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Installation, Configuration, and Administration Guide

SAP NetWeaver Single Sign-On SP1

Secure Login Library

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Document Version: 1.1 – October 2011

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Contents

1 What is Secure Login? ....................................................................... 8

1.1 System Overview .................................................................................... 9

1.2 Main System Components .................................................................. 10

2 Secure Login Library Installation .................................................... 11

2.1 Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 11

2.2 Installation on a Microsoft Windows Operation System ................... 12

2.3 Installation on a UNIX/Linux Operating System ................................ 15

2.4 Updating the Secure Login Library ..................................................... 17

2.5 Uninstallation........................................................................................ 18

3 Secure Login Library Configuration................................................ 19

3.1 SNC X.509 Configuration ..................................................................... 19

3.2 SNC Kerberos Configuration............................................................... 22

4 Configuration Options ...................................................................... 30

4.1 Enable Trace ......................................................................................... 30

4.2 Command Line Tool SNC .................................................................... 31

4.3 Define Symmetric Algorithm ............................................................... 34

4.4 Uppercase Distinguished Name Feature ............................................ 36

4.5 Alternative Name DN Feature .............................................................. 37

4.6 Shorten Long Distinguished Names ................................................... 38

4.7 User Mapping........................................................................................ 39

5 Using Certificate Revocation Lists .................................................. 42

5.1 Downloading CRLs with the CRL Tool ............................................... 42

5.2 Configuring the CRL Tool .................................................................... 44

6 Troubleshooting ................................................................................ 46

6.1 SNC Library Not Found ........................................................................ 46

6.2 Credentials Not Found ......................................................................... 46

6.3 No User Exists with SNC Name ........................................................... 47

7 List of Abbreviations ........................................................................ 48

8 Glossary ............................................................................................. 50

1 What is Secure Login?

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1 What is Secure Login? Secure Login is an innovative software solution created specifically to improve user and IT productivity and to protect business-critical data in SAP business solutions through secure single sign-on to the SAP environment.

Secure Login provides strong encryption, secure communication, and single sign-on between a wide variety of SAP components.

Examples:

SAP GUI and SAP NetWeaver platform with Secure Network Communications (SNC)

Web GUI and SAP NetWeaver platform with Secure Socket Layer – SSL (HTTPS)

Third party application server, supporting X.509 certificates

In a default SAP setup, users enter their SAP user name and password on the SAP GUI logon screen. SAP user names and passwords are transferred through the network without encryption.

To secure networks, SAP provides a Secure Network Communications interface (SNC) that enables users to log on to SAP systems without entering a user name or password. The SNC interface can also pass calls through the Secure Login Library to encrypt all communication between the SAP GUI and a SAP server, thus providing secure single sign-on to SAP.

Secure Login allows you to benefit from the advantages of SNC without the need to set up a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). Secure Login allows users to authenticate via one of the following authentication mechanisms:

Windows Domain (Active Directory Server)

RADIUS server

LDAP server

SAP NetWeaver server

Smart card authentication

If a PKI has already been set up, the digital user certificates of the PKI can also be used by Secure Login.

Secure Login also provides single sign-on for Web browser access to the SAP Portal (and other HTTPS-enabled Web applications) with SSL.


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1.1 System Overview Secure Login is a client/server software system integrated with SAP software to facilitate single sign-on, alternative user authentication, and enhanced security for distributed SAP environments.

The Secure Login solution includes 3 components:

Secure Login Server Central service that provides X.509v3 certificates (out of the box PKI) to users and application server. The Secure Login Web Client is also provided.

Secure Login Library Crypto Library for the SAP NetWeaver ABAP system. The Secure Login Library supports X.509 and Kerberos technology in parallel.

Secure Login Client Client application that provides security tokens (Kerberos and X.509 technology) for a variety of applications.

The Secure Login Library is integrated with SAP software to provide single sign-on capability and enhanced security. An existing PKI structure or the Kerberos technology can be used for user authentication.

You do not need to install all of the components. This depends on your use case scenario. For more information about Secure Login Server and Secure Login Client see their Installation, Configuration and Administration Guides.


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1.2 Main System Components The following figure shows the Secure Login system environment with the main system components:

Figure: Secure Login System Environment with existing PKI and Kerberos

The Secure Login Client is responsible for the certificate-based authentication and Kerberos-based authentication to the SAP Application Server and for secure communication.

For more information about Secure Login Server and Secure Login Client see the Installation, Configuration and Administration Guide.

2 Secure Login Library Installation

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2 Secure Login Library Installation This section explains how to install Secure Login Library.

2.1 Prerequisites This section deals with the prerequisites and requirements for the installation of Secure Login Library.

You can download the SAP NetWeaver Single Sign-On software from the SAP Service Marketplace. Go to https://service.sap.com/swdc and choose Support Package and Patches > Browse our Download Catalog > SAP NetWeaver and complementary products > SAP NetWeaver Single Sign-On > SAP NetWeaver Single Sign-On 1 > Comprised Software Component Versions > Secure Login Library 1.0. The Secure Login Library is available for the following operating systems:

AIX 32-bit

AIX 64-bit

HP-UX on IA-64 64-bit

HP-UX on PA-RISC 32-bit

HP-UX on PA-RISC 64-bit

Linux on IA32 32-bit

Linux on IA-64 64-bit

Linux on Power 64-bit

Linux on x86_64 64-bit

Linux on zSeries 64-bit

MacOS X 64-bit

Solaris on SPARC 32-bit

Solaris on SPARC 64-bit

Solaris on x64_64 64-bit

TRU64 64-bit

Microsoft Windows Server on IA32 32-bit

Microsoft Windows on IA-64 64-bit

Microsoft Windows on x64 64-bit

Hardware Requirements

Secure Login Library Details

Hard Disk Space 10 MB Hard Disk Space

Random Access Memory Min. 1 GB RAM

Software Requirements

Secure Login Library Details

Operating Systems Microsoft Windows Server 2003 x64 64-bit

Microsoft Windows Server 2003 on IA-64 64-bit

Microsoft Windows Server 2008 x64 64-bit

Microsoft Windows Server 2008 on IA-64 64-bit

https://service.sap.com/swdc


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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 64-bit

Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 on IA-64 64-bit

AIX 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 7.1 Power 64-bit

HP-UX 11.11, 11.23, 11.31 PA-RISC 64-bit

HP-UX 11.23, 11.31 IA-64 64-bit

Solaris 9, 10 SPARC 64-bit

Solaris 10 x64 64-bit

Linux SLES 9, 10, 11 IA-64 64-bit

Linux SLES 9, 10, 11 x86_64-bit

Linux SLES 9, 10, 11 Power 64-bit

Linux RHEL 4, 5, 6 IA-64 64-bit

Linux RHEL 4, 5, 6 x86_64-bit

Linux RHEL 4, 5, 6 Power 64-bit

OSF1 5.1 Alpha 64-bit

Mac OS X 10.5 Universal 96 (32-bit / 64-bit)

SAP Application Server SAP R/3 Release 4.6C

SAP R/3 Enterprise Release 4.70

SAP Web Application Server 6.10



SAP NetWeaver 2004

SAP NetWeaver 7.0

SAP NetWeaver 7.0 EHP1

SAP NetWeaver 7.0 EHP2

SAP NetWeaver 7.3

SAPCRYPTOLIB The SAPCRYPTOLIB is required to use the transaction STRUST (PSE Management).

Microsoft Library (optional) The Microsoft library Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 Redistributable Package can be installed if you use a Windows operating system.

2.2 Installation on a Microsoft Windows Operation System Before starting the installation process, the Secure Login Library software SECURELOGINLIB.SAR must be available. Copy the file to the target SAP NetWeaver Application Server.

Secure Login Library must be installed in a directory to which the Application Server has access at runtime. We recommend to create this directory below the SAP NetWeaver Application Server.


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Step 1 – Install Microsoft Redistributable Package The Microsoft library Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 Redistributable Package is required for the Secure Login Library installation. Download the library from the Microsoft Web page and install on the SAP NetWeaver System.

Install the appropriate installation package for the operating system that you are using (32-bit or 64-bit system).

32-Bit Operating System Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 Redistributable Package (x86)

Choose the file name vcredist_x86.exe:

http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/en/details.aspx?FamilyID=a7b7a05e-6de6-4d3a-a423-37bf0912db84

64-Bit Operating System Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 Redistributable Package (x64)

Choose the file name vcredist_x64.exe:

http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/en/details.aspx?FamilyID=bd512d9e-43c8-4655-81bf-9350143d5867

Step 2 - Create Folder SLL Create a new folder named SLL in:

<INSTDIR>\<SID>\DVEBMGS<instance_number>\SLL

Microsoft Windows Example:

D:\usr\sap\ABC\DVEBMGS00\SLL






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Step 3 - Extract SECURELOGINLIB.SAR Extract the file SECURELOGINLIB.SAR to the new folder with the SAPCAR command line tool. sapcar –xvf <SourcePath>\SECURELOGINLIB.SAR –R <INSTDIR>\<SID>\DVEBMGS<instance_number>\SLL\

Example:

sapcar –xvf D:\SECURELOGINLIB.SAR –R D:\usr\sap\ABC\DVEBMGS00\SLL\

Step 4 - Test Secure Login Library To verify Secure Login Library, use the following snc command:

<INSTDIR>\<SID>\DVEBMGS<instance_number>\SLL\snc.exe

Microsoft Windows Example D:\usr\sap\ABC\DVEBMGS00\SLL\snc.exe

The system displays further information about the Secure Login Library.

The test is successful if the product version is displayed.

Figure: Verify Secure Login Library with the command snc

If the following error message is displayed, install the Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 Redistributable Package.


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2.3 Installation on a UNIX/Linux Operating System Before starting the installation process, the Secure Login Library software SECURELOGINLIB.SAR must be available. Copy the file to the target SAP NetWeaver Application Server.

Secure Login Library must be installed in a directory to which the Application Server has access to at runtime. We recommend that you create this directory below the SAP NetWeaver Application Server.

Perform the configuration steps for the Secure Login Library with the user account that will start the SAP application (for example, <SID>adm). Once configuration is complete, the <SID>adm user needs to have access rights to the Secure Login Library.

Step 1 - Create Folder SLL Create a new folder named SLL in:

<INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMGS<instance_number>/SLL

Example:

/usr/sap/ABC/DVEBMGS00/SLL

Step 2 - Extract SECURELOGINLIB.SAR Extract the file SECURELOGINLIB.SAR to the new folder with the SAPCAR command line tool. sapcar –xvf <SourcePath>/SECURELOGINLIB.SAR –R <INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMGS<instance_number>/SLL/

Example:

sapcar –xvf /tmp/SECURELOGINLIB.SAR –R /usr/sap/ABC/DVEBMGS00/SLL/

Step 3 - Define File Attributes in UNIX/Linux To use shared libraries in shell (operating system UNIX/Linux), you need to set the file permission attributes with the following command:

chmod +rx <INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMS<instance_number>/SLL/snc lib*

Example

chmod +rx /usr/sap/ABC/DVEBMS00/SLL/snc lib*


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To use the shell under the operating system HP-UX with the shared libraries, you need to set an attribute with the following command:

chatr +s enable <INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMS<instance_number>/SLL/snc

Step 4 - Define File Owner in UNIX/Linux Apply access rights to the user account that will start the SAP application (for example, <SID>adm).

Change to the folder <INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMS<instance_number>/SLL/ and use the following command:

chown [OWNER]:[GROUP] *

Example

chown abcadm:sapsys

Step 5 - Test Secure Login Library To verify Secure Login Library, use the snc command (in UNIX/Linux environment test with user <SID>adm):

<INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMGS<instance_number>/SLL/snc

Example: /usr/sap/ABC/DVEBMGS00/SLL/snc

The system displays further information about the Secure Login Library.

The test is successful if the product version is displayed.

Figure: Verify Secure Login Library with the command snc


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2.4 Updating the Secure Login Library

You can download the Support Package software from the SAP Service Marketplace. Go to https://service.sap.com/swdc and choose Support Package and Patches > Browse our Download Catalog > SAP NetWeaver and complementary products > SAP NetWeaver Single Sign-On > SAP NetWeaver Single Sign-On 1.0. ADAPT_LINK

Simply copy the new version to the relevant folder and replace the old library files.



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2.5 Uninstallation This section explains how to uninstall Secure Login Library.

Remove Folder SLL

Remove the folder and the files in it:

Microsoft Windows <INSTDIR>\<SID>\DVEBMGS<instance_number>\SLL\ UNIX/Linux <INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMGS<instance_number>/SLL/

Deactivate SNC Library Configuration

This step is optional and required only if the Secure Login Library is configured in an SAP NetWeaver instance profile parameter.

If you want deactivate SNC, define the following instance profile parameter and restart the SAP NetWeaver ABAP Application Sever:

snc/enable = 0

For more information about the instance profile parameters see section 3 Secure Login Library Configuration.

3 Secure Login Library Configuration

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3 Secure Login Library Configuration You perform the SNC configuration for the SAP NetWeaver server system using the instance profile. Use the transaction RZ10 to maintain the SNC profile parameters.

The Secure Login Library can be configured to accept user authentications based on Kerberos tokens and X.509 certificates. Both authentication mechanisms can be used in parallel.

You can create or import X.509 certificates in the Trust Manager using the transaction STRUST. To configure the Secure Login Library for Kerberos, you can use a command line tool.

For the complete description of the SNC interface and parameters, see the SAP SNC manual (http://help.sap.com).

If you want to manage your PSEs in the Trust Manager, you must use SAPCRYPTOLIB. SAPCRYPTOLIB comes with the SAP NetWeaver AS ABAP. If you do not run an SAP NetWeaver AS ABAP, download SAPCRYPTOLIB from the SAP Service Marketplace. Go to https://service.sap.com/swdc, choose Search for Software Downloads, and look for the relevant download package.

3.1 SNC X.509 Configuration This section describes the SNC X.509 certificate configuration.

SNC Parameters Log on to the SAP NetWeaver Application Server using SAP GUI. Start the transaction RZ10 and define the following SNC parameters in Instance Profile.

Parameter Value

snc/enable 1 Activate SNC

0 Deactivate SNC

snc/gssapi_lib Define the SNC library.

Microsoft Windows <Path>\SLL\secgss.dll HP-UX <Path>/SLL/libsecgss.sl

Solaris / Linux / AIX <Path>/SLL/libsecgss.so

snc/identity/as Define the SNC name of the SAP server‟s security token.

X.509 Certificate Token p:<X.509_Distinguished_Name> Example: p:CN=ABC, OU=SAP Security

http://help.sap.com/



20 06/2011

Import X.509 Certificate Start transaction STRUST and import the SAP server certificate. The SAP server certificate must be available in a PSE format.

For a client/server communication, the certificates must be provided by a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). If no PKI is available the Secure Login Server (out of the box PKI) can be used to provide certificates.

From the PSE menu, choose Import.

Hint: If X.509 certificate token and Kerberos tokens are used in parallel, define the X.509 certificate distinguished name. This value is case sensitive.

snc/data_protection/max 3

snc/data_protection/min 2

snc/data_protection/use 3

snc/r3int_rfc_secure 0

snc/r3int_rfc_qop 8

snc/accept_insecure_cpic 1

snc/accept_insecure_gui 1 Accept insecure communication

Use this value if both insecure and secure communication are to be allowed for SAP GUI.

0 Disallow insecure communication

Use this value only if secure communication is to be allowed only (no insecure communication) for SAP GUI.

U User-defined (User Management SU01)

Use this value if insecure or secure communication for SAP GUI application is to be configured in the user management tool (SU01).

We recommend that you set this value to 1. If you want to enforce higher security, change this value to 0 (for all) or U (user dependent).

snc/accept_insecure_rfc 1

snc/permit_insecure_start 1

snc/force_login_screen 0


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Figure: Transaction STRUST – Import X.509 Certificate

Load the PSE file by entering the password, navigate back to the PSE menu, choose Save as, and select SNC SAPCryptolib.

Figure: Save PSE as SNC SAPCryptolib

If the certificate distinguished name of the PSE file does not match the SNC name configuration set in the instance profile parameter (snc/identity/as), an error message appears. This verification check is performed only if SNC is activated.

You can see trusted certificates that have been imported with the transaction STRUST if you enter the following command:

Microsoft Windows:

<INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMGS<instance_number>/SLL/snc –O <SAPServiceSID> Linux:

<INSTDIR>/<SID>adm/DVEBMGS<instance_number>/SLL/snc –O <SIDadm>

Example

Microsoft Windows: /usr/sap/ABC/DVEBMGS00/SLL/snc –O SAPServiceABC UNIX/Linux: /usr/sap/ABCadm/DVEBMGS00/SLL/snc –O absadm


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Restart SAP NetWeaver Application Server

Verify the following checklist and restart the SAP NetWeaver Application Server.

Secure Login Library is installed and if required in shell; the environment variable SECUDIR is defined. File access rights are defined for Secure Login Library.

SNC parameters are defined in the instance profile. Correct path and filename configuration for the SNC library. Correct definition of the SNC name (case sensitive).

X.509 certificate for the SAP System has been imported using STRUST.

3.2 SNC Kerberos Configuration This section describes the SNC Kerberos configuration.

SNC Parameter Login on to the SAP NetWeaver Server using SAP GUI. Start transaction RZ10 and define the following SNC parameters In the instance profile.

Parameter Value

snc/enable 1 Activate SNC

0 Deactivate SNC

snc/gssapi_lib Define the SNC library.

Microsoft Windows <Path>\SLL\secgss.dll HP-UX <Path>/SLL/libsecgss.sl

Solaris / Linux / AIX <Path>/SLL/libsecgss.so

snc/identity/as Define the SNC name of the SAP server‟s security token.

Kerberos Token p:CN=<ServicePrincipalName>

Example:

p:CN=SAP/[email protected]

Hint: If X.509 certificate token and Kerberos tokens are used in parallel, define the X.509 certificate distinguished name. This value is case sensitive.

snc/data_protection/max 3

snc/data_protection/min 2

snc/data_protection/use 3


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Microsoft Windows Account for SAP Server In order to verify user Kerberos authentication, the Secure Login Library requires a Kerberos keytab which you can create using the command line tool, provided by Secure Login Library.

The Kerberos keytab contains Kerberos principals and encrypted keys that are derived from the Microsoft Windows user password. Therefore a Microsoft Windows account in Microsoft Active Directory is required.

Create a Microsoft Windows Account

Create a new Microsoft Windows Account. We recommend the format Kerberos<SID>.

snc/r3int_rfc_secure 0

snc/r3int_rfc_qop 8

snc/accept_insecure_cpic 1

snc/accept_insecure_gui 1 Accept insecure communication

Use this value if insecure and secure communication should be allowed for SAP GUI.

0 Disallow insecure communication

Use this value only if secure communication is to be allowed (no insecure communication) for SAP GUI.

U User-defined (User Management SU01)

Use this value if insecure or secure communication for SAP GUI is to be configured in the user management tool (SU01).

We recommend that you set this value to 1. If you want to enforce higher security, change this value to 0 (for all) or U (user-dependent).

snc/accept_insecure_rfc 1

snc/permit_insecure_start 1

snc/force_login_screen 0


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Figure: Create a Microsoft Windows Account

Define a password and choose the option User cannot change password and Password never expires.

Figure: Create a Microsoft Windows Account

Make sure the password is as complex as possible.

Define Service Principal Name

The Service Principal Name will be used to provide Kerberos service tokens to the requested users. This Service Principal Name is also required for the SNC name configuration.

Start the Microsoft Windows tool ADSIEDIT; choose the Microsoft Windows user (in our example: KerberosABC) and define the field servicePrincipalName.


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Figure: Define Service Principal Name

The required format is SAP/Kerberos<SID>.

Figure: Define Service Principal Name

Check for Multiple Service Principal Names If the Secure Login Client does not get a service ticket from the domain server, this may be due to the fact that the Service Principal Name used has been assigned several times in the Active Directory system. Use the following command to check this:

Example:


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setspn –T * -T foo -X

Create Kerberos Keytab You create the Kerberos keytab using a command line tool provided by Secure Login Library. This Kerberos keytab is stored in the Personal Security Environment (pse.zip).

Perform the configuration steps with the user account that will start the SAP application (for

example, <SID>adm). This does not apply for the Microsoft Windows operating system.

Create PSE Environment

Log on to the operating system where the Secure Login Library is installed. Open a command line window and change to the Secure Login Library folder.

Microsoft Windows <INSTDIR>\<SID>\DVEBMGS<instance_number>\SLL\ UNIX/Linux <INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMGS<instance_number>/SLL/

Temporarily define the environment variable SECUDIR to perform the subsequent configuration steps.

Microsoft Windows

set SECUDIR=<INSTDIR>\<SID>\DVEBMGS<instance_number>\sec

UNIX/Linux (depends on shell)

setenv SECUDIR <INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMGS<instance_number>/sec

export SECUDIR=<INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMGS<instance_number>/sec

If no Personal Security Environment (PSE) is available; enter the following command to create a PSE:

snc crtpse –x <PSE Management Password>

The PSE management password is used if the PSE environment (pse.zip) is copied to another host system. By default, a PSE can be used by the host system (if correct hostname), or using this management password.

For more information, see section 4.2 Command Line Tool SNC.

Use the command snc to verify the location in which the PSE (pse.zip) was created. The PSE is created in the path in which the environment variable SECUDIR is defined.


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Figure: Verify PSE Location

PSE directory must point to the <INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMS<instance_number>/sec folder. The environment variable SECUDIR is defined automatically by the SAP server process.

Define this environment variable manually (shell) if you need to access the PSE (for example, using the snc command line application).

Generate Kerberos Keytab in PSE Environment

To create a Kerberos keytab in the PSE, enter the following command. The Service Principal Name and the password of the Microsoft Windows account are required.

snc crtkeytab –s SAP/Kerberos<SID>@<DOMAIN> -p <password>

Example

snc crtkeytab –s SAP/[email protected] -p **********

The domain name needs to be defined in uppercase.


Use the command snc to verify if the Kerberos keytab was generated.

Figure: Verify Kerberos keytab


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Restart SAP NetWeaver Application Server

Verify the following checklist and restart the SAP NetWeaver Application Server.

Secure Login Library is installed and if required in shell; the environment variable SECUDIR is defined. File access rights are defined for Secure Login Library.

SNC parameters are defined in the instance profile. Correct path and filename configuration for the SNC library. Correct definition of the SNC name (case sensitive).

PSE Environment was created and the Kerberos keytab has been imported using the Secure Login Library command line tool.

Verify SAP Server SNC Status

After you have restarted the SAP NetWeaver Application Server; verify the SNC status in the log file dev_w0.

The result should be SNC (Secure Network Communication) enabled.

Example:

<INSTDIR>\<SID>\DVEBMGS<instance_number>\work\dev_w0

N SncInit(): Initializing Secure Network Communication (SNC)

N PC with Windows NT (mt,ascii,SAP_UC/size_t/void* = 16/64/64)

N SncInit(): found snc/data_protection/max=3, using 3 (Privacy Level)

N SncInit(): found snc/data_protection/min=2, using 2 (Integrity Level)

N SncInit(): found snc/data_protection/use=3, using 3 (Privacy Level)

N SncInit(): found snc/gssapi_lib=D:\usr\sap\ABC\DVEBMGS00\SLL\secgss.dll

N File "D:\usr\sap\ABC\DVEBMGS00\SLL\secgss.dll" dynamically loaded as GSS-API v2 library.

N The internal Adapter for the loaded GSS-API mechanism identifies as:

N Internal SNC-Adapter (Rev 1.0) to SECUDE 5/GSS-API v2

N SncInit(): found snc/identity/as=p:CN=ABC, OU=SAP Security

N

N Thu May 05 16:42:15 2011

N SncInit(): Accepting Credentials available, lifetime=Indefinite

N SncInit(): Initiating Credentials available, lifetime=Indefinite

M ***LOG R1Q=> p:CN= ABC, OU=SAP Security [thxxsnc.c 265]

M SNC (Secure Network Communication) enabled

Another possibility is to use transaction ST11 and open dev_w0.

If there are problems with the SNC configuration, the SAP server system will no longer


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start. A quick solution is to disable SNC.

Open the instance profile configuration file and configure the parameter snc/enable = 0. Restart the SAP NetWeaver Application Server and verify the SNC installation and configuration.

4 Configuration Options

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4 Configuration Options This section describes some useful configuration and troubleshooting issues.

4.1 Enable Trace To enable trace, you need to create the files sec_log_file_filename.txt and sec_log_file_level.txt in the folder: Both files must exist (for example, with level = 0) when the application server is started, if you want to be able to activate traces later (by changing the trace level).

Microsoft Windows %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%\sec or C:\sec UNIX/Linux $HOME/sec or /etc/sec

The file sec_log_file_filename.txt contains the name of the trace file.

The name may contain %.PID.% which is replaced by the process ID.

A typical SAP WebAS creates multiple work processes, so use this feature to avoid parallel access to the same file by all processes.

Microsoft Windows Example

sec_log_file_filename.txt

C:\sec\log-%.PID.%.txt

UNIX/Linux Example

sec_log_file_filename.txt

/etc/sec/log-%.PID.%.txt

The file sec_log_file_level.txt contains the trace level as a single digit.

Example

sec_log_file_level.txt

4

Value Details

0 No trace

1 Errors

2 Errors and warnings

3 Errors, warnings, and logs

4 Errors, warnings, logs, and information messages


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4.2 Command Line Tool SNC You can use the command line tool SNC to perform the following task:

Display security token Information

Create a Personal Security Environment (pse.zip).

Import X.509 certificates

Certificate management

Create and import a Kerberos keytab

If not defined, set the environment variable SECUDIR to:

<INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMGS<instance_number>/sec before using the snc command.

To call the snc command, add the <INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMGS<instance_number>/SLL directory to the PATH variable or call snc together with the following path:

Microsoft Windows

<INSTDIR>\<SID>\DVEBMGS<instance_number>\SLL\snc.exe

UNIX

<INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMGS<instance_number>/SLL/snc

Use the command snc –H to display the complete documentation of each parameter.

Display Software Version Number

Go to the installation directory and use the command snc or snc status to display the

version number of the installed software. You get the following output:

Example:

Product : Secure Login Library 1.0.0

: CryptoLib 8.3.4.0

Version Number Support Package

8.3.2 SP0/ATS

8.3.3 SP1

8.3.4. SP2

Display Security Token Information

Use the following command to display the security tokens (Kerberos keytab and X.509 certificates).

snc status -v


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To display the status for a specific user use the following command:

snc –O <User Name> status -v

Example: snc –O abcadm status –v snc –O SAPServiceABC status -v

Create PSE Environment

Use the following command to create a Personal Security Environment (PSE).

snc crtpse –x <PSE_management_password>

The PSE (pse.zip) will be created in the path; the environment variable SECUDIR is defined.

By default, the host system, where this PSE is created, and the owner of the PSE Management Password have access to PSE.

It is not possible to copy this PSE (pse.zip) to another host system, without creating new credentials.

Add new credentials for a new hostname

snc cred –x <PSE_management_password> –s <new_host_name>

Add new credentials for a new user

snc cred –x <PSE_management_password> –u <new_user>

Configure key server file for PSE

snc cred –x <PSE_management_password> –f <server_key_file>

The server key file is a file on the server with random content which is used to grant access to the PSE. You can use any kind of file type which is larger than 32 Byte.

It is required to create or copy the file to the desired location on the server.

Usinga server key file limits the use of PSE to the user, who has file access rights to the server key file.

Register PKCS#12 to PSE

Use this command to register a key/certificate pair in PKCS#12 format in the Personal Security Environment

snc register –f <PKCS#12_file>

Example


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snc register –f C:\Certificate\cert.p12

Use the command snc status –v to verify the import.

Unregister Security Token from PSE

Use this command to remove a security token which is registered in the Personal Security Environment.

snc unregister –u toksw:<Token_URL>

Example

snc unregister –u toksw:C:\Certificate\cert.p12

Use the command snc status –v to display the value for toksw:

Create Kerberos Keytab

To create a Kerberos keytab in the PSE, enter the following command. The Service Principal Name and the password of the Microsoft Windows account are required.

snc crtkeytab –s SAP/Kerberos<SID>@<DOMAIN> -p <password>

Example


Import Trusted Certificate to PSE

Use this command to import a certificate (for example, a trusted Root CA certificate) into the Personal Security Environment.

snc trust –a <certificate_file>

Example

snc trust –a C:\Certificate\RootCA.cer

Remove Trusted Certificate from PSE

Use this command to remove a certificate (ffor example, a trusted Root CA certificate) from the Personal Security Environment.

snc trust –d <Distinguished_Name>


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Example

snc trust –d “CN=Certificate, OU=SAP Security”

Use the command snc status –v to display the certificate distinguished name.

Use the command snc -H to display further configuration parameters.

4.3 Define Symmetric Algorithm This section explains how to define the symmetric algorithm, which is used to secure communication. By default, the Secure Login Library provides the following symmetric algorithm (priority in this order).

AES256

AES192 (“old” protocol 1993 only)

AES128

3DES (“old” protocol 1993 only)

RC4 (“new” protocol 2010 only)

Secure Login Library has implemented two protocols named protocol_1993 (“old”) and protocol_2010 (“new”). The “old” protocol is compatible with SAP Crypto Library (SAPCryptoLib). The “new” protocol supports X.509 certificates and Kerberos tokens in parallel.

If SAP GUI establishes a secure communication to the SAP NetWeaver Application Server, the symmetric algorithm is agreed between both partners. It is possible to force the use of, for example, the AES256 symmetric algorithm.

You can define this in the Secure Login Library configuration file gss.xml.

Parameter Details

<algs_encr>XXX</algs_encr> Use this parameter to define the symmetric algorithm for the “old” protocol, which is defined in section <protocol_1993>. This protocol is compatible with SAP Crypto Library (SAPCryptoLib).

By default, the strongest symmetric algorithm that is available on both sides is agreed.

It is possible in the Secure Login Library to allow the acceptance of only aes256, for example.

You can define the following algorithms:

aes256

aes192

aes128


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gss.xml <gss>

<server>

<protocol_1993>

<algs_encr>xxx</algs_encr>

</protocol_1993>

<protocol_2010>

<ciphers>xxx</ciphers>

</protocol_2010>

</server>

</gss>

des3

Default is <empty>. The symmetric algorithm is arranged during the authentication process.

<ciphers>XXX</ciphers> Use this parameter to define the symmetric algorithm for the “new” protocol, which is defined in section <protocol_2010>. This protocol supports the Kerberos solution.

By default, the strongest symmetric algorithm that is available on both sides is agreed.

It is possible in the Secure Login Library to allow only the acceptance of only AES256, for example.

You can define the following algorithms:

AES256

AES128

RC4

Default is <empty>. The symmetric algorithm is arranged during the authentication process.


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4.4 Uppercase Distinguished Name Feature To support case insensitivity for user certificate names used by SNC, the GSS Distinguished Names presented to SAP SNC may be converted to UPPERCASE.

This can be defined in the Secure Login Library configuration file gss.xml.

gss.xml <gss>

<server>

<UpperCaseClientName>xxx</UpperCaseClientName>

</server>

</gss>

Parameter Details

<UpperCaseClientName>XXX </UpperCaseClientName>

Define the configuration in parameter <UpperCaseClientName>.

true The distinguished name is provided in uppercase.

false

The distinguished name is provided in mixed case.

Default is false.


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4.5 Alternative Name DN Feature It is possible to use the Subject Alternative Name from the user certificate that is presented to the SAP SNC interface.

You can define this in the Secure Login Library configuration file gss.xml.

gss.xml <gss>

<server>

<ClientNameSource>xxx</ClientNameSource>

</server>

</gss>

Parameter Details

<ClientNameSource>XXX </ClientNameSource>

Define the configuration in parameter <ClientNameSource>.

AltNameEMAIL RFC 822 name.

AltNameDNS

DNS name

AltNameDNAME

Directory name

AltNameURI

URI

AltNameIP

IP address

AltNameUPN

otherName with object identifier

Subject

Distinguished Name

Default is <empty>. In this case, the Subject (Distinguished Name) is used.


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4.6 Shorten Long Distinguished Names It is possible to shorten parts of the distinguished name (SNC Name) from the user certificates that are presented to the SAP SNC interface. The character limit for SAP server systems is 255 characters (in older systems 80 characters).

For example, you can remove entire parts such as a company name which are identical for all users. You can define this in the Secure Login Library configuration file gss.xml.

gss.xml <gss>

<nameconversions>

<searchstr>VeryLongNameComponent</searchstr>

<replstr>ShorterNameComponent</replstr>

</nameconversions>

<nameconversions>

<searchstr>AnotherVeryLongNameComponent</searchstr>

<replstr>AnotherShorterNameComponent</replstr>

</nameconversions>

</gss>

Parameter Details

<searchstr>XXX</searchstr> In the <nameconversions> section, use the <searchstr> parameter to define the part of the distinguished name to be shortened.

Example:

OU=Very Long Organization Unit Name

<replstr>XXX</replstr> In the <nameconversions> section, the <replstr> parameter is used to define the part of the distinguished name to be replaced.

Example:

OU=Short Name


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4.7 User Mapping This section details how to define the user mapping in SAP user management. For user authentication using security tokens (X.509 certificate or Kerberos token), this mapping is required to define which security token belongs to which SAP user.

For smooth and straightforward integration, we recommend that you use the SAP NetWeaver Identity Management solution to manage user mapping.

Manual Configuration Start the user management tool by calling transaction SU01. Choose the SNC tab.

If you are using Kerberos authentication, enter the Kerberos user name in the SNC name field.

If you are using X.509 certificate based authentication, enter the X.509 Certificate Distinguished Name in the SNC name field.

Note that the definition of the SNC name is case sensitive.

Kerberos Example In this example the SNC Name p:[email protected] belongs to the user SAPUSER.


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X.509 Certificate Example In this example, the SNC name p:CN=SAPUSER, OU=SAP Security belongs to the user SAPUSER.

For more information about how to perform user mapping, see the Secure Login Library Installation, Configuration, and Administration Guide.

Set External Security Name for All Users You can use transaction SNC1 (report RSUSR300) to configure the SNC name in batch mode.

Note that the definition of the string is case sensitive.

With this tool you can choose all SAP Users *, a list of SAP users or SAP user groups.

You can use the option Users without SNC names only to overwrite SNC names.

This batch tool will takes an SAP user and uses the components

<previous_character_string><SAP_user_name><following_character_string>

to build the SNC Name.

Kerberos Example In this example, SNC names are generated with the following string for all users without an SNC name.

p:[email protected]


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X.509 Certificate Example In this example, SNC names are generated with the following string for all users without an SNC name:

p:CN=user_name, OU= SAP Security

5 Using Certificate Revocation Lists

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The Secure Login Library supports certificate revocation lists (CRLs). This enables you to make sure that revoked certificates are not accepted. The CRL issued by the Certificate Authority (CA) contains the revoked certificates. The CA issues CRLs at regular intervals. They contain a list of certificates that have been declared as invalid. CAs regularly update certificate revocation lists. They must be replaced regularly by a new CRL or by a CRL that has not yet expired.

CAs place certificate revocation lists at CRL distribution points. The Secure Login Library provides a tool that enables you to regularly download new CRLs from CRL distribution points (LDAP or HTTP) to the local cache. Storing CRLs in the local cache ensures fast

accessing of the CRLs. You can schedule the download using a cron job. Storing CRLs in

the cache improves system performance. Otherwise performance suffers when the Secure Login Library has to download CRLs from an external CRL distribution point.

To use the CRL functions, make the appropriate settings in the configuration files. For more information, see 5.2 Configuring the CRL Tool.

The local cache for the CRLs is \SECUDIR\dbcrl.

Limitations The Secure Login Library covers only basic functions on the server side, such as checking client certificates with CRLs, getting CRLs from a distribution point, and storing it in a local cache. The Secure Login Library has the following limitations:

Customers cannot use the extension IssuingDistributionPoint in CRLs with the Secure Login Library.

No use of delta CRLs

At present the Secure Login Library assumes that, in a given environment, all CAs provide CRLs. This means that multiple PKIs using different revocation checking policies and one PKI with CAs using different revocation checking policies are not supported.

Usually UNIX does not come with an LDAP client. To use the CRL tool to get CRLs from LDAP, you must provide an OpenLDAP client (liboldap.*).

The Secure Login Client does not check CRLs.

5.1 Downloading CRLs with the CRL Tool The main function of the CRL tool is to enable you to download CRLs from the CRL

distribution point and to make them available in the local cache \SECUDIR\dbcrls. When

the application server checks certificates, it uses the downloaded CRL. Run the CRL tool at regular intervals to ensure that the most recent CRL is located in the local cache. We

recommend using a cron job to schedule the regular download.

Make sure the server process has read authorization for the CRL (files) in the cache directory. We recommend using the same user or, in a UNIX environment, granting read

authorization with the umask command.


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CRL Tool Commands

Command Description

crl get Downloads a CRL from a given CRL distribution point using a given URL (Web server or LDAP server). For an Active Directory server, the user must be a domain

user, and ADS has to be configured in ldap.xml.

crl status Shows the current status of the configuration and of the module

crl list Shows the CRLs currently located in the local cache

crl remove Removes the CRL from the local cache

crl show Shows the content of a CRL file

crl store Stores a CRL in the local cache. If the certificates contain a CRL distribution point, specify its location with -u so that the CRL can be found during certificate verification.

Examples of Getting a CRL from a CRL Distribution Point In the following examples you see the commands for getting a CRL from a CRL distribution point.

Use the following command to get a CRL and store it in a file:

crl get –u <LDAP_server> -f <CRL_file>

Example

crl get –u ldap:///sap.example.com -f file.crl

Use the following command to get a CRL and store it in a cache without a distribution point:

crl get -u <LDAP_server> store

Example

crl get –u ldap:///sap.example.com store

Use the following command to get a CRL and store it in a cache using the same distribution

point (the URL in the store command must be the path of the CRL distribution list).

crl get -u <LDAP_server> store -u <LDAP_server>

Example

crl get –u ldap:///sap.example.com –u ldap:///sap.example.com

Use the following command to get a CRL and store it in a cache using a different distribution point (the URL in the store command must point to the CRL distribution point specified in the certificate).

crl get –u <HTTP_server> store -u <LDAP_server>


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Example

crl get –u http://server/ store -u ldap:///sap.example.com

5.2 Configuring the CRL Tool

The following configuration files are available in the \SLL folder:

pkix.xml

base.xml

ldap.xml

pkix.xml In the configuration file pkix.xml, you can configure whether a CRL check is used at all. CRL checking is active if the parameter revCheck is set to the value CRL. The default setting of this parameter is no (no use of CRLs).

After you have entered changes in the configuration files, restart your ABAP server so that the newly-set parameters take effect.

Example

<pkix>

<profile>

<issuer></issuer>

<acceptNoBCwithKeyUsage>TRUE</acceptNoBCwithKeyUsage>

<revCheck>CRL</revCheck>

<certificatePolicies>noCheck</certificatePolicies>

</profile>

</pkix>

base.xml You can configure the cache and the verification of the CRL download in the file base.xml. If you use CRLs that are located in the cache, performance will improve considerably.

By default, the parameter verificationonlineaccess is set to false to disable the function that verifies the CRLs online.

If you want to activate the CRL cache, set the parameter usepkicache to true (default setting is false).

If you want to define a different location for the cache directory, you may optionally use the parameter pkicachedir and enter the location there (for multiple servers accessing the cache, you could use an NFS cache).

Example


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<base>

<verificationonlineaccess>false</verificationonlineaccess>

<usepkicache>true</usepkicache>

<pkicachedir></pkicachedir>

</base>

ldap.xml You only need to modify this file if an LDAP URL that does not contain the server name is used as a CRL distribution point (in the default setting, the relevant section is commented out). In this case, you define the name of the LDAP server in the configuration file ldap.xml.

If you are in a Microsoft Windows domain and Active Directory is used as LDAP server, you must enter the value ADS in the parameter name.

Example

<ldap>

<server>

<name>ADS</name>

</server>

</ldap>

6 Troubleshooting

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6 Troubleshooting This section provides further information about how to perform troubleshooting for Secure Login Library.

6.1 SNC Library Not Found The SNC library and configuration are verified when the SAP ABAP server starts.

Problem

SNC library cannot be found.

Checklist Possible Issues

Verify SAP trace file dev_w0.

Verify if Secure Login Library is installed correctly. Verify the installation described in section 2 Secure Login Library Installation.

Verify the SNC configuration. Log on to SAP ABAP server using SAP GUI and start transaction RZ10. Choose the instance profile and verify the value of the parameter snc/gssapi_lib. For more information, see section 3 Secure Login Library Configuration.

Verify SNC library file access rights for the user starting the SAP server.

Verify the SNC library status with the command snc status –v or snc –O <user_name> status –v.

Enable Secure Login Library trace and analyze the problem. For more information, see section 4.1 Enable Trace.

6.2 Credentials Not Found The SNC library and configuration are verified when the SAP ABAP server starts.

Problem

Could not get credentials.

Checklist Possible Issues

Verify SAP trace file dev_w0.

Verify if Secure Login Library is installed correctly. Verify the installation described in section 2 Secure Login Library Installation.

Verify the SNC configuration. Log on to SAP ABAP server using SAP GUI and start transaction RZ10. Choose the instance profile and verify the SNC configuration. For more information, see section 3 Secure Login Library Configuration.

6 Troubleshooting

06/2011 47

Verify SNC library file access rights for the user starting the SAP server.

Verify if the SNC certificate was provided to the Secure Login Library PSE environment. Start a command line shell and change to the Secure Login Library folder <INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMGS<instance_number>/SLL. Set the environment SECUDIR=<INSTDIR>/<SID>/DVEBMGS<instance_number>/sec Use the command: snc –O <SAP_service_user> status –v Microsoft Windows Example: snc –O SAPServiceABC status –v Linux Example: snc –O abcadm status –v

Enable the Secure Login Library trace and analyze the problem. For more information, see section 4.1 Enable Trace.

6.3 No User Exists with SNC Name

Problem

If the error message No user exists with SNC name … occurs and your login fails, a

server with a default Secure Login Library configuration cannot find the SNC name in the database. For further information, see the SAP Note 1635019.

7 List of Abbreviations

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Abbreviation Meaning

ADS Active Directory Service

CA Certification Authority

CAPI Microsoft Crypto API

CRL Certification Revocation List

CSP Cryptographic Service Provider

DN Distinguished Name

EAR Enterprise Application Archive

HTTP Hyper Text Transport Protocol

HTTPS Hyper Text Transport Protocol with Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

IAS Internet Authentication Service (Microsoft Windows Server 2003)

JAAS Java Authentication and Authorization Service

JSPM Java Support Package Manager

LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

NPA Network Policy and Access Services (Microsoft Windows Server 2008)

PIN Personal Identification Number

PKCS Public Key Cryptography Standards

PKCS#10 Certification Request Standard

PKCS#11 Cryptographic Token Interface Standard

PKCS#12 Personal Information Exchange Syntax Standard

PKI Public Key Infrastructure

PSE Personal Security Environment

RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service

RFC Remote function call (SAP NetWeaver term)

RSA Rivest, Shamir and Adleman

SAR SAP Archive

SCA Software Component Archive

SLAC Secure Login Administration Console

SLC Secure Login Client

SLL Secure Login Library

SLS Secure Login Server

SLWC Secure Login Web Client

SNC Secure Network Communication (SAP term)


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SSL Secure Socket Layer

UPN User Principal Name

WAR Web Archive

WAS Web Application Server

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Authentication

A process that checks whether a person is really who they claim to be. In a multi-user or network system, authentication means the validation of a user‟s logon information. A user‟s name and password are compared against an authorized list.

Base64 encoding

Base64 encoding is a three-byte to four-characters encoding based on an alphabet of 64 characters. This encoding has been introduced in PEM (RFC1421) and MIME. Other uses include HTTP Basic Authentication headers and general binary-to-text encoding applications.

Note: Base64 encoding expands binary data by 33%, which is quite efficient

CAPI

See „Cryptographic Application Programming Interface’

Certificate

A digital identity card. A certificate typically includes:

The public key being signed.

A name, which can refer to a person, a computer or an organization.

A validity period.

The location (URL) of a revocation center.

The digital signature of the certificate produced by the CA‟s private key.

The most common certificate standard is the ITU-T X.509.

Certification Authority (CA)

An entity which issues and verifies digital certificates for use by other parties.

Certificate Revocation List (CRL)

A group of certificates that have been declared to be invalid. The certificate revocation list is maintained and publically released by the issuing Certification Authority (CA) and typically contains the following information:

The certificate's serial number

The issuing CA's Distinguished Name

The date of revocation.

Certificate Store

Sets of security certificates belonging to user tokens or certification authorities.

CREDDIR

A directory on the server in which information is placed that goes beyond the PSE

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(personal security environment).

Credentials

Used to establish the identity of a party in communication. Usually they take the form of machine-readable cryptographic keys and/or passwords. Cryptographic credentials may be self-issued, or issued by a trusted third party; in many cases the only criterion for issuance is unambiguous association of the credential with a specific, real individual or other entity. Cryptographic credentials are often designed to expire after a certain period, although this is not mandatory.

Credentials have a defined time to live (TTL) that is configured by a policy and managed by a client service process.

CRL Distribution Point

Publicly available location where a Certification Authority (CA) hosts its certificate revocation list (CRL).

Cryptographic Application Programming Interface (CAPI)

The Cryptographic Application Programming Interface (also known variously as CryptoAPI, Microsoft Cryptography API, or simply CAPI) is an application programming interface included with Microsoft Windows operating systems that provides services to enable developers to secure Microsoft Windows-based applications using cryptography. It is a set of dynamically-linked libraries that provides an abstraction layer that isolates programmers from the code used to encrypt the data.

Cryptographic Token Interface Standard

A standardized crypto-interface for devices that contain cryptographic information or that perform cryptographic functions.

Directory Service

Provides information in a structured format. Within a PKI: Contains information about the public key of the user of the security infrastructure, similar to a telephone book (for example, an X.500 or LDAP directory).

Distinguished Name (DN)

A name pattern that is used to create a globally unique identifier for a person. This name ensures that identical certificates are never created for different people with the same name. The uniqueness of the certificate is additionally ensured by the name of the issuer of the certificate (that is, the certification authority) and the serial number. All PKI users require a unique name. Distinguished Names are defined in the ISO/ITU X.500 standard.

Key Usage

Key usage extensions define the purpose of the public key contained in a certificate. You can use them to restrict the public key to as few or as many operations as needed. For example, if you have a key used only for signing, enable the digital signature and/or non-repudiation extensions. Alternatively, if a key is used only for key management, enable key enciphering.

Key Usage (extended)

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Extended key usage further refines key usage extensions. An extended key is either critical or non-critical. If the extension is critical, the certificate must be used only for the indicated purpose or purposes. If the certificate is used for another purpose, it is in violation of the CA's policy.

If the extension is non-critical, it indicates the intended purpose or purposes of the key and may be used in finding the correct key/certificate of an entity that has multiple keys/certificates. The extension is then only an informational field and does not imply that the CA restricts use of the key to the purpose indicated. Nevertheless, applications that use certificates may require that a particular purpose be indicated in order for the certificate to be acceptable.

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)

A network protocol designed to extract information such as names and e-mail addresses from a hierarchical directory such as X.500.

PKCS#11

“PKCS” refers to a group of Public Key Cryptography Standards devised and published by RSA Security. “PKCS#11” is an API defining a generic interface to cryptographic tokens.

PEM

See Privacy Enhanced Mail.

Personal Identification Number (PIN)

A unique code number assigned to the authorized user.

Personal Information Exchange Syntax Standard

Specifies a portable format for saving or transporting a user‟s private keys, certificates, and other secret information.

Personal Security Environment

The PSE is a personal security area that every user requires to work with. A PSE contains security-related information. This includes the certificate and its secret private key. The PSE can be either an encrypted file or a smart card and is protected with a password.

PIN

See Personal Identification Number.

Privacy-Enhanced Mail (PEM)

The first known use of Base 64 encoding for electronic data transfer was the Privacy-enhanced Electronic Mail (PEM) protocol, proposed by RFC 989 in 1987. PEM defines a "printable encoding" scheme that uses Base 64 encoding to transform an arbitrary sequence of octets to a format that can be expressed in short lines of 7-bit characters, as required by transfer protocols such as SMTP.

The current version of PEM (specified in RFC 1421) uses a 64-character alphabet consisting of upper- and lower-case Roman alphabet characters (A–Z, a–z), the numerals (0–9), and the "+" and "/" symbols. The "=" symbol is also used as a special suffix code.

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The original specification additionally used the "*" symbol to delimit encoded but unencrypted data within the output stream.

Public FSD

Public file system device. An external storage device that uses the same file system as the operating system.

Public Key Cryptography Standards

A collection of standards published by RSA Security Inc. for the secure exchange of information over the Internet.

Public Key Infrastructure

Comprises the hardware, software, people, guidelines, and methods that are involved in creating, administering, saving, distributing, and revoking certificates based on asymmetric cryptography. Is often structured hierarchically.

In X.509 PKI systems, the hierarchy of certificates is always a top-down tree, with a root certificate at the top, representing a CA that does not need to be authenticated by a trusted third party.

Root certification authority

The highest certification authority in a PKI. All users of the PKI must trust it. Its certificate is signed with a private key. There can be any number of CAs between a user certificate and the root certification authority. To check foreign certificates, a user requires the certificate path as well as the root certificate.

Root certification

The certificate of the root CA.

RSA

An asymmetric, cryptographically procedure, developed by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman in 1977. It is the most widely-used algorithm for encryption and authentication. Is used in many common browsers and mail tools. Security depends on the length of the key: key lengths of 1024 bits or higher are regarded as secure.

Secure Network Communications

A module in the SAP NetWeaver system that deals with the communication with external, cryptographic libraries. The library is addressed using GSS API functions and provides SAP NetWeaver components with access to security functions.

Secure Sockets Layer

A protocol developed by Netscape Communications for setting up secure connections over insecure channels. Ensures the authorization of communication partners and the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of transferred data.

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Single Sign-On

A system that administrates authentication information allowing a user to logon to systems and open programs without the need to enter authentication every time (automatic authentication).

Token

A security token (or sometimes a hardware token, authentication token or cryptographic token) may be a physical device that an authorized user of computer services is given to aid in authentication. The term may also refer to software tokens.

Smart-card-based USB tokens (which contain a smart card chip inside) provide the functionality of both USB tokens and smart cards. They enable a broad range of security solutions and provide the abilities and security of a traditional Smart Card without requiring a unique input device (smart card reader). From the computer operating system‟s point of view a token is a USB-connected smart card reader with one non-removable smart card present.

Tokens provide access to a private key that allows the user to perform cryptographic operations. The private key can be persistent (like a PSE file, smart card, or CAPI container) or non-persistent (like temporary keys provided by Secure Login).

Windows Credentials

A unique set of information authorizing the user to access the Microsoft Windows operating system on a computer. The credentials usually comprise a user name, a password, and a domain name (optional).

X.500

A standardized format for a tree-structured directory service.

X.509

A standardized format for certificates and blocking list.

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