Intellectual Transformations

Intellectual Transformations

ChristendomMiddle Ages (Dark Ages)

Depopulation◦Social Change◦Lack of emphasis on cultural

achievements

Renaissance… The best of times / the worst of times

“…as if on a given signal, splendid talents are stirring.” 1517

“This is the worst age of history.” 1536

Erasmus – Humanist Scholar

Renaissance (1300 – 1600)“Rebirth”

Italy

Revival of interest in ancient arts◦Rome◦Greece

Renaissance ArtLeonardo Da Vinci

Renaissance Art

Michelangelo

Renaissance ArtRaphael

Renaissance ArtDonatello

Renaissance Literature

Shakespeare◦Romeo and Juliet◦Hamlet◦King Lear◦Othello

Renaissance Literature

Cervantes◦Don Quixote

Renaissance LiteratureMachiavelli

◦The Prince

Renaissance (1300 – 1600)Humanism

Secularism

Impact of printing◦Johannes Gutenburg

Gutenburg and his press

Protestant Reformation

Martin LutherIndulgencesNinety - five Thesis

◦Wittenburg◦1517

Salvation by Faith Alone“Priesthood of all believers.”Edict of WormsPeace of Augsburg

Protestant Reformation

John Calvin◦Predestination◦Hard work

Catholic Reformation◦Counter – Reformation

Reform in EnglandHenry VIIICatherine of AragonAnne Boleyn

◦YouTubeAnglican ChurchAct of Supremacy, 1534Edward VIBloody MaryElizabeth I

Reformation in France

HuguenotsHenry of NavarreEdict of NantesThirty Years War 1618 – 1648Treaty of Westphalia

Henry of Navarre

Results of the Reformation Increased literacyRise of capitalismReligious divisionEnd of Catholic church’s

monolithic powerWarfareReligious intoleranceState centralization and

secularization

Rise of Modern StatesDecline of Church

Secular character of society

Rise of nationalism

Absolutism◦Propaganda◦Divine Right of Kings Theory

France: The Model of AbsolutismDivine RightMarie de’ MediciLouis XIIICardinal RichelieuLouis XIV

◦VersaillesCardinal Mazarin

◦The Fronde

England: Constitutional MonarchyMagna Carta The TudorsParliamentThe Stuarts

◦ James I◦ Charles I

Civil War◦ Oliver Cromwell

The Restoration◦ Charles II◦ James II

Glorious Revolution◦ William and Mary of Orange

The Scientific Revolution Ptolemy

◦Geocentric TheoryCopernicus

◦On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Heliocentric TheoryJohaness Kepler

◦On the Motion of MarsGalileoSir Isaac Newton

The EnlightenmentPhilosophesVoltaire

◦CandideJohn Locke

◦Second Treatise on Civil GovernmentBaron de MontesquieuDiderotAdam Smith

◦Wealth of Nations◦Laissez – faire