interior - internal heating - saturn reradiates three times as much energy as it absorbs; therefore,...
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Interior - Internal Heating -Saturn reradiates three times as much energy as it absorbs; therefore, there must be an internal heat source.
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It is believed that this extra heat is produced as the result of what is called “helium rain”.
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At Saturn’s internal temperature, liquid helium will not dissolve in liquid hydrogen.
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Instead it forms droplets which fall through Saturn’s interior and depletes the helium in the upper levels.
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As the helium rain sinks toward the center, gravity compresses it and heats it. This produces the excess internal heat.
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Internal Structure - Saturn has a rocky core that is larger than Jupiter’s. The amount of metallic hydrogen is smaller than Jupiter.
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The core pressure is around 1/10 the core pressure of Jupiter (about the same as Earth).
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The magnetic field strength of Saturn is about 1/20 of Jupiter’s. This is still 1000 times Earth’s.
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Saturn’s magnetic field is not inclined to its rotation axis. (Earth’s and Jupiter’s are)
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Saturn’s magnetic field envelops its ring system and the innermost 16 moons.
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Saturn’s largest moon,Titan, is sometimes inside, sometimes outside the magnetic field depending on the strength of the solar wind.
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Saturn and its moons produce no plasma torus.
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Ring system - All the Jovian planets have ring systems. Saturn’s is the brightest and most extensive.
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The rings are composed of a great number of small particles, primarily of water ice, all independently orbiting.
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The size of the particles ranges from fractions of a mm to ten’s of meters. The average size is that of a large snowball.
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The rings are very thin, only ten’s of meters thick in some places. Collisions with other particles keep the particles in circular orbits.
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Why do the Jovian planets have rings?Moons too close to the planet are torn apart by tidal gravitational forces (the same forces that produce Io’s internal heat).
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The pieces of the destroyed moon spread out to form the rings.
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For a given planet and a given moon, the critical distance, inside of which the moon will be destroyed is called the Tidal Stability Limit, or the Roche Limit.
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The material that forms the rings might be a destroyed moon or material from the formation of Saturn that never came together to form a moon.
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Voyager found that rather than 3 main bands of rings there are actually tens of thousands of narrow ringlets.
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The smaller gaps between the rings are not actually empty but have a low density of particles. The fine structure of the system varies over time.
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The true gaps are probably swept clean by moonlets, but only one moonlet has been found. The other gaps are caused by resonances with the innermost major moon, Mimas.
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Other moons that cause resonance gaps are Atlas, Janus, and Epimetheus.
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There is a very thin, “braid-looking”, F-ring influenced by two small moons called shepherd satellites (Prometheus, Pandora).
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Prometheus
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Pandora
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Voyager revealed more rings than had ever been seen before, both nearer the planet and further away than the original known rings.
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One other strange feature discovered by Voyager was a series of dark spokes on the B-ring. These moved during one orbital period then disappeared.
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These spokes were actually shadows of dust above the ring. The dust was held in place by electrostatic forces in the ring plane.
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Saturn’s rings are probably relatively new (50,000,000 years old). There is too much dynamics for them to be stable for billions of years.
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