inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -resource and disaster-
DESCRIPTION
Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-. Hideyuki KOBAYASHI, DR.Eng. Research coordinator for housing information system, Resarch center for advanced information technology Ministry of land and infrastructure management. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses
-Resource and Disaster-
Hideyuki KOBAYASHI, DR.Eng.
Research coordinator for housing information system,
Resarch center for advanced information technology
Ministry of land and infrastructure management
![Page 2: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Material flow and stock of sustaining human settlements
CO2
Human settlementsmountain
forestry
CO2
disasterconstructionrehabilitation
stock of trees stock of timbers
![Page 3: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Material flow and stock of sustaining human settlements
- example in Nihonmatsu city(1991) –
CO2
Human settlements280,000m3 of timber
6,000ha forest1,000,000m3 of timbe
forestry
CO2
disasterdemolition
1,660m3 / year
constructionRehabilitation1,183m3 / year
stock of trees
stock of timbers:11,295 buildings (1993), housing 30,000 population
![Page 4: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
History of disasters : Nihonmatsu-Japan
• Until 1918 : frequently burned by big fire (interval : 20 years in average)
• After 1918 : modernized fire services and instroduction of fire resistant material (clay wall, and rooftile) preventedn the wide spread of fire.
![Page 5: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
History of disasters : Japan general
• In most cities in Japan, big fire stopped. However, the quite diverse in times:
• Earlist cases : several historical cities, like Nara, Imai (early 17th century)
• Latest cases : some cities are famous of urban big fire in modern times :
Hakodate (1909), Iida(1947), Tottori(1952), Sakata(1976), etc.
• Less frequent earthquakes were usually followed by big fires, causing large number of victims.
![Page 6: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Approaches for disaster prevention
• Fire proof houses
(clay wall, rooftile)
• Water channel and fire services
(located at the center of streets, until mobil traffic required to cover them)
• Spatial arrangement
(width of streets, arrangement of greenery)
![Page 7: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Modernization
• Timber brace, metal joint
• From strengthening to pure truss structure
• Hiding structural members behind walls
• Prefabrication, and industrialization
• Increase of man-poser cost, relatively decreasing material cost => change of low cost solution
![Page 8: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Shaking sensed by houses
• Distribution of strength of houses
Rate of damaged houses
Level of shaking=>
Dis
trib
utio
n%
of
Dam
aged
hou
se
![Page 9: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Shaking sensed by houses Co-relation of areal damage rate (timber – steel), Kobe ‘95
Level of shaking=>
% of Damaged steel houses
% o
f D
amag
ed ti
mbe
r ho
use
s
Source: interim report by BRI, 1995.8
![Page 10: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Shaking sensed by houses Co-relation of areal damage rate (steel – RC), Kobe ‘95
Level of shaking=>
% of Damaged RC houses
% o
f D
amag
ed s
teel
hou
ses
Source: interim report by BRI, 1995.8
![Page 11: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Shaking sensed by houses• Threshold of defferent structures (Kobe ’95)
Level of shaking
Level of shaking=>
% o
f dam
aged
hou
se
![Page 12: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Engineering approach:
• Design, only considering elements which can be calculated
(neglecting traditional elements which are difficult to calculate/explain)
• Extension of elements which can be calculated, with more advanced computing capacity
(evaluating traditional elements as far as possible)
![Page 13: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Traditional & empirical approach:
• Over-adaptation, in re-constrcution after damage (similar to rehabilitation of injured human body)
• Wholistic way of thinking• Forgetting past disasters in normal re-constr
uction (if 60 years < interval)• Next disaster will attack after previous one i
s forgotten
![Page 14: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Traditional Timber House Locality (Liwa/Lampung/Sumatera, 1994)
• Column from G to F
Adaptation: Additional support
for important room Learned from past quake 60 yrs ago
![Page 15: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Traditional Timber HouseLocality (Biak/Irian Jaya, 1996, houses survived tsunami)
• Column stuck into Gafter shaken, slunt but still standing
![Page 16: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Aceh Traditional Timber House
• Less Damage from Quake/Tsunami• Straight column(250φ), strengthened by thick ‘Lhu
e’90×300• Learned from previous quake/tsunami 200 yrs ago.
0.5m moved from original position
Museum house
![Page 17: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Aceh Traditional Timber House
![Page 18: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Aceh Traditional Timber House
• Under re-construction ‘Lhue’
![Page 19: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Aceh : Colonial Timber Houses
• Timber Platform House on Land• Small timber houses derived, using
12×12 column
![Page 20: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Aceh : Vulnerability of structure
• Wall plates are bearing horizontal shaking, without ‘Lhue’
• Column footing on stone does not reach to roof,
![Page 21: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Aceh : Invisible details• Carpentry works at joints of timber
Invisible honset working will save buildings
![Page 22: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Vulnerability of structure
• Small, but multiple usage, saving material• Specified in latest revision of structural guideline,
after Kobe
Japanese traditional ‘Lhue’, called ‘Nuki’
![Page 23: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
History of quake in Sumatera• Two sources : (1)Plate boundary and (2)Sumatera f
ault• 1797(8.2), 1822(?), 1833(~9.0),1861(8.5), 1863(?),
1892(7.7), 1893, 1900, 1907(?), 1908, 1909, 1916, 1921(7<), 1926(<7),1933(Liwa), 1935(7.7)
• 1936(7.2), 1942(7.3), 1943(7.3), 1952(6.8), 1964(6.5), 1967(6.1), 1979(6.6), 1984(6.4), 1987(6.6), 1990(6.6), 1994(6.9,Liwa), 1995(7.0), 1997(6.5),2000(7.8), 2002(7.4),2004(9.2),2005(8.7)
• Source : Hilman Natawidjaja 2002
![Page 24: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Material flow and stock of sustaining human settlements
From timber to brick
CO2
Human settlementsmountain
forestry
CO2
disasterconstructionrehabilitation
stock of trees stock of bricks
![Page 25: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Brick Factories in Aceh
Inside Banda Aceh City(damaged by shaking)
Eastern Coast(operating)
![Page 26: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Brick Factories in West Jawa
• Buring rice husks
![Page 27: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Aceh : Brick Houses
• Larger in scale, for extended family• Good quality of material and carpentry skill• RC column (25cm), anchored to foundation• 3m as basic distance between colums (short)
Brick (RM) houses still standing in tsunami ruin
![Page 28: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Aceh : Brick House (sample)
![Page 29: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Brick House in coastal villages, Aceh
Tsunami revealed the inside of structure of rural brick houses, imitating outlooking of urban
(lack of anchor, poor reinforcement etc.)
![Page 30: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Strengthening new brick structure
• Usage of re-inforced frame, anchored (250 < diameter) • Appropriate % of cement for bonding (1:3)These have been long disseminated, however
sttel bar and cement are determinant items for total construction cost and they tend to reduce.
![Page 31: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Strengthening new brick structure
• Mixed Usage of Brick and Timber
- popular in Bali island
- promoted in Sukabumi
- adopted in Aceh people
c.f. Japanese castle / modern continuous foundation
![Page 32: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Strengthening new timber structure
•Clay wall18 m2c.a. 1 million Rupiah(’95)
Still standing in good
Condition(’05)
•Plywood wall21m2 4 unitsc.a. 20 million Rupiah (’96)
![Page 33: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Strengthening old timber structure
• Additional members to regist against horizontal force
[Photo : strengthening damaged timber school in Irian Jaya]
![Page 34: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Conclusion
• Disaster-resistant buildings are needed not only for human safety, but also for global warming issues
• Engineering approach (evaluation) to traditional solutions will be worth
• Not only contemporary techniques, but also traditional techniques in developed countries are worth to try.
![Page 35: Inter-regional dialog between history and contemporary houses -Resource and Disaster-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062723/56813f1e550346895da9bb68/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Proposal• Strengthening newly constructed brick/timber hou
ses will be feasible• Strengthening existing timber houses will be feasi
ble• Economical aspect (cost-benefit) of investment for
disaster reduction will be studied. - rough estimation for non-engineered house - precise estimation for engineered house, where as
set management scheme is applied