?
• What effects have they had?
• US power: extent and limitations
•Success/failure
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International Conflict
Implications of study design
• Need for comprehensive and broad coverage of the nature of conflict, and particularly the war against terror in the PCWW
• Coverage is not just terrorism, but
• International conflict since the end of the cold war
• Terrorism as an example of international conflict
• Bracket terrorism and the subsequent war on terror as a major component of PCW conflict
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International Conflict
General contexts
• Terrorism - problem of definition, origin, nature, types
• Islamist background
• US foreign policy
• Relationship to globalisation, including global information networks, media systems, economic structure and funding.
• The subsequent war on terror becomes far more complex and complicated in this context.
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
Possible type of question
• Focus will probably be general - expect a general prompt.
• Discuss (turn the question around) so that you can focus on the conflict you have chosen.
• Consider:
• Causes
• Nature of conflict
•Progress/effects of the war
• Possibly offered 3 questions
• Show an understanding for both sides of issue
•Critically analyse & evaluate
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
Be Balanced…
YOU MUST AVOID!!!
Knee-jerk Islamaphobia &
Anti-Americanism
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
Pay attention to the context of the question.
Two contexts are appropriate:
1. Broad context of developing trends within Islamic societies:
• Previous centuries
• Since Iranian revolution
• Issues facing Islamic identity - globally and internally.
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
Pay attention to the context of the question.
Two contexts are appropriate:
2. US power and foreign policy - since at least the end of the cold war (1990-1991).
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
It is important to define the topic carefully
• Need to be careful relating ‘terror’ to ‘conflict’. (Bracket terrorism within the broader topic of global conflict in the PCWW).
• Should focus on ‘terror’ as an aspect of ‘conflict’ or ‘US response to terror’
• ie: if ‘war on terror’:
• Terror becomes a ‘given’ and less problematic
• Focuses more on the US.
(If terror, or Islamist terror, then US/Western response simply an unreflective response).
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
Problem of appropriate definition of the topic
• Specific problems of US ‘war on terror’
• War on terror is multifaceted and complex
• ‘Iraq war’ - is this part of the war on terrror? (There were no WMD found, or any evidence to justify US claims about Iraq being a state sponsoring terror against the West). Therefore, the Iraq war must be seen within a broader context of US foreign policy and the need to secure resources.
• Many/most would say that the Iraq war is related to US foreign policy - particularly in regard to securing access to oil resources.
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
Best way of dealing with these problems - BROAD COVERAGE
• Background - for understanding
• Issues of conflict - general understanding of how conflicts develop and occur
• How these general factors have come into play in a specific example
• The context of Islamic radicalism and mobilisation
• US power and FP since the end of the cold war
• Globalisation - islamist terror and US policy in regards to globalisation
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
Best way of dealing with these problems - BROAD COVERAGE
• Short term origins of Islamist terror
• Afghanistan under soviet invasion
• Al Qaida
• Contemporary Islamist issues - global and national
• Sept 11 and US response
• Afghan War
• Iraq war
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
The problem of State Terrorism• The Study Design assumes that this is a clearly defined category: in
reality, more problematic and uncertain
• Is it state terrorism when a government:
1. Attacks another country - including civilians? (Israel and Hezbollah in Lebanon). No! Unless it:
• (a) deliberately targets civilians who it knows are not Hezbollah. (Then what about Dresdan and Hiroshima)?
• (b) Has specific aims of intimidation.
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
The problem of State Terrorism
• Is it state terrorism when a government:
2. Uses instruments of govt. (e.g. militia) to intimidate civilians?
* Yes! Probably the least controversial and best example.
* Zimbabwe, Indonesia in Aceh and East Timor,
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
The problem of State Terrorism
• Is it state terrorism when a government:
3. Assassinates opposing political leaders outside its nation?
* (Israel targeting PLO or Hezbollah leaders).
* No! Unless civilians are killed and this was known about in advance. (E.g. bombing an apartment building in the hope that a PLO leader is inside).
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
The problem of State Terrorism
• Is it state terrorism when a government:
4. Uses murder, illegal arrests torture etc. against its own citizens? (e.g. Zimbabwe, Pinochet in Chile)
* Yes! But its not international terrorism, but internal.
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
War on Terror… too broad to provide a satisfactory focus?
• In last year’s exam, students tended to make assumptions on origins and nature of terrorism.
• Students lost marks for making unsustainable assumptions such as:
• Terrorism is ‘evil’ and needs no explanation
• US response is justified and legitimate.
• US claims ‘jus ad bellum’ for its war in Iraq due to its prosecution of a war against terrorism. But is it? WOT is very complex and multifaceted.
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International Conflict
Elements of US War on Terror
Investig-ation of Sept. 11
Home-land
Security Issues
Inter-national Security Issues
Attack on Afghanistan & Taliban
Attack on Iraq and Hussein
Arrest of perpetrators
General Security
Civil rights of suspects
Pakistan
Monitor-ing
Islamist groups
Central Asia
Middle East
Israel
Additional problems
Regional terrorist groups
Increas-ing
influence on Iraqi Shi’Ites
Nuclear threshold
Hostility to US
Iran
Airline Safety
etc:
Guantanamo Bay
Home-grown terrorists
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
A simple definition of terrorism?
The use of: a deliberate strategy of violence or intimidation, often arbitrary and seemingly unprovoked, often against civilians or non-combatants to achieve political or broader outcomes.
Deliberate: to some extent planned and organised
Violence or intimidation: assassination, uprisings, hostages, hijackings, skyjackings, and bombings.
Arbitrary: not specifically invoked - often without warning
Aims: achieve political (or perhaps theological) outcomes
Non-state actors (groups outside govt.) eg Shining Path, Tamil Tigers, Jemmeh Islamiah, Al Qaida
Committed by States themselves at times - more problematic/controversial.
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
When is terrorism international?
Terrorism becomes international when:
Attacks occur across international boundaries.
There are networks of finance, organisation and/or recruitment across international borders.
Motivation is against another nation.
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
When is terrorism international?
International does not necessarily mean global.
Al Qaida has been able to have a global reach, they have conducted attacks upon the US from their home soil, to Madrid, to Africa.
Jemmeh Islamiah have had an international reach by targetting western targets within Indonesia - Bali, Australian Embassy, Marriot Hotel.
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
Globalisation and Contemporary Terrorism.
•Globalisation has helped enable terrorism - by increasing connections internationally.
•Growth of international as part of the growth of power of non-state actors (a characteristic a a globalised world).
•Globalisation of US Western power through trade and investment, culture in PCWW
•One of the main causes of Islamist terrorist.
Nb. The timing and target of Sept. 11 - WTC, Pentagon, Whitehouse, - on the
anniversary of Pres. Bush’s New World Order speech.
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International Conflict
The essay component of the exam
Nature of
•Globalisation has helped enable terrorism - by increasing connections internationally.
•Growth of international as part of the growth of power of non-state actors (a characteristic a a globalised world).
•Globalisation of US Western power through trade and investment, culture in PCWW
•One of the main causes of Islamist terrorist.
Nb. The timing and target of Sept. 11 - WTC, Pentagon, Whitehouse, - on the
anniversary of Pres. Bush’s New World Order speech.