interaction between school law conference - school...interaction between school oﬃcials and law...

Established 1926

[email protected]:@lynchdallaslaw

(319)365-9101

InteractionBetweenSchoolOfficialsandLawEnforcement

BrettS.NitzschkeandHollyA.Corkery

LynchDallas,P.C.

SchoolAdministratorsofIowaSchoolLawConference

February7,2017

OVERVIEW Established 1926

¡  ChangestoChapter232oftheIowaCode(JuvenileRecords)

¡  InteragencyInformationSharingAgreements¡  RelationshipswithSchoolResourceOfficers¡  Studentsearches¡  LawEnforcementAccesstoStudents¡  DHSAccesstoStudents


ChangestoChapter232oftheIowaCode(JuvenileRecords)

BACKGROUND

¡  March9,2016GovernorBranstadsignedabillintolawamendingChapter232oftheIowaCodewhichprovidedformostjuveniledelinquencyrecordsinIowatobeconfidential.

¡  ThelawwentintoeffectJuly1,2016andappliestoproceedingsthatwerependingoraroseafterJuly1,2016.

¡  Thelawhadbipartisansupportandthesupportofmanyadvocacygroups.

DEFINITIONS

¡  “DelinquentAct”:violationofanystatelaworlocalordinancethatwouldconstituteapublicoffenseifcommittedbyanadult.Thismayincludeviolationoffederalorotherstatelawsifthecaseisreferredtothejuvenilecourt.(IowaCode§232.2(12))

¡  “Juvenilecourtsocialrecords”meansallrecordsmadewithrespecttoachildinconnectionwithproceedingsoverwhichthecourthasjurisdictionunderthischapterotherthantheofficialrecordsandincludesbutisnotlimitedtotherecordsmadeandcompiledbyintakeofficers,predispositionreports,andreportsofphysicalandmentalexaminations.(IowaCode§232.2(31))

DEFINITIONS

¡  “Officialjuvenilecourtrecords”or“officialrecords”meansofficialrecordsofthecourtofproceedingsoverwhichthecourthasjurisdictionunderthischapterwhichincludesbutisnotlimitedtothefollowing:

!  Thedocketofthecourtandentriestherein.!  Complaints,petitions,otherpleadings,motions,andapplicationsfiledwithacourt.

!  Anysummons,notice,subpoena,orotherprocessandproofsofpublication.

!  Transcriptsofproceedingsbeforethecourt.!  Findings,judgments,decrees,andordersofthecourt.(IowaCode§232.2(38))

FORMERLAW

¡  Theoldlawprovidedthatofficialjuvenilecourtrecordswerepublicrecordsunlessthecourtfoundgroundstosealtherecord.! RecordswereaccessiblethroughtheCountyClerkofCourt’sOfficeorIowaCourtsOnline

! Schools,colleges,andemployersusethesesourcesbeforeallowingadmissionorofferingemployment.

FORMERLAW

¡  Officialjuvenilecourtrecordswereonlykeptconfidentialunderverylimitedcircumstances.! Thecourtorthejuvenilehadtomakeamotiontokeeptherecordsconfidential.

! Ifthecourtgrantedthemotionithadtofindthatthecasewasdismissedandthatkeepingtherecordsconfidentialwasinthebestinterestofthejuvenileandthepublic.

FORMERLAW

¡  Whatdidthismeanforpublicschools?! Publicschoolscouldeasilyobtainrecordsregardingstudentsandtheirjuvenilecourtproceedings.

CHANGESTHATTOOKEFFECTJULY1,2016

¡  AsofJuly1,2016,allofficialjuvenilecourtrecordsregardingpendingandfuturecasesareconfidentialwithonlyoneexception:forciblefelonies.(IowaCode§232.147)

! Whatisaforciblefelony?Typicallymurder,sexualabuse,kidnapping,childendangerment,assault,robbery,humantrafficking,arsoninthefirstdegree,andburglaryinthefirstdegreewillbeconsideredaforciblefelony.

! Officialjuvenilecourtrecordsregardingforciblefeloniesarenotavailabletothepublicuntilthechildhasbeenadjudicatedinthedelinquentmatter.


¡  Whocaninspectconfidentialrecords(IowaCode§232.147)?

! Thejudgeandothercourtstaff! Thechildandthechild’sattorney! Thechild’sparent,guardian,custodian,courtappointedspecialadvocate,guardianadlitem,membersofthechild’sadvocacyboardcreatedpursuanttoIowaCodeSection237.16,andlocalcitizenfosterreviewcareboardcreatedpursuanttoIowaCodeSection237.19

! TheCountyAttorneyortheCountyAttorney’sassistants.



! Anagency,association,facility,orinstitutionwhichhascustodyofthechild,orislegallyresponsibleforthecare,treatmentorsupervisionofthechild

! Thechild’sfosterparentoranindividualprovidingpre-adoptivecaretothechild

! Thestatepublicdefender! Thedepartmentofcorrections! Ajudicialdistrictdepartmentofcorrectionalservices

! Theboardofparole



! Thesuperintendentorthesuperintendent’sdesigneeoftheschooldistrictfortheschoolattendedbythechildortheauthoritiesinchargeofanaccreditednonpublicschoolattendedbythechild

! AmemberofthearmedforcesoftheUnitedStateswhoisconductingabackgroundinvestigationofanindividualpursuanttofederallaw



! ThestatisticalanalysiscenterforpurposesallowedunderIowalaw

! Astateorlocallawenforcementagency! Theallegedvictimofthedelinquentact


¡  IssueswithOfficialJuvenileCourtRecordsandhearingsregardingstudentexpulsion/suspension:

!  IowaCodeSection21.5providesthatanymeetingsoftheboardtodiscusswhethertoconductahearingortoactuallyconductahearingtosuspendorexpelastudentareclosedmeetingsunlessopensessionisrequestedbythestudentoraparent/guardianifthestudentisaminor.

!  Whatdoyoudoifthestudentrequestsanopenmeetingandyouplantouseconfidentialofficialjuvenilecourtrecordsinthehearing?

CONFIDENTIALRECORDSV.SEALEDRECORDS

¡  Whatisthedifferencebetweenconfidentialrecordsandsealedrecords?

!  Sealedrecordsaremoreprotected.!  Underthepreviouslawandthecurrentlaw,thecourtisrequiredtoscheduleahearingafterthelastactiontakeninajuvenilecaseorthedatethechildturns18,whicheverislater.

!  Atthehearing,ifthejudgefindsthatthechildis18yearsold(orolder),twoyearshavepassedsincethelastofficialactioninthecase,thechildhasnotsincebeenconvictedofafelonyoraggravatedorseriousmisdemeanor,andtherearenopendingchargesseekingconvictionoradjudicationofafelonyoraggravatedorseriousmisdemeanor.

CONFIDENTIALRECORDSV.SEALEDRECORDS

¡  Whatisthedifferencebetweenconfidentialrecordsandsealedrecords?

!  Achangebetweentheformerlawandthecurrentlawisthatinadditiontothefindingsjustdiscussed,thecourtmustalsofindthatthechildwasnotadjudicatedforoperatingavehiclewhileundertheinfluence.

!  Ifacaseissealed,itnolongerexists.Anyagencypossessingtherecordsmustrespondtoarequestfortherecordsbystatingthattheydonotexist.

JUVENILECOURTSOCIALRECORDS

¡  Canaschooldistrictreviewjuvenilecourtsocialrecords?(IowaCode§232.147(7))

! Priortoachild’sadjudication,juvenilecourtsocialrecordsmaybedisclosedwithoutacourtordertothesuperintendentorthesuperintendent’sdesigneeofaschooldistrictinaccordancewithaninteragencyagreementestablishedunderIowaCodeSection280.25.

! Thedisclosurecanonlyincludeidentifyinginformationthatisnecessarytofulfillthepurposeofthedisclosure.

JUVENILECOURTSOCIALRECORDS

¡  Canaschooldistrictreviewjuvenilecourtsocialrecords(IowaCode§232.147(7))?

! Thejuvenilecourtsocialrecordsdisclosedcanonlybeusedforthepurposeofdeterminingtheprogramsandservicesappropriatetotheneedsofthechildorthefamilyofthechildandshallnotbedisclosedforanyotherpurposeunlessotherwiseprovidedbylaw.


InteragencyInformationSharingAgreement

INTERAGENCYINFORMATIONSHARINGAGREEMENT

¡  IowaCodeSection280.25InteragencyInformationSharingAgreements!  Theboardofdirectorsmustadoptapolicyandthe

superintendentmustadoptruleswhichprovidethattheschooldistrictmayshareinformationcontainedinastudent'spermanentrecordpursuanttoaninteragencysharingagreementwithstateandlocalagenciesthatarepartofthejuvenilejusticesystem.

!  Theschoolmustadoptapolicyimplementingtheprovisionsoftheinteragencyagreementthatmustincludetheprovisionsoftheinteragencyagreementandtheprocedurestobeusedbytheschooltoshareinformationinthestudent’spermanentrecord.

!  Agenciesthatmayparticipateinsuchagreementsincludejuvenilecourtservices,DHS,andlocallawenforcementauthorities.


¡  IowaCodeSection280.25InteragencyInformationSharingAgreements!  Aschooldistrict’sdisclosureofanystudent

recordsmustbedirectlyrelatedtothejuvenilejusticesystem’sabilitytoeffectivelyserve,priortoadjudication,thestudentwhoserecordsarebeingreleased.

! Examples:Determiningtheprogramsandservicesappropriatetotheneedsofthejuvenileorthejuvenile'sfamily;Coordinatingthedeliveryofprogramsandservicestothejuvenileorthejuvenile’sfamily.


¡  IowaCodeSection280.25InteragencyInformationSharingAgreements!  Informationsharedbytheschoolisnot

admissibleinacourtproceedingunlessthestudentorthestudent’sparent,guardianorlegaloractualcustodianconsent.

!  Informationsharedbyanotherpartytotheagreementwithaschooldistrictpursuanttoaninteragencyagreementshallnotbeusedasabasisforschooldisciplinaryactionagainstthestudent.


¡  IowaCodeSection280.25InteragencyInformationSharingAgreements

! Theinteragencyagreementmustprovideandeachpartytotheagreementmustcertifyintheagreementthatconfidentialinformationsharedamongthepartiestotheagreementshallremainconfidentialandshallnotbesharedwithanyotherperson,school,schooldistrict,oragencyunlessotherwiseprovidedbylaw.


¡  IowaCodeSection280.25InteragencyInformationSharingAgreements!  Practically,howdoesaschooldistrictdraftan

informationsharingagreement?! Drafta“28E”Agreement!  IowaCodeChapter28providesthatpublicagenciescanenterintoagreementswithoneormorepublicorprivateagenciesforjointorcooperativeaction.

!  Theboardofdirectorsmusttakeappropriateactionthrougharesolutiontoapproveany28Eagreements.

!  All28EAgreementsmustcontainparticularinformationandbefiledwiththeSecretaryofState.


RelationshipswithSchoolResourceOfficers

SCHOOLRESOURCEOFFICERS

¡  September8,2017DearColleagueLetterfromtheDepartmentofJusticeOfficeofCommunityOrientedPolicingServices!  ThisDearColleagueletterintroducedapartnership

betweentheDOJandtheU.S.DepartmentofEducationandthetwoagencies’thedevelopmentoftheSafeSchool-basedEnforcementthroughCollaboration,Understanding,andRespectrubrics

!  TherubricsofferguidancetocommunitiesandlawenforcementagenciestohelpthoseinterestedinimplementingandmaintainingsuccessfulSchoolResourceOfficer(“SRO”)programs.


¡  September8,2017DearColleagueLetterfromtheDepartmentofJusticeOfficeofCommunityOrientedPolicingServices!  TherubricprovidesthatSRO’sresponsibilitiesin

theschoolcommunityincludingnotonlythoseofalawenforcementofficer,butalsothoseofaneducator,emergencymanager,andinformalcounselor.

!  SRO’sshouldstrivetoemploynon-punitivetechniqueswheninteractingwithstudentsandschooldistrictsshouldstrivetocreatepositiveinteractionsbetweenSRO’sandstudents.

¡  SafeSchool-basedEnforcementthroughCollaboration,UnderstandingandRespectRubric

SCHOOLRESOURCEOFFICER

AvailableatUnitedStatesDepartmentofJustice,“WhatisaSchoolResourceOfficer?,”https://cops.usdoj.gov/supportingsafeschools.


¡  September8,2017DearColleagueLetterfromtheDepartmentofJusticeOfficeofCommunityOrientedPolicingServices

!  ProgramsreceivingCOPSHiringProgramgrantsmustsubmitaMOUtotheCOPSOfficewithinninetydaysofthedateofonthegrantaward’scongratulatoryletter.

!  AtaminimumasuccessfulMOUwillincludetheSROprogram’spurpose,eachparties’rolesandresponsibilities,requirementsforinformationsharing,supervisionoftheSRO.

!  Inadditiontothelawsdiscussedearlierinthispresentation,theMOUshouldconsiderFERPA,HIPPA,civilrightslaws,andanyotherstateorfederallawsthatmayapply.

¡  IowaCodeChapter808A

! Aschooldistrictmaysearchastudentorprotectedstudentarea(clothingwornorcarriedbystudent,containerusedbyastudentforholdingorcarryingpersonalbelongingsinthepossessionandimmediateproximityofthestudent).

! Aschooldistrictisrequiredtohaveastudentsearchruleandpublishtheruleintheschooldistrict’shandbooks.

!  Schoolofficials(licensedemployeesandunlicensedemployeesemployedforsecurityorsupervisionpurposes)maysearchastudentorstudentprotectedareaif:(1)theofficialhasreasonablegroundsforsuspectingthesearchwillproduceevidenceastudenthasviolatedorisviolatingeitherthelaworaschoolruleorregulationand(2)thesearchisconductedinamannerwhichisreasonablyrelatedtotheobjectivesofthesearchandwhichisnotexcessivelyintrusiveinlightoftheageandgenderofthestudentandthenatureoftheinfraction.

! Astudentshallbepresentforasearchofastudentprotectedareaorbeinformedofthesearchpriortoorassoonasisreasonablypracticalafterthesearchisconducted.

STUDENTSEARCHESBYSCHOOLDISTRICTS

¡ IowaCodeSection808A.2(2)! Providesforperiodicinspectionsofall,orarandomlyselectednumberof,schoollockers,desks,andotherfacilitiesorspacesownedbytheschooldistrictandprovidedasacourtesytoastudentwithoutpriornotice.

! Thereisnoexpectationofprivacybyastudentinthesefacilities/spaceseveniftheschooldistrictallowsstudentstouseaseparatelocktosecurethefacility/space.

! Eachyearwhenschoolbegins,theschooldistrictshallprovidenoticetostudentandparents/guardiansoftheschooldistrict’sabilitytoinspectthesefacilities/spaces.

! Aninspectionshalloccureither:(1)inthepresenceofthestudentswhosefacilities/spacesarebeinginspectedor(2)inthepresenceofatleastoneotherperson.

INSPECTIONOFFACILITIES/SPACESPROVIDEDBYSCHOOLDISTRICTS

¡ IowaCodeSection808A.2(3)and(4)

! Aschooldistrictcannotconductasearchthatisunreasonableinlightof:(1)thestudent’sage;(2)thenonseriousnessoftheviolation;(3)thesexofthestudent;(4)thenatureofthesuspectedviolation.

! Aschooldistrictcannotconductastripsearch.! Aschooldistrictcannotconductabodycavitysearch.! Aschooldistrictcannotuseadrugsniffinganimaltosearchastudent’sbody.

! Aschoolofficialcannotsearchastudentthatisnotofthesamesexasthestudent.

LIMITATIONS/PROHIBITIONSONSTUDENTSEARCHES

¡ IowaCodeSection808A.3

! Thesearchofastudentorofaprotectedstudentareabyapeaceofficerwhoisnotaschoolofficial,orbyaschoolofficialattheinvitationordirectionofapeaceofficerwhoisnotaschoolofficial,shallbegovernedbythestatutoryandcommonlawrequirementsforpolicesearches.

STUDENTSEARCHESBYLAWENFORCEMENT

¡ Police! Donotneedpriornoticeorappointment.! Parentmayneedtobecontactedandbegiventheopportunitytobepresentorgiveconsentforofficertospeakwithchild(checkpoliciesandcommunicationsfromparent).

! Asktoseeofficialidentificationifofficerisunknownand/ornotinuniform.

! Carefullyreviewinformationregardingstudentdisciplinetodeterminewhetherinformationisastudentrecord.

! Canbeprovidedwithstudentdirectoryinformationandotherinformationthatisnotastudentrecord,butwillneedsubpoenaorsignedreleasefromparenttoaccessstudentrecords.

LAWENFORCEMENTACCESSTOSTUDENTS

¡  ChildProtectionWorker! Donotneedpriornoticeorappointment.! Donotcontactparent-musthaveconfidentialaccesstochild.Itisnotnecessaryforawitnesstobepresentifthechildprotectionworkerinterviewsastudent,butawitnessisrequirediftheinterviewinvolvesanobservationofthestudent/student’sbody.

! Asktoseeofficialidentification.! Mayinterview,observe,and/orexaminestudentandotherstudentswhomayhaveinformationrelativetotheinvestigation.

!  Ifaschoolofficialcooperatestoallowaccess,theschoolofficialhasimmunityinanylegalactionaparentmaybringarisingoutoftheschoolofficial’scooperationwithDHS.

¡  Caseworker! Priornoticeandappointmentrecommended.! Obtainpriorparentpermissiontoaccesschild.! Asktoseeofficialidentification.

DHSACCESSTOSTUDENTS

QUESTIONS?

BrettS.NitzschkeHollyA.CorkeryLynchDallas,P.C.

(319)[email protected]

[email protected]

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