integrating health into planning and community design, part ii building healthier communities...
TRANSCRIPT
Integrating Health into Planningand Community Design, Part II Integrating Health into Planningand Community Design, Part II
Building Healthier Communities
Fundamentals and Strategies for Integrating Public Health into Community Design
4th Annual Partners for Smart Growth Conference
January 27, 2005, Miami Beach
Public HealthPublic Health Community Planningand Design
Community Planningand Design
Physically Active Communities
Physically Active Communities
A Convergence of Priorities A Convergence of Priorities
Planning/Public Health Chronology(from a planner’s perspective)
Planning/Public Health Chronology(from a planner’s perspective)
1850 - 1920s: The public health roots of planning
1920 – 1930s: Zoning and subdivision regulations emerge to deal with nuisance issues, property values, quality of life
1945 – present: Urban decentralization, vast changes in jobs/housing proximity, consumer preferences, wealth; (now) conventional development patterns become norm
1970 – 1985: State growth management movement
1990 – present: Major change in Federal transportation priorities ISTEA (1990); TEA-21 (1997); TEA 3 (2003 reauthorization)
1990 – present: Smart growth movement
1997 – present: Public health and planning renew their marriage vows
Barriers to Health and Physical Activity: Is Community Design Part of the
Problem?
Barriers to Health and Physical Activity: Is Community Design Part of the
Problem?• Separated land uses• Auto-dominated community design• Large lots• Impervious surfaces• Ignoring human scale • Prohibited connections between origins and
destinations
Public Health Profession Has Also Reached Some New Conclusions
Public Health Profession Has Also Reached Some New Conclusions
• Individual interventions have been only moderately successful
• It’s time to turn attention to environmental factors• Development patterns have altered the balance of
human behavior• The social costs of current development patterns are
greater than traffic congestion• Conventional suburbia may be neither “safe” or
“healthy”
Psychological, cognitive
& emotional
factors Attitudes / preferences
Socio-demographic factors
Social/cultural factors
Built environment factors
Level of Routine
Physical Activity
Level of Routine
Physical Activity
How, where, and to what extent
we travel
How, where, and to what extent
we travel
Initial considerations
Trip barriers
Destination barriers
Decision to walk/bike
Family responsibility
Work requirementsPreferences
DistanceTimeWeather
GeographyRoute feasibility
Route attractivenessTraffic safetyStorage
ShowersEmployer support
If feasible
If overcome
If overcome
Planning’s Degree of Influence on the Decision to Walk or Bike
Planning’s Degree of Influence on the Decision to Walk or Bike
•Regional structure •Density and intensity•Land use mix•Street connectivity•Street scale•Aesthetic qualities
Dimensions of Community Design that Affect Physical Activity
Dimensions of Community Design that Affect Physical Activity
APA’s Five Strategic Points of Intervention Where Planners Can Promote Change
APA’s Five Strategic Points of Intervention Where Planners Can Promote Change
1. Visioning and goal setting
2. Rethinking planning in all contexts
3. Local implementation tools
4. Site Design and Development
5. Siting Public Facilities and Capital Spending
1. Visioning and Goal Setting 1. Visioning and Goal Setting
• Begins with a discussion of shared values
• Results in a shared image of a community imagines most desired future
• Provides a broad context within which goals are set and plans are developed
• Majority of planning efforts now launched with a visioning exercise (reflective of more citizen participation)
2. Rethinking State and Local Planning
2. Rethinking State and Local Planning
• Comprehensive plans
• Neighborhood plans• Redevelopment
plans
…2. Functional Plans…2. Functional Plans
• Functional Plans– Health services– Bicycle and pedestrian– Transit– Streets and circulation– Trails– Parks– Housing– Economic development– Schools and campuses
3. Local Implementation Tools3. Local Implementation Tools
• Zoning and subdivision regulations– Rethink development density – Mix land uses – Connect streets and routes– Require sidewalks– Open space
• Transit-oriented development• Traditional neighborhood
development
…3. More Implementation Tools…3. More Implementation Tools
• Capital improvement programs
• Streetscape improvements
• Traffic calming in neighborhoods
• Transportation enhancements
• Financial set asides for parks and trails
4. Site Design and Development4. Site Design and Development
• Improve the pedestrian environment
• Security, lighting, visibility• Protection from traffic• Adequate accommodation• Building orientation, setback
requirements• Public art• Architecture and appearance• Street trees, landscaping,
open spaces• Well connected routes
…4. Site Design and Development…4. Site Design and Development
• Bicycle facilities• Sidewalk requirements• Parking lot layout and design• Amenities/conveniences for
active people• Encouraging signage• Usable parks, open space• Accessible stairways
5. Siting and Use of Public Facilities and Capital Spending
5. Siting and Use of Public Facilities and Capital Spending
• Public Spaces• Schools• Post offices• Libraries• Museums• Parks• City Hall• Campuses• Community Centers
Project Staff Planning and Public Health
Project Staff Planning and Public Health
American Planning AssociationMarya Morris, AICP, Project Director
National Association of County and City Health OfficialsValerie Rogers, MPH, Project DirectorJessica Solomon
Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAndrew Dannenberg, MD, MPHChris Kochtitsky,AICP, MPHLaura Harden, MEd