internaonal development isn’t rocket science · 2017-06-20 · internaonal development isn’t...
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Interna'onaldevelopmentisn’trocketscience:
reflec%onsfromfourdecadesinwaterandsanita%on
RichardCarterwww.richard-carter.org
UniversityofCalgary19June2017
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A6erall…
InmostplacesthereissufficientwaterforbasichouseholdusesWehavetechnologiesfor• watersourceengineering,watertreatment,pumpinganddistribu%on
• sanita'on:containment,treatmentandsafedisposalofhumanexcreta
• goodhygieneprac%ces2
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Furthermore…
wehaveagoodunderstandingofthemanagementandfinancingapproacheswhichareneededfor• monitoringandmanagingwaterresources• managingruralandurbanwaterandsanita'onservices
• cos'ngandpricingnewdevelopmentsandcon%nuingservices
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Water,sanita'onandhygiene(WASH)Thejourneysofar…1980s–theUnitedNa%onsInterna%onalDrinkingWaterSupplyandSanita%onDecade1990s–SafeWater20002005-2015–Seconddecade“Waterforlife”2000-2015–theMillenniumDevelopmentGoals2015-2030–theSustainableDevelopmentGoals
1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
Servicesforall Halvethegap Servicesforall
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Fourdecadesof(slow)progressindevelopingcountries*1980(pop3.2bn*)Water43%servedSanita'on46%served
1990 2015
91%
76%
W
1990 2015
68%
54%
S
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1990(pop4.0bn*)Water75%servedSanita'on56%served
PercentagesinboxesarefromDecadeEvalua%on,WHO,1991.PercentagesingraphicsarefromJMP,2015Update.
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664million-
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Lowerlines:popula%onwithoutadequatesanita%on(red)andwithoutsafewater(blue)
Popula'ons'llnotserved
Upperlines:globalpopula%onandpopula%onofless-developedcountries
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“Served”/“havingaccess”towater"Improved"sourcesofdrinking-water:• Pipedwaterintodwelling• Pipedwatertoyard/plot• Publictaporstandpipe• Tubewellorborehole• Protecteddugwell• Protectedspring• Rainwater
"Unimproved"sourcesofdrinking-water:• Unprotectedspring• Unprotecteddugwell• Cartwithsmalltank/drum• Tanker-truck• Surfacewater• Bodledwater
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“Served”/“havingaccess”tosanita'on"Improved"sanita'on:• Flushtoilet• Pipedsewersystem• Sep%ctank• Flush/pourflushtopitlatrine• Ven%latedimprovedpitlatrine(VIP)• Pitlatrinewithslab• Compos%ngtoilet"Unimproved"sanita'on:• Flush/pourflushtoelsewhere• Pitlatrinewithoutslab• Bucket• Hangingtoiletorhanginglatrine• Sharedsanita%on• Nofacili%esorbushorfield
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Someoftheassump'ons…• Animprovedwatersupplysourceoffersadequatewaterqualityprotec%on
• Animprovedsanita%onfacilitysafelycontainshumanwaste,removingitfromtheenvironment
• Improvedtechnologiesofferreliableservices
• Thosewithimprovedfacili%esusethemconsistently
Generally,improvedwatersourcesrankhigherintermsofmicrobiologicalwaterquality(TTCcounts),buteventhebestsourcesarenoten%relysafeallthe%mebasedonthismeasureofrisk.
9HavinganimprovedfacilityisaproxyforusingandbenefiZngfromanadequateservice
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(Someof)thebadnews…• 35%ofhandpumpsmaybe“down”atanyone%me
(RWSN,2012)
• many“improved”watersourcesarenotfullysafe(Bainetal,2014)
• “slippage”fromopen-defeca%on-freestatusiscommon(WSSCC,2016)
• “everyday… severalhundredthousandtonsoffaecalma2erfromeitheropendefaeca5onorcollectedfromon-sitesanita5oninstalla5ons… aredisposedofintotheurbanandperi-urbanenvironment”(StraussandMontangero,nd)
• achievingandsustainingsignificantlevelsofhygienebehaviourchangerequiressystema%candsustainedinterven%ons(Schordt,2003)
• manyna%onalGovernmentsfailtoallocateasufficientpropor%onoftheirna%onalbudgetstoWASH(GLAAS,2010)
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Notrocketscience…
…butinmanywaysmuchharder.We’redealingnotonlywiththewell-behavedandpredictablephysicalworld,butalsowiththelesswellunderstood,lesspredictableworldsofhumanbehaviourinitsindividual,social,organisa%onal,economicandpoli%caldimensionsKennedy1961,Armstrong1969…andevenrocketscienceletsusdownsome%mes
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Whydoes(WASH)developmentposesuchintractablechallenges?
Users/consumers/beneficiariesofservicesculture,knowledge,altudes,demandandwillingnesstoalterbehavioursandprac%ces
Decision-makerscompetence,commitment,leadershipand
trustworthinessofGovernmentsanddonors
Providersofservicesresources,exper%se,professionalismand
competenceofpublicsector,privatesectorandcivilsocietyorganisa%ons
“Voicesofthepoor:cananyonehearus?”
“Theshortrouteofaccountability”
“Withouttheresponsibleuseofpower,howcanwedeliver?”
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“Beneficiaries”–nottobetakenforgranted
WesternKenya(free-of-charge)chlorinedispensersatpointofwatercollec%onBiggestchallenges?• smellandtasteofchlorine• associa%onofhealth-linkedinnova%onswithsuspicionsthatsomeformoffamilyplanningisbeingfoisted
• somebreakagesat%mesofcircumcisionceremonies
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“Beneficiaries”–ac'veagentsanddecision-makersTheexampleofcommunityhealthclubs–asystema%capproachforempoweringhouseholdsPrinciples:
– educa%onisanecessary(butnotsufficient)requirementforchange– belonging,membership,peer-solidarityandrecogni%onhavehighvalue– householdlevelchangeisnotonlypossiblebutdemonstrable
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000 MasvingoDistrict,Zimbabwe,bluebarsbaseline,redbarsendline[n=1870households]
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Assumenothing……abouthow“beneficiaries”willrespond……andneverassumethat“thepoor”aremerelyhelplessandinneedof“aid”
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Serviceauthori'esandprovidersThoseen%%eswiththemandatetoprovidewaterandsanita%onservices:localGovernmentswithprivatesector,NGOsandcommunity-basedorganisa%ons• oqendescribedas“weak”• perceivedashaving“lowcapacity”
• usuallyseriouslyunder-resourced
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…andyet……somelocalGovernmentsandsomeoftheirmandatedserviceprovidersaresucceedingagainsttheodds
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Assumenothing……aboutthecapacityoflocalorganisa%ons……andneverassumethattheyarehelpless
withoutexternalaid18
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Sufficient(quan%ty)
Acceptable(quality)
Reliable Manageable
Affordable
Accessible
Func%onal
Pleasant(nosmellsor
flies)
Private(dignified,safe)
Whatdoserviceuserswant?
Watersupply Sanita'on
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Power,poli'calwillandgovernanceTheholdingofpoli'calofficeisrarelyaboutpublicservicePolicy,priority-selngandbudgetalloca%onsarerarelyevidence-basedGovernance:“(how)authorityinacountryisexercised… theprocessbywhichgovernmentsareselected,monitoredandreplaced;thecapacityofthegovernmenttoeffec5velyformulateandimplementsoundpolicies;andtherespectofci5zensandthestatefortheins5tu5onsthatgoverneconomicandsocialinterac5onsamongthem”[WorldBank]Worldwidegovernanceindicators:• VoiceandAccountability• Poli%calStabilityandAbsenceof
Violence• GovernmentEffec%veness• RegulatoryQuality• RuleofLaw• ControlofCorrup%on
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hdp://info.worldbank.org/governance/WGI/#reports
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ImpressiveprogressinWASHinEthiopia,Rwanda,SenegalandSouthAfrica[hdp://dai-global-developments.com/ar%cles/doubling-access-to-safe-drinking-water-how-four-african-countries-did-it-and-how-others-can-too/]
Access(%)1990 2015
EthiopiaWater 13 57
Sanita%on 3 28Rwanda
Water 58 76Sanita%on 33 62
SenegalWater 60 79
Sanita%on 36 48SouthAfrica
Water 83 93Sanita%on 51 66
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SowhatamIsaying?
Userbehaviour,organisa%onalcapacityandresources,andpoli%calwillposemajorchallenges……buttherearesomeshininglightsandsignsofprogress.Whenrealdemandfromwaterandsanita%onusers,increasedcapacityandresourcesamongserviceproviders,andcommidedleadershipfromthetopcoincide,muchispossible.[…butgoodgovernancemaynotbeagoodpredictorofprogress…]
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Threeparadigmshi6s
1. Fromtapsandtoiletstowaterandsanita%onservices[technology,management,finance,enablingenvironmentandaccountabilityjoininghands]
2. Reliabilityandpredictabilityofinvestment[withanappropriatebalancebetweencapitalandrecurrent]
3. Recogni%onthatuserscannotpaythefullcosts[implica%onsforsubsidies;implica%onsfordonors]
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Numerousactors,butwho’sthedirector?
Na%onalandlocalGovernments,donorsandlenders,UNagencies,interna%onalandna%onalNGOs,privatesector,academicandresearchpartners…Whois,orshouldbe,incharge?
StevenSpielberg25
MichaelDowseUCalgaryAlumnus,
FilmDirector
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ParisprinciplesGloballyagreedprinciplesareveryclear–Na%onalGovernmentsareinchargeCommitmentsto• ownership(byna%onalGovernments)• alignment(bydonors)• harmonisa%on(bydonors)• managingforresults(Governmentsanddonors)• mutualaccountability(both)
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Reali'es• WeaknessesinGovernmentleadershipandsystems,andthepoli%csofinterna%onalaidmaketheseprincipleschallengingtofollow
• Manyorganisa%ons(NGOsespecially)workroundratherthaninsupportofGovernmentleadership,andpromotethemselves
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Whatshould“we”do?
Weforeignersandoutsiders,well-meaning,well-educated,wewho“…areresolvedtofreethehumanracefromthetyrannyofpovertyand[who]wantandtohealandsecureourplanet.We[who]aredeterminedtotaketheboldandtransforma5vestepswhichareurgentlyneededtoshiLtheworldontoasustainableandresilientpath.… we[who]pledgethatnoonewillbeleLbehind”…?[UnitedNa%onsTransformingourworld:the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment]
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Do• Workascloselyaspossible
under,throughandwithna%onalandlocalGovernment
• Collaborateandharmonise• Generatedeepmutual
understandingofuserbehaviours,serviceproviderconstraintsandpoli%caleconomy
• Promotedemandforservicesandpublicandprivatesectoraccountability
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beunrealis'callydemandingaboutimpactsandevidenceThesome%messorrytaleofrandomizedcontrolledtrials(RCTs)…RCTsasthe“goldstandard”ofevidence–adeeplyflawedno%onThedisconnect(some%mes)betweenRCTresearchandimplementa%onHowRCTscaninterferewithimplementa%oneffec%veness,orfailtorecogniseitsconstraints
Don’t
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DoyouknowaboutanyRCTsthatprovideevidencethatweshoulduseRCTs?[withacknowledgmenttoChrisLysy,freshspectrum.com]
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Anddon’tjustdothe(rela'vely)easybits• thescienceandengineering(therocketscience)• thecapitalinvestments(theeasymoney)
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Finalthoughts:insightsfromcomplexitytheoryComplexity:“thestateorqualityofbeingintricateorcomplicated”(OxfordEnglishDic%onary)
Complexsystems:• Systems,withsub-systemsatmul%plescales
• Complexinterac%onsandfeedbacks• Inherentlyunpredictableoutcomesofinterac%ons
• Apparentlysimplerulesofengagementatonelevelmayleadtounexpectedemergentresultsathigherlevels
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Andso…Ac%ngaccordingtosimplis%cmodelsofdevelopmentinterven%onsisincreasinglyrecognisedasinappropriate
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Instead,ar%culateallassump&onsinordertoplan;act(experiment);measure;learnandadapt,modifynextsetofac%ons–behumbleandalwayslearning!
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Manythanksforlistening!
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