integrating concepts in biology powerpoint slides for chapter 20: emergent properties in ecological...
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Integrating Concepts in Biology
PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 20:Emergent Properties in Ecological Systems
byA. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, and
Chris Paradise
Lamar Valley, in Yellowstone National Park, where emergent properties arise from the re-introduction of the gray wolf, a top predator
Figure UN20.1
A food web
Figure 20.1
Elk and wolf populations
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2000019
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Year
Win
ter
Elk
Cou
nt
0
20
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Num
ber
of w
olve
s
Winter Elk Count
Wolf Numbers
Elk and wolf population counts in Yellowstone National Park
Figure 20.2
Frequency distribution of diameters of mature cottonwood trees and of estimated narrowleaf cottonwood year of germination
Figure 20.3
Cottonwoods in winter, with elk herd and grove at Devil’s Slide along the Yellowstone River
Figure 20.4
Frequency distributions of cottonwood diameters at five study sites in the northern Yellowstone elk winter range
Figure 20.5
Elk locations in and vegetation map of Gallatin Canyon within Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Figure 20.6
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Elk presence in grassy area Elk presence in conifer forest
Pro
babi
lity
Wolves absent
Wolves present
Effects of wolf presence on habitat use by elk
Figure 20.7
Comparison of terrain on tree growth
Figure 20.8
Direct and indirect interactions without wolves in the northern ecosystems of Yellowstone National Park (a) and with wolves present (b). Solid arrows indicate documented responses; dashed arrows indicate predicted responses.
Figure 20.9
The distributions of seven plant species along the organic matter gradient of a lakeshore
Figure 20.10
RIPij values for each pairwise combination of seven plant species grown in experimental buckets.
Table 20.1
Three-way sedge
Brown-fruit rush
Loose-strife
St. John’s wort Breaksedge Sundew Pipe-
wort Target
Three-way sedge 1 1.33 1.18 1.17 1.25 1.18 1.34 1.21
Brownfruit rush 0.63 1 1.34 1.46 1.46 1.52 1.49 1.27Loose-strife 0.88 0.87 1 1.63 1.63 1.78 1.57 1.34St. John’s wort 1.09 0.99 0.91 1 1.22 1.29 1.23 1.10Breaksedge 1.05 0.73 0.93 0.91 1 1.21 1.36 1.03Sundew 0.98 0.91 0.93 1.02 1.02 1 1.11 1.00Pipewort 0.65 0.71 0.88 0.89 0.87 1.48 1 0.93Neighbor 0.90 0.93 1.02 1.15 1.21 1.35 1.30
The relationship between target and neighbor scores and percent sediment organic matter content for the seven species at Axe Lake, Ontario
Figure 20.11
Bluefin and rainwater killifish, time for 50% of a test population to die from exposure to two low oxygen concentrations and two high temperature conditions, and percentage of test populations that died from exposure to three different salt concentrations.
Figure 20.12
Results of competition tests at different salt concentrations for rainwater and bluefin killifish
Figure 20.13
The carbon cycle
Figure 20.14
Distribution of biomass or energy at different trophic levels in an ecological system
Figure 20.15
Range of habitats typically observed in a salt marsh and surrounding terrestrial zone
Figure 20.16
Re-creation of Teal’s saltmarsh foodweb
Figure 20.17
Energy relationships in saltmarsh planthoppers and katydids
Figure 20.18
323.5
275.0
70.0
205.0
48.5
99.4
29.410.8 18.6
70.0
0.0
50.0
100.0
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200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
Consumption Assimilation Production Respiration Feces
Ene
rgy
(kca
l / m
2 /
year
Planthoppers
Katydids
One pathway of energy and carbon in the Georgia saltmarsh
Figure 20.19