Instruction & Instruction & ReinforcementReinforcement

Identify a student and using instructional Identify a student and using instructional procedures in your book teach a skill: Use at least 4 procedures in your book teach a skill: Use at least 4 strategies. Incorporate a technology application strategies. Incorporate a technology application into your lessoninto your lesson

Graphic organizersAnchoring TablesMediated ScaffoldingPrimingConspicuous StrategiesResponse CardsExplicit instructionIncorporating ChoicesDirect instruction (Direct teach)Multiple ways of respondingStating objectives

What is Reinforcement?What is Reinforcement?Refers to the relationship between a

behavior (response) and an event or consequence that follows the response

The response must increase or be maintained as a result of the consequence

Is reinforcement bribery and does it decrease internal motivation?

Types of ReinforcementTypes of Reinforcement

Differential ReinforcementDifferential ReinforcementThe purpose of differential

reinforcement is to help students discriminate.

The basic unit of instructionSD = Discriminative Stimuli

Teacher asks the students to line up for lunch

R = Response Students line up in an orderly fashion

SR+= Positive Reinforcement Students receive points for doing a good

job

SD R SR+

SS Isn’t thatIsn’t that a new a new

sorority???sorority???S-Delta is a second cue (stimuli or stimulus) that produces the same response but is not reinforced

Why is important? When learning to discriminate and SD there are other

stimuli (cues) that produce the desired response. But through positive reinforcement we increase the response to the SD because that is what we want the student to respond to.

This process is called discrimination training with differential reinforcement

Schedules of Schedules of ReinforcementReinforcementContinuousIntermittent

◦Ratio Fixed- Ratio Variable-Ratio

◦Interval Fixed- Interval Variable- Interval

IntermittentIntermittent Schedule of Schedule of ReinforcementReinforcementRatio Schedule: reinforcer delivered per NUMBER

◦Fixed: Only after a specific number of tasks are completed

◦Variable: Delivered following an average number of occurrences

Interval Schedule: reinforcer delivered per TIME

◦Fixed: Only after a specific number of minutes have passed

◦Variable: Delivered following an average number of minutes

Token Economy Token Economy Reinforcement ProgramReinforcement ProgramIt is a symbolic reinforcement

system where students receive tokens for specific appropriate behaviors, which may be exchanged for objects or activities that have been identified as reinforcing.

As students learn to associate the tokens with the purchase of reinforcers, the tokens themselves become reinforcing.

What students need to know What students need to know about a token systemabout a token systemWhat students need to know

◦What do I have to do to get one?◦What can I buy with them?◦How much does everything cost?◦When can I buy something?

What teachers need to think about◦How you are going to collect the

information◦How are you going to build in choice◦What reinforcers are available at what

times

Sample Token SystemSample Token SystemBehavior Required: Raise your

hand and provide answer or contribution to class discussion…only when called upon.

Back up reinforcers: candyCost: one ticket per piece of

candyWhen can tokens be exchanged?: at the end of class

Demonstrate your knowledge of schedules of Demonstrate your knowledge of schedules of reinforcement- Develop a reinforcement program and reinforcement- Develop a reinforcement program and then pose an idea on how you would fade your program then pose an idea on how you would fade your program

Group A: ContinuousGroup B: Fixed- RatioGroup C: Variable-RatioGroup D: Fixed- IntervalGroup E: Variable- Interval

Ideas for fading: Changing the schedule, self-reinforcement, slowly moving to natural reinforcement