Integrate Disease Management of Fusarium Wilt in Taiwan

C.P. Chao, S.Y.Lee, C.Y. Chen, S.K. Tzeng, C.C. Su, and S.C. Hwang

Taiwan Banana Research Institute

Banana is the number one export-oriented fruit crop in Taiwan

Pei-Chiao(Giant Cavendish, AAA)

First appearance of Fusarium wilt on Pei-Chiao, Giant Cavendish, at Chiatung,Pingtung county, Taiwan in 1968

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(Source : Y2009 Agricultural statistice yearbook, COA, Taiwan)Total acreage : 12,346 HaEconomic planting acreage : 12,333 Ha

Banana growing Region

Acreage (Ha)

Latitude / Longitude ( 0 ) Elevation

Center 6,434 23-240 / 1200 0 – 700

South 5,377 22-230 / 1200 0 – 100

East 522 22-230 / 1210 0 – 100

Total 12,333

Hualien

Taitung

Pingtung

Kaohsiung

Tainan

Chiayi Nantou Yunlin

Changhua

Taichung

Miaoli

Hsinchu

Taoyuan Taipei

Yilan

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Race 4 of FOC identified in 1976

K-2 Medium

1

Total volume of banana exported in Y2000 - Y2010

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year

carton

s (12.6

kg / c

arton)

Causes of the FOC epidemic in Taiwan

• No public awareness • No Regulation control enforced in 1968 • No quarantine eradication scheme• No sufficient information about a new race,

race 4, of FOC in Taiwan

Eradication

Small banana farm

Effectiveness of crop rotation on controlling Fusarium wilt of banana

Kind of Crop Duration of planting (year)

Fusarium wilt (%) Before After

Rice 1 30.6 3.9

Rice 2 37.8 1.2

Taro 1 18.0 2.1

Taro 2 23.7 0.3

Sugar cane 3 28.5 20.4

Vegetable 2 23.1 12.6

Healthy seedling

Pipe Irrigation

Proper site selection

Good Drainage

種植時期

9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4

3月 12.1 50.0 16.3 6.7 4.0 3.0

5月 0.6 16.4 20.8 15.6 16.5 12.4 7.9

香蕉不同種植時期之月別抽穗百分率

Careful desuckering

Greenhouse Test

TC plantlets for field screening resistance somaclones

Breeding for resistance based on

somaclonal variation began in 1984

Examine for internal symptoms

Variety improvement -Screening promising somaclone variants with resistance to FOC race 4 and good horticultural traits

Disease incidence of Cavendish “PEI-CHIAO” and “TAI-CHIAO NO.1” in 1992

PEI-CHIAO

TAI-CHIAO NO.1

TAI-CHIAO

NO.1

Occurrence of Fusarium wilt of 21 clones determined by internal symptom in the IMTP II trial conducted in Taiwan.

% of plants with symptom Code Clone Genome No. of plants

investigated Score 1-6 (1) S. D. Min. Max.

None Mild Severe 01 SH-3481 AAAB 12 1.0 0.00 1 1 100.0 0.0 0.0 02 SH-3565 AABB 13 1.7 1.54 1 6 76.9 7.7 15.4 03 SH-3649 AAAA 9 4.3 2.17 1 6 22.2 11.1 66.7 04 SH-3444 AAAA 8 2.3 1.58 1 5 50.0 25.0 25.0 05 PV 03.44 AAAB 11 2.8 1.94 1 6 36.4 27.2 36.4 06 PA 03.22 AAAB 14 4.3 2.23 1 6 28.6 0.0 71.4 07 GCTCV 119 AAA 7 2.3 0.63 1 6 71.4 0.0 28.6 08 GCTCV 215 AAA 10 1.2 0.53 1 3 90.0 10.0 0.0 09 Burro CEMSA ABB 11 4.9 1.30 3 6 0.0 18.2 81.8 10 Pisang Mas AA 11 5.7 0.64 4 6 0.0 0.0 100.0 11 Saba BBB 13 4.8 1.46 2 6 0.0 23.1 76.9 12 Pisang Nangka AAB 14 3.5 2.31 1 6 50.0 0.0 50.0 13 Cultivar Rose AA 12 1.0 2.21 1 1 100.0 0.0 0.0 14 Yangambi Km5 AAA 13 4.8 1.92 1 6 15.4 7.7 76.9 15 Pisang Jari Buaya AA 9 1.1 2.31 1 2 88.9 11.1 0.0 17 Calcutta IR 124 AAw 10 1.0 0.00 1 1 100.0 0.0 0.0 18 Gros Michel AAA 14 5.9 1.84 4 6 0.0 0.0 100.0 19 Bluggoe ABB 14 5.9 0.53 4 6 0.0 0.0 100.0 20 Williams AAA 5 3.2 2.28 1 6 40.0 20.0 40.0 21 Pisang Ceylan AAB 13 3.4 0.33 1 6 30.8 23.1 46.2 22 Tai-Chiao No. 2 AAA 13 2.3 2.14 1 6 53.8 30.7 15.3

Mean 3.2 1.6 4.9 45.4 10.2 44.3 (1) Internal symptom is rated as 1 for no symptom and 6 for severe symptom.

TC3-1035(Tai-Chiao No.5)

Pei-Chiao

Comparison of the resistant reaction of tissue culture plants of‘TC3-1035’ and ‘Pei-Chiao’ in a FOC race4 infested orchard .

Table 2. Evaluation of horticultural traits, yield and resistance to FOC race 4 in ‘TC3-1035’ plant derived from plantlet in 2000 - 2001z.

z Evaluation trial was conducted over five different location.y Resistance rating is same as Table1.x Means analysis bu Duncan’s multiple range test

Clone Days from planting to

harvest(Day)

Plant height (cm)

Girth of pseudostem

(cm)

No. of fruit hand per bunch

Bunch weight

(kg/bunch)

Resistance reaction to

FOC race4y

TC3-1035 394 ax 257 a 69.2 a 7.9 a 20.6 a MR Pei-Chiao 384 a 278 a 72.0 a 7.9 a 19.7 a HS

Original GCTCV-105

Pei-Chiao GCTCV-2163

Pei-Chiao Improved GCTCV-2163

Improved GCTCV-2163

Original GCTCV-105

a b

Fruit curvature and finger neck of GCTCV-2163, comparing to those of “PEI-CHIAO”

Comparison of traits of GCTCV-2163 (Tai-Chiao No.7)with Pei-Chiao in 2012

Trait Pei-Chiao GCTCV-105 (Parent)

GCTCV-2163 (Tai-Chiao-No 7) Distinctiness

Height (㎝) 281.9 270 271.5 ▓

Girth (㎝) 71.6 68.9 70.5

Leaf Length (㎝) 202.9 212.2 222.1 ▓

Leaf Width（㎝) 83 86.4 96.7 ▓

interval between fruit hand (cm) 8.7 6.2 8.1 ▓

length of fruit neck 3.0 1.7 2.5 ▓

curvature of finger 38o 18o 37o ▓

reaction to tr 4 ＨＳ ＨＲ ＭＲ ▓

soluble content(obrix) 22.2 23.4 23.4

shelf life 4.5 3.5 3.5 ▓

Suppressive soil of banana Fusarium wilt in

Taiwan

(T.Y Chuang, 1991)

Soil Amendment Diseased plants Disease incidence

(%)Replicate

Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ

1.CBF-05 Organic fertilizer 10Kg/plant + 5L 1,000 PPM ( Phosphorous acid (H3PO3) + KOH ) solution sprayed per month

0.4 0.13 0.27 26.8

2. CBF-05 Organic fertilizer 10Kg/plant + 5L 500X Actinomycetes solution sprayed per month

0.2 0.07 0.13 13.0

3.CBF-05 Organic fertilizer 10Kg/plant+5L Water sprayed per month

0.2 0.29 0.22 23.7

4.Water sprayed per month only

(Control)0.25 0.33 0.33 30.3

Effect of different soil amendments on Fusarium wilt of Pei-Chiao plant derived from plantlet

1)Trial conducted from October,1997 to October, 1998 。Planting s size (Height 60X width x 60X Length60 cm) .Infested soil was mix with CBF-05。12.5Kg/ plant。Experimental sample is above 45-60 plants。2.Phosphorous acid mixed with KOH or Actinomycetes were applied once per month作四次。4 times were applied.3)CBF-05 organic manure are composed of carbonated risk husk,crab powder.fish powder, furnace silicon, and liming)

Effect of different treatments on Fusarium wilt of Susceptible Pei-Chiao and Moderately resistant Tai-Chiao No.5 plants derived from plantlets in infested orchard

Variety

tested

Treatment

No. of

healthy

plants

No. of

diseased

plants

Disease

incidence

(％)

Control 37 12 24.5

Amended with Cattle manure, 10kg/plant

48 0 0

Plantlets in flask treated with 10 ml B. cenocepacia

84 3 3.4

Pei-Chiao

Soil treated with 1,500X 85%WP Prochloraz

39 0 0

Control 153 1 0.6

Amended with Cattle manure, 10 Kg/plant

151 0 0

Tai-Chiao

No.5

Plantlets in flask treated with 10 ml B. cenocepacia

180 2 1.1

Effect of different treatments on soil of Pei-Chiaobanana orchard infested by FOC TR 4

Soil

analysis

Unit Recommended soil

nutrition

threshold of

banana plant

Soil nutrition for

banana plant in

Control treatment

Soil nutrition

for banana plant

amended with

organic fertilizer

Soil nutrition

for root of

banana plant

treated with

Burkholderia

cenocepacia

Soil nutrition

for banana plant

treated with

1,500X 80％ WP

Prochloraz

Ornaic

matter

﹪ 2~3 3.09 3.60 2.42 3.06

PH 5.8~6.8 7.53 7.6 7.63 7.33

Saline DS/m 0.26~0.6 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.08

Effective P ppm ＞80 201.8 225.5 140 148.3

Exchangeable

K ppm ＞150 59.5 105.5 45.5 64

Exchangeable

Ca ppm ＞1200 2711.5 4586.5 2602 2307

Exchangeable

P

ppm ＞140 163 212 115.5 136

Fe ppm 50~300 1063.4 872.4 994 1213.6

Mn ppm 20~140 148.9 175.6 148.8 132.6

Cu ppm 12~20 12.0 10.2 11.5 13.6

Zn ppm 11~25 31.9 30.7 27.2 33.2

Effect of different treatments on soil nutrition of a banana orchard infested by FOC TR 4 and planted with Pei-Chiao plantlet

A plant o f Tai-Chiao No.5 infested by FOC

Revival of a severely FOC TR4 infected Tai-Chiao No.5 plants by integrated management

Conclusion For

Integrated Management of Banana Fusarium wilt

1.Eradication of diseased plants (Policy, diagnosis, fumigation, and soil heating ?)

2.Crop rotation with paddy rice, taro or other aquatic crop

3.Use of disease-free tissue cultured seedlings 4. Good drainage5. Careful removing of sucker 6. Deployment of resistant clones

Conclusion For

Integrated Management of Banana Fusarium wilt

7.Soil management (organic matter, soil pH, calcium content, suppressive soil, and etc)

8. Biological control

Thank you for your attention