INTEGRATION OF “SIX SIGMA” INTOMULTIDISCIPLINARY ENGINEERING DESIGN

PROJECTS

Mahbub UddinDepartment of Engineering Science

Trinity University

A. Raj ChowdhurySchool of Technology Kent State University

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I. Introduction

II. Six Sigma Tools and Methodology

III. Integration of Six Sigma into Multidisciplinary Engineering Design Projects

IV. Conclusions

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•“Six Sigma” is a data-driven, fact based, decision making management tool used to improve the profitability of a business enterprise by reducing the waste and defects while improving product, processes and services and increasing the customer satisfaction. •Six Sigma is widely used in industry to improve the efficiency of product design and development, manufacturing and marketing.

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What is Six Sigma?

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“6-Sigma”Im

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Prod

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vity

….. Who is using Six-Sigma ?

ABB Burlington Hitachi Lincoln PerkinElmerAllied Cannon Honda Electric PoloroidSignal Citigroup Hughes IBM Lockheed MartinAlcoa Conseco Jaguar Maytag RaytheonAmazon Dow-Chemical Kodak NCR Johnson ControlBendix American Express Lear Sony Merrill LynchFord Honeywell Nokia NCR American StandardMotorola Siemens T.I Bank of AmericaSUN-Micro Boeing General Electric

Six-Sigma methods have applied to a variety of industries, such as:Manufacturing, Service, Government, Legal, Financial

Software, Healthcare and Education

Over200

Companiesare usingSix-Sigma

today.

Fewexamples

are:

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History of “Six-Sigma”

Six-Sigma was developed in the 1980’s by Motorola to address the problem of how to be competitive with the Japanese companies.

Motorola engineers devised a method to track quality and compare performance with customer requirements. An ambitious target of near perfect quality (Six-Sigma) was the goal. Motorola’s goal required ten (10) times improvement in five (5) years.

Motorola’s ambitious goal paid off…Two (2) years after launching Six-Sigma the company was awarded the “Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award”.

Over the next ten (10) years Motorola achieved the following: * Cumulative savings attributed to six-sigma efforts were

$14 billion.

* Five(5)-fold growth rate in sales with profits up to 20% per year. * Stock prices gains compounded to an annual rate of 21.3%

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Six-Sigma-An Overview

The Greek letter commonly represents standard deviation. The phrase six sigma, on the other hand, denotes a

specific performance level—namely, 3.45 defects per million opportunities. Six Sigma concepts are inspired by

three fundamental ideas:

1. Cause and Effect Relationship.2. A large variety of continuous physical observations follow

the normal probability distribution.3. Common-cause variability is inherent in all systems.

Additional variability occurs due to assignable causes that must be identified and eliminated.

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•The basis of six sigma can be illustrated with the standard normal distribution. The standard normal variable z is related to the normal random variable x by the relationship: -

•The standard normal distribution has the probability density function:

z e - - <

•The standard normal distribution has zero and a unit variance. •The normalization allows performance comparison of a wide variety of processes and operations with widely varying units and dimensions. The above equation leads to the familiar bell-shaped curve.

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Sigma Level “DPMO” Quality

Level Cost of defectsas a percent(%)of sales

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2

3

4

5

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691,000 31% > 40%

309,000 69% 20- 40%

67,000 93.3% 15- 30%

6,200 99.4% 10- 20%

230 99.98% 5- 10%

3.4 99.997% 0- 5%

Different Sigma Levels, Defects per MillionOpportunities, Quality Level and

Cost of defects/failures

~ Why?? … Is it Worth Pursuing???

• Improve Quality• Improve Reliability• Reduce Cost• Reduce errors• Reduce waste• Improves Process• Improves Design• Improves Customer Satisfaction• Effective Management• Promotes Excellence

- Creativity- Collaboration- Communication- Dedication

Six-Sigma Tools

•Process Maps•Cause and Effect Diagrams (Fishbone Diagram)•Quality Function Deployment (QFD)•Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)•Statistical Process Control (SPC)•Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)•Design of Experiments (DOE)•Process Capability Analysis (PCA)•Measurement Systems Analysis•Multi-Variant Studies•Control Plans•Pugh Matrix (Criteria Matrix), etc. 10

Design for Six Sigma Methodology

The tools of Six Sigma are most often applied through various performance improvement methodologies such as:•DMAIC: Design, Measure, Analyze, Improve & Control•DMADC: Define, Measure, Analyze, Design & Verify•DMEDI: Define, Measure, Explore, Design & ImplementUsually, DMAIC is used for improvement of product, process and services, while DMADV and DMEDI are used for design and development of new product, process and services.

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Define                       What is the business case for the project?                      Identify the customer?                      Current state map                      Future state map                      What is the scope of this project?                      Deliverables                      Due Date  

Control                      During the project how will I control risk, quality, cost, schedule, scope, and changes to the plan?                      What types of progress reports should I create?                      How will I assure that the business goals of the projects were accomplished?                      How will I keep the gains made?  

Measure                      What are the key metrics for this business process?                      Are metrics valid and reliable?                      Do we have adequate data on this process?                      How will I measure progress?                      How will I measure project success? 

Analyze                       Current state analysis                      Is the current state as good as the process can do?                      Who will help make the changes?                      Resource requirements                      What could cause this change effort to fail?                      What major obstacles do I face in completing this project? 

Improve                      What is the work breakdown structure?                      What specific activities are necessary to meet the project’s goals?                      How will I re-integrate the various sub projects? 

              

                          

12Flow Chart of Application of DMAIC Methodology

                                   

Flow Chart of Application of DMADV Methodology    

DefineWhat is being designed?Why is it being designed?Uses of QFD or the Analytic Hierarchical Process, to assure that the goals are consistent with customer demands and enterprise strategy

VerifyVerify the design’s effectiveness in the real world

MeasureDetermine critical to stakeholder metricsTranslate customer requirements into project goals

AnalyzeAnalyze the options available for meeting the goalsDetermine the performance of similar best – in – class designs

DesignDesign the new product, service or processUse predictive models, so,I;atopm, prototypes, pilot runs, etc. to validate the design concept’s effectiveness in meeting goals

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Implementation of Six SigmaDesign Methodology

The Implementation of DMADV methodology will be illustrated through a multidisciplinary engineering design project: Design, built and test the performance of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers are widely used in process industry. The design of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger requires the knowledge of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, process control and instrumentations.

14The schematic of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger.

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Application of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

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Implementation of Six SigmaDesign Methodology

The DFSS (Design for Six Sigma) methodology is based on four fundamental design objectives:

1. Design should incorporate a balanced prospective of customer needs, current technology, efficient manufacturability, sustainability and commercialization.2. Design should full-fill the product functional requirement without failure under normal conditions.3. Design should be optimized based on the effect of

uncertainties on its performance.4. The performance level (Six Sigma or otherwise) of the designed product should be verifiable against all product requirements. 16

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Step 1: Define

• Define the goal of the design activity: Design, build, test and improve the performance of a shell and tube heat exchanger.

• Define the customer need: The customer wants to reduce the uncertainties in the operation and performance of the heat exchanger.

• The cost of the heat exchanger should be reduced by 20% of the current market price. (This can be accomplished by efficiently estimating and optimizing the safety factor of the heat exchanger area).

• Make sure that design goals are consistent with customer needs.

• Establish a benchmark for a shell and tube heat exchanger.• The following Six Sigma tools should be used in this step to

assist the project management: QFD (Quality Function Deployment), SIPOC (Suppliers Input Process Outputs and Customers) and Process map.

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Step 2: Measure

• Measure the CTQ (Critical to Quality) variables and check their compliance with the Upper and Lower Control Limits (UCLs and LCLs).

For Heat Exchanger design project measure the following variables:

• Heat Transfer Area• Shell-side heat transfer coefficient• Tube inside heat transfer coefficient• Shell-side fouling resistance• Tube inside fouling resistance• Tube wall thermal conductivity• Effective tube inside area• Effective tube outside area• Tube inside diameter• Tube outside diameter• Number of tube passes• Number of shell passes

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Step 2: Measure (con’t)

For Heat Exchanger design project measure the following variables (con’t):

• Translate customer requirement into project goals: Heat exchanger outlet temperatures should not vary more than +5°C. Performance analysis indicates that by reducing the variation of heat exchanger outlet temperatures to +5°C will improve the heat exchanger operation from Three Sigma to Five Sigma.

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Step 3: Analyze

• Analyze innovative concepts for design to satisfy customer need.

• Analyze the variability in CTQs.• Analyze the effect of variability of input parameters to outputs.

For Heat Exchanger design example:• Perform a stochastic (probabilistic) simulation for heat

exchanger design.• Analyze the variation of CTQs: 1) variation of shell-side heat

transfer coefficient, 2) variation of tube in-side heat transfer coefficient, 3) variation of shell-side fouling resistance, 4) variation of tube inside fouling resistance, 5) variation of flow rates of input streams and 6) variation of temperatures of input streams.

• Perform a sensitivity analysis of heat exchanger output temperatures as a function of variability in CTQs. Take measures to reduce the variance in the CTQ variables. The following Six Sigma tools should be used in this step to analyze and reduce the variance in CTQs: ANOVA, DOE, SPC, and PCA.20

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Step 4: Design

• Design new equipment, process, product or services to satisfy customer needs. The objective is to develop a detail design, predict CTQs and revise design until CTQ predictions meet requirements. Also, develop a simulation model and management plan for construction/manufacturing and quality control. Develop a prototype model to validate design effectiveness.

For Heat Exchanger design example:• Complete the construction of a prototype shell and tube

heat exchanger based on design calculation, analysis and simulation.

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Step 5: Verify

• Verify whether the design satisfies the specifications, CTQ’s and customer needs under real world application. Develop a control plan to implement FEMA and SPC. Develop plans to assure continued performance at a desired sigma level.

For Heat Exchanger design example:• Verify whether the expected performance of the heat

exchanger is achieved under real world application. Continue to increase the sigma level by identifying and eliminating the most significant causes of the variability in heat exchanger design, manufacturing and operation processes.

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Calculation of Sigma Level

On average, the outlet temperatures of the heat exchanger fails to meet its specification 8 hours per month on service. After design improvement using the DMADV methodology, the outlet temperature of the heat exchanger fails to meet its specification 1 hour per month on service. Calculate the Sigma level of the performance of the heat exchanger before and after the design improvement.

DPMO before design improvement =Using Figure 3, the signal level = 3.7.

DPMO after design improvement =Using Figure 3, the signal level = 4.5.

DMADV methodology Steps 1 – 5 are repeated to continuously improve the performance of the heat exchanger till it achieves the desired sigma level.

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Calculation of Sigma Level

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Imple- Applicationmentation of Of Six DMAIC Sigma DMADV, Projects DMEDII

Sophomores and Junior Design Courses

Six Sigma Quality Control & ProjectTools Reliability Analysis Management

Freshman Design Courses

Introduction to Six Sigma

Concepts Background Overview

Integration of Six Sigma into Engineering Design Courses.

Senior

Design

Courses

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Conclusions:

Integrating Six Sigma concepts into multi-disciplinary design projects would provide students a better understanding on how to incorporate realistic design constraints, reduce variability and continuously improve product and process design.

Integration of Six Sigma into multi-disciplinary design projects would significantly enhance students learning experience in project management and prepare them to provide leadership in implementing Six Sigma in Industry.

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