INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF AFRICAN

WRITERS

ISLAMIZATION & ARABIZATION: THE CHALLENGE OF BORDERLAND

COUNTRIES (BELT OF BILAD AL SOUDAN)Dr. M. J. Hashim

In Commemoration of the 50th Anniversar of the Ethiopian

Writers Association2-4 May 2011, AddisAbaba

ISLAMIZATION & ARABIZATION: THE CHALLENGE OF BORDERLAND COUNTRIES

(BELT OF BILAD AL SOUDAN) ”

Dr. M. Jalal Hashim

Islamization & ArabizationIslamization & Arabization

neither Islam nor Arabs are meantneither Islam nor Arabs are meant an ideological awareness if tested an ideological awareness if tested

by both Islam & Pan Arabism may by both Islam & Pan Arabism may failfail

It depicts situations where black It depicts situations where black Africans kill black African believing Africans kill black African believing they are Arabs (Hashim, they are Arabs (Hashim, Forthcoming)Forthcoming)

Pan Africanism (1900): from African Pan Africanism (1900): from African Diaspora to Continentalism (1945)Diaspora to Continentalism (1945)

African Diaspora and the MotherlandAfrican Diaspora and the Motherland

The 1st 1900 London Pan African Congress: The 1st 1900 London Pan African Congress: the Black Racesthe Black Races

The 5th (eroneously) 1945 Manchester Pan The 5th (eroneously) 1945 Manchester Pan African Congress: African Nations ; the Role African Congress: African Nations ; the Role of Nkrumaof Nkruma

(Adi & Sherwood, 2003; Alli, 1999; Esedebe, 1994)(Adi & Sherwood, 2003; Alli, 1999; Esedebe, 1994)

Pan Africanism: Back to African Pan Africanism: Back to African Nation & the Emergence of Nation & the Emergence of

Borderland BeltBorderland Belt

Sub-Saharan Pan Africanism + Sub-Saharan Pan Africanism + DiasporaDiaspora

The African Nation (Prah, 2006a)The African Nation (Prah, 2006a)

The Buffer Zone of IdentityThe Buffer Zone of Identity Arabized Nomads Encroachment Arabized Nomads Encroachment

in Sudanic Belt (Sudan, Chad, Niger, in Sudanic Belt (Sudan, Chad, Niger, Mali etc) Mali etc)

Identification with Arabs & Identification with Arabs & deploring Africans (Prah, 2006b; 2005)deploring Africans (Prah, 2006b; 2005)

The Sudanic Belt Nomadic Pan Arab The Sudanic Belt Nomadic Pan Arab nationalism: in the makingnationalism: in the making

Darfur Scenario: exterminating Africans Darfur Scenario: exterminating Africans (Hashim, 2005)(Hashim, 2005)

Pan African Challenge of Pan African Challenge of BorderlandBorderland

The Split of Identity: Africanism vs. The Split of Identity: Africanism vs. ArabismArabism

Pan Africanism and the Challenge of Pan Africanism and the Challenge of Nation BuildingNation Building

Transforming Mode of Economical Transforming Mode of Economical Activity: Pastoralist vs.SedentaryActivity: Pastoralist vs.Sedentary

If Mission not accomplished?If Mission not accomplished?

The Desintegration of the StateThe Desintegration of the State

Totalitarian DemocracyTotalitarian Democracy

State Corruption in the Name of AllahState Corruption in the Name of Allah

Demographic Re-engineering of Marginalized Areas Demographic Re-engineering of Marginalized Areas out of Controlout of Control

PROSPECTS OF Full-fledged Civil Wars?PROSPECTS OF Full-fledged Civil Wars? Collapse of State? More Guerrella OrganizationsCollapse of State? More Guerrella Organizations

The Case of the SudanThe Case of the Sudan

The Geopolitical Significance of the The Geopolitical Significance of the SudanSudan

A Model for the belt of Bilad al-Sudan, A Model for the belt of Bilad al-Sudan, i.e. Countries bordering Arabia from i.e. Countries bordering Arabia from one side and Africa from the otherone side and Africa from the other

What takes place here is likely to What takes place here is likely to occur elsewhereoccur elsewhere

Regional Pan Africanism: Regional Pan Africanism: drawing Strength from Within:drawing Strength from Within:the Case of the Horn of Africathe Case of the Horn of Africa

Raising and enhancing Pan African Raising and enhancing Pan African AwarenessAwareness

Integrative UnityIntegrative Unity Democratization & Human RightsDemocratization & Human Rights Developing economical InterdependenciesDeveloping economical Interdependencies

Regional Pan Africanism: drawing strength from within:

the Case of Horn of Africa• Raising Pan African Awareness• Ethnicity Management & Conflicts Resolution•Integrative Unity of Development & Education• Democratization & Human Rights• Developmental economical Interdependencies

Over-bridging Regional Over-bridging Regional disunitydisunity

Under regional unity:* Ethiopia & Eritrea can reunite * North & South Sudan can reunite* Somalia can be reunite

Regional IntegrationRegional Integration

Politically: Nile Basin Initiative

•Sudan detaching from Egypt, integrating with Ethiopia• Regional Conflict Resolution Mechanism

Labour, Commerce & Labour, Commerce & EnvironmentEnvironment

• Integral Commerce: easy cross border commodities

• Environment & Food Security: Famine, Drought, & integral food production

• Free Labour move

Pan African Unity: widening Pan African Unity: widening regional unityregional unity

A step toward Sub-Saharan African Unity

Toward bigger regional UnityToward bigger regional Unity

Sub-Saharan Pan African UnitySub-Saharan Pan African Unity

ConclusionConclusion

Africa is United!But where is the place of African Diaspora?The answer: Afro-Pacific-Caribbean IntegrationInstitutionalized Come-Back WelcomeMulti Pan African Citizenship

BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY

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Esedebe, P. Olisanwuche. 1994. Esedebe, P. Olisanwuche. 1994. Pan-Africanism: the Pan-Africanism: the Idea and the Movement: 1976-1991Idea and the Movement: 1976-1991. Washington: . Washington: Howard University Press.Howard University Press.

Hakim Adi, Marika Sherwood. 2003. Hakim Adi, Marika Sherwood. 2003. Pan-African History: Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa & the Diaspora since 1787Political Figures from Africa & the Diaspora since 1787. . New York: Routledge.New York: Routledge.

Hashim, M.J. 2005. Islamization and Arabization of Africans as Hashim, M.J. 2005. Islamization and Arabization of Africans as a Means to Political Power in the Sudan: Contradictions of a Means to Political Power in the Sudan: Contradictions of Discrimination based on the Blackness of Skin and Stigma of Discrimination based on the Blackness of Skin and Stigma of Slavery and their Contribution to the Civil Wars. In: Bankie, Slavery and their Contribution to the Civil Wars. In: Bankie, F.B. & Mchombu, K. F.B. & Mchombu, K. Pan-Africanism: African Nationalism: Pan-Africanism: African Nationalism: strengthening the Unity of Africa and its Diasporastrengthening the Unity of Africa and its Diaspora. Asmara: the . Asmara: the Red Sea Press, Inc. 265-293.Red Sea Press, Inc. 265-293.

Hashim, M.J. 2010. The dams of Northern Sudan and the Hashim, M.J. 2010. The dams of Northern Sudan and the policy of demographic engineering. In: policy of demographic engineering. In: International Journal of International Journal of African Renaissance Studies- Multi-, Inter- and African Renaissance Studies- Multi-, Inter- and TransdisciplinarityTransdisciplinarity, Volume 5 Issue 1, 148 - 160. Online:, Volume 5 Issue 1, 148 - 160. Online:http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a927027175~frm=titlelink?words=hashim&hash=3060959759

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