inteleqtualuri sakutrebisinteleqtualuri sakutrebis ... · balansis dacva rtulia mravali mizezis...
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inteleqtualuri sakuTrebisinteleqtualuri sakuTrebisinteleqtualuri sakuTrebisinteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa uflebaTa uflebaTa uflebaTa
reJimireJimireJimireJimi evrokavSirSi evrokavSirSi evrokavSirSi evrokavSirSi da da da da mismismismisiiii zegavlena inovaciazezegavlena inovaciazezegavlena inovaciazezegavlena inovaciaze
oleg SatberaSvilioleg SatberaSvilioleg SatberaSvilioleg SatberaSvili
1.1.1.1. SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali
ekonomikis erTaderTi tipi, romelic qveynis konkurentunarianobasa da
keTildReobis grZelvadian zrdas uzrunvelyofs, inovaciaze orientirebuli
ekonomikaa. amas amtkicebs ekonomikuri Teoriac1 da mravali aTeuli warmatebuli
qveynis praqtikac. rac mTavaria, igives amtkicebs mravali warumatebeli qveynis
magaliTi, sadac sxva ekonomikuri modelebi iqna arCeuli2. sainovacio procesebi
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis (is) sakiTxebze imdenadaa damokidebuli, rom is
sferoSi saxelmwifo politika qveynis ganviTarebis erTerT umniSvnelovanes
elementad gvevlineba.
patentebi gamogonebebze kompaniebs konkurentul upiratesobas aniWebs garkveuli
droiT. es kompaniebis mier axali, patentunariani produqtebisa Tu procesebis
SemuSavebis an SeZenis Zlieri stimulia. qveynis ekonomikaSi aseTi produqtebisa
da procesebis wili da, agreTve, maTi ganaxlebis (inovaciis) siCqare gansazRvravs
ekonomikis konkurentunarianobas. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis
iuridiuli dacvis sistemebi uzrunvelyofen ganaxlebaze orientirebuli
ekonomikis funqcionirebas, icaven ra inovaciur kompanias misi patentiT
dadasturebuli codnis sxvebis mier gamoyenebisgan. meore mxriv, igive sistemebi,
zogadad, abrkoleben teqnologiebis Sesaxeb codnis Tavisufal gavrcelebasa da
gamoyenebas. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa (isu) dacvis sferoSi
saxelmwifo politikis amocana am or urTierTsawinaaRmdego tendencias Soris
iseTi balansis dacvaa, romelic qveyanas maqsimalurad swrafi, mdgradi da
konkurentunarianobis zrdis uzrunvelmyofeli ganviTarebis saSualebas aZlevs.
balansis dacva rTulia mravali mizezis gamo (maT Soris TRIPS3 SeTanxmebis
xelmowerasTan dakavSirebiT, romelmac bevri ram Secvala samrewvelo
1 Joseph A. Schumpeter. Theory of Economic Development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest and the
business cycle, 1911.]
2 The Bayh-Dole Act at 25. BayhDole25, Inc., April 17, 2006.
3 daviT gabunia, giorgi TaqTaqiSvili. saerTaSoriso saavtoro samarTali: bernis konvencia, romis
konvencia, TRIPS-is SeTanxmeba. analizi da komentarebi. saqpatenti, Tbilisi, 2005, 280 gv.
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inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa rogorc saerTaSoriso, aseve erovnul
reJimebSi). isu sferoSi politika damokidebulia qveynis mimdinare ekonomikur
mdgomareobaze da am mdgomareobis droSi cvlilebaze, erovnuli samecniero-
teqnikuri kadrebis momzadebis doneze, arsebul ganaTlebis sistemaze,
politikuri sistemis tipze, qveynis sagareo politikasa da geografiul
mdebareobaze da mraval sxva faqtorze. evrokavSiri, romelic amJamad 27 sakmaod
gansxvavebuli saxelmwifos erTobliobaa, integraciis TvalsazrisiT uaRresad
rTuli amocanis gadawyvetis aucileblobis winaSe dgas kidev imitom, rom masSi
Semavali saxelmwifoebi, garda zemoCamoTvlili niSnebisa, saxelmwifo eniT
gansxvavdebian. ena ki inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis iuridiuli dacvis sakiTxebSi
metad mniSvnelovani faqtoria, radganac dacvis obieqti, xSirad, teqstia.
zemonaTqvamis Sesabamisad, yovel wevr saxelmwifos istoriulad Seqmnili aqvs
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa dacvis sakuTari reJimi. meore mxriv,
evrokavSiris erTiani Sida bazari, miuxedavad sabaJo barierebis likvidaciisa da
erTiani valutis SemoRebis, dasrulebulad ver CaiTvleba, Tu ar iqneba
SemoRebuli inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis erTiani reJimi. es garemoeba,
evrokavSiris codnis ekonomikis mimarTulebiT mimdinare cvlilebis gamo, sul
ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens. vaWrobaSi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis xvedriTi
wili ganuwyvetliv izrdeba4. Sesabamisad, evrokavSiris bazris didma (da mzardma)
segmentma SeiZleba erTiani bazris reJimSi ver imuSaos.
sainovacio procesebis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT ori mniSvnelovani sakiTxia
gansaxilveli: a) inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis registraciisa da samarTleblivi
dacvisa da b) inteleqtualur sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobis
xelSewyobis.
saqarTveloSi Sesabamisi politikis SemuSavebisa da evrokavSirTan misi
Tavsebadobis uzrunvelsayofad isu sferoSi evrokavSiris gamocdilebis Seswavlas
didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs5.
4 Kamiyama Sh., Sheehan J., Martinez C. VALUATION AND EXPLOITATION OF INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY. DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY WORKING PAPER, 2006/5,
DSTI/DOC(2006)5. (www.oecd.org).
5 inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sakiTxebi saxelmwifo sainovacio politikaSi: patentebi. gamokvlevis
angariSi. informaciisa da dokumentaciis saqarTvelos federacia, Tbilisi, 2009.
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2.2.2.2. evrokavSirSi evrokavSirSi evrokavSirSi evrokavSirSi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis
samarTlebrivi sistemasamarTlebrivi sistemasamarTlebrivi sistemasamarTlebrivi sistema
evrokavSirisa da wevri qveynebis kanonmdebloba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis
sferoSi cnobs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT6 aRiarebul yvela tipis dacvis
obieqts: gamogonebebze patentebs, samrewvelo nimuSebs, sasaqonlo niSnebs,
adgilwarmoSobis aRniSvnebs, saaavtoro da momijnave uflebebs.
evrokavSirSi ori uwyebaa am obieqtebTan muSaobisTvis pasuxismgebeli: Sida
bazarze harmonizaciis ofisi (OHIM)7, romelic pasuxismgebelia gaerTianebis
savaWro niSnebisa da gaerTianebis dizainis registraciisTvis da evropuli
sapatento ofisi (EPO)8, romelic gamogonebebze patentebs gascems.
erTiani Sida bazris cneba (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Tavisufali gadaadgileba)
gulisxmobs evrokavSiris doneze inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis (is)
standartizacias, rac is yvela saxeobis mimarT evrokomisiis mniSvnelovani
sazrunavia. winsvla saxeobebis mimarTulebiT araTanabaria.
evrokavSiris qveynebis kanonmdebloba harmonizebulia saerTaSoriso konvenciebTan
(WIPO9, WTO
10, ix. agreTve 11 evrokavSirSi is dacvis mdgomareobisa da
problemebis Sesaxeb). amJamad evrokomisia muSaobs iseTi sistemis Seqmnaze,
romelic ufra iafi da efeqtiani iqneba, vidre arsebuli. CamoTvlil sakiTxebTan
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mekobreobasTan, falsifikaciasTan da ukanono
vaWrobasTan brZolis sakiTxebi.
6 samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvis parizis konvencia, madridis SeTanxmeba da sxva. yvela SeTanxmebis
sruli teqsti qarTul enaze ixileT saqpatentis saitze (http://www.sakpatenti.org.ge/files/). ixileT,
agreTve sqolio 3 wina gverdze.
7 OHIM - Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (http://oami.europa.eu)
8 EPO - European Patent Office (http://www.epo.org/)
9 WIPO – intelqtualuri sakuTrebis msoflio organizacia (http://www.wipo.int/portal/index.html.en)
10 WTO - vaWrobis msoflio organizacia (www.wto.org)
11 europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/businesses/intellectual_property/index_en.htm
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3. 3. 3. 3. saavtoro da momijnave uflebebisaavtoro da momijnave uflebebisaavtoro da momijnave uflebebisaavtoro da momijnave uflebebi
evrokavSiris doneze saavtoro da momijnave uflebebi regulirdeba
evroparlamentisa da evrokavSiris sabWos 2001 wlis 22 maisis direqtiviT
2001/29/EC12
("sainformacio sazogadoebis direqtiva"), romelmac mxolod
nawilobriv Secvala manamde miRebuli direqtivebi13, ZirTadad ki Seecada isini
sainformacio sazogadoebis konteqstSi moeqcia. direqtivis mizania miaRwios wevri
qveynebis kanonmdeblobis SeTanxmebul cvlilebas, raTa axali teqnologiebis
gavrcelebasa da maT pirobebSi avtorebis, Semsruleblebis, monacemTa bazebis
mflobelebis uflebebis dacvas Seuwyos xeli. es direqtiva emsaxureba
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis msoflio organizaciis 1996 wlis saavtoro
uflebebze SeTanxmebis14 evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis erovnul kanonmdeblobebSi
asaxvas. erovnuli kanonmdebloba rCeba yovel qveyanaSi davebis ganxilvisa da
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis maregulirebeli. ufro metic, direqtivam ver
gaiTvaliswina saavtoro uflebebis dacvis zogierTi aspeqti, rac qveynebs
garkveuli gadaxrebis saSualebas aZlevs. arsebobs analitikosTa azri, rom
direqtiva ufro uflebebis mflobelTa interesebs icavs, vidre momxmarebelTa
interesebs. asea Tu ise, evrokomisiis doneze debatebi saavtoro uflebebis
sakiTxebze grZeldeba, rac aisaxa 2008 wels mwvane rveulis formiT miRebul
evrokomisiis komunikaciaSi15. rogorc yvela mwvane rveuli, igi
debatebis/konsultaciebis organizebasa da codnis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb
profesiuli sazogadoebis azris gamovlenas, winadadebebis Segrovebas emsaxureba.
E
12 DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 May 2001 on
the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society. Official Journal of the
European Communities, 22.6.2001, L 167/10 EN (http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:167:0010:0019:EN:PDF)
13 Directives 91/250/EEC , 92/100/EEC , 93/83/EEC , 93/98/EEC and 96/9/EC.
14 WIPO Copiright Treaty 1996 (http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html)
15 Copyright in the Knowledge Economy. GREEN PAPER Brussels, 16.7.2008 COM(2008) 466 final
(http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0466:FIN:EN:PDF)
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4. 4. 4. 4. gamogonebaTa dacvagamogonebaTa dacvagamogonebaTa dacvagamogonebaTa dacva evrokavSirSievrokavSirSievrokavSirSievrokavSirSi
4.1. zogadi mimoxilva4.1. zogadi mimoxilva4.1. zogadi mimoxilva4.1. zogadi mimoxilva
msoflioSi mzardi sagamomgoneblo aqtivoba, rac codnis ekonomikisken moZraobis
erTerTi umTavresi ganmsazRvreli niSania, evrokavSirSi xelSewyobisa da
konkurentebis mimarT misi maCveneblebis amaRlebas moiTxovs.
evrokavSiri CamorCeba ZiriTad konkurentebs aqtivobis iseTi fundamenturi
maCvenebliT, rogoricaa patentebis ricxvi milion mosaxleze weliwadSi – 30
(aSS – 55, iaponia – 120)16. arsebuli mdgomareoba evrokavSirSi mkvlevarTa da
inovaciis sferos menejerTa SeSfoTebas iwvevs.
evrokavSiris (warsulSi evrogaerTianebis) sapatento sistemam wlebis
ganmavlobaSi ganicada mizandasaxuli cvlileba. Tavidan arsebobda individualuri
erovnuli sistemebis erToblioba. 1977 wels evropuli sapatento organizacia
(EPOrg - esorg)17 dafuZnda da evropuli patenti iqna SemoRebuli (ix. CanarTi 1).
esorg araa damokidebuli evrogaerTianebaze da Tavis SemadgenlobaSi sawyisad,
garda imdroindeli evrogaerTianebis saxelmwifoebisa, esk-sTan mierTebul
Sveicarias, TurqeTs, lixtenSteins, saberZneTs, sloveniasa da bulgareTs
gulisxmobda. amJamad igi 36 qveyanas awevrianebs, maT Soris yvela evrokavSiris
wevrs. amis iuridiuli safuZvelia 1973 wels miRebuli evropuli sapatento
konvencia18. es sistema dResac moqmedebs, Tumca wlebis ganmavlobaSi misi Semdgomi
srulyofis Taobaze diskusia ar wydeba. evrokomisiam 2006 wels gamarTa farTo
konsultaciebi momavali sapatento politikis sakiTxebze, xolo 2007 wels
mimarTa evroparlamentsa da evrokavSiris sabWos. mimarTvaSi Camoyalibebulia
patentebis dacvis problemebi da maTi gadalaxvis samoqmedo mimarTulebebi19.
mTavari problema isaa, rom patentebis dacva evropaSi gacilebiT (10-jer) ufro
Zviria, vidre aSS-Si da iaponiaSi20. garda amisa, evropuli patenti sinamdvileSi
ramdenime erovnuli patentis konaa da davebis warmoqmnisas ganxilva erovnul
16 COMPENDIUM OF PATENT STATISTICS. OECD, 2008 (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/19/37569377.pdf)
17 European Patent Organization (EPOrg). (http://www.epo.org)
18 Convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October 1973 - European Patent Convention (EPC). konvenciis teqsti
(http://www.epo.org/patents/law/legal-texts/html/epc/2000/e/contents.html). amJamad moqmedebs konvenciis me-13 redaqcia (2000 wlis)
19 Enhancing the patent system in Europe. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council of 3
April 2007, COM(2007) 165 final - Not published in the Official Journal 20 B. van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie and D. François. The cost factor in patent systems. Université Libre de Bruxelles – Solvay Business School –
Centre Emile Bernheim, CEB Working Paper N° 06/002, 2006 (http://www.solvay.edu/EN/Research/Bernheim/documents/wp06002.pdf)
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sasamarTloebSi warmoebs, rac davis sagnis transsasazRvro xasiaTis SemTxvevaSi
(es ki xSirid xdeba) iuridiul gaurkvevlobebs iwvevs. eWvs ar iwvevs, rom
saWiroa martivi, iafi da maRalxarisxiani sapatento sistemis SemuSaveba.
4.4.4.4.2222. . . . gaerTianebis patentis SemoRebis problemebigaerTianebis patentis SemoRebis problemebigaerTianebis patentis SemoRebis problemebigaerTianebis patentis SemoRebis problemebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom evrogaerTianeba evrokavSirad gardaiqmna, erTian patents,
romlis SemoRebis idea evrokavSiris droidan modis da jerac ganuxorcielebel
survilad rCeba, gaerTianebis patents (community patent) uwodeben. misi SemoReba,
rogorc mizani, aRniSnuli iyo jer kidev lisabonis strategiaSi 2000 wels.
2003 wlis 3 marts evrosabWom SeimuSava erTiani politikuri midgoma
gaerTianebis patentebis SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca yvela arsebuli
uTanxmoebis mogvareba ver moxerxda21.
CanarTi 1CanarTi 1CanarTi 1CanarTi 1
evropuli sapatento sistemaevropuli sapatento sistemaevropuli sapatento sistemaevropuli sapatento sistema
iuridiuli safuZveli iuridiuli safuZveli iuridiuli safuZveli iuridiuli safuZveli ---- 1973 wels miRebuli evropuli sapatento konvencia.
marTvis organoebi marTvis organoebi marTvis organoebi marTvis organoebi ---- evropuli sapatento organizacia (EPOrg – esorg), romlis SemadgenlobaSia
misi aRmasrulebeli organo - evropuli sapatento ofisi (eso), da sazedamxedvelo organo -
administraciuli sabWo. ofisi gascems konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul evropul patents. Stab-bina
imyofeba miunxenSi, germania.
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erovnuli saagentoebi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erovnuli saagentoebi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erovnuli saagentoebi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erovnuli saagentoebi sistemis ganuyofeli nawilia. maT SeyavT
moqmedebaSi sakuTari qveynebis teritoriaze evropuli sapatento ofisis mier gacemuli evropuli
patenti, ris Semdegac qveynis iuridiuli sistemebi pasuxismgebelni xdebian patentis dacvaze.
sasamarTlo davebs uflebebis darRvevis sakiTxebze im qveynis sasamarTlo ixilavs, romelSic
savaraudo darRvevas qonda adgili.
garda amisa, erovnuli saagentoebi aregistrireben erovnul patentebs da gascemen maT damcav
dokumentebs.
erTianad yvela an ramdenime wevr saxelmwifoSi sapatento dacvis misaRebad erTi
ganacxadis Setanaa sakmarisi evropul sapatento ofisSi. eso awarmoebs eqspertizas
da, dadebiTi Sedegis SemTxvevaSi, gascems patents, romelic ganacxadSi miTiTebul
yvela saxelmwifom unda daicvas (ganmcxadeblis mier erovnul enebze gadaTargmnis
21 Community Patent - Common political approach of 3 March 2003 // Official Journal EPO. 2003. N 5. P. 218 - 223.
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Semdeg). amgvarad, arsebobs erTiani sapatento procedura da patentunarianobis
erTiani mcneba.
amJamad arsebul evropuli sapatento sistemas gaaCnia garkveuli naklovanebebi.
evropuli patentis SemoRebis udavo progresulobis miuxedavad, igi mxolod
erovnuli patentebis “konis SemaerTebelia”. patenti SeiZleba CaiTvalos
Zaladakargulad safrangeTSi da gaiyos italiaSi, Sewyvitos moqmedeba britaneTSi da,
amave dros, miiRos dasturi germaniaSi. sxva sityvebiT, saerTo warmomavlobis
miuxedavad, evropuli patenti individualurobas iRebs masSi miTiTebul yvela
saxelmwifoSi calcalke. evropuli sapatento sistemis momxmareblebi mis Semdeg
naklovanebebs awydebian:
---- evropuli patentis miRebidan sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi ganmcxadebeli valdebulia
gadaTargmnos sapatento dokumenti yvela wevri saxelmwifos enaze, romelSic igi
moiTxovs sapatento dacvas. vadebis daucvelobis SemTxvevaSi ganacxadi Seutanlad
iTvleba. Targmanis Rirebuleba Seadgens evropuli patentis miRebisa da misi ZalaSi
yofnis xarjebis saSualod 50%. aseTi enobrivi reJimi evropuli sapatento sistemis
konkurentunarianobas zians ayenebs. (magaliTad, aZvirebs amerikulTan SedarebiT).
---- evropuli patentis mflobels uwevs Tavisi uflebis dacva cal-calke yvela
wevr saxelmwifoSi. sxvadasxva saxelmwifos sasamarTloebs gansxvavebuli warmodgena
aqvT im pirobebis Sesaxeb, romlebSic patentis mflobels SeuZlia MTavisi sarCelebi
erT saqmeSi gaaerTianos sxvadasxva saxelmwifodan ramodenime mopasuxesTan
dakavSirebiT. amitom patentis mflobeli, romelsac surs aseT situacias Tavi
aaridos, amjobinebs sarCeli Seitanos erTdroulad yvela miTiTebul qveyanaSi.
---- dacvis moculoba, romelsac sTavazoben patentSi miTiTebul wevr
saxelmwifoebSi, SeiZleba meryeobdes - gansakuTrebiT “eqvivalentobis principTan”
(doctrine of equivalence) dakavSirebiT, romlis Tanaxmad, patentis dacvis moculoba
sapatento formulis punqtebis sityvieri gamoxatvis farglebs scildeba, anu
formulis sityvieri cvlilebebi, romelnic principul Sinaarsobriv siaxles ar
gamoxataven, ver CaiTvlebian axal gamogonebad (Sinaarsis upiratesoba sityvebTan
mimarTebaSi). sapatento samarTalSi es principi xels uSlis dapatentebuli
gamogonebis "Semovlas" SesaZlo kanondamrRvevebis mier misi umniSvnelo cvlilebis
gziT. praqtika gviCvenebs, rom erovnuli sasamarTloebi erTi da igive gamogonebis
gafarToebul interpretacias sxvadasxvagvarad akeTeben.
dacvis moculobis meryeoba patentis mflobelis, maTi konkurentebis da mTlianad
sazogadoebis interesebs vnebs. pirvelni ar arian darwmunebulni, rom sapatento
dacva, romelic aqvT erT evropul qveyanaSi, igive zomiT uzrunvelyofilia sxvaSi.
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meoreebma ar ician, SeuZliaT Tu ara sakuTari saqonlis realizacia kanonier
safuZvelze yvela saxelmwifoSi, Tu es kanonierad cnes erT-erT saxelmwifoSi.
gaerTianebis patents gaaCnia rigi dadebiTi Tvisebebisa. gaerTianebis patentis SemoReba
iTvleba zemoTaRniSnuli naklovanebebis aRmofxvris saSualebad (da, amave dros,
evrointegraciis Zlier saSualebad):
---- gaerTianebis patenti mimarTulia erTiani uflebis dadgenisken uflebaTa “konis”
magivrad, romelsac evropuli patenti warmoadgens. gaerTianebis patenti SeiZleba
gaices, misi moqmedebis vada gagrZeldes an Sewydes mxolod mTel evrokavSirTan, da
ara calkeul wevr saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi. es gaerTianebis patentis mTavari
ideaa. amasTan, axali ufleba iarsebebs wevri saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze eso-s
momqmed sistemasTan paralelurad.
amis miRweva SeiZleba ubralo da efeqturi xerxiT: evropul sapatento
organizacias uerTdeba evrokavSiri mTlianad, rogorc erTi wevri. amis Semdeg eso-s
SeuZlia evropuli patentis gacema, romelic moqmedebs erTdroulad mTeli
evrokavSiris farglebSi. gaerTianebis patenti evropuls, misi erovnuli
komponentebiT, ar Secvlis Tu ganmcxadebels surs moiTxovos dacva ara mTel
evrokavSirSi, aramed konkretul wevr saxelmwifoebSi. amasTan, ganmcxadebels ar
SeuZlia orive variantis erTdroulad gamoyeneba.
- gamartivdeba arsebuli enobrivi reJimi, romelic gansakuTrebiT aZvirebs
dapatentebas evropaSi. am mimarTulebiT ixileba ramdenime sqema, romelTagan yvelaze
martivi Cans ganacxadis eso-s sami oficialuri enidan erTerTze Setana Tanxmlebi
TargmaniT or danarCenze (sxva enebze Semdgomi Targmanis, rac amJamad warmoebs,
gareSe).
gaerTianebis patentis SemoReba gulisxmobs evropuli sapatento sasamarTlos
dafuZebas (Community Patent Court – CPC), romelic davebis ganxilvis dros moxsnis
zemoaRniSnul aracalsaxa interperetaciebs. amJamad ixileba evrokomisiis mier
momzadebuli ori winadadeba. erTi winadadeba22 gulisxmobs evropuli sapatento
sasamarTlos funqciebis arsebuli evropuli sasamarTlosTvis (European Court of Justice)23
miniWebas. meore winadadeba24 - specialuri gaerTianebis sapatento sasamarTlos
22 Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION conferring jurisdiction on the Court of Justice in disputes relating to the Community patent (presented by
the Commission). Brussels, 23.12.2003 COM(2003) 827 final, 2003/0326 (CNS)
23 European Court of Justice (http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_7024/) – mTavari sasamarTlo evrokavSiris sakiTxebSi. igi
evrokavSiris sasamarTlos (http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_6999/) erTi nawilia. meore nawilia saerTo sasamarTlo: yofili
The Court of First Instance, amJamad – The General Court (http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_7033/).
24 Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION establishing the Community Patent Court and concerning appeals before the Court of First Instance
(presented by the Commission). Brussels, 23.12.2003 COM(2003) 828 final 2003/0324 (CNS)
9
daarsebas gaerTianebis patentebTan dakavSirebul sadavo sakiTxebze absoluturi
iurisdiqciis miniWebiT, xolo apelaciis ganxilvis funqciisa - pirveli instanciis
sasamarTlosTvis miniWebiT (amJamad saerTo sasamarTlo) (The Court of First Instance – The
General Court).
miuxedavad aSkara upiratesobebisa arsebul sapatento sistemasTan SedarebiT,
gaerTianebis patenti dRemde ganuxorcielebel idead rCeba. misi ZiriTadi aspeqtebi:
iuridiuli sistema, enobrivi reJimi, dapatentebis xarjebi, erovnuli sistemebis
roli, Semosavlebis ganawileba – ganxiluli iyo jer kidev 2003 wels, xolo Semdeg
yovel 2 weliwadSi xelaxali debatebis sagani xdeboda.
enobrivi reJimi Zneli gadasalaxi dabrkolebaa rogorc registraciis procedurasTan,
aseve erTian evropul sapatento sasamarTloSi saqmiswarmoebasTan mimarTebaSi. aq xom
mosamarTleebic, mosarCeleebic, advokatebica da mopasuxeebic sxvadasxva qveynidan
(xSirad erT saqmeSi mravali sxvadasxva qveynidan) iqnebian. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
ganxilvis obieqtebi teqstebia (sapatento formulebi) saWiroa mravalenovani Zalian
zusti Targmani (da isev xarjebi). sapatento saqmianoba yvela qveyanaSi specialistTa
sakmaod didi jgufebis Semosavals uzrunvelyofs, romelic gardauvalad unda
gadanawildes da sxva. winaaRmdegobaTa Soris ukanasknel rols ar TamaSoben wevri
qveynebis kulturul-tradiciuli motivebic. amitom winsvla gaerTianebis patentisken
nelia, magram Tanmimdevruli.
gaerTianebis patentis eso-s sam oficialur enaze (inglisuri, germanuli, franguli)
warmoebaze uari Tqves espaneTma da portugaliam. evropuli sapatento sasamarTlos
luqsemburgSi dafuZnebas (rac logikuria, radganac iqaa ganlagebuli evropuli
sasamarTlo) SeewinaaRmdega germania (upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom amJamad
sapatento davebis umravlesoba germaniaSi ixileba). amitom evrokavSiri saSualedo,
kompromisuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis gziT midis. Targmanis gaiafebis mizniT 2000
wlis 17 oqtombers samTavrobaTaSoriso konferenciaze londonSi miiRes saSualedo
SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmad 2008 wlis 1 maisidan evropuli patentis Targmna araa
saWiro, Tu igi gacemulia im saxelmwifoebSi dasacavad, romelTa oficialuri ena
Tanxvdeba erT-erT eso oficialur enas. sxva saxelmwifoebi, romlebic SeuerTdnen
SeTanxmebas, uTiTeben erT romelime eso oficialur enas, romelzec unda iTargmnos
patenti mTlianad, xolo maT erovnul enaze iTargmneba mxolod gamogonebis formula
10
(da ara aRweriloba)25. am SeTanxmebas SeuerTdnen dania, didi britaneTi, germania,
islandia, latvia, lixtenSteini, luqsemburgi, monako, niderlandebi, safrangeTi,
slovenia, qorvatia, Sveicaria da sxva (sul 35 qveyana) – rogorc evrokavSiris wevri,
aseve ara wevri qveynebi. Tumca, Targmanis mimarT dawesebul SeRavaTebSi qveynebs
Soris gansxvavebebi mainc arsebobs. amitom dapatentebis dros yvela qveynis
kanonmdeblobas ganmcxadebeli cal-calke unda gaecnos26. eso wevri qveynis rezidents
SeuZlia sapatento ganacxadi Seitanos eso-Si TviTon, Suamavlebis gareSe, Tumca
rekomendebulia patentmcodneebTan konsultacia, xolo ararezidenti movalea
ganacxadi patentrwmunebulis SuamavlobiT Seitanos.
kompromisuli zomebi ver iZlevian im srul efeqts, romelsac gaerTianebis
patentisgan elodebian, amitom misi SemoReba evrokavSiris post-lisabonis
strategiuli ganviTarebis (2020 wlamde) dRis wesrigSi darCeba.
5. 5. 5. 5. gaerTianebisgaerTianebisgaerTianebisgaerTianebis (evrokavSiris) (evrokavSiris) (evrokavSiris) (evrokavSiris) savaWro niSani savaWro niSani savaWro niSani savaWro niSani
gaerTianebis savaWro niSnis SemoRebisa da dacvis sferoSi evrokavSirma ufro Sors
wasvla moaxerxa integraciis mimarTulebiT, vidre gaerTianebis patentis SemTxvevaSi.
ganmcxadebel sawarmos (evrogaerTianebis wevri an arawevri qveynidan) Seaqvs
ganacxadi Sida bazarze harmonizaciis ofisSi da iRebs mowmobas, romelic mis
uflebebs mTlianad evrokavSirSi icavs. SesaZloa, savaWro niSnebis sferoSi
evrokavSiris warmateba aixsneba dacvis obieqtis simartiviT, gamogonebaze patentTan
SedarebiT. meore mizezi, SesaZloa, isaa, rom savaWro niSani saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis ufro TvalnaTlivi ganuyofeli nawilia, vidre gamogonebaze patenti.
savaWro niSani yvela wevr qveyanaze Tu ar gavrcelda, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
Tavisufali gadaadgileba – erTiani bazris fundamenturi piroba – ver moxerxdeba.
miuxedavad amisa, 1960-an wlebSi gaerTianebis savaWro niSnis ideis warmoqmnidan 1993
wels mis realizaciamde sakmao dro gavida.
dacvis obieqtia nebismieri grafikuli gamosaxuleba (teqsti, cifrebis kombinacia,
asoebis kombinacia, saqonlisa da SefuTvis moyvaniloba), romelic gvaZlevs
saSualebas gavarCioT erTi organizaciis saqoneli an momsaxureba sxva organizaciebis
saqonelisa an momsaxurebisgan.
25 Agreement on the application of Article 65 of the Convention on the Grant of European Patents. Official Journal EPO, 12/2001, p. 550
(http://www.epo.org/patents/law/legal-texts/london-agreement.html)
26 eso–s saitze (www.epo.org) yvela qveynis kanonmdelobaa Tavmoyrili.
11
zemoaRniSnul operaciebs aregulirebs evrokavSiris sabWos (miRebis momentSi
evrogaerTianebis sabWos) mier 1993 wels miRebuli kanoni27 da misi Semdgomi
Sesworebebi. igi adgens savaWro niSnebis registraciis wesebs, dacvis periods (10
weli) da misi gagrZelebis wess, sargeblobis uflebebis gadacemis wess
(licenzirebis SemTxvevaSi, organizaciis mflobelebis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi), davebis
ganxilvis wess, koleqtiuri savaWro niSnebis28 gamoyenebis wesebsa da sxva.
SemoRebulia gaerTianebis savaWro niSnis sasamarTloebi (pirveli da meore
instanciis), romlebic yvela qveyanaSi moqmedeben. amasTan erTad, savaWro niSnebis
erovnuli sistemebi agrZeleben saqmianobas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu organizacias mTel
evrokavSirSi an mraval qveyanaSi surs sakuTari savaWro niSnis dacva, gacilebiT
iafi ujdeba gaerTianebis savaWro niSnis daregistrireba, xolo Tu mxolod 2-3
qveynis mimarT gaaCnia interesi, SeiZleba am qveynebSi erovnuli registracia arCios.
6. 6. 6. 6. evrokevrokevrokevrokavSiris (gaerTianebis) samrewvelo dizainiavSiris (gaerTianebis) samrewvelo dizainiavSiris (gaerTianebis) samrewvelo dizainiavSiris (gaerTianebis) samrewvelo dizaini
2001 wels evrokavSiris sabWom SemoiRo gaerTianebis dizainis ufleba, romelic
uzrunvelyofs samrewvelo dizainis dacvas evrokavSiris mTel teritoriaze29. am
aqtis mizani iyo evrokavSiris doneze dacvis erTiani sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic
erovnul kanonmdeblobebSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis Sedegad warmoqmnil samarTlebriv
gaurkvevlobebs zRvars daudebda. gaerTianebis dizainis registracia xorcieldeba
Sida bazarze harmonizaciis ofisSi an centralur erovnul ofisSi, romelic
movalea gadaugzavnos ganmcxadeblis dokumentacia Sida bazarze harmonizaciis ofiss
evropul gaerTianebis dizainis registrSi Sesatanad. am uflebas gaaCnia ori forma:
registrirebuli dizainisa, romelic 2002 wels Sevida ZalaSi, da
dauregistrirebeli dizainis, romelic 2003 wels Sevida ZalaSi. registrirebuli
dizainis dacvis xangrZlivoba 25 wlamdea (dacvisTvis aucilebeli mosakreblis
perioduli gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi), xolo dauregistrirebelis – 3 weli im
TariRidan, rodesac evrokavSiris farglebSi dizaini naCvenebi iyo sazogadoebisTvis
(magaliTad, gamofenaze). dizainis qveS igulisxmeba produqtis mTlianad an misi
nawilis gare xedis Taviseburebebi, warmoqmnili TviT produqtis an misi gaformebis
xazebiT, ferebiT, formebiT, zedapirisa an masalis TvisebebiT. registraciisTvis
27 Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark.
28 savaWro niSnebi, romelic biznes-asociaciebs ekuTvnis da romliTac mxolod asociaciis wevrebi sargebloben.
29 Council Regulation (EC) No 6/2002 of 12 December 2001 on Community designs.
12
aucilebeli pirobaa dizainis siaxle. kanoni aregulirebs uflebis gasxvisebisa da
gadacemis sxvadasxva formebs.
iseve, rogorc savaWro niSnis SemTxvevaSi, samrewvelo dizainis erovnuli sistemebi
moqmedeben gaerTianebis dizainis sitemis paralelurad. momxmarebeli irCevs –
daaregistriros dizaini ramdenime qveyanaSi cal-calke, Tu moipovos gaerTianebis
dizainis uflebebi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu uflebebis dacva mraval qveyanaSia aucilebeli,
gaerTianebis dizainis ufleba did finansur da drois dazogvas iZleva. iseve,
rogorc savaWro niSnis SemTxvevaSi, davebis gadasawyvetad SemoRebulia pirveli da
meore instanciis gaerTianebis dizainis sasamarTloebi, romlebic yvela qveyanaSi
moqmedeben.
zemoaRniSnuli direqtiva mravalwliani evoluciis Sedegia. 1993 wlamde Sida
bazarze inovaciisa da konkurenciis gasaumjobeseblad evrogaerTianebis sazrunavi
samrewvelo dizainis sferoSi wevri qveynebis kanonmdeblobaTa harmonizacia iyo,
risTvisac evrparlamentma da evrosabWom direqtiva miiRes30. aman, 7 wlis Semdeg,
gaerTianebis dizainis SemoReba gaxada SesaZlebeli. evrointegraciis procesi aseTi
Tanmimdevruli nabijebiT mimdinareobs, Tumca zogjer es nabijebi sasurvelze ufro
nelia.
7. 7. 7. 7. falsificirebuli saqoneli da falsificirebuli saqoneli da falsificirebuli saqoneli da falsificirebuli saqoneli da mekobreobamekobreobamekobreobamekobreoba
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis sakiTxebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli saqonlis
falsifikaciisa da mekobreobis winaaRmdeg brZolasTan, romlis organizebis Taobaze
2008 wels evrokavSiris sabWom daamtkica gegma31. misi daniSnulebaa uzrunvelyos
evrokomisiisa da wevri saxelmwifoebis koordinirebuli muSaoba rogorc
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis reJimis ganmtkicebis, aseve, ufro farTod,
sabaJo zomebis, kanonmdeblobis srulyofis, mrewvelobis seqtorebs Soris
TanamSromlobis da a. S. gziT. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva mesame qveynebTan
TanamSromlobas am mimarTulebebiT, samezoblo politikis meqanizmebis gamoyenebis
CaTvliT32.
30 Directive 98/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 on the legal protection of designs [Official Journal L 289
of 28.10.1998]. 31 European anti-counterfeiting and anti-piracy plan. Council Resolution of 25 September 2008, Official Journal C 253 of 4.10.2008
(http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008G1004(01):EN:NOT)
32 aseTi zomebi saqarTvelosTan samezoblo programis CarCoebSicaa dagegmili. ramdenime seminari ukve Catarda saqpatentisa da
GEPLAC-s bazaze.
13
8. 8. 8. 8. evrokavSirSi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis evrokavSirSi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis evrokavSirSi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis evrokavSirSi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis
strategiuli ganviTarebastrategiuli ganviTarebastrategiuli ganviTarebastrategiuli ganviTareba
saerTo xedva da gasatarebeli RonisZiebebi Camoyalibebulia evrokomisiis 2008 wlis
komunikaciaSi "samrewvelo sakuTrebis uflebaTa strategia evropaSi"33. strategiis
mizania evropis sainovacio potencialis sruli gamoyeneba isu reJimis gaumjobesebis
gziT. strategiiT gaTvaliswinebuli mimarTulebebisa da RonisZiebebis nawili zemoT
ukve ganvixileT. gaerTianebis patenti da erTiani iuridiuli sistema strategiis
sakvanZo elementebad rCebian. magram aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs qveynebis, kompaniebis
(gansakuTrebiT mss), kvleviTi organizaciebisa da gamomgoneblebis doneze im faqtis
gacnobierebas, rom inteleqtualuri sakuTreba codnaze dafuZnebul ekonomikaSi
gaxda iseTive da, xSirad ufro Rirebuli aqtivi, rogorc finansebi, manqana-
mowyobilobebi da sxva tradiciuli aqtivebi. am aqtivebis SeZena, dacva, gadacema,
Sefaseba da sxva operaciebi gansakuTrebul codnas moiTxovs34. strategiis erTerTi
mizani am codnis deficitis Sevsebaa.
evrokavSirisa da wevri saxelmwifoebis kanonmdebloba isu sferoSi ZiriTadad
harmonizebulia inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis msoflio organizaciis (WIPO),
vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis (WTO) xelSekrulebebTan da SeTanxmebebTan,
rogoricaa: samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvis Sesaxeb parizis konvencia; literaturuli
da mxatvruli nawarmoebebis dacvis Sesaxeb bernis konvencia; Semsruleblebis,
fonogramebis damamzadeblebisa da samauwyeblo organizaciebis uflebaTa dacvis
Sesaxeb romis konvencia; integraluri sqemebis Sesaxeb vaSingtonis SeTanxmeba;
SeTanxmeba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli
aspeqtebis Sesaxeb (TRIPS) da sxva. evrokavSiri, rogorc am xelSekrulebebiT
gauTvaliswinebeli sruliad axali teqnologiebis (genuri inJineriis,
nanoteqnologiisa da sxva) generatori, iTanamSromlebs wevr da arawevr
saxelmwifoebTan am xelSekrulebebis ganviTarebis sferoSi35,36.
33 An Industrial Property Rights Strategy for Europe. COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT,
THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE. Brussels, 16.7.2008, COM(2008) 465 final 34
Turning Science into Business: PATENTING AND LICENSING AT PUBLIC RESEARCH ORGANISATIONS.
OECD, 2003, 308 p.
35 Development and implications of patent law in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering. REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO
THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Brussels, 14.07.2005
COM(2005) 312 final (SEC(2005) 943)
14
9. 9. 9. 9. sajaro saxsrebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sajaro saxsrebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sajaro saxsrebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sajaro saxsrebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis gankargva da gamoyenebasakuTrebis gankargva da gamoyenebasakuTrebis gankargva da gamoyenebasakuTrebis gankargva da gamoyeneba
9.1. saerTo mimoxilva9.1. saerTo mimoxilva9.1. saerTo mimoxilva9.1. saerTo mimoxilva
axlo warsulSi universitetebi, tradiciulad, codnis generaciisa da misi
Tavisufali gavrcelebis funqcias asrulebdnen. me-20 saukuneSi, TandaTan,
universitetebma, iseve rogoc saxelmwifo (sajaro) kvleviTma organizaciebma, iseTi
codnis generaciac daiwyes, romelsac komerciuli Rirebuleba gaaCnia. me-20 saukunis
meore naxevarSi universitetebsa da sajaro kvleviT organizaciebSi mimdinare
sazogadoebrivi saxsrebiT dafinansebuli kvleviTi samuSaoebis moculoba imdenad
didi gaxda, xolo Sedegebis rac SeiZleba swrafi praqtikuli aTvisebis
(sazogadoebis samsaxurSi Cayenebis) moTxovnileba imdenad gaizarda, rom specialuri
meqnizmebis SemuSavebis aucilebloba warmoiqmna.
wamoiWra am sajaro dafinansebiT miRebuli codnis mflobelobis, gankargvisa da
gamoyenebis sakiTxi da, agreTve, teqnologiis aTvisebis procesSi sajaro da kerZo,
mogebaze orientirebuli, organizaciebis urTirTqmedebis sakiTxi. amas daemata sajaro
organizaciebis TanamSromelTa motivaciis sakiTxebi. universitetebSi `samewarmeo”
funqciebi gaCnda. daisva am bunebrivad warmoqmnili uzarmazari sainovacio
potencialis ukeT gamoyenebis amocana. 1980 wels aSS-Si bei-doulis kanonis37 da
vmo-s TRIPS SeTanxmebis miRebam am process damatebiTi biZgi misca. amasTan
dakavSirebiT, praqtikulad yvela ganviTarebulma, ganviTarebadma da gardamavali
ekonomikis qveyanam, met-naklebi warmatebiT, scada axleburad, sakanonmdeblo doneze
(sadac ki es SesaZlebeli iyo), gadaewyvita es sakiTxebi. nax. 1-dan Cans, rom
RonisZiebaTa nawili mxolod universitetebs exeba, zogi ki mcire, saSualo da did
sawarmoebsac. danarTSi moyvanil cxrilSi naCvenebia RonisZiebaTa ra Senakrebs
atarebs esa Tu is qveyana. xazi gavusvaT, rom, Cveulebriv, erT jgufad ixileba yvela
aramomgebiani organizacia, iqneba es kerZo Tu sajaro samarTlis subieqti, magram
simoklisTvis xSirad mxolod `universitets” moixsenieben.
36 IPR in nanotechnology: Lessons from experiences worldwide. International workshop, European Patent Office (EPO) and DG Research of the
European Commission, 16 April 2007, Brussels. (http://cordis.europa.eu/nanotechnology/src/iprworkshop.htm).
37 The Bayh-Dole Act at 25. BayhDole25, Inc., April 17, 2006, pp. 44.
(http://www.bayhdole25.org/sites/bayhdole25.org/files/BayhDole25_WhitePaper_20060417.pdf
The US Bayh-Dole Act. (Public Law 96-517, The Patent and Trademark Law Amendments Act enacted 1980 and
amended in 1984)
15
SeniSvna: daferili ujredebi organizaciaTa tipebis mimarT RonisZiebis gamoyenebas aRniSnavs)
nax. nax. nax. nax. 1.1.1.1. patentebis gamoyenebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebebi da RonisZiebebipatentebis gamoyenebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebebi da RonisZiebebipatentebis gamoyenebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebebi da RonisZiebebipatentebis gamoyenebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebebi da RonisZiebebi
mizanimizanimizanimizani RonisZiebebiRonisZiebebiRonisZiebebiRonisZiebebi
uuuuniversitetebi niversitetebi niversitetebi niversitetebi dadadada
sajaro sajaro sajaro sajaro kvleviTi kvleviTi kvleviTi kvleviTi
organizaciebiorganizaciebiorganizaciebiorganizaciebi
mcire da mcire da mcire da mcire da saSualo saSualo saSualo saSualo sawarmoebisawarmoebisawarmoebisawarmoebi
sxvasxvasxvasxva
sajaro (sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi sajaro (sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi sajaro (sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi sajaro (sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi
organizaciebis kvleviT da komerciul organizaciebis kvleviT da komerciul organizaciebis kvleviT da komerciul organizaciebis kvleviT da komerciul
funqciebs Soris balansis dadgena.funqciebs Soris balansis dadgena.funqciebs Soris balansis dadgena.funqciebs Soris balansis dadgena.
beibeibeibei----doulis (doulis (doulis (doulis (Bayh-Dole) kanonis nairsaxeobis) kanonis nairsaxeobis) kanonis nairsaxeobis) kanonis nairsaxeobis
miRebamiRebamiRebamiReba
isu
isu
isu
isu
kuTvnil
ebis
kuTvnil
ebis
kuTvnil
ebis
kuTvnil
ebis
dadgena
dadgena
dadgena
dadgena
universitetebSi „profeuniversitetebSi „profeuniversitetebSi „profeuniversitetebSi „profesosososoris privilegiis“ ris privilegiis“ ris privilegiis“ ris privilegiis“
gauqmebagauqmebagauqmebagauqmeba
dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba da dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba da dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba da dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba da
anazRaurebaanazRaurebaanazRaurebaanazRaureba
teqnologiis gadacemis da sapatento teqnologiis gadacemis da sapatento teqnologiis gadacemis da sapatento teqnologiis gadacemis da sapatento
ofisebis SeqmnaSi safinanso daxmareba, anofisebis SeqmnaSi safinanso daxmareba, anofisebis SeqmnaSi safinanso daxmareba, anofisebis SeqmnaSi safinanso daxmareba, an
patentebis patentebis patentebis patentebis gamoyenebis regionuli centrebis gamoyenebis regionuli centrebis gamoyenebis regionuli centrebis gamoyenebis regionuli centrebis
SeqmnaSeqmnaSeqmnaSeqmna
is bazaze axali kompaniebis dafuZnebis is bazaze axali kompaniebis dafuZnebis is bazaze axali kompaniebis dafuZnebis is bazaze axali kompaniebis dafuZnebis
xelSewyobaxelSewyobaxelSewyobaxelSewyoba
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebisagadasaxado SeRavaTebisagadasaxado SeRavaTebisagadasaxado SeRavaTebi
iZulebiTi licenzirebis gamoyeneba iZulebiTi licenzirebis gamoyeneba iZulebiTi licenzirebis gamoyeneba iZulebiTi licenzirebis gamoyeneba
jandacvis da sxva sazogadoebriv jandacvis da sxva sazogadoebriv jandacvis da sxva sazogadoebriv jandacvis da sxva sazogadoebriv
interesebSiinteresebSiinteresebSiinteresebSi
isu mopovebisa d
a komercializ
isu mopovebisa d
a komercializ
isu mopovebisa d
a komercializ
isu mopovebisa d
a komercializ-- -- aciis xelSewyoba
aciis xelSewyoba
aciis xelSewyoba
aciis xelSewyoba
`mowinave gamocdilebis kodeqsebis”, `mowinave gamocdilebis kodeqsebis”, `mowinave gamocdilebis kodeqsebis”, `mowinave gamocdilebis kodeqsebis”,
`erovnul`erovnul`erovnul`erovnuli inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis i inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis i inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis i inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis
politikis saxelmZRvaneloebis” da politikis saxelmZRvaneloebis” da politikis saxelmZRvaneloebis” da politikis saxelmZRvaneloebis” da
analogiuri meToduri masalebis momzadebaanalogiuri meToduri masalebis momzadebaanalogiuri meToduri masalebis momzadebaanalogiuri meToduri masalebis momzadeba
licenzirebisas sazogadoebrivi interesis licenzirebisas sazogadoebrivi interesis licenzirebisas sazogadoebrivi interesis licenzirebisas sazogadoebrivi interesis
dacva dacva dacva dacva –––– patentis Semdgomi kvlevebisTvis patentis Semdgomi kvlevebisTvis patentis Semdgomi kvlevebisTvis patentis Semdgomi kvlevebisTvis
gamoyeneba gamoyeneba gamoyeneba gamoyeneba
ggggaTavisufaTavisufaTavisufaTavisufleba xarjebisgan im patentebze, leba xarjebisgan im patentebze, leba xarjebisgan im patentebze, leba xarjebisgan im patentebze,
romelsac kvlevaSi iyeneben romelsac kvlevaSi iyeneben romelsac kvlevaSi iyeneben romelsac kvlevaSi iyeneben (research
exemption)
gamomgoneblisTvis SeRagamomgoneblisTvis SeRagamomgoneblisTvis SeRagamomgoneblisTvis SeRavaTiani periodis vaTiani periodis vaTiani periodis vaTiani periodis
miniWeba gamogonebis publikaciis Semdgomi miniWeba gamogonebis publikaciis Semdgomi miniWeba gamogonebis publikaciis Semdgomi miniWeba gamogonebis publikaciis Semdgomi
dapatentebisTvis dapatentebisTvis dapatentebisTvis dapatentebisTvis (grace period)
isu
isu
isu
isu sferoSi
sferoSi
sferoSi
sferoSi kanonebis meSveobiT
kanonebis meSveobiT
kanonebis meSveobiT
kanonebis meSveobiT
kvlevebis waxal
iseba
kvlevebis waxal
iseba
kvlevebis waxal
iseba
kvlevebis waxal
iseba
winaswari ganacxadi: erTwliani winaswari ganacxadi: erTwliani winaswari ganacxadi: erTwliani winaswari ganacxadi: erTwliani
SesaZleblobaSesaZleblobaSesaZleblobaSesaZlebloba Semdgomi dapatentebisTvis Semdgomi dapatentebisTvis Semdgomi dapatentebisTvis Semdgomi dapatentebisTvis
(provisional patenting)
16
sakvanZo sakiTxia: vinaa sajaro dafinansebiT miRebuli isu mflobeli da
ganmkargveli? evrokavSiris wevrma qveynebma (zogierT SemTxvevaSi regionebmac38)
igi individualurad gadawyvites rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve
kanonqvemdebare/sarekomendacio dokumentebis miRebiT. evrokavSiris doneze am
TvalsazrisiT regulaciebi an direqtivebi miRebuli ar yofila, rac imis
maCvenebelia, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania evrokavSirSi sainovacio procesebisTvis
wevri qveynebis doneze gatarebuli RonisZiebebi.
am qveTavSi Cven veyrdnobiT informaciisa da dokumentaciis saqarTvelos
federaciis angariSs "inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sakiTxebi saxelmwifo
sainovacio politikaSi: patentebi", 2009 weli, romelSic RonisZiebebis
gacilebiT ufro farTo speqtri SeiZleba inaxos.
9.9.9.9.2.2.2.2. sajarosajarosajarosajaro (sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi organizaciebis kvleviT da k(sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi organizaciebis kvleviT da k(sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi organizaciebis kvleviT da k(sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi organizaciebis kvleviT da komerciul omerciul omerciul omerciul
funqciebs Soris balansis dadgenafunqciebs Soris balansis dadgenafunqciebs Soris balansis dadgenafunqciebs Soris balansis dadgena
aSS-Si SeSfoTebas iwvevda sajaro kvleviTi dawesebulebebis mier kvlevis Sedegebis
dapatentebis simcire da, aseve, praqtikuli gamoyenebis dabali done. 1980 wels aSS-Si
miRebulma bei-doulis (Bayh-Dole) kanonma sicxade Seitana aSS-Si sajaro (saxelmwifo)
saxsrebiT Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sakuTrebaze uflebebis sakiTxSi. kanonis
miRebamde iTvleboda, rom inteleqtualuri produqtis mflobeli saxelmwifoa,
saTanado damfinansebeli saagentos saxiT. bei-doulis kanoni aZlevs uflebas aSS
universitetebs, sajaro kvleviT da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs (aramomgebian
organizaciebs), mcire da damwyeb firmebs sakuTar saxelze daapatenton
sazogadoebrivi saxsrebis gamoyenebiT miRebuli gamogonebebi (im SemTxvevaSic ki,
rodesac sazogadoebrivi fondebidan dafinansebis mxolod nawilia uzrunvelyofili),
amasTan, komercializaciis SemTxvevaSi gaunawilon roialTi avtor-TanamSromlebs. bei-
doulis kanoni aRiarebs saxelmwifos, rogorc patentmflobelis, araefeqturobas.
amave dros igi gulisxmobs, rom universitets, rogorc dainteresebul
patentmflobels, gacilebiT metis gakeTeba SeuZlia komercializaciis mimarTulebiT,
vidre kerZo pirs (gamomgonebels).
evrokavSiris masStabiT bei-doulis msgavsi kanonis (regulaciis an direqtivis
saxiT) miRebis mizanSewonilobis ganxilvam aCvena, rom evrokavSirSi specialistebi
amis aucileblobas ver xedaven39. zogierTi gamokvleva amtkicebs, rom bei-doulis
38 regionebis qveS igulisxmeba qveynis nawilebi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs regionebSi sakiTxebis iseTi
gadawyveta, romelic gansxvavdeba qveynis centraluri mTavrobis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebisgan.
39 DRAFT Report on the outcomes of the: "Public consultation on transnational research cooperation and knowledge transfer between public
research organisations and industry". EUROPEAN COMMISSION, RESEARCH DIRECTORATE-GENERAL, Directorate M - Investment in
17
kanonis (TviTon aSS-Si) da misi evropuli analogebis dadebiTi efeqti amowurulia40.
asea Tu ise, wminda teqnikurad evrokavSirisTvis bei-doulis msgavsi regulaciis an
direqtivis miReba Znelia, sapatento sferoSi evrokavSiris araerTgvarovnebis gamo
(amaze qvemoT iqneba saubari).
zogierTma qveyanam (avstria, espaneTi, irlandia, norvegia, fineTi, - ix. cxrili
danarTSi), Tumca ar miiRo bei-doulis kanonSi Cadebul ideaTa mTliani speqtris
Semcveli kanonebi, gadaWra erTi _ patentis mesakuTreobis – sakiTxi. kerZod, am
qveynebma daqiravebulTa da damqiravebelTa uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobaSi Seitanes
cvlilebebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac gauqmda tradiciuli TanamSromlis mesakuTreoba
gamogonebaze (sxva samecniero publikaciebTan analogiiT), anu e. w. „profesoris profesoris profesoris profesoris
privilegiaprivilegiaprivilegiaprivilegia“, riTac isu mflobeloba organizaciebs gadaeca, xolo
gamomgoneblebisTvis, isu-s komerciuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, gaTvaliswinebul iqna
gasamrjelo (roialTi)41. qveynebis umravlesobaSi misi ganawilebis sqemebs
organizaciebi/universitetebi TviTon adgenen (Cveulebriv miRebuli Semosavlis 30 –
50% gadaecema avtorebs), magram zogierT qveyanaSi avtorebisTvis roialTis dones
adgens kanoni. warmatebul organizaciebSi wili zeda zRvars uaxlovdeba. zogierT
qveyanaSi kanonma daadgina, rom isu damqiravebels ekuTvnis, Tu daqiravebis kontraqtiT
sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. aris iseTi qveynebic, sadac, kanonis Tanaxmad, am
sakiTxs organizaciebis wesdebebi an Sesabamisi uwyebebi aregulireben. magaliTad,
estoneTSi universitetSi warmoqmnil is uflebebs yvela universiteti Taviseburad
wyvitavs. belgiaSi, sadac bei-doulis kanonis nairsaxeoba moqmedebs, federaluri
saministros dadgenileba kvlevis Sedegebis mflobelobas sajaro kvleviT
organizacias aniWebs, Tuki kvlevis dafinansebaSi sazogadoebrivi saxsrebis wili 80%
aRemateba, xolo misi provinciis, flandriis, kanoni ambobs, rom sazogadoebrivi
fondebis monawileobiT miRebuli yvela gamogoneba universitets ekuTvnis42. zogierT
qveyanaSi (magaliTad, safrangeTSi) kanoni mkafiod ar adgens, Tu vinaa sajaro
saxsrebiT miRebuli gamogonebis mflobeli, xolo zogierTSi (magaliTad, SvedeTi) isu
mflobelebad kanonma kvlav kerZo pirebi (universitetis TanamSromlebi) miiCnia.
Research and links with other policie, political aspects, private investment, relations with EIB. Brussels, 1 September 2006, M1/FM-DD
D(2006). (http://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/pdf/download_en/consult_report.pdf)
40 Leydesdorff, Loet & Meyer, Martin. The Decline of University Patenting and the End of the Bayh-Dole Effect. Scientometrics, (2010)
forthcoming.
41 Knowledge sharing in the European Research Area. Report of the ERA Expert Group, European Commission, Directorate-General for Research,
2008. EUR 23323 EN .
42 P. VAN EECKE, J. KELLY, P. BOLGER and M. TRUYENS. Monitoring and analysis of technology transfer and intellectual
property regimes and their use. National summaries. Results of a study carried out on behalf of the European Commission (DG Research), 2009,
pp.247. (http://www.eutechnologytransfer.eu/files3/national_summaries.pdf)
18
gansxvavebebi arTulebs sxvadasxva qveynis organizaciaTa kooperaciiT (magaliTad,
FP7 farglebSi) Catarebuli kvlevebiT miRebuli isu ganawilebas. evrointegraciis
TvalsazrisiT es uaryofiTi faqtoria.
9.9.9.9.3333. . . . universitetebisTvis dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba universitetebisTvis dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba universitetebisTvis dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba universitetebisTvis dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba
msoflioSi mxolod ramdenime erovnuli sapatento saagento aregistrirebs
patentebs ufasod (didi britaneTi, italia). umravlesobas dawesebuli aqvs
mosakreblebi. mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisTvis da aramomgebiani organizaciebisTvis,
romelTa ricxvs universitetebi da sajaro kvleviTi organizaciebic miekuTvnebian,
mraval qveyanaSi kanoniT dawesebulia mosakreblebis Semsubuqeba (xSirad, ganaxevreba).
amas mravali erovnuli sapatento ofisi axorcielebs.
rogorc wesi, mosakreblebi dapatentebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis mTavari
nawili araa. gacilebiT didia xarjebi konsultantebze da patentrwmunebulebze,
romelTa momsaxureba moicavs ganacxadis/aRwerilobis kvalificiurad Sedgenas,
Targmans, patentis sabazro Rirebulebis periodul Sefasebas da sxva. gansakuTrebiT
didia xarjebi saerTaSoriso dapatentebis SemTxvevaSi. patentis msoflio masStabiT
xarisxiani dacvis xarjebma SeiZleba asobiT aTasi aSS dolari Seadginon.
mraval evropul qveyanaSi sajaro organizaciebisTvis saxelmwifo daxmareba
SeiZleba exebodes am xarjebis specialuri fondebidan Semsubuqebasac (Tumca es
aRaraa kanoniT gansazRvruli isu reJimis sakiTxi)43. aseTi praqtika arsebobs,
magaliTisTvis, safrangeTSi (CNRS, http://www.france-science.org/innovation), ungreTSi
(RTIF, www.nkth.gov.hu), region emilia romaniaSi (italia) (programa SPINNER,
www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas) da sxva. Cveulebriv, evrokavSiris qveynebSi daxmareba
sazogadoebrivi fondebidan dapatentebis xarjebis nawilobrivi an sruli dafarvis
saxiT, SeiZleba miiRon rogorc universitetebma da sajaro kvleviTma organizaciebma,
aseve mcire da saSualo sawarmoebma.
mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom yvela RonisZieba wevri qveynebis an regionebis doneze
xorcieldeba. saerToevropuli RonisZiebebi an normatiuli aqtebi am sferoSi ar
arsebobs.
9.9.9.9.4444. . . . axali kompanaxali kompanaxali kompanaxali kompaniebis dafuZnebis xelSewyobaiebis dafuZnebis xelSewyobaiebis dafuZnebis xelSewyobaiebis dafuZnebis xelSewyoba ( ( ( (spin-off))))
evrokavSirSi, iseve, rogorc amerikaSi da aziaSi, gamogonebebis komercializaciis
erT-erTi efeqtiani forma gamogonebebze dafuZnebuli axali kompaniebis Seqmnaa.
erovnuli kanonmdebloba uflebas aZlevs universitetebsa da sajaro kvleviT
organizaciebs xeli Seuwyon sakuTar gamomgonebel-TanamSromlebs maTi patentis
43 Singh, Guriqbal Jaiya and Kalanje, Christopher M. Managing Patent Costs: An Overview. WIPO,
www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/pdf/managing_patent_costs.pdf
19
bazarze gayvanis mizniT daafuZnon axali kompaniebi (campus company) aseT kompanias,
romelic SeiZleba Camoyalibdes saTanado inkubatorSi an mis gareT, universiteti an
sajaro kvleviTi organizacia gadascems eqskluziur licenziebs, xSirad momaval
dividendebSi monawileobis (wilis) sanacvlod. arsebobs axali kompaniebis dafuZnebis
odnav gansxvavebuli sqemebic. magaliTad, SesaZloa axalma kompaniam mxolod licenzia
miiiRos, TanamSromlebis gadasvlis gareSe. yovelwliurad aRricxavs aseT kompaniebs
dania44. spin-ofebis mxardamWeri erovnuli programebi arsebobs irlandiaSi (CORD,
http://www.enterprise-ireland.com/Grow/Finance/CORDEnterprisePlatformProgramme.htm),
germaniaSi (EXIST, www.exist.de).
9.9.9.9.5555. . . . isuisuisuisu reJimis reJimis reJimis reJimis farglebSi kvlevis farglebSi kvlevis farglebSi kvlevis farglebSi kvlevis ganviTarebis interesebis gaTvaliswineba ganviTarebis interesebis gaTvaliswineba ganviTarebis interesebis gaTvaliswineba ganviTarebis interesebis gaTvaliswineba
arsebobs garkveuli winaaRmdegoba dapatentebasa da codnis Tavisufal
gavrcelebas Soris, romlisTvisac universitetebi dResac arian pasuxismgeblebi.
mniSvnelovania saganmanaTleblo, sainovacio da sapatento politikis ise
dabalanseba, rom erTdroulad waxalisebuli iyos rogorc sainovacio saqmianobaSi
investiciebi, aseve teqnologiebis swrafi gavrceleba. pirvelaRmomCenisTvis,
sapatento samarTlis Sesabamisad, miniWebuli monopolia xels ar unda uSlides
gamogonebebSi `Caqsovili” codnis gadmofrqvevas (spill-over) da gavrcelebas im
umniSvnelo dozebiT, romelic investorebs muSaobis xaliss ar daukargavs.
amasTan dakavSirebiT evrokavSiris wevr qveynaTa sapatento kanonmdeblobiT
daSvebulia qveyanaSi dapatentebuli gamogonebebis gamoyeneba kvleviTi da
eqsperimentuli miznebisTvis (anu arakomerciuli gamoyeneba) patentmflobelis
nebarTvisa da misTvis raime anazRaurebis gareSe, e. w. kvleviTi gamonaklisikvleviTi gamonaklisikvleviTi gamonaklisikvleviTi gamonaklisi45. igi
vrceldeba yvela tipis organizaciaze (maT Soris kerZoze), romelic kvlevas awarmoebs,
xolo universitetebisa da sajaro kvleviTi organizaciebisTvis igi ganskuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania. erovnuli kanonmdeblobebis es debuleba gamyarebulia, agreTve,
saerTaSoriso evropuli sapatento konvenciiT, evrogaerTianebis sapatento
konvenciiT, sapatento kooperaciis xelSekrulebiTa (PCT) da TRIPs-is SeTanxmebiT.
universitetebSi bolo wlebSi sapatento sferoSi samewarmeo aqtivobis ganviTareba
`kvleviTi gamonaklisis” cnebis mimarT interesis zrdas iwvevs46.
44 Public Research Commercialisation Survey: Denmark 2008. Series: Innovation: Analysis and Evaluations, 13/2009. Danish Agency for Science,
Technology and Innovation. pp. 34.
(http://en.fi.dk/publications/2009/public-research-commercialisation-survey-denmark-2008/Kommercialisering-UK-2008.pdf)
45 DENT, Chris, JENSEN, Paul, WALLER, Sophie and WEBSTER, Beth. Research Use of Patented Knowledge: A Review. STI Working Paper.
Intellectual Property Rights. DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY, OECD, 17-Mar-2006, pp. 53.
DSTI/DOC(2006)2. (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/16/36311146.pdf)
46 Iles, Kevin. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF EXPERIMENTAL USE EXEMPTIONS IN PATENT LAW ON
INCENTIVES TO INNOVATE. Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property, Volume 4, Issue 1 (Fall 2005).
20
kidev erTi winaaRmdegoba Semdgomi kvlevis interesebsa da sapatento aqtivobas
Soris warmiqmneba universitetebis mier sakuTari patentebis licenzirebisas.
magaliTad, licenziats xSirad eqskluziuri licenziiseqskluziuri licenziiseqskluziuri licenziiseqskluziuri licenziis miReba ainteresebs,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac dapatentebul teqnologias bazarze gasayvanad
damatebiTi xangrZlivi daxvewa esaWiroeba. spin-ofis SemTxvevaSi licenziati,
rogorc wesi, mcire sawarmoa. misTvis licenzia SeiZleba umTavresi aqtivi iyos. am
winaaRmdegobas evropaSi kanonmdebloba ar aregulirebs, anu, mkacrad rom vTqvaT,
igi isu reJimis sferos ar ganekuTvneba. magram misi mniSvnelobis gamo,
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia am winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvis praqtikas SevexoT.
universitetebs eqskluziuri licenziis gacemis ufleba aqvT, magram misi gacema
niSnavs, rom sazogadoebrivi sikeTesazogadoebrivi sikeTesazogadoebrivi sikeTesazogadoebrivi sikeTe (sazogadoebrivi saxsrebiT miRebuli patenti)
moxmardeba mxolod erT organizacias da daixureba sxvebisTvis. winaaRmdegobis
mosaxsnelad salicenzio xelSekrulebebSi specialur punqtebs iTvaliswineben:
xelSekrulebaSi licenziatis mxridan patentis praqtikuli gamoyenebis droSi
gawerili valdebulebebi SeaqvT da sxva. amiT gamoiricxeba sazogadoebisTvis zianis
momtani SesaZlo qmedebebi, magaliTad, licenziis SeZena ubralod konkurentebis
dasablokad. aq ar vgulisxmobT sazogadoebrivi interesis dacvis iseT gavrcelebul
RonisZiebas, rogoricaa iZulebiTi licenzireba, romelic praqtikulad yvela qveynis
kanonmdeblobiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli da kvlevebTan specifiurad dakavSirebuli araa.
aRniSnuli sakiTxebi detaluradaa aRwerili OECD-s moxsenebaSi "mecnierebis
biznesad gardaqmna" (Turning Science into Business).
farTo gagebiT, sajaro interesebisa da patentmflobelebis interesebis (Tundac
es sajaro organizaciebi iyos) Sexamebis sakiTxebi, romelic patentebis
gafarToebulma/axalma funqciebma warmoqmnes, imdenad rTulia, rom maT
mosawesrigeblad rogorc calkeuli organizaciebis, aseve saxelmwifoebis doneze
muSavdeba meToduri masalebimeToduri masalebimeToduri masalebimeToduri masalebi (ix. qvemoT, qveTavi 10.)47.
patentmflobelis monopoliam rac SeiZleba naklebi ziani unda miayenos codnis
gavrcelebas, anu universitetebisa da sajaro kvleviTi organizaciebis umTavres
tradiciul funqcias. es rogorc mTlianad evrokavSiris, aseve wevri qveynebis
saxelmwifo sapatento politikis mniSvnelovani sazrunavia.
erT-erTi RonisZieba, romelic winaaRmdegobrivi moTxovnebis SeTavsebas
uzrunvelyofs, e. w. SeRavaTiani periodia SeRavaTiani periodia SeRavaTiani periodia SeRavaTiani periodia (grace period). mecniers saSualeba eZleva
gamogonebis Sinaarsi gamoaqveynos (magaliTad, statiis saxiT an gamofenaze CvenebiT),
47 PATENTS AND INNOVATION: TRENDS AND POLICY CHALLENGES. OECD, 2004. (www.oecd.org)
21
ris Semdeg, kanoniT dadgenili drois ganmavlobaSi, Seitanos sapatento ganacxadi.
Cveulebriv amisTvis erTwlian drois monakveTs adgenen (zogierT qveyanaSi 6 Tves).
dapatentebis am reJims uwodeben "pirvelia vinc gamoigona" da ara "vinc ganacxada".
igi aTavisuflebs mecniers publikaciis dayovnebis aucileblobisgan, romelsac
dapatentebis survili iwvevs48. aRniSnuli RonisZieba damaxasiaTebelia zogierTi
ganviTarebuli qveynis kanonmdeblobisTvis (aSS, avstralia da sxva). evrokavSiris
qveynebidan SeRavaTian periods gamogonebaze patentebis mimarT zogierTi SemTxvevaSi
cnobs espaneTisa da portugaliis kanonmdebloba. sxva qveynebis umravlesoba, iseve
rogorc evrokavSiri mTlianad am sakanonmdeblo normis SemoRebas ixilavs49.
germaniaSi, avstriaSi, CexeTSi da ungreTSi 6 Tviani SeRavaTiani periodi moqmedebs
sasargeblo modelebis mimarT, xolo gaerTianebis dizainis mimarT evrokavSiris
mTel teritoriaze moqmedebs 1 wliani SeRavaTiani periodi50.
msoflio praqtikaSi arsebobs kvlevebis Sedegebis dapatentebasa da gavrcelebas
Soris zemoaRniSnuli winaaRmdegobis Serbilebis kidev erTi meqanizmi - e.w.
winaswari ganacxadiswinaswari ganacxadiswinaswari ganacxadiswinaswari ganacxadis Setanis SesaZlebloba (provisonal patenting). esaa srul
patentTan SedarebiT ganacxadis gamartivebuli forma (agreTve, arsebiTad iafic),
romelic gulisxmobs, rom amis Semdeg kanoniT dadgenil droSi (magaliTad,
araugvianes 12 Tvisa, rogorc aSS-Si, an 6 Tvisa, rogorc singapurSi) gakeTdeba
sruli sapatento ganacxadi. prioritetis TariRad iTvleba winaswari ganacxadis
Setanis TariRi. martivi forma niSnavs, rom am SemTxvevaSi ar aris aucilebeli
patentis formulis Sedgena da gamogonebis SedarebiTi donis Cveneba. ganmcxadebeli
igebs adreuli prioritetis miRebiT da, garda amisa, ugrZeldeba gamogonebis dacvis
saerTo vada, radgan dacvis dadgenili vada (magaliTad, 20 weli) aiTvleba sruli
ganacxadis Setanis dRidan. unda aRiniSnos, rom sruli ganacxadis Setana
aucilebelia. amis argakeTebas SeiZleba dapatentebis uflebis samudamo dakargva
moyves. es norma moqmedebs aSS-Si, avstraliaSi, singapurSi da zogierT sxva
48 Keith E. Maskus. Encouraging International Technology Transfer. UNCTAD-ICTSD, Issue Paper No. 7; Turning Science into Business (zemoT,
sqolio 36); Towards a common European view on the features of a grace period. Workshop report. EUROPEAN COMMISSION,
RESEARCH DIRECTORATE-GENERAL, Directorate K – Knowledge-based Economy and Society; Strategic and Policy aspects ; Investment
in Research, Brussels, 14.1.2003. (ec.europa.eu/research/era/pdf/ipr-gp-report.pdf)
49 An assessment of the implications for basic genetic engineering research of failure to publish, or late publication of, papers on subjects which
could be patentable as required under Article 16(b) of Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. REPORT
FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL, COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN
COMMUNITIES, Brussels, 14.01.2002. (http://eur-lex.europa.eu). 50 http://www.ipr-helpdesk.org/documents/ES_GracePeriod_0000006559_00.xml.html.
22
qveyanaSi. evropaSi igi araa gavrcelebuli, - moqmedebs mxolod did britaneTSi, -
Tumca mizanSewoniloba aRiarebulia da miRebis SesaZlebloba ixileba51.
zemoT ganxilul RonisZiebebs SeuZliaT gadaWran arsebuli dilema mecnierTa
mxridan Sedegebis farTo ganxilvisa da swrafi publikaciis survilsa da siaxlis
moTxovnas Soris, romelic dapatentebis dros warmoiqmneba. isini, `samewarmeo
universitetebis” warmoqmnis pirobebSi, icaven universitetebis sajaro misias _
codnis gavrcelebas, rac grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi inovaciisTvis aranakleb
mniSvnelovania, vidre dapatenteba.
10. 10. 10. 10. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sferoSi meToduri masalebis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sferoSi meToduri masalebis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sferoSi meToduri masalebis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sferoSi meToduri masalebis
momzadebamomzadebamomzadebamomzadeba
sajaro da kerZo seqtorebis urTierTqmedebis procesSi, rac Tanamedrove
inovaciuri saqmianobisTvis Cveulebriv ambad iqca, isu-Tan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
imdenad rTuli gaxda, xolo sainovacio sfero imdenad dinamiuri, rom mxolod
kanonmdeblobis daxvewiT yvelaferi ver wydeba. aucilebeli gaxda sainovacio
sferos mravalricxovani moTamaSeebisTvis meToduri saxelmZRvaneloebis momzadeba.
maTi mizania daadginon da ganmarton sajaro fondebidan miRebuli saxsrebiT
Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis komercializaciasTan dakavSirebuli
moqmedebis wesebi. sakiTxis sirTulis gamo iTvleba, rom saxelmZRvaneloebi
uaRresad pozitiur rols TamaSoben im qveynebSic ki, romlebmac wesebi saTanado
(bei-doulis tipis) kanonmdeblobiT daadgines, gansakuTrebuls ki im qveynebSi, sadac
aseTi kanoni ar arsebobs. saxelmZRvaneloebs gansxvavebuli saxelebi aqvT sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi: `mowinave gamocdilebis kodeqsebi”, `inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis
erovnuli politikis saxelmZRvaneloebi” da sxva. ganvixiloT ramdenime magaliTi.
CanarTi CanarTi CanarTi CanarTi 2222
irlandiairlandiairlandiairlandia
irlandiaSi sami dokumentia SemuSavebuli:
1. kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis marTvis Taobaze damfinansebeli
saagentoebis moTxovnebi da gzamkvlevi52 igi grantebis mimRebTaTvisaa gankuTvnili. SemuSavebaSi
Svidi saagento monawileobda, romelic irlandiaSi kvlevebisTvis grantebs gascems. igi
gankuTvnilia, agreTve, kolaboratorebisTvis, sponsorebisTvis da im biznesisTvis, romelic
teqnologiebs eZebs. grantis maZiebeli organizacia dokumentis moTxovnebs unda
51 Ian Cockburn. A Provisional Application – An important tool in the Right hands.
(http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/prov_application.htm)
52 Funding Agency Requirements & Guidelines For Managing Research-Generated Intellectual Property. Commercialisation Steering
Group, February 2006. pp. 55. (http://www.sfi.ie/uploads/documents/upload/IPGuidelines-FINAL_Feb06.pdf).
23
akmayofilebdes.
2. sajaro xarjebiT Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis marTvis praqtikis erovnuli kodeqsi 53.
kodeqsi kanoni araa, igi konkretul, adgilobriv garemoebebs SeiZleba moergos. mis
SemmuSavebels, - irlandiis mecnierebis, teqnologiisa da inovaciis sabWos (ICSTI), - SeuZlia
misi ganaxleba da cvlilebebis Setana. igi dainteresebul mxareebs ar avaldebulebs mas
daemorCilon.
3. sajaro-kerZo kolaboraciiT ganxorcielebuli kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis marTvisa da komercializaciis praqtikis erovnuli kodeqsi54 ICSTI-s mier
SemuSavebuli es dokumentic sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa.
sakmaod didi moculobis es samive dokumenti urTierTdakavSirebulia da qveyanaSi dagrovil
saukeTeso gamocdilebas anzogadebs.
CanarTi 3CanarTi 3CanarTi 3CanarTi 3
didi britaneTididi britaneTididi britaneTididi britaneTi
didi britaneTis xazinis iniciativiT 2004 wels jgufma riCard lambertis xelmZrvanelobiT,
mimoixila ra arsebuli praqtika, SeimuSava e.w. lambertis krebuli (tool kit)55. esaa samodelo
kontraqtebis krebuli, romlidanac dainteresebul organizacias SeuZlia airCios is, romelic mis
konkretuli situacias esadageba (kolaboraciuli kvleva, konsorciumi da sxva). sakuTrebis
uflebebi da Sedegebis gamoyeneba am kontraqtebSi erTerTi sakvanZo elementia.
am mimarTulebiT samuSao Catarda, agreTve, daniaSi56, germaniaSi, safrangeTSi da
sxva qveynebSi. meToduri rekomendaciebis mniSvneloba imdenad didia, rom
evrokomisiam saerToevropuli saxelmZRvanelo SeimuSava57.
marTvis damoukidebel amocanad Camoyalibda inteleqtualuri aqtivebis efeqtiani
marTva, rac maTi Rirebulebis swor Sefasebasac gulisxmobs. Sefasebis erTiani
meTodologia jer ar arsebobs. sakiTxis sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT, firmebis
dasaxmareblad zogierTma qveyanam am sferoSi saxelmZRvanelo masalebi moamzada.
evropaSi am mxriv pirveli italiaa, sadac ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrom,
bankebis asociaciam, industriis konfederaciam da universitetebis reqtorTa
53 National Code of Practice for Managing Intellectual Property from Publicly Funded Research. Irish Council for Science, Technology and
Innovation (ICSTI), January 2004. pp 58. (http://www.sciencecouncil.ie) 54 NATIONAL CODE OF PRACTICE FOR MANAGING AND COMMERCIALISING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY FROM PUBLIC-
PRIVATE COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH. The National Policy and Advisory Board for Enterprise, Trade, Science, Technology
and Innovation – ICSTI, November 2005. pp.54 (http://www.forfas.ie/media/acsti051125_ip_code_of_practice.pdf). 55
jgufis mier momzadebuli sanimuSo kontraqtebi da sxva dokumentebi SeiZleba inaxos
misamarTze http://www.innovation.gov.uk/lambertagreements
56 Contacts, contracts and codices. Research co-operation between universities and companies. Danish Rectors’ Conference -
Confederation of Danish Industries. 2004, pp.48. 57
Commission Recommendation on the management of intellectual property in knowledge transfer activities and Code of Practice for
universities and other public research organisations. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities, Luxembourg, 2008. ISSN 1018-5593.
24
konferenciam xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas patentebis safinanso-ekonomikuri Sefasebis
Taobaze58.
11111111. . . . ssssagadasaxado SeRavaTebi agadasaxado SeRavaTebi agadasaxado SeRavaTebi agadasaxado SeRavaTebi
patentebis komercializaciis mxardasaWerad araerTma qveyanam miiRo iseTi
sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba, romelic patentebis mflobelebsa da avtorebs
mTlianad an nawilobriv aTavisuflebs komercializaciiT miRebul Semosavalze
gadasaxadebisagan. SeRavaTebs zogjer mxolod universitetebs aniWeben, ufro
xSirad ki nebismier organizaciebsa da sawarmoebs, romlebic am gziT iReben
Semosavals.
amgvari yuradReba isu vaWrobis mimarT misi udidesi sainovacio potencialiT
aixsneba. patentebiT daculi saqonliTa da teqnologiebiT vaWrobis wilis zrda
evrokavSiris konkurentunarianobis erT-erTi saimedo indikatoria. zrdis tempi
TvalsaCinoa: safrangeTSi 1990 wels ucxoeTidan SeZenili licenziebisgan
miRebulma Semosavalma Seadgina 330 milioni evro, xolo 2003 wels - 2.4
miliardi evro. germaniaSi igive maCvenebeli Seicvala 1.3 miliardidan 2.7
miliardamde59.
CanarTiCanarTiCanarTiCanarTi 4 4 4 4
belgiabelgiabelgiabelgia....
belgiaSi 2008 wlidan moqmedebs sapatento Semosavlis 80% gamoqviTva dasabegri bazidan (Patent
Income Deduction), rasac sapatento Semosavlis dabegvris zeda zRvari 33%-dan 6,8%-de dayavs60.
mniSvneloba ara aqvs aris patenti TviTon kompaniis mier SemuSavebuli Tu SeZenili. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu patenti importirebulia igi nawilobriv mainc unda iyos gaumjobesebuli
kompaniis mier.
dapatentebuli teqnologiebis gadacemis wamaxalisebeli kanonebi miRebulia
niderlandebSi, safrangeTSi, luqsemburgSi, espaneTSi61. ramdenime qveyanaSi
(gaerTianebul samefoSi, daniaSi da sxva) aseTi RonisZiebebis gatarebis
SesaZlebloba amJamad ixileba.
CanarTi CanarTi CanarTi CanarTi 5555
58 PROTOCOLLO D’INTESA SULLA VALUTAZIONE ECONOMICO FINANZIARIA DEI BREVETTI. Il Ministero dello Sviluppo
Economico - L’ Associazione Bancaria Italiana (ABI) - La CONFINDUSTRIA - La Conferenza dei Rettori delle Università Italiane
(CRUI). SOTTOSCRITTO A ROMA IL 21 OTTOBRE 2008.
59 Kamiyama, Sh., Sheehan, J., Martinez, C. VALUATION AND EXPLOITATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DIRECTORATE
FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY WORKING PAPER, OECD, 2006/5, pp. 48. DSTI/DOC(2006)5. www.oecd.org.
60 Tom Swinnen. Tax incentives for Belgian R&D. (http://ipfinance.blogspot.com/2008/12/tax-incentives-for-belgian-r.html) 61
Kessler, Wolfgang and Eicke, Rolf. The Emergence of R&D Tax Regimes In Europe. Tax Notes Int’l, June 9, 2008, p. 845.
(web26.tax.uni-freiburg.de/typo3/fileadmin/repository/lehrstuhl/pdf).
25
irlandiairlandiairlandiairlandia
irlandiaSi patentis licenzirebiT miRebuli roialTi mTlianad Tavisufldeboda gadasaxadisagan
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu patenti irlandiaSi Catarebuli kvleviTi samuSaos Sedegi iyo. es imdenad
mimzidveli SeRavaTi iyo, rom bevri transnacionaluri kompania cdilobda sakuTari kvleviTi
qvedanayofebi irlandiaSi daefuZnebina, riTac irlandia igebda codnis mozidvis TvalsazrisiT. es
garemoeba evrokomisiis kritikas iwvevda wlebis ganmavlobaSi, aniWebda ra irlandias upiratesobas
evrokavSiris sxva wevrebTan SedarebiT. bolos irlandiam miiRo kritika da Secvala kanoni. amJamad
gadasaxadisgan mTlianad Tavisufldeba 5 mln evromde Semosavali, miRebuli im patentebiT,
romelTaTvisac kvleva, dagegmva, damuSaveba, eqsperimentebi, testireba, konstruireba an sxva msgavsi
qmedebebi Catarebulia evropul ekonomikur sivrceSi62. es cvlileba qmnis irlandiisTvis
saSiSroebas, rom kvleviTi qvedanayofebis ganTavseba Sewydeba da eqneba adgili ubralod
irlandiidan licenziebis gayidvas (Svilobili kompaniebis meSveobiT).
avRniSnoT, rom patentebis gamoyenebis/licenzirebis wamaxalisebeli SeRavaTebi
SemuSavebulia wevri qveynebis mier. evrokavSiris marTvis doneze amis Sesaxeb
regulacia an direqtiva ar arsebobs. amave dros, SeRavaTebi yvela qveyanaSi
sxvadasxvaa. ufro metic, SeRavaTebi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes qveynis SigniT
regionebs Soris. magaliTad, espaneTSi baskeTis avtonomiam, isargebla ra
gadasaxadebis damoukideblad dadgenis uflebiT, kidev ufro guluxvi SeRavaTebi
daawesa, vidre TviT espaneTma an romelime sxva evrokavSiris qveyanam63.
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi evrokavSirSi (iseve, rogorc aziisa da amerikis
mraval ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveyanaSi) teqnologiebis dapatentebas,
dapatentebuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebas (anu principuli siaxlis matarebeli
nakeTobebis warmoebas) da am mizniT maT SemuSavebasa da SeZenas uwyobs xels. SeZena
SeiZleba xorcieldebodes rogorc erTian Sida bazarze, aseve evropis gareTac
(importi). patentebiT daculi axali teqnologiebis qveyanaSi Semodinebis
uzrunvelyofa SeiZleba ori gziT:
1. patentebze licenziebis SeZeniT anu isu importiT (rasac SeiZleba Sesabamisi
manqana-mowyobilobis SeZena Tan sdevdes an ar sdevdes)
2. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis meSveobiT, romelsac sxva RonisZiebebTan
(samSeneblo, samontaJo da a.S.) erTad axlavs patentebiT daculi teqnologiebis
qveyanaSi Semotana.
62 Review of the Exemption from Taxation of Patent Income. Goodbody Economic Consultants, February 2007.
(http://www.finance.gov.ie/documents/publications/reports/Patincometaxexgoodb.pdf)
63 Spain: Basque patent box regime: an attractive location for IP Garrigues. (internationaltaxreview.com)
26
pirvel SemTxvevaSi teqnologiis mflobeli xdeba rezidenti kompania, xolo
meoreSi - mflobeli ucxouri kompania rCeba. am ori SemTxvevis mimarT
wamaxalisebeli sagadasaxado garemo sxvadasxvanairad iqmneba. misi meqnizmebis
mimarT damokidebuleba icvleba imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria qveynis ekonomikuri
strategia. inovaciuri ekonomikis mSenebeli qveynebi teqnologiebis Semotanis
TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iyvnen upiratesad orientirebulni teqnologiebis SeZenaze
(licenziebis SeZenaze) an pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis gziT maT Semotanaze.
pirveli orientaciis tipiuri warmomadgenlebia iaponia da samxreT korea, xolo
meoresi – singapuri. evropaSi pirveli mimarTulebis mkafio warmomadgeneli Zneli
gamosayofia, xolo meore mimarTulebis warmomadgenelia irlandia. meore
mimrTulebis warmomadgeneli qveynebi zrunaven saerTo dadebiT sainvesticio
garemoze, romelic dapatentebuli teqnologiebis difuziasac uwyobs xels. oRond,
investiciebze orientirebuli im mravali qveynisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic
inovaciur ganviTarebas miznad ar isaxaven, am qveynebs mkafiod aqvT Camoyalibebuli
prioritetuli mimarTulebebi da pirobebi, romlebsac investicia unda
akmayofilebdes, rom ucxoelma investorma uxvi SeRavaTebiT isargeblos.
12. sxva RonisZiebebi12. sxva RonisZiebebi12. sxva RonisZiebebi12. sxva RonisZiebebi
isu dacvis da ganviTarebis kanonebiT gansazRvruli RonisZiebebis erTobliobis
garda, rasac isu reJims vuwodebT, lisabonis strategiiT gaTvaliswinebuli
sainovacio miznebis misaRwevad mniSvneloba aqvs is efeqtiani gamoyenebis
mravalricxovan RoniZiebas, romelic evrokomisiisa da erovnuli programebisa da
iniciativebis CarCoebSi xorcieldeba. aseTebia:
• isu dacvis sferoSi kadrebis momzadeba/gadamzadeba
• sapatento sainformacio sistemebi
• patentebis gacvlis saSuamavlo sistemebis ganviTareba, internet-sistemebis
CaTvliT
• universaluri sapatento momsaxurebis provaiderebis ganviTareba
• specializebuli (dargobrivi) sapatento samsaxurebis ganviTareba
• saxelmwifo marTvis organoebSi is da teqnologiebis gadacemis qvedanayofebis
Camoyalibeba
da sxva.
rogorc ismo (WIPO) CarCoebSi, aseve pirdapiri ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi
xelSekrulebebis meSveobiT eso ucxoeTis is saagentoebTan TanamSromlobs.
TanamSromloba mraval Sromatevad proceduras aCqarebs da aiafebs. kerZod, aSS
27
patentebisa da savaWro niSnebis ofiss, iaponiis sapatento ofissa da eso-s Soris
2005 wels dadebulia xelSekruleba sapatento Ziebebis erToblivad Catarebis
Sesaxeb. Zieba (siaxlis anu sapatento sisufTavis Semowmeba) gansakuTrebiT
Sromatevadi da sapasuxismgeblo proceduraa. erT-erT ofisSi Semosuli ganacxadi
gadaecema or danarCens eqspertizis Casatareblad, riTac procedura Cqardeba,
xolo xarisxi izrdeba samive ofisis Zalebis gaerTianebis Sedegad. amiT ofisebic
da ganmcxadeblebic igeben. sagareo TanamSromlobis sxva mimarTulebebidan
aRsaniSnavia evropis samezoblo politikis CarCoebSi post-sabWoTa qveynebTan, maT
Soris saqarTvelosTan, TanamSromloba gamocdilebis gaziarebis, kanonmdeblobis
srulyofisa da meti harmonizaciis, agreTve kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebis
gaZlierebis mimarTulebebiT. am mxriv evrokavSiri, rogorc msoflioSi erT-erTi
umdidresi isu dacvis tradiciis matarebeli sakuTar pasuxismgeblobasac grZnobs
da, wminda praqtikulad, uaxloesi mezoblebis bazrebsa da sistemebs ufro Rrma
momavali TanamSromlobisTvis amzadebs.
13. 13. 13. 13. daskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvna
inteleqtualuri sakuTreba, kerZod ki patentebi, TavisTavad teqnologiebis
gavrcelebis instrumentia. jer erTi imitom, rom adamianebs teqnologiebis
ganviTarebis stimuls aZleven. meore imitom, rom teqnologiis gaxsnas
(gamoqveynebas) gulisxmoben. mesame imitom, rom garkveuli, kanoniT dadgenili
dacvis periodis Semdeg, gamogoneba sazogadoebriv moxmarebaSi gadadis, rac misi
Semdgomi difuziis garantiaa. bunebrivia, rom inovaciur ganviTarebaze
orientirebuli evrokavSirisTvis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa (isu)
dacvisa da teqnologiebis gavrcelebis xelisSemwyobi reJimis uzrunvelyofa erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa, rac lisabonis strategiaSia asaxuli: "2001
wlis bolos amoqmeddes gaerTianebis patenti da sasargeblo modeli, raTa
evrokavSiris masStabiT sapatento dacva gaxdes iseTive universaluri da iafi,
rogorc konkurentebTan".
evropis mTel teritoriaze moqmedi gaerTianebis patentis SemoReba, sapatento
sasamarTlosTan erTad, Zlier gaaiafebda da gaamartivebda dacvis procedurebs,
mewarmeebsa da gamomgoneblebs mianiWebda met siTamames, riTac mTavar
konkurentebTan (aSS da iaponia) SedarebiT evrokavSiris pozicias gaaumjobesebda.
zemoaRniSnuli isu reJimis Sesaqmnelad es sakvanZo sakiTxia. misi SemoReba
codnaze orientirebuli evrokavSirisTvis erTiani bazris mSeneblobis dasrulebis
niSani iqneboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom es sakiTxi evrointegraciis RonisZiebebs
28
Soris erT-erTi urTulesi aRmoCnda (igi ver gadawyda lisabonis strategiiT
dasaxul vadebSi), evrokavSiri Tanmimdevrulad uaxlovdeba mis gadawyvetas.
gamartivda evropuli patentis moqmedebis procedurebi. amoqmedda gaerTianebis
savaWro niSani da gaerTianebis dizaini. gaerTianebis patenti darCeba erTiani
evropis ganviTarebis dRis wesrigSi 2020 wlisTvis.
evrokavSirma mTlianad, wevr saxelmwifoebTan da regionebTan erTad, bevri gaakeTa
isu sferoSi aqtivobis gasaZliereblad sakanonmdeblo da organizaciuli
mimarTulebebiT. isu sakiTxebis mniSvnelobis aRqma gaZlierda. amis
damadasturebelia Tundac is rom, regionebic ki aRiqvamen mas, rogorc
konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelmyof elements da sadac SeuZliaT, ukeTes
pirobebs uqmnian, vidre qveyana mTlianobaSi (magaliTad, baskeTi).
isu dacvis sakiTxebi aRqmulia, rogorc evropuli paradoqsis daZlevis erT-erTi
mTavari instrumenti – evropuli mecnierebis TvalsaCino miRwevebi unda aisaxos
misi konkurentunarianobis zrdaSi. amisTvis sajaro seqtorSi kvlevis Sedegebis
isu dacvis xelSemwyobi meqanizmebi ixveweba evrokavSirisa da erovnul doneebze.
magram isu dacvis reJimebis araerTgvarovneba mainc seriozul damabrkolebel (da
gadasalax) faqtorad rCeba. problemebi didwilad erovnulisa da evropulis
Tanafardobi tradiciul aRqmasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
29
evrokavSirevrokavSirevrokavSirevrokavSirSiSiSiSi aramomgebiani da sajaro organizaciebis sapatento aramomgebiani da sajaro organizaciebis sapatento aramomgebiani da sajaro organizaciebis sapatento aramomgebiani da sajaro organizaciebis sapatento saqmianobis mxardasaqmianobis mxardasaqmianobis mxardasaqmianobis mxardammmmWerWerWerWeriiii RonisZiebebi RonisZiebebi RonisZiebebi RonisZiebebi
ganviTarebuli qveynebiganviTarebuli qveynebiganviTarebuli qveynebiganviTarebuli qveynebi
gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebigardamavali ekonomikis qveynebigardamavali ekonomikis qveynebigardamavali ekonomikis qveynebi
avst
ria
avst
ria
avst
ria
avst
ria
belgi
belgi
belgi
belgiaa aa
germania
germania
germania
germania
dania
dania
dania
dania
brit
aneTi
brit
aneTi
brit
aneTi
brit
aneTi
espaneTi
espaneTi
espaneTi
espaneTi
irlandia
irlandia
irlandia
irlandia
ital
iait
alia
ital
iait
alia
niderlandebi
niderlandebi
niderlandebi
niderlandebi
portugalia
portugalia
portugalia
portugalia
saberZneTi
saberZneTi
saberZneTi
saberZneTi
safrangeTi
safrangeTi
safrangeTi
safrangeTi
fineTi
fineTi
fineTi
fineTi
SvedeTi
SvedeTi
SvedeTi
SvedeTi
bulgareTi
bulgareTi
bulgareTi
bulgareTi
estoneTi
estoneTi
estoneTi
estoneTi
poloneTi
poloneTi
poloneTi
poloneTi
rumineTi
rumineTi
rumineTi
rumineTi
slovakeTi
slovakeTi
slovakeTi
slovakeTi
slovenia
slovenia
slovenia
slovenia
ungreTi
ungreTi
ungreTi
ungreTi
CexeTi
CexeTi
CexeTi
CexeTi
kvleviT da komerciul funqciebs
Soris balansis dadgena.
++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++
bei-doulis (Bayh-Dole) kanonis
nairsaxeobis miReba
����64 ++++ ++++ ++++ ����65 ���� ���� ---- ���� ���� ---- ���� ���� ---- ???? ����66 ����67 ++++ ���� ++++ ++++ ����
„profesoris privilegiis“ gauqmeba ++++ ---- ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ++++ ---- aaaa aaaa aaaa aaaa aaaa aaaa aaaa aaaa
dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++
universitetebSi kompaniebis
dafuZnebis xelSewyoba
++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi sapatento
Semosavlebze
---- ++++ ---- ---- ---- ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ---- ----
++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ++++ ----
licenzirebisas patentis Semdgomi ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ???? ++++ ???? ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ---- ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
64 � niSniT aRniSnulia is qveynebi, sadac bei-doulis ideologiis gaziareba mxolod `profesoris privilegiis” gauqmebiT Semoifargla.
65 � qveynebi, sadac bei-doulis ZiriTadi debulebebi ganxorcielebuli iyo aSS-Si bei-doulis miRebamde da maRali Sedegebic iyo miRweuli.
66 estoneTSi sis-ze universitetebis mflobeloba maTi wesdebebiT isazRvreba. kanoni amis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs.
67 poloneTSi, slovakiaSi, ukrainaSi sapatento kanoni acxadebs, rom patentze uflebebi avtomaturad ekuTvnis damqiravebels, Tu sxva ram ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli kontraqtiT. sajaro kvleviT dawesebulebebTan mimarTebaSi, es bei-doulis kanonis analogiuria.
30
kvlevebisTvis gamoyeneba
patentebis unebarTvo gamoyeneba
kvlevaSi (research exemption)
++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++
gamomgoneblisTvis SeRavaTiani
periodis miniWeba (grace period)
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ---- ---- 68 ----
winaswari ganacxadi Semdgomi
dapatentebisTvis (provisional patenting)
---- ---- ---- ---- ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
meToduri masalebis momzadeba ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ++++ ---- ---- ---- ???? ???? ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
68 ungreTSi da zogierT sxva aRmosavleTevropul qveyanaSi SeRavaTiani periodi (Cveulebriv, 6 Tve) vrceldeba mxolod oficialur gamofenebSi
monawileobaze, xolo samecniero publikaciaze - ara.
31
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