interaction design
DESCRIPTION
Slides for HCICourse.comTRANSCRIPT
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chapter 5
interaction design basics
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interaction design basics
• design:– what it is, interventions, goals, constraints
• the design process– what happens when
• users– who they are, what they are like …
• scenarios– rich stories of design
• navigation– finding your way around a system
• screen design– what goes where, and what it looks like
• iteration and prototypes– never get it right first time!
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what are we designing?
interactions not just interfaces
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what are we designing?
interactions not just interfaces
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interactions not just
interfaces
not just the immediate interaction
e.g. stapler in office technology changes interaction style
manual: write, print, staple, write, print, staple, …
electric: write, print, write, print, …, staple
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what are we designing?
interactions not just interfaces
interventions not just artefacts
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what are we designing?
interactions not just interfaces
interventions not just artefacts
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design interventions not just artefacts
not just the system, but also …
documentation, manuals, tutorials
what we say and do as well as what we make
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what are we designing?
not just interfaces
interactions and interventions
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what is design?
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what is design?
achieving goals within constraints
• goals - purpose– who is it for, why do they want it
• constraints– materials, platforms
• trade-offs
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golden rule of design
understand your materials
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for Human–Computer Interaction
understand your materials
• understand computers– limitations, capacities, tools, platforms
• understand people– psychological, social aspects– human error
• and their interaction …
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To err is human
• accident reports ..– aircrash, industrial accident, hospital mistake– enquiry … blames … ‘human error’
• but …– concrete lintel breaks because too much weight– blame ‘lintel error’ ?
… no – design errorwe know how concrete behaves under stress
• human ‘error’ is normal– we know how users behave under stress– so design for it!
• treat the user at least as well as physical materials!
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Central message …
the user
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the interaction design process
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The process of design
what iswanted
analysis
design
implementand deploy
prototype
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The process of design
what iswanted
analysis
design
implementand deploy
prototype
interviewsethnography
what is therevs.
what is wanted
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The process of design
what iswanted
analysis
design
implementand deploy
prototype
scenariostask analysis
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The process of design
what iswanted
analysis
design
implementand deploy
prototype
guidelinesprinciplesdialogue
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The process of design
what iswanted
analysis
design
implementand deploy
prototypeevaluationheuristicstechnology
probes
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The process of design
what iswanted
analysis
design
implementand deploy
prototype
precisespecification
architecturesdocumentation
help
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The process of design
what iswanted
analysis
design
implementand deploy
prototype
interviewsethnography
what is therevs.
what is wanted
guidelinesprinciplesdialogue precise
specification
architecturesdocumentation
help
evaluationheuristics
scenariostask analysis
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… but how can I do it all ! !
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… but how can I do it all ! !
limited time ⇒
design trade-off
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usability?
finding problems and fixing them?
deciding what to fix? 4
8
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… but how can I do it all ! !
limited time ⇒ design trade-off
deciding what to fix?
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… but how can I do it all ! !
limited time ⇒ design trade-off
deciding what to fix?
perfect system ⇒ poor design process
too good ⇒ too much effort in design
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user focus
know your userpersonae
cultural probestechnology probes
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know your user
• who are they?• probably not like you!• talk to them• watch them• use your imagination
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persona
• description of an ‘example’ user– not necessarily a real person
• use as surrogate user– what would Betty think
• details matter– makes her ‘real’
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example persona
Betty is 37 years old, She has been Warehouse Manager for five years and worked for Simpkins Brothers Engineering for twelve years. She didn’t go to university, but has studied in her evenings for a business diploma. She has two children aged 15 and 7 and does not like to work late. She did part of an introductory in-house computer course some years ago, but it was interrupted when she was promoted and could no longer afford to take the time. Her vision is perfect, but her right-hand movement is slightly restricted following an industrial accident 3 years ago. She is enthusiastic about her work and is happy to delegate responsibility and take suggestions from her staff. However, she does feel threatened by the introduction of yet another new computer system (the third in her time at SBE).
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persona
• description of an ‘example’ user– not necessarily a real person
• use as surrogate user– what would Betty think
• details matter– makes her ‘real’
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cultural probes
• direct observation– sometimes hard
• in the home• psychiatric patients, …
• probe packs– items to prompt responses
• e.g. glass to listen at wall, camera, postcard
– given to people to open in their own environmentthey record what is meaningful to them
• used to …– inform interviews, prompt ideas, enculture designers
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technology probes
hard for users to envisage radically new technology => use early prototypes as prompts
not “what it will be like”
more exposing potential
e.g. Hermes office doordisplays
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scenarios
stories for designuse and reuse
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scenarios
• stories for design– communicate with others– validate other models– understand dynamics
• linearity– time is linear - our lives are linear– but don’t show alternatives
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scenarios …
• what will users want to do?
• step-by-step walkthrough– what can they see (sketches, screen shots)– what do they do (keyboard, mouse etc.)– what are they thinking?
• use and reuse throughout design
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scenario – movie player
Brian would like to see the new film “Moments of Significance” and wants to invite Alison, but he knows she doesn’t like “arty” films. He decides to take a look at it to see if she would like it and so connects to one of the movie sharing networks. He uses his work machine as it has a higher bandwidth connection, but feels a bit guilty. He knows he will be getting an illegal copy of the film, but decides it is OK as he is intending to go to the cinema to watch it. After it downloads to his machine he takes out his new personal movie player. He presses the ‘menu’ button and on the small LCD screen he scrolls using the arrow keys to ‘bluetooth connect’ and presses the select button. On his computer the movie download program now has an icon showing that it has recognised a compatible device and he drags the icon of the film over the icon for the player. On the player the LCD screen says “downloading now”, a percent done indicator and small whirling icon. … … …
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scenarios …
• what will users want to do?
• step-by-step walkthrough– what can they see (sketches, screen shots)– what do they do (keyboard, mouse etc.)– what are they thinking?
• use and reuse throughout design
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also play act …
• mock up device• pretend you are doing it• internet-connected swiss army knife …
use toothpick as stylus
but where is that thumb?
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… explore the depths
• explore interaction– what happens when
• explore cognition– what are the users thinking
• explore architecture– what is happening inside
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use scenarios to ..
• communicate with others– designers, clients, users
• validate other models– ‘play’ it against other models
• express dynamics– screenshots – appearance– scenario – behaviour
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linearity
Scenarios – one linear path through system
Pros:– life and time are linear– easy to understand (stories and narrative are natural)– concrete (errors less likely)
Cons:– no choice, no branches, no special conditions– miss the unintended
So:– use several scenarios– use several methods
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navigation design
local structure – single screenglobal structure – whole site
start
the systems
info and help management messages
add user remove user
mainscreen
removeuser
confirm
add user
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levels
• widget choice– menus, buttons etc.
• screen design• application navigation design• environment
– other apps, O/S
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the web …
• widget choice
• screen design• navigation design• environment
• elements and tags– <a href=“...”>
• page design• site structure• the web, browser,
external links
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physical devices
• widget choice
• screen design• navigation design• environment
• controls– buttons, knobs, dials
• physical layout• modes of device• the real world
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think about structure
• within a screen– later ...
• local– looking from this screen out
• global– structure of site, movement between
screens
• wider still– relationship with other applications
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local
from one screen looking out
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goal seeking
goalstart
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goal seeking
startgoal
progress with local knowledge only ...
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goal seeking
goalstart
… but can get to the goal
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goal seeking
… try to avoid these bits!
goalstart
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four golden rules
• knowing where you are• knowing what you can do• knowing where you are going
– or what will happen
• knowing where you’ve been– or what you’ve done
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where you are – breadcrumbs
shows path through web site hierarchy
web site
top level category sub-categorythis page
live linksto higher
levels
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beware the big button trap
• where do they go?– lots of room for extra text!
things
the thing fromouter space
more things
other things
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modes
• lock to prevent accidental use …– remove lock - ‘c’ + ‘yes’ to confirm– frequent practiced action
• if lock forgotten– in pocket ‘yes’ gets pressed– goes to phone book– in phone book …
‘c’ – delete entry ‘yes’ – confirm… oops !
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global
between screenswithin the application
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hierarchical diagrams
the system
info and help management messages
add user remove user
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hierarchical diagrams ctd.
• parts of application– screens or groups of screens
• typically functional separationthe systems
info and help management messages
add user remove user
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navigating hierarchies
• deep is difficult!
• misuse of Miller’s 7 ± 2– short term memory, not menu size
• optimal?– many items on each screen– but structured within screen
see /e3/online/menu-breadth/
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think about dialogue
what does it mean in UI design?
Minister: do you name take this woman …Man: I doMinister: do you name take this man …Woman: I doMinister: I now pronounce you man and wife
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think about dialogue
what does it mean in UI design?
• marriage service• general flow, generic – blanks for names• pattern of interaction between people
• computer dialogue• pattern of interaction between users and system• but details differ each time
Minister: do you name take this woman …
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network diagrams
• show different paths through system
mainscreen
removeuser
confirm
add user
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network diagrams ctd.
• what leads to what• what happens when• including branches
• more task oriented then hierarchy
mainscreen
removeuser
confirm
add user
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wider still
between applicationsand beyond ...
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wider still …
• style issues:– platform standards, consistency
• functional issues– cut and paste
• navigation issues– embedded applications– links to other apps … the web
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screen design and layout
basic principlesgrouping, structure, order,
alignment, use of white spacephysical panels
action andappearanceABCDEFGHIJKLM
NOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Dix , AlanFinlay, JanetAbowd, GregoryBeale, Russell
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basic principles
• ask– what is the user doing?
• think– what information, comparisons, order
• design– form follows function
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available tools
• grouping of items• order of items • decoration - fonts, boxes etc.• alignment of items• white space between items
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grouping and structure
logically together ⇒ physically together
Billing details: Name Address: … Credit card no
Delivery details: Name Address: … Delivery time
Order details: item quantity cost/item cost size 10 screws (boxes) 7 3.71 25.97 …… … … …
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order of groups and items
• think! - what is natural order
• should match screen order!– use boxes, space etc.– set up tabbing right!
• instructions– beware the cake recipie syndrome!
… mix milk and flour, add the fruit after beating them
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decoration
• use boxes to group logical items• use fonts for emphasis, headings• but not too many!!
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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alignment - text
you read from left to right (English and European)
⇒ align left hand sideWilly Wonka and the Chocolate FactoryWinston Churchill - A BiographyWizard of OzXena - Warrior Princess
Willy Wonka and the Chocolate FactoryWinston Churchill - A Biography
Wizard of OzXena - Warrior Princess
fine for special effects but hard to scan
boring butreadable!
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alignment - names
• Usually scanning for surnames ⇒ make it easy!
Alan DixJanet FinlayGregory AbowdRussell Beale
Alan DixJanet FinlayGregory AbowdRussell Beale
Dix , AlanFinlay, JanetAbowd, GregoryBeale, Russell
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alignment - numbers
think purpose!
which is biggest?
532.56179.3
256.31715
73.9481035
3.142497.6256
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alignment - numbers
visually:
long number = big number
align decimal points
or right align integers
627.8651.005763
382.5832502.56
432.9352.0175
652.8756.34
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multiple columns
• scanning across gaps hard:(often hard to avoid with large data base
fields)
sherbert 75toffee 120chocolate 35fruit gums 27coconut dreams 85
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multiple columns - 2
• use leaders
sherbert 75toffee 120chocolate 35fruit gums 27coconut dreams 85
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multiple columns - 3
• or greying (vertical too)
sherbert 75toffee 120chocolate 35fruit gums 27coconut dreams 85
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sherbert 75toffee 120
chocolate 35fruit gums 27
coconut dreams 85
multiple columns - 4
• or even (with care!) ‘bad’ alignment
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white space
what isn’tis often as important
as what is
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white space - the counter
WHAT YOU SEE
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white space - the counter
WHAT YOU SEE
THE GAPS BETWEEN
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space to separate
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space to structure
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space to highlight
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physical devices too
different constructionsimilar principles
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physical controls
• grouping of items– defrost settings
– type of food
– time to cooktype of food
time to cook
defrost settings
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physical controls
• grouping of items
• order of items1) type of heating
2) temperature
3) time to cook
4) start
4
4) start2
2) temperature
3
3) time to cook
11) type of heating
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physical controls
• grouping of items
• order of items
• decoration– different colours
for different functions
– lines around relatedbuttons
different colours for different functions
lines around related buttons (temp up/down)
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physical controls
• grouping of items
• order of items
• decoration
• alignment– centered text in buttons
? easy to scan ?? easy to scan ?
centred text in buttons
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physical controls
• grouping of items
• order of items
• decoration
• alignment
• white space– gaps to aid groupinggaps to aid grouping
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user action and control
entering informationknowing what to do
affordances
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entering information
• forms, dialogue boxes– presentation + data input– similar layout issues– alignment - N.B. different label lengths
• logical layout– use task analysis (ch15)– groupings– natural order for entering information
• top-bottom, left-right (depending on culture)• set tab order for keyboard entry
N.B. see extra slides for widget choice
Name:
Address:
Alan Dix
Lancaster
Name:
Address:
Alan Dix
Lancaster
Name:
Address:
Alan Dix
Lancaster
?
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knowing what to do
• what is active what is passive– where do you click– where do you type
• consistent style helps– e.g. web underlined links
• labels and icons– standards for common actions– language – bold = current state or action
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affordances
• psychological term• for physical objects
– shape and size suggest actions• pick up, twist, throw
– also cultural – buttons ‘afford’ pushing
• for screen objects– button–like object ‘affords’ mouse click– physical-like objects suggest use
• culture of computer use– icons ‘afford’ clicking– or even double clicking … not like real buttons!
mug handle
‘affords’grasping
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appropriate appearance
presenting informationaesthetics and utility
colour and 3Dlocalisation & internationalisation
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presenting information
• purpose matters– sort order (which column, numeric alphabetic)
– text vs. diagram– scatter graph vs. histogram
• use paper presentation principles!
• but add interactivity– softens design choices
• e.g. re-ordering columns• ‘dancing histograms’ (chap 21)
chap1chap10chap11chap12chap13chap14 …
171251
2628322
…
sizename size
chap10chap5chap1chap14chap20chap8…
121617222732…
name size
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aesthetics and utility
• aesthetically pleasing designs– increase user satisfaction and improve productivity
• beauty and utility may conflict– mixed up visual styles ⇒ easy to distinguish– clean design – little differentiation ⇒ confusing– backgrounds behind text
… good to look at, but hard to read
• but can work together– e.g. the design of the counter– in consumer products – key differentiator (e.g. Apple)
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colour and 3D
• both often used very badly!• colour
– older monitors limited palette– colour over used because ‘it is there’– beware colour blind!– use sparingly to reinforce other information
• 3D effects– good for physical information and some graphs– but if over used …
e.g. text in perspective!! 3D pie charts
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bad use of colour
• over use - without very good reason (e.g. kids’ site)
• colour blindness• poor use of contrast• do adjust your set!
– adjust your monitor to greys only– can you still read your screen?
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colour and 3D
• both often used very badly!• colour
– older monitors limited palette– colour over used because ‘it is there’– beware colour blind!– use sparingly to reinforce other information
• 3D effects– good for physical information and some graphs– but if over used …
e.g. text in perspective!! 3D pie charts
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across countries and cultures• localisation & internationalisation
– changing interfaces for particular cultures/languages
• globalisation– try to choose symbols etc. that work everywhere
• simply change language?– use ‘resource’ database instead of literal text
… but changes sizes, left-right order etc.
• deeper issues– cultural assumptions and values– meanings of symbols e.g tick and cross … +ve and -ve in some cultures
… but … mean the same thing (mark this) in others
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iteration and prototyping
getting better …… and starting well
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prototyping
• you never get it right first time• if at first you don’t succeed …
prototype evaluatedesign
re-design
done!OK?
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pitfalls of prototyping
• moving little by little … but to where• Malverns or the Matterhorn?
1. need a good start point 2. need to understand what is wrong