integumentary/ skeletal/ muscular systems. i. integumentary system a. functions 1. covers &...
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c. from harmful light rays;
Ex. UVA – causes aging, wrinkles
UVB – causes sunburn, skin cancer, damages immune system
SPF = sun protection factor
SPF = 10 min. to burn x SPF;
ex. 10 min. x 15 SPF = 150 min.
apply new/thick
1 oz.
80% damage
done by age 20
2. helps control body temp.
3. keeps materials in
4. receives stimuli
5. excretes water, salt, urea (sweat)
6. makes vit. D –
in presence of UV light
- glands:
a. oil – keeps skin & hair soft & pliable;
- blackheads: enlarged oil glands (melanin & oil) and
- pimples: oil + bacteria
A. Functions
1. supports body
2. protects delicate structures –
ex. heart, lungs, spinal cord, brain, kidneys, reprod. organs
3. place of muscle attachment
4. makes blood cells (bone marrow) – r.b.c. & w.b.c.
B. Structures – see diagram
1. cranium
1b. maxilla
2. mandible
3. clavicle
4. scapula
5. humerus
6. radius
7. ulna
C. Bone Compact bone – osteocytes
(bone cells)
Spongy bone – red bone marrow
: r.b.c. & w.b.c.; yellow – stores
fat
Epiphysis (epiphyseal plate) –
place where bones grow
Ossification – process by which bones harden
D. Joints – place where 2 bones meet
1. immovable – fixed (skull)
2. semi-movable – vertebrae
3. movable –
- gliding (wrist, ankle)
- hinge (elbow, knee)
- pivot (neck)
- ball-and-socket (shoulder & hip)
E. At Joints 1. cartilage – cushions bones
2. ligaments – connect 2 bones together
3. tendons – connect muscle to bone
4. arthritis – inflammation of the joints
F. Differences between male & female skeletons
1. Fe – pelvis larger in diameter (width)
2. Fe – pelvis opening more oval; M – heart-shaped & narrow
3. Fe – sacrum wider & shorter; M – longer & narrow
4. Fe – pelvis smaller & structurally weaker (overall)
5. Fe – femurs slanted in; M - straight
3. contraction results from actin & myosin filaments sliding together
** Lactic acid – chemical produced when not enough oxygen; makes muscles sore
B. Muscles – see diagram: biceps, tripceps, pectorals, deltoids, trapezius, rectus abdominis, gastrocnemius
trapeziusDeltoidPectorals
Rectus Abdominis
TricepsBiceps
Gastrocnemius
C. Muscles Types
1. Skeletal (striated or voluntary) muscle – (found on bones) - voluntary, striped; quick; tire easily; ex. biceps, triceps
2. smooth muscle – involuntary; not striped; slow; continuous; ex. digestive system, blood vessels, urinary bladder, uterus