26/4/2013

SYSTEM THEORY (KEY CONCEPTS)

• Procedures and rules

Systematic

• All components respond when a single component manipulated

Systemic

• Feedback elements

Cybernatic

• Interdependence • Respond to environment• Synergistic – whole is greater than the sum of its part • Component must work together to achieve desired goals

How does system approach relate to instructional system?

• Instructional process – is viewed as a system

• Its purpose = bring about learning

• After instruction episode a test may be administered

• If a learner’s performance is not satisfactory, change is needed to provide more effective instruction, so as to help a learner to achieve desired goals.

• Components of instruction (learners, instruments, learning environment, content)

Input – process – output paradigm (IPO)

• Due to the complexity of instructional system, we have to design the instruction

What is ID?

Process of solving instructional problem

by systematic analysis of the conditions of

learning

Performance Discrepancy Diagram

Example

• Students’ performance in Biology subject

• Actual performance vs desired performance?

• Causes?

Three causes of discrepancy

• Limited resources (not allowed)

• Lack of motivation (do not want to)

• Lack of knowledge or/and skills (do not know how)

Another person’s task

Designer’s task

• What are the preferred ID for learning typed involved?

• What must happen for learning to occur?

• How will content be presented? (video/LCD/web-based etc)

• How to deliver system?

• How to sequence and organise information?

• Describes general component of a set of instruction materials and procedures to be used with materials to elicit certain learning outcomes

• (As an answer to how to teach the content)

Instructional design strategy

Selecting Methods, Media & Materials

• Methods (a techniques or procedure used to help students learn)

• Media (a means of providing a stimulus-rich environment for learning e.g., multimedia, video, text, real object etc)

• Instructional materials (specific items used in a lesson and delivered through various media)

Selecting instructional methods

• Cooperative learning

• Discovery

• Problem solving

• Simulation

• Drill and practice

• Tutorial

• Presentation

• Demonstration

• Discussion

Selecting instructional media

• Multimedia

• Video

• Graphics

• Audio

• Text

• Real objects

• Models

• What were the reasons you use to make your selections?

• Did you intensify any potential problems with your selection?

• If so, what were those problems be?

• What other methods and media could you also have selected?

• Under what conditions would you switch to those alternatives?

Selecting instructional materials

• The simplest way is to incorporate existing materials

• Determine needs

• Check a variety of sources

• Obtain and preview material

• Try the material

• Compare any competing materials

• Make your selection

Modifying available instructional materials

• If you cannot locate suitable materials, you may be able to modify what is available

• It is more effective in terms of time, to modify the materials rather than developing it from scratch

Creating new instructional materials

• Refer to overall learning objectives (what needs to be constructed so that the activities are useful?)– Will the students need explanation, examples, non-

example?

– Will feedback be needed and how quickly should you deliver it?

• Put yourself in “learners’ shoes”

• What would you want to experience in order to effectively learn this material?

• Look for means to make materials relevant to students

Creating new instructional materials

• Select the appropriate methods and media (by which students should experience your activities)

• Outline your activities

• Construct your material

• Review the material to ensure that you make all needed changes

Creating new instructional materials

Reflection

• Think back to the last time you conducted a class (probably today?) consider the method, media and instructional materials you used.

• Describe how that teaching/learning situation would have changed if the students or learning environment had been different.

• Explain why the selection of media is affected by the methods used and why the selection of a method can be constrained if a specific medium is required.