integration and extension of a plastic-mulching water-saving technique for rice production with...

Integration and extension of a plastic-mulching/water-saving technique for rice production with higher yield and better

resource use in southwestern China

Lu Shihua

Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural

Sciences， Chengdu, CHINA

Outline□ Introduction on Sichuan and Sichuan agriculture

四川和四川农业的概况□ Integration of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving techniques for high yield and efficient resource use

水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的集成□ Extension of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving techniques for high yield and efficient resource use

水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的推广

Sichuan

Location of Sichuan in China

Engineering works of Dujiangyan irrigation system, Sichuan Province

Irrigated area: 200, 000 ha in 1949,

expanded to 670, 000 ha by 1998

Heaven on Earth

天府之国

四川省丘陵区流进长江的泥沙量为 6 亿多吨 / 年

Runoff from red soils in Sichuan province to the Yangtze River can be up to 600 million t/yr

2007年末四川省稻田和旱坡地的相对面积

Lowland paddy soils

2.08 M ha

Upland soils

1.96 M ha 52.9%47.1%

2007 25年末四川省大于度坡地占旱坡地的比例

19.1% = 0.36 M ha

Relative area of upland and paddy soils in Sichuan by the year 2007

Proportion of upland soils with slope > 25 o in Sichuan by the year 2007

Village

2002 2003

Area

(Mu)

Grain yield

(kg/Mu)

Production

(t/yr)

Area

(Mu)

Grain yield

(kg/Mu)

Production

(t/yr)

Xinsheng

新胜620 480 298 583 350 204

Yanggong 阳公

414 400 166 414 268 111

Wangu

万古485 450 218 490 350 172

Sum

合计1519 448 682 1487 328 487

Area and yield in three villages of Jianyang City, Sichuan

Note: 1 Mu = 1/15 ha; 1 ha = 15 Mu

Heaven on Earth? 天府之国？

地下水硝酸盐含量随时间的变化

0

100200

300400

500600

7003

5月日

55

月日

75

月日

95

月日

115

月日

15

月日

35

月日

55

月日

75

月日

95

月日

115

月日

15

月日

35

月日

55

月日

75

月日

95

月日

115

月日

时间

(mg

kg硝酸盐含量

-1)

刘文忠张九成

何志金罗国红

罗国昌余昌林

李登贵

成都市温江区天府镇 (1999-2001)

Threshold concentration by WHO

Dynamics of nitrate concentration in shallow groundwater in Tianhu Town, Wenjiang, Sichuan

Date

1. Shortage of labor 劳动力短缺乏

2． Low-temperature stress 低温冷浸

3 ． Shortage of irrigation water 灌溉水无保障

4． Degradation of soil fertility 土壤肥力退化

5 ． Overuse and misuse of fertilizer 施肥盲目

6． Damage by pests and weeds 病虫草害

7． Irrational cultivation techniques

栽培技术落后

8． Other problems 其它问题

Sichuan labor ‘army’ in countryside

川军： 389,961 部队

Children

Women

The elderly

Lodging of paddy rice due to overuse of N fertilizer

Fushun 2002 (waiting for water before transplanting)

Zhongjiang 2001 (irrigating by hand before transplanting)

Seasonal water shortages in Sichuan

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Dry year Normal year Wet year

Yiel

d (k

g/mu

)

Relationship between yield and precipitation in Ziyang City, Sichuan province

• Higher crop yield and more efficient resource use are crucial to Sichuan sustainable agriculture 作物生产实现高产高效是四川农业可持续发展的必由之路；

• Integrated management of soil-plant systems is the main way to realize higher yield and more efficient resource use 对土壤 - 作物体系的综合管理是实现高产高效的根本途径。

How to solve the agricultural problems in Sichuan?

How to manage soil-plant systems in integrated way? 如何进行土壤 - 作物体系的综合管理？

Upland soils

Paddy soils

Serious Mn deficiency in wheat has occurred in soils with rice-wheat rotation, but no Mn deficiency in wheat in upland soils nearby

Comparison of Mn contents in plough soil of alluvial paddy soils with alluvial soils *

Soil Site pH Exc-Mn

(ppm)

Active-Mn

(ppm)

DTPA-Mn

(ppm)

Total Mn

(ppm)

Exc-Mn /Active-Mn (%)

Actice-Mn/TotalMn (%)

Alluvial paddy soil

Yuantong

崇州元通8.42 1.08 2.96 0.59 211 36.5 1.4

Alluvial soil 8.37 3.07 69.9 4.08 381 4.4 18.8Alluvial paddy soil

Yuantong崇州元通

8.40 1.12 3.11 0.69 217 36.0 1.4


Angu 乐山安谷

7.33 1.76 7.54 1.12 473 23.3 1.6


Angu 乐山安谷

8.00 1.44 8.42 1.68 455 17.1 1.8

Alluvial soil 8.17 2.70 96.7 6.74 569 2.8 17.0

* Each paired samples were collected from the same site: paddy soil vs. upland soil

水肥状况对

锰移动和水稻吸

锰影响的模拟土

柱试验

Effects of water and fertilization status on Mn movement and Mn uptake by rice using soil column experiment

处理Treatment

淹水无肥CK

淹水化肥NPK

淹水有机无机肥

NPKM

湿润有机无机肥

NPKM/W

Gray alluvial soil

61.3±25.6

31.8±18.0

37.8±10.7

5.9±2.2

Gray-brown alluvial soil

19.4±10.4

11.4±9.6

15.0±5.3

0.7±0.3

(Liu, Lu, Zhang et al., 1999)

Effects of water and fertilization status on Mn leaching (mg/column) during rice season

Rice plastic-mulch water-saving techniques consist of such techniques as:

□Plastic mulching for rice planting 水稻覆膜栽培技术□Upland rice nursery 水稻旱育秧技术

□Early rice seedling transplanting 水稻小苗移栽技术

□Rice triangle cultivation technique 水稻三角形栽培技术

□Integrated nutrient management for rice 水稻推荐施肥技术

□Furrow irrigation for rice 水稻厢沟灌溉技术

Plastic mulching (PM)

Plastic mulching (PM)

Straw mulching (SM)

Straw mulching (SM)

Traditional flooding (TF)

Traditional flooding (TF)

PM TF SM

Soi

l tem

per

atu

re(C

0 )

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

9:00

10:0

0

11:0

0

12:0

0

14:0

0

16:0

0

18:0

0

9:00

10:0

0

11:0

0

12:0

0

14:0

0

16:0

0

18:0

0

9:00

12:0

0

15:0

0

18:0

0

Early tillering Middle tillering Late tillering

A: Soil surface (0 cm depth)

B: Soil subsurface (10 cm depth)

10:0

0

9:00

11:0

0

12:0

0

14:0

0

16:0

0

18:0

0

9:00

10:0

0

11:0

0

12:0

0

14:0

0

16:0

0

18:0

0Time of day (hour:minute)

9:00

12:0

0

15:0

0

18:0

0

PM SM TF

Effect of cultivation systems on soil temperature

Plastic mulching can controlled weeds in paddy field

Plas-tic

mulch 地膜覆盖

Straw mulching 秸秆覆盖

Results seen in Jianyang 2006

在不同覆盖方式下氮肥对水稻产量的影响

200. 0

300. 0

400. 0

500. 0

600. 0

700. 0

800. 0

0 4 8 12 16kg/ mu)施氮水平（

kg/m

u)产量（

盖膜盖草裸地

PMSMBare soil

Yield

(kg/mu)

N rate (kg N/mu)

Effect of N levels on rice yield under different mulching styles

　

N rate(kg/ mu) 4 8 12 16AE (kg/kg)

PM盖膜 28. 7 23. 4 19. 4 15. 3 SM盖草 9. 4 4. 4 10. 1 6. 0 Bare soi l裸地 5. 3 9. 6 6. 0 6. 1

Recovery rate (%)

PM盖膜 32. 8 11. 6 17. 0 16. 1 SM盖草 -1. 0 -6. 3 1. 7 4. 4 Bare soi l裸地 3. 2 8. 3 5. 8 8. 7

Effect of mulching styles on nitrogen use efficiency at various N rates

不同施氮水平下覆盖方式对水稻氮肥利用率的影响

2001年 SRI 进入四川

Norman Uphoff 教授

Yuan Longping 院士

SiChuan 四川Ren Guanjun 副院

长

马达加斯加

水稻

21t/ha

SRI

What is SRI?超稀植 Super-sparse cultivation with wide spacing

单苗 Single seedlings per hill (in original version; this has been modified for Sichuan conditions)

幼苗早栽 Young seedling cultivation

摆栽 Careful planting cultivation

有机肥 Organic fertilization emphasized

中耕 Intercultivation (middle tillage) for weed control, also for aerating the soil

处理 (%)糙米率 (%)精米率 (%)整精米率长宽比 (%)垩白米率 ( )垩白度级1苗 81. 65 64. 21 55. 42 2. 51 18. 50 6. 852苗 80. 51 63. 94 46. 60 2. 58 27. 50 10. 593苗 80. 75 63. 22 48. 70 2. 55 38. 50 15. 404苗 79. 48 62. 29 45. 20 2. 48 42. 50 16. 58

Effects of transplantion seedlings in single hole on rice quality of Xianyou 1

Effects of different transplantion densities on rice quality of Gangyou 22

处理 (%)糙米率 (%)精米率 (%)整精米率长宽比 (%)垩白米率 ( )垩白度级20cm*20cm 81. 12 66. 36 56. 30 2. 26 83. 83 39. 1130cm*30cm 79. 88 65. 91 57. 13 2. 24 79. 67 38. 1140cm*40cm 79. 47 65. 58 56. 72 2. 22 78. 00 36. 9350cm*50cm 79. 96 66. 71 58. 79 2. 25 70. 00 30. 17

Main results of 2001

Crop development with transplanting at 6-leaf stage

Crop develop-ment with transplanting at 4-leaf stage

不同移栽期对水稻氮肥效应的影响

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 4 8 12 16施氮水平（kg/mu)

(kg/

mu)

产量

2叶期4叶期6叶期

Yield

(kg/mu)

N rate (kg N/mu)

Effect of N levels on rice yield under different transplanting stages (at 2-leaf, 4-leaf, and 6-leaf stages)

Effects of transplanting stages on N use efficiency by rice at different N applied rates

不同施氮水平下移栽期对水稻氮肥利用率的影响

N rate(kg N/ mu) 4 8 12 16Agronomic Efficiency (kg/kg)

2- l eaf stage 37. 0 19. 5 15. 6 12. 44- l eaf stage 30. 7 15. 1 15. 3 15. 76- l eaf stage 28. 7 12. 9 12. 7 15. 4Recovery rate (%)

2- l eaf stage 65. 8 44. 5 27. 2 23. 84- l eaf stage 54. 4 34. 5 26. 4 29. 26- l eaf stage 38. 7 14. 2 21. 3 21. 8

Three seedlings, one at each angle of a triangle

三苗三角

Three seedlings planted together 三苗丛栽

Tool to dig holes for spacing the rice seedling transplanting

Rice seedling transplanting

Water management

Date Site Cultivar Yield (kg/mu)

Persons to harvest and identify yield

8 Sep.2003 Yanggong, Jianyang

Chuanxiang-you 2

507.7(7.6 t/ha)

Ma Jun, Zhu Bo et al.

4 Sep. 2005 Guilin, Jianyang Chuanxiang-you 9838

694.0 (10.5 t/ha)

Tian Yanhua, Tan Zhonghe et al.

21 Aug 2006 Xiangshui, Yanjiang

? 610.6(9.2 t/ha)


24 Aug 2007 Tangjiatian, Lezhi

? 745.4(11.2 t/ha)

Zhang Hongsun, Tan Zhonghe et al.

13 Aug 2007 Machaocun, Anju

? 661.3(9.9 t/ha)

Tan Zhonghe, Hong Yikui et al.

24 Aug 2007 Qingsan, Anzhu ? 607.1(9.1 t/ha)

Zhang Hongsun, Tan Zhonghe et al.

4 Sep. 2007 Fenghuang, Jianyang

Chuanxiang-you9838

780.7(11.7 t/ha)


Effect of rice plastic-mulching water-saving techniques on rice yield in Sichuan Hilly regions (2003-2007)

2006年响水村采用和未采用农户水稻产量的差异

0100200300400500600700

会员户非会员户

(kg/

mu)

产量

Farmers using our techniques

未采用户Farmers not using our techniques

Yield (kg/mu)

9 t/ha

5 t/ha

Yield differences between farmers adapting and not adapting our technologies

Traditional cultivation

Plastic mulching cultivation

2006

Date Site Farmer Organized Institute

Responsible experts

Yield

(kg/mu)

08.8.03 大安区牛佛镇红旗村曾元帅四川省农科院谭中和 , 徐富贤等 678.6

08.8.13 宜宾县厥溪镇大坪村牟修言宜宾市科技局谭中和 , 樊雄伟等 564.3

08.8.14 内江市中区全安镇吼冲村

陈大远内江市科技局谭中和 , 樊雄伟等 729.4

08.8.19 仁寿县珠家乡黑虎村廖列兵四川省科技厅谭中和 , 石勇等 760.3

08.9.01 雁江区雁江镇响水村村李俊清四川省科技厅谭中和 , 马均等 780.1

08.9.01 雁江区雁江镇响水村村陈生富四川省科技厅谭中和 , 马均等 767.7

08.9.01 雁江区雁江镇响水村村杨华四川省科技厅谭中和 , 马均等 668.0

08.9.11 什邡市湔氐镇中和村赵道华四川省农科院李跃建 , 陶龙兴等 640.0

08.9.19 简阳市东溪镇凤凰村刘子杰四川省科技厅谭中和 , 马均等 787.7

08.9.19 简阳市东溪镇凤凰村李同映四川省科技厅谭中和 , 马均等 694.9

08.9.19 简阳市东溪镇凤凰村张兴福四川省科技厅谭中和 , 马均等 632.9

平均 700.4

Effect of rice plastic-mulching water-saving techniques on rice yields in Sichuan hilly regions (2008)

Average yield: 10.5 t/ha Yield range: 8.0-11.7 t/ha

Irrigation times and cost reduction by adapting the rice plastic-mulching water-saving techniques

采用与未采用覆膜技术农户的灌水次数与灌水开支 Type of Farmer

Irrigation no. of times

Irrigation cost(Yuan/mu)

Farmers using the techniques

(after adaptation)0.31 3.85


(before adaptation)1.92 21.54

Farmers not using the techniques

3.17 37.33

Nutrient input reduction by adapting the rice plastic-mulching water-saving techniques

采用与未采用覆膜技术农户的养分投入量 (kg/mu)

Type of Farmer

N P2O5 K2O


(after adaptation)7.07 3.70 1.22


(before adaptation)12.02 5.43 0.10

Farmers not using the techniques

12.65 2.96 0.96

Reduction of labor numbers by adapting the rice plastic-mulching water-saving techniques (days/mu)

采用与未采用覆膜技术农户的用工量 (个 /mu) 统计 Type of Farmer

Trans-planting

Manage-ment

WeedingHarvest-

ingTotal


(after adaptation)6.8 0.8 0.5 3.6 11.7


(before adaptation)6.2 4.5 4.5 3.6 18.8

Farmers not using the techniques 6.2 5.2 7.7 4.2 23.2

2009 年 8 月被四川省科技厅、农业厅和粮食局审定为

首批全省粮食丰产主体技术

2007 年 4 月

被四川省科技厅、农业厅和水利厅

审定为

首批全省现代农业节水抗旱重点推广技术 One of the first ‘key’ extension techniques in Sichuan province

The current situation of China agricultural extension我国农业推广的现状

• Imperfect agriculture promotion network 推广网络“线断、网破、人散”• Research and extension services are isolated from each other 研究与推广相互脱离• Agricultural extension is out of touch with farmers’ requirements 推广与农民的需求脱节

Misunderstandings about agricultural extension我国农业推广的误区

• Technology-oriented staff, lack of extension personnel in field 技术至上，见物不见人• Government-led, ignoring the dominant position of farmers 政府主导，忽视农民的主体地位

Association 协会

Farmer农民

Experts专家

technical guidance

guide 指导

ser

vice

服务

agricultural technicians

from County 县乡农技人员

村社能人

技术指导

Membership fee 会费effect 影

响

culti

vatio

n 培

养

专家、农技人员、农村能人、农民四位一体

Experts + Farmers’ organization

(association/cooperative) + Farmer

“专家 + 农民组织（协会，合作社） + 农户”

intergrate various advantages of extension modes 集多种推广模式的优势于一体

“拉队伍”：整合力量，提高效率

Experts: Best source of technology diffusion

专家：最佳的技术传播源• Technology: solve the problem of technological discontinuity

in primary agricultural sector 技术性：解决了基层农技部门的技术断层问题• Authority: easy to mobilize farmers, enhance the effect of

technical publicity 权威性：便于发动农民、增强技术宣传效果• Security: make farmers to have safe feeling, then they would

like to accept new technology 安全感：可以使农民有安全感，能很快接受• Inspiration: easy to change awareness and behavior of farmers 感染力：容易改变农民认识和行为

We love this game!

Technician: Essential bridge for technology diffusion

农技员：不可或缺的传播桥梁• Familiar with the situation of rural

people 熟悉下面情况• Consolidate experts and farmers 连接中间力量对接上面专家• Understanding of local customs 了解风土人情• With practical experience 具备实践经验

• Widest coverage

覆盖面最大 • Closest to farmers

离农民最近• Most authority

带动性最强• Lowest cost

成本也最低

Outstanding Villager: the only full-service person村社能人：唯一的全程服务人选

Association (cooperative) :a mandatory organization to improve efficiency

协会（合作社）：提高效率的必要组织• Form farmers’ organizations 增强了农民组织化程度：由分到合，质的飞跃，有利于许多

工作的开展；• Enhance farmers’ ability to undertake risks and pressure 承受风险、压力能力增强，并且组织规模越大，这种能力越强。会员之间的正面作用，促进少部分会员甚至其他农户转变，极大提高新技术推广效率；

• Provide a service platform for farmers 给农村带头人提供服务农民的平台和条件；• Constraints of rules and regulations in the Association 协会章程、制度约束。

优势互补，各得其所Advantage between the two sides can make up

each other, and both sides can get what they want

Core Villager核心农户

（村社能人）Technician

农技员

Experts专家

Association协会

（合作社）

“Dream team” for agricultural extension 农技推广“梦之队”

Innovation of methods and mechanisms方法和机制的创新

• Restore the dominant position of farmers

还农民主体地位• Integrated extension

综合推广• Attention to the quality of farmers

重农民素质• Develop their markets of agricultural products

开拓农产品市场

Farmer-centered

必须以农民为中心Improve communications & interaction

加强交流互动

Farmers need to join in the extension effort

参与式推广

Farmers are the subjects of agriculture. Tey need advice, not command like from patriarch

农民是农业的主体农民不需要家长只需要参谋

这种开会形式很好，多让大家参

加这次会议是历史从来未有过的明确、开朗表达

自己的意见

这次开会很好，方式很民主，合作社大有希

望

会议开得很好，气氛热烈，效果很好

这次会义开得好，建义经后桶一房

治

We got very positive and valuable feedback from farmers after the meeting

Field trials of village experts

土专家的田间试验

receptive容易接受

Drought-resistance, water-saving 抗旱保湿

Keep soil warm,increase tillers增温促蘖

Weed suppression 抑制杂草

From single technology promotiom to integrated extension

从单一技术推广到综合推广• Synthesis of techniques: organic wholeness needs

integrated management

综合技术：有机整体需要综合技术、综合管理，单一技术无法发挥最佳效果

• Comprehensive development： farmer + rural improvement + agricultural productivity

综合发展：把技术推广放到对农民、农村、农业更有利的农村发展的事业中去做

Single-technology promotion PK Comprehensive agriculture promotion

单一的技术推广 pk 综合的农业推广• Single-technology promotion 单一的技术推广Direct objective: Make farmers learn new technology and know how to use it

Indirect objective: Increase farmer's income. But this goal is constrained by markets, resources and policies, so this method is high risky.

直接目标：让农民掌握技术 “授鱼” 外因治标间接目标：增加农民收入市场、资源、政策制约风险大

• Comprehensive agriculture promotion 综合的农业推广Direct objective: Improve farmer's general knowledge substantially.

Indirect objective: Push forward agriculture development generally. In this way, we can strengthen cohesiveness and have bigger space to improve.

直接目标：提高农民综合素质 “授渔” 内因治本间接目标：推动农村综合发展增强凝聚力，空间大

Support education of children leftbehind 支教留守儿童

Promote farmers' cooperation推动农民合作

Concern about life for the elderly关注留守老人

Aim to develop modern agriculture发展现代农业

Comprehensive Development

综合发展

February 2011: creation of 4interest-based research groups1. 粮油小组 (grain and oilseeds )2. 蔬菜小组 (vegetables )3. 果树小组 (fruit trees )4. 养殖小组 (cultivation)

合作社老年协会和妇女协会开展丰富多彩的文化活动

Elders’ AssociationAssociation of Women

• Cultivating modern farmers 培养现代农民（农民问题、基础）：农民是三农的主体，也是根基，没有现代农民做支撑的现代农业

只能是空中楼阁。不能为了片面追求农业高效而只注重企业和资本，忽略了农民，特别是留守的弱势农民

• Developing ecological agriculture 发展生态农业（农业问题、手段）：技术推广、产业化、生态

农业• Building rural happiness 建设幸福农村（农村问题、目的）：水到渠成，建设和谐、文

明、幸福的新农村

Promote integrated development of rural area推动农村综合发展

Larger goal: less difficulties, better results

目标更大、难度更小、效果更好

Two local experts from Xiangshui village who worked in Zigong and Neijiang in March 2008

Extension area in Yanjiang, Ziyang City

2010: 10,700 ha (160,000亩 )

2009: 10,000 ha (150,000亩 )

2008: 7,000 ha (100,000 亩 )2007: 4,000 ha (60,000亩 ) 2006: <20 ha (280亩 )

Local meeting for demonstration of water-saving technique for Sichuan province

Thank you ！