insulation coordination ac high voltage circuit …insulation coordination ac high voltage circuit...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: INSULATION COORDINATION AC HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT …INSULATION COORDINATION AC HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS STEPHEN R. LAMBERT SHAWNEE POWER CONSULTING, LLC. 1. Preinsertion Resistor](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021602/5e4dac849da829472c003f34/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
INSULATIONINSULATIONCOORDINATIONCOORDINATION
AC HIGH VOLTAGEAC HIGH VOLTAGECIRCUIT BREAKERSCIRCUIT BREAKERS
STEPHEN R. LAMBERTSTEPHEN R. LAMBERTSHAWNEE POWER CONSULTING, LLCSHAWNEE POWER CONSULTING, LLC
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1. Preinsertion Resistor
2. Grading Capacitor
3. Interrupter
4. Support Column
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INSULATION PATHSINSULATION PATHS
PHASE TO GROUND
ACROSS THE OPEN BREAKER
PHASE TO PHASE
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1. Preinsertion Resistor
2. Grading Capacitor
3. Interrupter
4. Support Column
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VOLTAGE STRESSESVOLTAGE STRESSES
60 Hz
SWITCHING SURGES
LIGHTNING SURGES
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60 Hz Overvoltages60 Hz Overvoltages
UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS – 1.73 PUWITH FAULTS
ACROSS OPEN BREAKER – 2.2 PU
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SWITCHING SURGE SWITCHING SURGE OVERVOLTAGESOVERVOLTAGES
NO SURGE CONTROLENERGIZING – 3.0 PURECLOSING (trapped charge) – 4.0 PU
WITH PREINSERTION RESISTORS – 2.2 PU
SURGE ARRESTERS LIMITING – 1.9 PU
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2.90 PU Phase to Ground Switching Surge345 kV System
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Time (ms)
kV
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Application of 276 kV Surge Arrester1.83 PU
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Time (ms)
kV
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-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Time (ms)
kV
Application of 276 kV Surge Arrester1.83 PU
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LIGHTNINGLIGHTNINGFLASHFLASH
CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
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+++++++++ ++++++++++++++++ +++++++
++---------------------- -------------------- ++
-- ++-- ++
Neg Flash Pos Flash
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FLASH STATISTICSFLASH STATISTICS55% OF FLASHES HAVE MORE THAN ONE STROKE
90% OF FLASHES HAVE LESS THAN NINE STROKES
MEAN NUMBER OF STROKES/FLASH -THREE
80-90% OF STROKES ARE NEGATIVE
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LIGHTNINGLIGHTNING
CHARACTERIZED BY
CURRENT MAGNITUDE
STROKE RISE TIME
KERAUNIC LEVEL OR FLASHES/km2
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STROKE MAGNITUDESSTROKE MAGNITUDES
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0 50 100 150 200 250
Stroke Current kA
Prob
. of E
xcee
ding
Abs
ciss
a First Stroke
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STROKE MAGNITUDESSTROKE MAGNITUDES
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0 50 100 150 200 250
Stroke Current kA
Prob
. of E
xcee
ding
Abs
ciss
a
First StrokeSubsequent Strokes
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TYPICAL FIRST STROKETYPICAL FIRST STROKE
-1
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
μs
pu c
urre
nt
First Stroke
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SUBSEQUENT STROKESSUBSEQUENT STROKES
-1
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
μs
pu c
urre
nt
First Stroke
Subsequent Strokes
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1.2 x 50 IMPULSE SHAPE1.2 x 50 IMPULSE SHAPE
-1
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
μs
pu c
urre
nt
First Stroke
Subsequent Strokes
1.2 x 50 wave
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GROUND FLASH DENSITYGROUND FLASH DENSITY
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GROUND FLASH DENSITYGROUND FLASH DENSITY
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HOW DOES LIGHTNING GET HOW DOES LIGHTNING GET INTO THE SYSTEM?INTO THE SYSTEM?
SHIELDING FAILURES
BACKFLASHOVERS
INDUCED
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BACK FLASHOVERBACK FLASHOVER
`
Zsw
Zsw
Is
Ztwr
Ztfr
Vph
Vtwr
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SHIELDING FAILURESHIELDING FAILUREZph 400 Ω
Is = 10 kA
Vph = ? `
Zsw
Zsw
Is
Ztwr
Vph
Vtwr
`
Zph
`
Zph
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SHIELDING FAILURESHIELDING FAILUREZph 400 Ω
Is = 10 kA
Vph = 2 MV`
Zsw
Zsw
Is
Ztwr
Vph
Vtwr
`
Zph
`
Zph
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EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
TLine TLine
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SHIELDING FAILURESHIELDING FAILUREPHASE TO GROUND SURGEPHASE TO GROUND SURGE
@ OPEN BREAKER@ OPEN BREAKER
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Time (μs)
kV
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INSULATION CAPABILITYINSULATION CAPABILITY& TESTING& TESTING
EARLY 1900’s
60 Hz TESTING ONLY
TEST LEVEL:2.25 x RATED VOLTAGE + 2000 V
1 MINUTE DRY – 10 SECONDS WET
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POWER FREQUENCY TEST POWER FREQUENCY TEST LEVELSLEVELS
-960800
-860550
-555362
350425245
315365170
275310145
230260123
14016072.5
758038
506025.8
455015.5
10 Second Wet(kV, rms)
1 Minute Dry(kV, rms)
Rated MaximumVoltage (kV, rms)
Power Frequency Test
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CONTACTS OPENCONTACTS OPEN
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CONTACTS CLOSEDCONTACTS CLOSED
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RATIO TEST VOLTGE TO RATEDRATIO TEST VOLTGE TO RATEDMAXIMUM VOLTAGEMAXIMUM VOLTAGE
2.08960800
2.71860550
2.66555362
3.00425245
3.72365170
3.70310145
3.66260123
3.8216072.5
3.658038
4.036025.8
5.595015.5
In pu of Rated L-G Voltage
1 Minute Dry
(kV, rms)
Rated Maximum
Voltage (kV, rms)
Power Frequency Test
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MINIMUM CREEPAGE DIST.MINIMUM CREEPAGE DIST.CONTAMINATION ISSUES
LIGHT CONTAMINATION
MINIMUM CREEP AT 27.7 mm/kVrms, p-g
SALT FOG, INDUSTRIAL CONTAMINATION MAY NEED MORE CREEP
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CREEPAGE REQUIREMENTSCREEPAGE REQUIREMENTS
12900800
8890550
5850362
3960245
2750170
2340145
1990123
117072.5
61038
42025.8
25015.5
Minimum Creepage to Ground,(mm)
Rated Maximum Voltage (kV, rms)
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LIGHTNING IMPULSE TESTLIGHTNING IMPULSE TESTINTRODUCED IN 1930’s
TEST LEVEL – 2 x LF TEST + 40 kV
1.5 x 40 μs WAVE SHAPE
NOW – 1.2 x 50 μs
FULL WAVE & 2 μs CHOPPED WAVE
10 % PROB. OF FLASHOVER OR LESS
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LIGHTNING IMPUSE LIGHTNING IMPUSE WAVESHAPEWAVESHAPE
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time μs
V
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LIGHTNING IMPUSE TEST LEVELSLIGHTNING IMPUSE TEST LEVELS
26402050800
23201800550
16801300362
1160900245
968750170
838650145
710550123
45235072.5
25820038
19415025.8
14211015.5
Chopped Wave (2μs)Full WaveRated MaximumVoltage (kV, rms)
Lightning Impulse
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TEST PROCEEDURETEST PROCEEDURECONTACTS OPEN – ALL OTHER TERMINALS GROUNDED
CONTACTS CLOSED – ALL OTHER PHASES GROUNDED
APPLY THREE IMPULSES (NEG AND POS)
IF ZERO FLASHOVERS – PASS
IF ONE FLASHOVER IN FIRST THREE, THEN 9 MORE TESTS WITH NO FLASHOVERS
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RATIO OF FULL WAVE IMPULSE RATIO OF FULL WAVE IMPULSE TO RATED MAXIMUM VOLTAGETO RATED MAXIMUM VOLTAGE
3.1420508004.0118005504.4013003624.509002455.407501705.496501455.485501235.9135072.56.45200387.1215025.88.6911015.5
In pu of Rated L-G Crest Voltage
Full WaveRated MaximumVoltage (kV, rms)
Lightning Impulse
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SWITCHING IMPULSE TESTINGSWITCHING IMPULSE TESTING
INCREASE IN SYSTEM VOLTAGE TO EHV LEVELS - 345 AND 500 kV
BEGUN IN EARLY 1960’S
TEST WAVESHAPE - 250 x 2500 μs
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TEST PROCEDURETEST PROCEDUREPOSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLARITIES
SAME 3 – 9 TEST SERIES
WET AND DRY TESTS REQUIRED
OPEN AND CLOSED TEST VALUES DIFFERENT
10 % PFO OR LESS
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TEST LEVELSTEST LEVELS
15001425800
13001175550
900825362--245--170--145--123--72.5--38--25.8--15.5
Breaker Open(kV, cr)
Breaker Closed(kV, cr)
Rated MaximumVoltage (kV, rms)
Switching Impulse Terminal toTerminal
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RATIO OF TEST LEVELS TO RATIO OF TEST LEVELS TO RATED MAXIMUM VOLTAGERATED MAXIMUM VOLTAGE
2.181425800
2.621175550
2.79825362
In pu of Rated L-G Crest Voltage
Breaker Closed(kV, cr)
Rated MaximumVoltage (kV, rms)
Switching Impulse Terminal toTerminal
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2.90 PU Phase to Ground Switching Surge345 kV System
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Time (ms)
kV
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Application of 276 kV Surge Arrester1.83 PU
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Time (ms)
kV
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LIGHTNING SURGE PROTECTIONLIGHTNING SURGE PROTECTIONUSE OF GAPUSE OF GAP
TLine TLine
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LIGNTINING SURGE LIGNTINING SURGE PROTECTION PROTECTION -- GAPSGAPS
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Time (μs)
kV
2 m Rod Gap
No Protection
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APPLICATION OF ARRESTERAPPLICATION OF ARRESTERSEPARATION DISTANCESEPARATION DISTANCE
TLine TLine
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APPLICATION OF ARRESTERAPPLICATION OF ARRESTERPHASE TO GROUND AT OPEN BREAKERPHASE TO GROUND AT OPEN BREAKER
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Time μs
kV
80 m separation40 m0 m
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APPLICATION OF ARRESTERAPPLICATION OF ARRESTERACROSS OPEN BREAKERACROSS OPEN BREAKER
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Time μs
kV
80 m separation40 m0 m
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EFFECT OF ALTITUDEEFFECT OF ALTITUDE
TESTED AT NTP (normal temperature and pressure)
REDUCTION IN EXTERNAL INSULATION WITH INCREASING ALTITUDE
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ALTITUDE CORRECTION ALTITUDE CORRECTION FACTORFACTOR
H – ALTITUDE IN METERS
m – GAP FACTOR1 FOR POWER FREQUENCY, LIGHTNING AND PHASE TO PHASE SWITCHING SURGES0.9 FOR INSULATION ACROSS OPEN GAP0.75 FOR PHASE TO GROUND SWITCHING SURGES
)8150
( Hm
d ek−
=
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ALTITUDE CORRECTIONALTITUDE CORRECTION
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Alltitude Above Sea Level, m
Alti
tude
Den
sity
Cor
rect
ion
Fact
or
Switching Surge to GroundLightning
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Deviation in Strength in Number of Sigmas
Prob
abili
ty o
f Pas
sing
Tes
t
3+33+915x2