insightsiasindian constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments,...

INSIGHTSIAS SIMPLIFYING IAS EXAM PREPARATION

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MAINS 2019

GS-II

MARCH 2019

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NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They

are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is

content that both meets demand of the question and at the same time gives you extra

points in the form of background information.


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Table of Contents

Table of Contents Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic

structure. ................................................................................................................................................ 5

Discuss the constitutional procedure involved in selecting a successor in case of death of a sitting chief minister.(250

words) ................................................................................................................................................. 5

With increasing young leaders taking centre stage in the electoral discourse, Do you think the time has come to

revisit the minimum age for contesting Lok Sabha elections? Provide your opinion and examine the pros and cons

associated.(250 words) ....................................................................................................................... 6

Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure,

devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein. ...................................... 8

“Cooperative federalism is being replaced with coercive federalism”. Elucidate. Also discuss the importance of

fundamental renegotiation of powers between Union and states in favor of political democracy in this context.(250

words) ................................................................................................................................................. 8

Fiscal federalism is the economic counterpart to political federalism. Discuss with suitable examples.(250 words)

.......................................................................................................................................................... 11

Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions. ....... 13

Examine the existing traditional mechanisms for resolution of financial and commercial disputes in India also discuss

the need for an online dispute resolution system. What measures need to be taken in this direction to achieve a

robust dispute redressal system?(250 words) .................................................................................. 13

The recent Supreme Court judgements have rendered fruitless the chance to restraint an increasingly powerful

Central executive .Critically analyze. (250 words) ............................................................................ 15

Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising

out of these. .......................................................................................................................................... 18

Should India opt for ‘One Nation, One Election’? Analyze the feasibility of simultaneous elections in India while

assessing the pros and cons. (250 words) ........................................................................................ 18

With India going to witness biggest election in world history with total electorate being more than the population of

every continent, Discuss the issues and challenges faced by Election commission in conducting elections of such

magnitude with special emphasis on role of social media.(250 words) ........................................... 21

Do you think India will soon have to deal with the issue of delimitation of constituencies and increase the number of

Member of Parliament seats to retain the representativeness of parliament essential to democracy? Discuss. (250

words) ............................................................................................................................................... 24

Examine the philosophy behind Model code of conduct in India. How has it evolved over the years? Analyse.(250

words) ............................................................................................................................................... 26

The MCC Is not legally binding and there is no great punishment or penalty for violating it. unless the violation can be

prosecuted under sections of the Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure At the least. In such a

context how is the party in power expected to conduct itself when MCC is in operation? Discuss. (250 words) 28

Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary Ministries and Departments of the

Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity. ........... 30

Is the Right of Press to provide the information or opinion encroaching upon the privacy of an individual? should it

not be restricted only to foster public interest and not to infringe upon privacy of individual. Discuss. (250 words)

.......................................................................................................................................................... 30



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Historically, startups, whether in business or in politics, have a very high mortality rate. In this context discuss the

factors that make a political startup survive and thrive with suitable examples.(250 words) ........ 32

Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies. ...................................................................... 33

Election Commission of India has been known for its rich legacy of being independent and inclusive, however studies

suggest that the electorate count has decreased over time In comparison with census count. Comment and also

suggest what steps should be taken with respect to these missing voters from the electoral rolls of the world’s

largest democracy. (250 words) ....................................................................................................... 33

Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and

implementation. ................................................................................................................................... 35

Discuss the salient features of the Consumer Protection Bill, 2018. How far will it address the unfair trade practices?

Critically analyse.(250 words) ........................................................................................................... 35

The recent Pulwama attacks have exposed the gaps in our security systems and the urgent need to have a well-

defined national security doctrine. However the recent act of the Government agencies to monitor computers have

sparked privacy fears among the people. Critically analyse.(250 words) ........................................ 39

Loan waivers are often argued to vitiate credit culture and stress the budgets of the waiving state or central

government. In this context discuss how the recently enacted Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) proves to be

method of providing relief for the distressed Indian farmer?(250 words) ...................................... 41

Discuss the key features of Official Secrets Act. Has the act become archaic and irrelevant in today’s times? Critically

analyse in the light of recent incidence of ‘Stolen documents’ in Rafale case. (250 words) ........... 43

The recent National Register of Citizens (NRC) exercise in Assam has excluded 40 lakh people from its final draft list,

has it failed to resolve the illegal immigration debate in Assam? What are the Socio-Economic and Political

Consequence of such Illegal Migration? Critically analyse.(250 words) ........................................... 45

“Lately, the Indian statistics and the institutions associated have however come under a cloud for being influenced

and even controlled by political reflections.” Critically analyse.(250 words).................................. 47

Discuss the Implication of the Festival of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2019 that was held recently in India. What

are the key challenges faced by entrepreneurs in our country? suggest some measures to address them.(250 words)

.......................................................................................................................................................... 49

How can India put its second demographic dividend to use for its development? and also examine the Merits and

challenges involved.(250 words) ...................................................................................................... 52

pretty far from reaching the 175 GW renewable energy target by 2022, Will Reclassifying ‘hydro’ take the renewable

energy capacity of India to higher levels? Examine.(250 words) ..................................................... 54

Has the Aadhaar Payment Bridge System (APBS) turned out to be less of a boon and more of a Bane to the

Marginalised and vulnerable sections of the society? Critically analyse.(250 words) ..................... 56

The recent storm related to demand for more transparency by means of electoral bonds mechanisms holds

widespread importance but it may also lead to overlap priorities comment? Critically analyse.(250 words) 58

Discuss the key proposals of the National Mineral Policy 2019. Does it ensure environmentally and socially

responsible mining? Critically analyse.(250 words).......................................................................... 60

Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these

schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable

sections. ................................................................................................................................................ 63

Recently the Government of India introduced 10% quota for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) among

General Category candidates in government jobs and educational institutions. Should economic-status based

reservations be extended to the SC,ST and OBC’s too to help correct the centuries-old wrongs on the lower

castes?(250 words) ........................................................................................................................... 63

Critically examine the success of Pradhan mantri Ujjwala Yojana scheme?(250 words) ................. 66

Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human

Resources. ............................................................................................................................................. 68



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The Health care system in India requires major improvements to make it universal. Discuss the major challenges

being faced by the Healthcare system in India? What steps should be taken to strengthen the existing state of Health

infrastructure in the country?(250 words) ....................................................................................... 68

The demographic dividend of India is bound to turn into a curse if the education system is not overhauled over the

next decade. In this context critically analyze the issues and challenges faced by the education system in the country

and justify the need for a systemic approach to reforming education system in the country. (250 words) 71

“Reverse innovation can transform industries in India, and the world”, Comment.(250 words) .... 74

The recent incident of wrong medicines post vaccination at the Primary health Centre of Hyderabad point to a

looming public health emergency that necessitates a renewed focus on mitigating the hazards of poor health

infrastructure . Discuss and critically analyze government policies for dealing with the crisis? (250 words) 76

India does not have a jobs crisis but a wages crisis. Do you agree? Present your argument with suitable justification.

(250 words) ....................................................................................................................................... 79

List down the highlights of National Health Policy, 2017. What are the challenges facing it? What strategies can be

adopted for ensuring quality health care in India? Discuss.(250 words) ......................................... 81

recently published Lancet report stated that India’s goal to end the epidemic of Tuberculosis by 2025 is too

ambitious and unrealistic.critically analyse. (250 words) ................................................................. 83

‘Despite various efforts for eradication of Leprosy by the government in India, India still accounts for 60% of new

leprosy cases annually’. Explain by giving reasons. (250 words) ...................................................... 86

Discuss what is West Nile Virus; its causes and spread along with Long-Term Outcomes of Human West Nile Virus

Infection. Suggest what can be India’s best defence.(250 words) ................................................... 88

Do you think lack of employment opportunities is the biggest challenge facing India? Discuss.(250 words) 90

Issues relating to poverty and hunger. ................................................................................................. 92

Displaced and hounded out of their original habitats, Adivasis are now largely internally-displaced refugees. Critically

comment.(250 words) ...................................................................................................................... 92

Diseases of affluence are overtaking poverty disease in India reflecting growing middle class. Elucidate.(250 words)

.......................................................................................................................................................... 95

Examine the causes and consequences of forced migration of population being witnessed across the world. Also

analyse Indian government’s present management of migration in the light of recently signed Global Compact for

Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, of the United Nations. (250 words) ...................................... 98

How does the world water crisis affect women and girls? Critically analyse and How can this disproportionate toll on

women be addressed?(250 words) ................................................................................................ 100

Discuss the issues involved in identification of poor in India. What needs to be done for removing the flaws

associated with identifying poor? (250 words) .............................................................................. 102

Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications, models, successes,

limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures. 104

Does the death penalty stop crime? Do you think India abolish capital punishment? Critically analyze. (250 words)

........................................................................................................................................................ 104

Critically examine the issues involved in the functioning of Lokpal. Does it dispute with the mandate of elected

representatives? Suggest methods to make Lokpal effective with least interference it in the government affairs.(250

words) ............................................................................................................................................. 107

India and its neighborhood- relations. ............................................................................................... 109

Discuss the current state of India Pakistan relations and comment on the way forward for relations between the two

countries?(250 words) .................................................................................................................... 109

Should India jump on the bandwagon of engaging the Taliban or continue to hold arrangements with the

government in Kabul? Critically analyse amidst the rising valid concerns. (250 words) ................ 112

Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests. 115



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“Nuclear weapons offer us nothing but a balance of terror, and a balance of terror is still terror”. Critically analyse

the statement in the backdrop of recent failure of denuclearization talks between the US and the North Korea.(250

words) ............................................................................................................................................. 115

In the backdrop of Indo-Pacific Regional Dialogue to be held this year, the stakes India has in the Indo-Pacific region

are optimally high. Critically analyze. Also examine whether India is on the right course to play a significant role in

the region.(250 words) ................................................................................................................... 117

A battle around data is the new obverse in the US-China trade war. Critically analyse the statement in the

background of recent US-China trade wars.(250 words) ............................................................... 120

Discuss the objectives and features of recently approved Global Trademark System by Government of India, What

are its significance and benefits for India? Elaborate.(250 words) ................................................ 121

“Balkanizing the world by raising barriers would convert unequal prosperity to collective poverty.” Discuss in the light

of Brexit Issue?(250 words) ............................................................................................................ 123

Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian Diaspora. 126

What do you understand by Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)? Critically analyze its significance in India-US

trade? (250 words) ......................................................................................................................... 126

The recognition of the disputed area of Golan Heights would mark a major shift in US policy. Critically analyse.(250

words) ............................................................................................................................................. 128

Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate. ......................... 130

Discuss in brief the composition and objectives of United Nations Environment Assembly also bring out the recent

initiatives taken by UNEA to set global Green agenda.(250 words) .............................................. 130

Discuss the significance of resolution for sustainable nitrogen management led by India in the United Nations

Environment Assembly. (250 words) .............................................................................................. 131

Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant

provisions and basic structure.

Discuss the constitutional procedure involved in selecting a successor in case of death of a sitting chief

minister.(250 words) Indianexpress Reference Why this question: The question is in the backdrop of new chief minister Pramod Sawant facing a floor test in the legislative assembly of

Goa necessitated by the death of sitting chief minister Manohar Parrikar.

Key demand of the question: The answer must explain the procedure involved in electing the chief minister in case of death of the sitting chief minister

in office.

Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the details of the issues

concerned by examining each one of them. You have to give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: Begin with importance of chief minister of a state in the polity of any state machinery in a line or two.

Body: Discuss that In India, a chief minister is the elected head of government. According to the Constitution of India, the

Governor is a state‟s de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to



https://indianexpress.com/videos/explained-video/explained-what-happens-when-a-chief-minister-dies-in-office-videonews-6015668627001/

https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/chief-ministers-death-india-list-manohar-parrikar-1481009-2019-03-18

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the state legislative assembly in a state, the state‟s governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of

seats to form the government. The governor appoints and swears in the chief minister.

The governor may exercise situational discretion if no party has clear majority. He may ask a leader to become chief

minister and then prove his majority on floor of the house.

In case the chief minister dies and no successor is present then the governor may appoint one at his discretion but if the

ruling party has a nominee then the governor has no choice but to appoint that person.

Conclusion: Conclude with importance of constitution and appreciate its foresightedness in situations of inevitability.

Introduction:

Chief Minister’s position in state is analogous to the prime ministers position at the centre. The governor appoints the

leader of the largest party of the house or leader chosen by the largest coalition to become the chief minister.

The governor may exercise situational discretion if no party has clear majority. He may ask a leader to become chief

minister and then prove his majority on floor of the house.

Body:

In the Republic of India, a chief minister is the elected head of government of each of Twenty nine states and two

among the seven union territories (Delhi and Puduchery). According to the Constitution of India, the Governor is a

state’s de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Since his council of ministers are

appointed in accordance with his advice, on his resigning or death causes the collapse of entire council of ministers.

Article 164 of the Constitution lays down the provisions on the appointment of the CM and council of ministers as well

as their salaries.

The process of electing a fresh CM in the event of death of an individual in office is similar to the one through which a

new government is elected after assembly elections.

If ruling party or coalition has majority:

o The death of a sitting CM will have no impact on a government if the party in power has a clear

majority either on its own or through coalition.

o The government in power will only have to present a face for the CM’s post to continue provided the

coalition partners agree to go the distance.

o The ruling party can pick anyone to become the CM of the state. That person need not necessarily be a

sitting legislator, but in that case the selected person will have to contest elections to the legislative

assembly within 6 months from the date of him taking oath of office.

If ruling party or coalition has lost the majority:

o In case the chief minister dies and no successor is present then the governor may appoint one at his

discretion.

Conclusion:

The constitution of India has provided the necessary steps of action in cases of eventualities. In case of

discrepancies, The Supreme Court of India remains the final interpreter of the Constitution of India.

With increasing young leaders taking centre stage in the electoral discourse, Do you think the time has

come to revisit the minimum age for contesting Lok Sabha elections? Provide your opinion and examine

the pros and cons associated.(250 words) Indian Polity by Lakshmikant, D D Basu Why this question:



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Under Article 84(b) and article 173(b) no one below 25 years of age can become candidates eligible for Lok Sabha and

Legislative Assembly elections. However, with youngsters like Hardik Patel, Kanhaiya Kumar and Shehila Rashid etc.

gaining the limelight in recent past much before their attainment of the requisite age for election as MP/MLA, the issue

has come to the forefront.

Key demand of the question: The answer must discuss the constitutional provisions associated with Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly elections, the

facts associated with minimum age provision, explain the interlinkages with rising trends of increased youth

participation.

Directive word: Examine – When asked to „Examine‟, we have to look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it

and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts

and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer

Introduction: Introduce by highlighting the known provisions of constitution in this context.

Body: Answers must discuss the following aspects :

High spot the increased participation of youth these days in politics.

Discuss the pros and cos associated.

Explain India is a young country with average age of 27 years while currently that of Parliament members is 63, thus

explain how reduction of age will help in plugging the generation gap and to be in sync with the present generation and

addressing their issues.

Measure the associated issues that can accompany the change in minimum age revision to a lower age.

Conclusion – Emphasize the importance and suggest a way forward.

Introduction:

In the Indian Constitution, Article 84 (b) provides that minimum age criteria for becoming a candidate for the Lok

Sabha is 25 years. For a candidate to the Legislative Assembly, Article 173 (b) prescribes a similar age limit of 25 years.

As per recent census figures, more than half our population is under the age of 25.

Body:

In January 2010, the Supreme Court was confronted with a public interest litigation, which sought to reduce the age

limit for contesting Lok Sabha and legislative assembly elections from 25 years to 21. Three decades ago Parliament

passed a constitutional amendment bringing down the age for voting from 21 to 18.

Pros of reducing the minimum age criteria:

The very concept of establishing a specific minimum age for voting or contesting elections is arbitrary,

considering that people mature at different times in their lives.

Ideally, an election should determine which candidate presents the best or most convincing idea, the age is

immaterial.

The average age of MPs in India is 56 years where as 50% of the population is below 25 years of age. Reducing

the age would close the generation gap to an extent.

50% of the population is below the age of 25. Reducing the minimum age will widen the pool for the electors.

Many developed countries with democracies have a younger age limit for the contesters like Germany (18), UK

(18), Israel(21) etc.

Young people can understand the problems more effectively of masses of young India and greater

representation of youth issues at the policy making level.

It will encourage Politics as a career among the youth.



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Young politicians are more energetic, enthusiastic and passionate which puts them in better position to

dedicate themselves for the nation.

They possess the capacity of resilience and so they govern their constituency in a systematic way.

The Gen Next is much well connected in terms of technology and hence can have better access to the people.

Cons of reducing the minimum age criteria:

The main argument supporting the status quo has been that most voters under 18 and candidates under 21

would not be sufficiently mature to use those rights properly, because they would—have insufficient

understanding of the issues, be more likely to act irresponsibly, and be more easily influenced by others.

In the medical community, the growing consensus is that the brain is not fully finished developing until about

age 25. The prefrontal cortex or the part of the brain that deals with controlling impulses and imparting

organised behaviour isn’t fully developed.

Young people tend to be easily swayed Because of their lack of experience they are likely to be manipulated by

others.

Youngsters having radical ideologies could create law and order issues harming the peace in the society

It might wean away the mind of the youth from their academic goals which would be a loss.

The issue of political funding might be a problem for these candidates.

Possibilities of conflicts may arise between the old and young politicians.

Also, the youth may be too naïve to deal with the older bureaucracy. This would lead to inefficiency in

administration.

Other challenges facing Indian politics which might hinder reducing the age limit are intraparty democracy, anti-

defection provisions, money power, anonymous corporate funding, and dynasty politics, among others

Way forward:

As a society, the whole process of fixing the age limit must depend on the age demographics.

The Parliament must sit down and amend the current rules, and come to an agreement which will allow

candidates from the age demographic with the highest numbers in this country to find some degree of

representation in our temples of democracy.

Developing the younger generation by making them participate in events like National Young Leaders

Programme, Neighbourhood Youth Parliament can give them a learning of true happenings.

Lowering the minimum age to 22 makes more sense atleast in regional elections to encourage better

democracy.

Innovative solution could be reserving some seats for the people of age lower than 25 and having the rest of

the seats for candidates above age of 25.

Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to

the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges

therein.

“Cooperative federalism is being replaced with coercive federalism”. Elucidate. Also discuss the

importance of fundamental renegotiation of powers between Union and states in favor of political

democracy in this context.(250 words) The hindu



https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/yv-reddy-interview/article26489119.ece

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Why this question: The article talks about how cooperative federalism with social equity as its primary objective is transforming the Indian society, but when the conditions underlying cooperation are changing, the pressure to expand national power inherent in cooperative federalism is giving rise to coercive federalism. Key demand of the question: The question is in the backdrop of the Cooperative federalism increasingly being replaced with coercive federalism, one must explain such statements with recent examples and then move on to explain what need to be done to overcome it. Directive word: Elucidate – means to explain and clarify the topic, make it clear with examples. Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You have to give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin with the importance of the cooperative federalism in Indian context. Body: The answer should mainly focus upon: the challenges, issues and concerns associated with Cooperative federalism in India – quote examples from agricultural reforms and NAM, Niti Ayog etc. What needs to be done In light of contemporary conditions? – a new consensus may have to be forged from elements of cooperative equity, competitive efficiency, and dual accountability etc. Conclusion: Conclude with renegotiation of powers between Union and states; necessity of cooperative federalism for the development of political democracy in the right direction.

Introduction:

Cooperative federalism is the concept which reflects the relationship between centre and state where they both come

together and resolve the common problems with each other’s’ cooperation. With the collaborative efforts and

cooperation, different level of governments in an amicable manner, contributes towards the growth of the country.

Body:

It shows the horizontal relationship between union and states and shows neither is above the other. To ensure this

relationship between centre and state, Indian constitution has incorporated certain instruments like inter-state council,

Zonal council, 7th schedule etc.

Various instances have shown that the cooperative federalism is being replaced by coercive federalism:

Taxation:

o Taxation powers are contentious issue and the Central government has won most of the disputes

purely due to express provisions in the Constitution.

o In the Goods and Services Tax (GST) scenario, States have foregone some taxation powers (octroi, entry

tax, luxury and entertainment taxes, etc.) but have powers to levy taxes through panchayats and

municipalities

Finance Commission report:

o Recommendations of the Finance Commission are placed before Parliament and States have no role in

the debate.

o There is also no provision for an aggrieved State to challenge the report of Finance Commission on

certain grounds or seek mandatory enforcement of its recommendations.

Niti Aayog:

o Niti Aayog was envisaged as a think tank which replaced the Planning Commission.



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o Senior members of the Niti Aayog descended upon Kolkata to impress upon the West Bengal

government the need for agricultural reforms in the state.

o The discussion centered on the Union government’s policy directives regarding land lease laws as well

as agricultural reform, a term by which the Union government means the revision of state Agricultural

Produce Market Committee laws as per its vision.

Office of Governor:

o Governor’s office is being used to the whims and fancies of the union government.

o This is despite Supreme Court’s ruling in SR Bommai Case.

o Instances of Goa, Karnataka post elections show how Governor’s office was misused.

o States having no say in appointment and transfers of Governor.

Centrally Sponsored Schemes:

o Ministries are directly dealing with Centrally Sponsored Schemes. So, the spirit of discussion and

dialogue is being replaced by diktats by various Ministries.

o Some say that there is no dialogue, which is untypical of cooperative federalism.

Other issues:

o Deployment of paramilitary forces in states without their consent.

o Enquiries against chief ministers to settle personal equations.

Way forward:

Greater devolution of power to states. Ideally union should have only those powers which state can’t handle

and requires national unity like in the form of matters like defence, communication, foreign policy etc. This has

been iterated by Sarkaria as well as Punchi commissions

Union government consulting states before legislating over the matters of state list.

Improved and efficient use of inter-state and zonal councils. It should inquire and advise on disputes, discuss

subjects common to all states and make recommendations for better policy coordination.

Increased fund devolution to states by the centre by taking in concerns of states wrt to the Terms of Reference

of 15th Finance Commission.

Using NITI Aayog efficiently with increased participation of states and making it functioning more democratic.

Mistakes of its predecessor should not be repeated.

Legislations related to contentious issues like land, labour and natural resources should be left to the states, as

the state will promote best practices. This will also enable greater investment and economic activity in states

with a favourable regulatory framework.

States having a say in appointment and removal of governor.

Healthy competition between the states should be encouraged.

To deal with issues related to international treaties, WTO obligations, or the environment, an institutional

mechanism must be evolved where important decisions are appropriately discussed with states.

Conclusion:

To bring competition, the centre should cooperate with the states by providing necessary autonomy in their policy

making and allocating them the required funds to spend based on their own priorities.



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Fiscal federalism is the economic counterpart to political federalism. Discuss with suitable

examples.(250 words) The hindu Why this question: The article discusses in detail how Fiscal federalism is the economic counterpart to political federalism. It provides for a

detailed assessment of Fiscal federalism in India , its link with political federalism and the challenges being faced by it

in India.

Key demand of the question: The answer must explain in detail what is fiscal federalism, explain how it is counterpart to political federalism, how are

the two different? On is expected to explain with recent examples along with features of constitution that requires

highlighting.




Introduction: Begin with what you understand by Fiscal federalism.

Body: What is fiscal federalism in India? context.

Present status

Link between Fiscal federalism and political federalism – the constitutional angle.

What are the associated concerns and challenges

Way forward.

Conclusion: Conclude with importance of federalism and its role in Indian set up, take cues from the article.

Introduction:

Fiscal federalism is the financial relations between units of governments in a federal government system. It is part of

broader public finance discipline. The term was introduced by the German-born American economist Richard

Musgrave in 1959. Fiscal federalism deals with the division of governmental functions and financial relations among

levels of government.

Body:

India has a federal form of government, and hence a federal fiscal system. For successful operation of federal form of

government, financial independence and adequacy forms the backbone. The Economic Survey 2017-18 highlighted the

need for fiscal federalism.

Link between Fiscal federalism and political federalism:

Fiscal federalism is concerned with the assignment on the one hand of functions to different levels of

government, and with appropriate fiscal instruments for carrying out these functions on the other.

It is generally believed that the Central government must provide national public goods that render services to

the entire population. A typical example cited is defence.

Sub-national governments are expected to provide goods and services whose consumption is limited to their

own jurisdictions.

An equally important question in fiscal federalism is the determination of the specific fiscal instruments that

would enable the different levels of government to carry out their functions. This is the ‘tax-assignment

problem’.

It is generally argued that the de-centralised levels of government should avoid non-benefit taxes and taxes on

mobile units.



https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/another-look-at-fiscal-transfers/article26626986.ece

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In India, income tax is levied only by the Central government though shared with the States. Recognising the

possibility of imbalance between resources and responsibilities, many countries have a system of inter-

governmental transfers.

The Indian Constitution lays down the functions as well as taxing powers of the Centre and States.

It is against this background that the issues relating to the correction of vertical and horizontal imbalances have

been addressed by every Finance Commission, taking into account the prevailing set of circumstances.

However, Central transfers to States are not confined to the recommendations of the Finance Commissions.

There are other channels such as those through the Planning Commission until recently as well the

discretionary grants of the Central government.

Associated concerns and challenges:

Trends in Tax Revenue:

o A look at the composition of central and states’ own taxes and expenditure reveal that the share of the

own tax revenue and expenditure of the states is 38% and 58% respectively.

o This reflects the more than proportionate expenditure obligations of the states and also the lesser

revenue raising powers vis-à-vis the centre.

Trends in Tax Devolution:

o Under Article 270 of the Constitution, the net proceeds of all taxes levied by the union, except

surcharges and cesses are shareable with the states after the 80th Constitutional Amendment.

o Net proceeds are defined in Article 279 of the Constitution as gross tax revenue of the centre less

surcharges and cesses, and cost of collection. However, the amount of net proceeds is not published in

the budget documents of the union.

o But, the proportion of surcharges and cesses to gross tax revenue of the centre is rising, and this

is neutralising the higher shares recommended by the successive finance commissions.

FRBM Acts and Asymmetric Impacts:

o The FRBM acts were passed at the level of the centre and the states in the beginning of the 2000s.

o It laid emphasis only on achieving targets. In the bargain, if revenues could not be raised, expenditure

(even essential) would be cut.

o the states have been forced to limit their deficits due to sanctions by the finance commissions, whereas

the centre is not bound by any such conditionalities.

Inefficient Cash Management by States:

o The states do not spend essentially due to the fear of the consequences of non-adherence to deficit

targets, which are not only a legislative constraint but also a conditionality imposed by the finance

commissions.

Way forward:

Perhaps the time has come for the Constitution to be amended and the proportion of shareable taxes that

should go to the States fixed at the desired level.

The shareable tax pool must also include cesses and surcharges as these have sharply increased in recent years.

Fixing the ratio at 42% of shareable taxes, including cesses and surcharges, seems appropriate.

Another possible route is to follow the practice in the U.S. and Canada: of allowing the States to levy tax on

personal income, with some limitations.



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The freedom given to the States must be limited. It is important to note that the levy by the Centre and States

together should be reasonable. Also once this power is given to the States, the transfers from the Centre need

adjustment.

Horizontal Distribution: The ability of bringing about equalisation across States in India has limitations. Even

the relatively richer States have their own problems and they feel ‘cheated’ because of the overuse of the

equity criterion. An appropriate balancing of criteria is needed particularly in the context of the rise in

unconditional transfers.

Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.

Examine the existing traditional mechanisms for resolution of financial and commercial disputes in India

also discuss the need for an online dispute resolution system. What measures need to be taken in this

direction to achieve a robust dispute redressal system?(250 words) Livemint

Why this question: The article provides for an assessment of existing traditional dispute redressal system in India and highlights the necessity of a robust online dispute settlement system. Key demand of the question: The answer must evaluate the current systems of dispute resolution available in India, enlist the existing mechanism for resolution of financial and commercial disputes in India and then examine them whether they are sufficient and thus highlight the necessity of Online system. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we have to look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin with dispute mechanism as a structured process that addresses disputes or grievances that arise between two or more parties engaged in business, legal, or societal relationships. Dispute mechanisms are used in dispute resolution, and may incorporate conciliation, conflict resolution, mediation, and negotiation. Body: Discuss the following : Financial and commercial Dispute Redressal mechanisms in India. India’s performance in dispute redressal is still poor; Challenges in the existing system , what needs to be done to overcome the present challenges. Need for online resolution systems Way forward – role of technology, online platform etc Conclusion: Conclude with optimism, that India is fast moving and It is not beyond its capabilities to harness the merits of technology in its governance systems.

Introduction:

A dispute resolution mechanism is a structured process that addresses disputes or grievances that arise between two

or more parties engaged in business, legal, or societal relationships. Dispute mechanisms are used in dispute

resolution, and may incorporate conciliation, conflict resolution, mediation, and negotiation.

Body:

With India opening up its markets in the early 1990’s, the Indian legal and judicial system has had to come to terms

with the reality of globalization as well. As a large country, both in terms of population and area, there is tremendous



https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/opinion-the-need-for-an-online-dispute-resolution-mechanism-1551808916274.html

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pressure on India’s resources and its institutions. The legal system is no exception to this. The existing traditional

mechanisms for resolution of financial and commercial disputes in India are

The Judiciary: The Supreme Court is at the apex of the entire judicial system, followed by High Courts in each

state or group of states. Below each state’s High Court lies a hierarchy of subordinate courts. Panchayat

Courts also function in some states under various names like Nyaya Panchayat, Panchayat Adalat, and Gram

Kachheri to decide civil and criminal disputes of petty and local nature. Lok Adalat is another form of judicial

forum that has been set up to dispose of smaller cases and to decrease the burgeoning case load.

Commercial Courts, Commercial Divisions and Commercial Appellate Divisions (“Special Courts”): Pursuant to

the Commercial Courts Act, special Commercial Courts have been established in each state. ‘Commercial

Disputes’ of a ‘Specified Value’ are to be heard by such Commercial Courts/Division. Further, Commercial

Appellate Divisions within the High Courts have also been constituted.

Tribunals: Specialized tribunals such as the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, the National Company Law

Tribunal, the Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal, the Consumer Forum, the Central and State

Administrative Tribunals, the Debt Recovery Tribunal, and the Intellectual Property Appellate Tribunalare

established under various enactments. Appeals from the orders of these tribunals/appellate tribunals lie to the

High Court and the Supreme Court, as the case maybe. The organization of the subordinate courts and

tribunals varies slightly from state to state.

Subordinate Courts: Next in the hierarchy of the courts are the subordinate courts and tribunals. The highest

civil court in each district is that of the District Judge. Below such courts are several others, depending on the

individual set up of each district, including the Court of Small Causes for petty matters

Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code, 2016: The Bankruptcy Code is comprehensive insolvency legislation as it

consolidates the existing laws relating to insolvency of companies, limited liability entities (including limited

liability partnerships), unlimited liability partnerships, and individuals into a single legislation.

Alternative Dispute Resolution:

o Arbitration: It is the act of dispute settlement through an arbitrator, i.e. a third party, who is not

involved in the dispute. It is an alternative dispute settlement mechanism, aiming at settlement outside

the court. In 2015, Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act was enacted to improve the

arbitration in India. The Act is based on the 1985 UNCITRAL (The United Nations Commission on

International Trade Law) Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration and the UNCITRAL

Arbitration Rules 1976.

o Mediation: The Process of mediation aims to facilitate the development of a consensual solution by

the disputing parties. The Mediation process is overseen by a non-partisan third party – the Mediator.

The authority of the mediator vests on the consent of the parties that he should facilitate their

negotiations.

o Conciliation: Conciliation is a less formal form of arbitration. This process does not require an existence

of any prior agreement. Any party can request the other party to appoint a conciliator. One conciliator

is preferred but two or three are also allowed. In case of multiple conciliators, all must act jointly. If a

party rejects an offer to conciliate, there can be no conciliation.

o Negotiation: Negotiation is a dialogue intended to resolve disputes, to produce an agreement upon

courses of action, to bargain for individual or collective advantage, or to craft outcomes to satisfy

various interests. It is the primary method of alternative dispute resolution.

Analysis of the causes of delay in contracts shows that the major reasons resulting in time over-runs, and resultant

cost over-runs, are the ineffectiveness of Dispute Resolution Mechanism and the penalty clauses in contract

documents. Although several modifications have been made in existing arbitration procedures, they have brought little

comfort. Disputes amounting to a large sum (over Rs. 3, 50,000 crores) are pending with Arbitrators / Conciliators for

periods ranging between 2 and 10 years



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Need for online resolution systems

Online Dispute Resolution Mechanism is a laudable initiative to fast-track dispute resolution and it shall go a

long way in resolving disputes.

Helps in attracting more foreign investment by projecting India as an investor-friendly country and strengthen

economy.

Country like India having a sound legal framework and ease of doing business can become a natural choice for

investors

This will help courts to concentrate on access to justice to people in better manner.

The rapid development of the Internet and electronic commerce, Online Disputes Resolution has been labelled

“a logical and natural step” as it facilitates expeditious resolution of disputes.

Domestic and international trade and commerce has spurred competition provide more opportunities and

imputed risks.

The commercial arbitration in India is witnessing a steady transition and it should become more simpler.

The flagship programs like establishment of Smart Cities in India would require a techno-legal smart dispute

resolution mechanism.

Way forward:

There is, therefore, a crying need to develop an appropriate complaint handling mechanism to address disputes

that arise on these platforms.

Any such system we build should be capable of functioning online and operating at a scale that enables it to

deal with the high volume of disputes they will doubtless need to process.

Ideally, they should be capable of processing some portion of the disputes using automated decision-making

algorithms that leverage the digital nature of the platform and the underlying e-commerce transactions.

We should actively resist the urge to merely place a digital layer on top of existing dispute resolution methods.

We should look to develop solutions that take advantage of the auditability of electronic transactions by

incorporating non-repudiability directly into the design to provide greater certainty of outcome.

e-commerce workflow that will allow online dispute resolution frameworks to conclusively establish whether

or not contractual obligations have been effectively performed—along the lines of principles that have been

successfully experimented with in the context of blockchain-based smart contracts, should be incorporated.

Regardless of the outcome, the process should be clear and transparent and the verdict fair on its face.

Conclusion:

With the increase of e-commerce and e-businesses, many disputes arise between parties across borders and Online

Dispute Resolution (ODR) is, therefore, the need of the hour. In order to ensure speedy resolution of commercial

disputes and facilitate effective conduct of international and domestic disputes, it is necessary to adopt various dispute

resolution mechanisms.

The recent Supreme Court judgements have rendered fruitless the chance to restraint an increasingly

powerful Central executive .Critically analyze. (250 words) The hindu

Why this question:



https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-imperial-cabinet-and-an-acquiescent-court/article26460227.ece

SECURE SYNOPSIS


The article highlights the Supreme Court’s landmark judgements that have concentrated greater power in the hands of the executive leading to powerful Central executive. Thus it becomes important from the point of view of GS paper II. Key demand of the question: The question expects you to critically analyze the current scenario of the overpowering Centre amidst greater support being provided to it by the Judiciary through landmark judgements that are making the Centre imperial. The answer must address and justify by elucidation of recent judgements and their impact. Directive word Critically analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement. Structure of the answer Introduction: Start with highlighting the importance of separation of power, how each wing should control and bind the other by suggesting corrective actions rather than fueling the thirst of autonomy. Body: Body should discuss the following broad aspects in detail – Recent landmark judgements that highlight the rising support of the apex court to the Centre’s actions – the four landmark judgments on fundamental rights: decriminalizing same-sex relations and adultery, opening up Sabarimala to women of all ages, and (partially) upholding Aadhaar, court’s findings on the legal status of “money bills”, dispute between the central government (acting through the Lt Governor) and the government of Delhi etc. Explain the trending drift towards the increased powers of the political executive, across liberal democracies. Way forward Conclusion: Conclude with how judicial facilitation of an imperial executive is against the basic tenets of the very constitution ; doctrine separation of powers. Introduction:

The Constitution of India embraces the idea of separation of powers in an implied manner. Despite there being no

express provision recognizing the doctrine of separation of powers in its absolute form, the Constitution does make the

provisions for a reasonable separation of functions and powers between the three organs of Government. As

per Article 50, State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive. This is for the purpose of ensuring the

independence of judiciary.

Body:

In the last six months, the Supreme Court has frequently found itself in the headlines. It handed down many landmark

judgments on fundamental rights:

Decriminalising same-sex relations and adultery

Opening up Sabarimala to women of all ages, and

Upheld Aadhar act (partially)

However, some of its judgments related to Rafale and Central Bureau of Investigation were subjected to intense

scrutiny, and continue to be debated.

Constitution guarantees freedom by dividing and distributing political power between state organs in order to avoid

concentration of authority, and to ensure that these different organs act as checks and balances upon each other.

The surest dam against totalitarianism is to guarantee that no one stream of authority becomes powerful enough to

sweep away everything else in the time of a flood.

The trending drift towards the increased powers of the political executive:

Courts often exercise significant influence upon the future direction of the Republic in cases involving constitutional

structure.

Money Bills:



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Despite strong protests, the Aadhar Act was passed as a money bill. This affected a crucial element of our

constitutional structure: bicameralism.

Bicameralism, in our parliamentary democracy, requires that a bill must be scrutinised and passed by both

Houses of Parliament before it becomes law.

While the Lok Sabha represents the voice of the democratic majority, the Rajya Sabha represents the interests

of the States, as well as perspectives free of immediate, electoral interests.

The crucial purpose of the Rajya Sabha is to act as a check and a balance upon the Lok Sabha, by scrutinising

bills in a more deliberative and reflective manner, and raising concerns that may have been glossed over or

evaded in the Lower House.

Its role becomes even more important when we consider a unique Indian innovation: anti-defection, which

effectively undermines the intra-party democracy as individual MPs could no longer vote according to their

conscience, and had to follow the diktats of the cabinet.

With the Lower House no longer able to check the government, the only remaining legislative forum that can

then do so is the Rajya Sabha.

Aadhar act is passed as a money bill and money bill takes the Rajya Sabha out of the equation, it only needs Lok

Sabha approval.

And in combination with the anti-defection law, this places absolute power in the hands of the executive, and

skews the democratic process.

Hence, its use must be restricted to the most limited of circumstances as enshrined in Constitution (Article 110)

mandated that money bills be narrowly limited to those that fell exclusively within the categories set out in

Article 110.

The Aadhaar Act, which established a biometric database and set up an authority (the UIDAI) to administer it,

raises question mark to passing it as a “money bill” simply because the funds for the Authority came from the

Consolidated Fund of India.

The verdict on Aadhar case, may motivate the governments, which does not enjoy majority in the upper house

to bypass Rajya Sabha scrutiny on a range of important issues by simply inserting a provision specifying that

money for a project is to come from the Consolidated Fund.

Federalism:

The court was also considering another issue of democratic structure: the dispute between the central

government (acting through the Lt Governor) and the government of Delhi.

This dispute effectively turned upon the text of Article 239AA of the Constitution, a somewhat ambiguously

drafted provision establishing Delhi as a hybrid federal entity — somewhere between a State and a Union

Territory.

In July 2018, a five-judge bench of the Supreme Court made it clear that the court would favour a reading

that increased democratic accountability, that is, in case of doubt, power would lie with the government that

had been directly elected by the people (in this case, the Delhi government).

When it came to applying this principle to the specific disputes between the two entities, however, a two-judge

bench of the Supreme Court seemed to resile from this fundamental democratic principle.

The February 2019 judgment bears very little evidence of democratic concerns: the heart of the dispute was

about control over the civil services, which directly impacted day-to-day governance.

While the constitutional provisions themselves were ambiguous, one judge held that the Delhi government had

no control over civil servants above a certain rank, while another judge held that the Delhi government had no

control over civil servants at all.



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In 1973, the American historian Arthur M. Schlesinger coined the term “Imperial Presidency”, to characterise the

increasing concentration of power in the office of the President, at the cost of other democratic institutions (such as

the U.S. Congress and the Senate). The Supreme Court’s decisions on Articles 110 (money bills) and 239AA (status of

the federal unit of Delhi) have concentrated greater power in the hands of the executive. By expanding the scope of

what counts as money bills, the court has set the cabinet down the road of transforming itself into a Roman-style

imperator.

Conclusion:

By privileging the centralising tendencies of the Constitution over its federalising ones, the court has squandered the

chance to develop a strong jurisprudence on the federal structure, that could have been of use in future disputes

between the Central government and various federal units. The impact of these decisions will not be felt immediately,

but in the long run, unless set right, one enduring legacy of the recent court might be the judicial facilitation of an

imperial executive.

Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers &

privileges and issues arising out of these.

Should India opt for ‘One Nation, One Election’? Analyze the feasibility of simultaneous elections in India

while assessing the pros and cons. (250 words) Indianexpress

Economictimes

Why this question: The article is in the backdrop of the demand by the political parties for Simultaneous elections in Kashmir the valley. Key demand of the question: The answer should discuss and reveal the need for simultaneous elections in India and the fact that the Election Commission of India (EC) has always favored simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha and Assembly polls, But considering the situations in the country there is an array of argument as to whether elections are to be conducted simultaneously or not. Structure of the answer Introduction: Discuss the context of one nation, one election briefly. Body: Discuss – why is the need, what are the advantages of implementing simultaneous elections in terms of massive expenditure;, diversion of security and civil staff from primary duties, impact on governance due to the model code of conduct, and disruption to normal public life etc. Then bring out the challenges in implementing it along with some demerits of it. Conclusion – Conclude with its feasibility as to whether India is ready to embrace such changes.

Introduction:

Simultaneous elections refer to holding elections to Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, Panchayats and Urban

local bodies simultaneously, once in five year. The idea of holding elections simultaneously is in news after it got a push

from Prime Minister and ex-President of India. However, political parties are divided on the issue of holding

simultaneous elections

The political parties of Kashmir recently impressed upon the Election Commission of India (ECI) to hold the assembly

polls in Jammu and Kashmir simultaneously with the upcoming Lok Sabha elections



https://indianexpress.com/elections/hold-assembly-lok-sabha-polls-together-parties-in-valley-to-election-commission-5611048/

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/kashmir-parties-for-simultaneous-assembly-lok-sabha-polls/articleshow/68256351.cms

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Body:

The Law Commission of India has also proposed holding simultaneous state and general elections and has sought public

opinion on its recommendations regarding the same. Simultaneous elections were held in India during the first two

decades of independence.

Merits of Simultaneous elections:

Governance and consistency:

o The ruling parties will be able to focus on legislation and governance rather than having to be in

campaign mode forever.

o Parties and workers spending too much time and money in electioneering, can make use of the time

for social work and to take people-oriented programmes to the grassroots.

o To overcome the “policy paralysis and governance deficit” associated with imposition of the Model

Code of Conduct at election time which leads to putting on hold all developmental activities on that

area and also affects the bureaucracy’s functioning.

Reduced Expenditure of Money and Administration:

o The entire State and District level administrative and security machinery will be busy with the conduct

of elections twice in a period of five years as per the current practice.

o Expenditure can be reduced by conducting simultaneous elections.

o It is felt that crucial manpower is often deployed on election duties for a prolonged period of time. If

simultaneous elections are held, then this manpower would be made available for other important

tasks.

o For instance for the 2014 Lok Sabha polls, which was held along with 4 state assemblies saw the

deployment of 1077 in situ companies and 1349 mobile companies of Central Armed Police

Force (CAPF).

Continuity in policies and programmes:

o Will limit the disruption to normal public life associated with elections, such as increased traffic and

noise pollution.

o Large numbers of teachers are involved in the electoral process which causes maximum harm to the

education sector.

Efficiency of Governance:

o Simultaneous elections can bring the much-needed operational efficiency in this exercise.

o Populist measures by governments will reduce.

Curbs Vices:

o During frequent elections there is increase in “vices” such as communalism, casteism, corruption and

crony capitalism.

o Simultaneous elections can also be a means to curb corruption and build a more conducive socio-

economic ecosystem.

o The impact of black money on the voters will be reduced as all elections are held at a time.

Challenges to simultaneous elections:

Illiteracy:



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o Not all voters are highly educated to know who to vote for. They may get confused and may not know

whether they are voting for candidates contesting assembly or parliament elections.

o IDFC study says that there is 77% chance that the Indian voter will vote for the same party for both the

state and centre, when elections are held simultaneously.

o Evidence from Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Germany, the US and Europe supports the idea that elections

that are held simultaneously produce greater alignment between national and regional election

outcomes.

Functional issues:

o Frequent elections bring the politicians back to the voters, create jobs and prevent the mixing of local

and national issues in the minds of the voters.

o There is a dearth of enough security and administrative officials to conduct simultaneous free and fair

elections throughout the country in one go.

Changes in Constitution and Legislations:

o The following constitutional changes need to be made:-

o Amendments needed in the following articles:-

Article 83 which deals with the duration of Houses of Parliament need an amendment

Article 85 (on dissolution of Lok Sabha by the president)

Article 172 (relating to the duration of state legislatures)

Article 174 (relating to dissolution of state assemblies)

Article 356 (on President’s Rule).

o The Representation of People Act, 1951 Act would have to be amended to build in provisions for

stability of tenure for both parliament and assemblies. This should include the following crucial

elements:

o Restructuring the powers and functions of the ECI to facilitate procedures required for simultaneous

elections

o A definition of simultaneous election can be added to section 2 of the 1951 act

o Articles 83 and 172 along with articles with articles 14 and 15 of the 1951 act be appropriately

amended to incorporate the provision regarding remainder of the term i.e., post mid elections ,the

new loksabha/assembly so constituted shall be only for the remainder of the term of the previous

loksabha or assembly and not for a fresh term of five years.

Constructive vote of no confidence:

o The 170th law commission report suggested a new rule i.e., rule 198-A has to be added to rules of

procedure and conduct of business in Lok Sabha and similar amendment to such rules in the state

legislatures.

o The report suggested introduction of motion of no confidence in the incumbent government along with

a motion of confidence in the alternative government.

o To avoid premature dissolution of the house/state assemble in case of Hung parliament /assembly and

to advance simultaneous elections the rigour of anti defection law laid under in tenth schedule be

removed as an exception.

Local and national issues will get mixed up distorting priorities.

The terms of different state governments are ending on separate dates and years.



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Spirit of Constitution:

o “One nation, one election” would make sense if India were a unitary state. So “one nation, one

election” is anti-democratic.

o Simultaneous elections threaten the federal character of our democracy.

o Frequent elections act as checks and balances on the functioning of elected representatives.

Way forward:

Any changes must require both a constitutional amendment and judicial approval that they do not violate the

“basic structure” of the Constitution.

A focused group of constitutional experts, think tanks, government officials and representatives of political

parties should be formed to work out appropriate implementation related details.

Other alternatives should be explored to reduce election related expenses like

o State funding of elections

o Decriminalisation of politics

o Bringing in transparency in political funding

o Setting up National Electoral Fund to which all donors can contribute.

One year one election as suggested by Election Commission can be executed by amending Section 15 of the RP

Act 1951. If the six-month stipulation is extended to nine or 10 months, elections to all states, whose term is

expiring in one year, can be held together.

The Law Commission of India in its report of 1999 has dealt with the problem of premature and frequent

elections. It had recommended an amendment of this rule on the lines of the German Constitution, which

provides that the leader of the party who wants to replace the chancellor has to move the no-confidence

motion along with the confidence motion. If the motions succeed, the president appoints him as the

chancellor.

o If such an amendment to Rule 198 is made, the Lok Sabha would avoid premature dissolution without

diluting the cardinal principle of democracy that is a government with the consent of the peoples’

representatives with periodical elections.

o It will also be consistent with the notion of collective responsibility of the government to the House as

mentioned in Article 75 (3) of the Constitution.

Conclusion:

Election Commission’s idea of “one year one election” will better suited as it will require fewer amendments to the

constitution, it will respect the essence of the exercise of popular will, unlike one nation one electionwhich prioritizes

economic costs of elections over the exercise itself, it will avoid clubbing of national and state issues, it will not disturb

federalism much, not much issues generated by emergencies like need to hold by-election etc will be addressed by this

option.

With India going to witness biggest election in world history with total electorate being more than the

population of every continent, Discuss the issues and challenges faced by Election commission in

conducting elections of such magnitude with special emphasis on role of social media.(250 words) Livemint

Why this question:



https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/a-900-million-strong-electorate-makes-elections-2019-the-biggest-ever-1552227376115.html

SECURE SYNOPSIS


The question is in the context of Elections as an essential democratic exercise; with India about to witness the world’s largest elections, It is thus essential to know about the major issues surrounding such a large democratic exercise in the world. Key demand of the question: The answer must provide for a detailed analysis of the upcoming elections of 2019 in terms of the quantum, size, associated challenges that need to be addressed and a special focus needs to be made upon the social media and its role in elections. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You have to give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Explain briefly the importance of elections in India, provide for specific facts indicating the magnitude of elections this time . Body: Discuss : various issues plaguing the electoral process in India. Role of election commission Impact of social media – a medium for political campaign and also as a medium of voter’s education; discuss the conundrum. Reforms required. Conclusion: Conclude with importance of elections in Democracy, and emphasize specially on role of Election commission in conducting free and fair elections on such a scale. Introduction:

The 17th Lok Sabha elections of India would be the biggest election in world history, with over 900 million registered

voters, out of which 15 million are aged 18-19. The total electorate is more than the population of every continent.

Body:

Magnitude of the elections:

There will be nearly one million polling stations, up 10.1% from the 2014 elections; 2.33 million ballot units,

1.63 million control units and 1.74 million VVPATs (voter verifiable paper audit trails).

Approximately 11 million polling staff (including security forces) will be randomized for neutrality.

Over 120 trains with more than 3,000 coaches, and 200,000 buses and cars, besides a large variety of

transport—from boats, elephants and camels to planes and helicopters—will transport the staff and materials

with clockwork precision.

Thousands of polling parties would walk 2-3 days to reach polling stations not otherwise accessible.

Various issues and challenges faced by Election commission in conducting elections of such magnitude:

The school examinations make the month of March out of reckoning. Lakhs of schools and their teachers are

involved in the polls.

Weather conditions, agricultural cycle, festivals, (religious or social), law and order are also to be taken into

consideration.

Availability of paramilitary forces, demanded by every party, determines the number of phases since they have

to be rotated because of limited numbers.

The timing is extremely significant as the model code of conduct kicks in the moment the schedule is

announced.

The government is prohibited from announcing new schemes, new postings and transfers, and using

government resources for campaigning.



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There has been ample speculation about election dates, with some even casting aspersions on the Election

Commission of India’s (EC’s) neutrality in determining the dates.

The issue of EVM hacking has led to credibility issues.

The digital challenge to ECI and conduction of elections:

While social media has opened new doors for political parties to connect and converse with a new section of

audience in the country, at the same time it has posed a new challenge for the Election Commission of India

(ECI).

Although the MCC has applied to internet platforms since 2013, no attempt has been made to enforce it thus

far.

As per IAMAI’s latest social media report – political parties have earmarked around 2%-5% of their election

budgets for social media.

The role of social media in influencing the people’s decision was seen in the Presidential elections of the USA in

2017.

The anonymity, universality, opacity and ease of accessibility has made internet and social media a easy way to

propogandize ideas, ideologies.

Issues like appointment of dedicated grievance channel for expeditious action by the organizations, pre-

certification and transparency in the expenditure of political advertisements still persist.

The kind of monitoring tool will it be using to monitor activities on social media platforms is still a conundrum

as it should not affect the right to privacy which is a fundamental right.

Way forward for challenges posed by social media:

To curb abuse of social media platforms in the upcoming general election, the Election Commission of India

(ECI) has asked them to frame a general code of ethics.

The code would be similar to Model Code of Conduct laid down operational details by today evening, as per ECI

statement.

Social media firms and industry body IAMAI agreed to draft the code of ethics in the immediate context.

Measures designed to increase transparency in campaigning, such as verification of the identities and locations

of all political advertisers, and disclosure of candidates’ social media accounts and expenditure.

The norms aimed at curbing misinformation and hate speech by candidates: pre-certification of political ads by

the ECI’s Media Certification and Monitoring Committee and the creation of dedicated grievance redressal

channels through which the ECI can flag and takedown problematic content quickly.

The ECI has added social media experts to its district and state-level election Media Certification and

Monitoring Committees and has launched an app called cVigil through which MCC violations, both online and

offline, can be reported.

A clear clause on users’ voluntarily agreeing not to misuse social media platforms for election should be

considered.

The ECI should bring social media into the ambit of paid news by cracking the whip on paid content circulated

on social networking sites apart from restraining paid news items in print and electronic media.

Tracking the cash flow being invested on social media by political parties to keeping a check on proxy profiles

the ECI should execute it all.

ECI must keep a track of fake profiles, objectionable content and monitoring.

Conclusion:



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The ECI acknowledges social media as a big challenge and has started taking measures to ensure free and fair elections.

A collaborative approach with all stakeholders will ensure that the social media challenge can be minimalized.

Do you think India will soon have to deal with the issue of delimitation of constituencies and increase

the number of Member of Parliament seats to retain the representativeness of parliament essential to

democracy? Discuss. (250 words) Livemint

Why this question: The article is in the background of upcoming Lok Sabha elections, it provides for a detailed analysis of the need for the delimitation in Indian Parliamentary system to ensure true democracy. Key demand of the question: The answer must discuss the significance of Delimitation, its purpose, why was it paused, what is the current position, should India opt for another delimitation? Way forward. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You have to give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin with what do you understand by Delimitation and its purpose . Body: Discuss the following: What is delimitation of constituency? Importance of Richer regions contributing to the well-being of poorer regions, and the concept of redistribution modern democracies. Indian scenario – what is the issue with delimitation? Population conflict. What needs to be done? Conclusion: Conclude with the importance of the use of Delimitation in a democracy.

Introduction:

Delimitation literally means the act or process of fixing limits or boundaries of territorial constituencies in a country or

a province having a legislative body. Under Article 82 of the Constitution, the Parliament by law enacts a Delimitation

Act after every census. After coming into force commencement of the Act, the Central Government constitutes a

Delimitation Commission. This Delimitation Commission demarcates the boundaries of the Parliamentary

Constituencies as per provisions of the Delimitation Act.

Body:

Current Scenario:

The present delimitation of constituencies has been done on the basis of 2001 census figures under the

provisions of Delimitation Act, 2002.

Notwithstanding the above, the Constitution of India was specifically amended in 2002 not to have

delimitation of constituencies till the first census after 2026.

Thus, the present Constituencies carved out on the basis of 2001 census shall continue to be in operation till

the first census after 2026.

Population is the basis of allocation of seats of the Lok Sabha. As far as possible, every State gets

representation in the Lok Sabha in proportion to its population as per census figures.

India will soon have to deal with the issue of delimitation of constituencies:



https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/opinion-the-urgent-need-for-electoral-reforms-in-india-1552327399109.html

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Until the early 1970s, it was the general practice to redraw constituencies based on the most recent population

available, but the total number of members was constant.

The idea of redrawing was to have each member of Parliament (MP) represent roughly an equal number of voters,

hence the redrawing of constituencies.

We may desire “equality” of constituencies, but economic development and demographic patterns do not develop

uniformly across the country. Some states have achieved zero population growth while others still have very high

fertility rates.

Increase in Population:

o In 1971, India’s population was 548 million, and by 2031, the first census after 2026, it may well be

close to 1.4 billion. The great apprehension is that redrawing boundaries and distributing the existing

550 MPs might mean that the south will lose a lot of seats to the north.

o Even if more members are added to the Lok Sabha, that incremental gain will mostly go to the northern

states.

Anomaly in Size of constituency:

o One of the distortions and anomalies created by the 1971 freeze, which applies to national elections, is

that we have constituencies as small as 50,000 and as large as three million residents.

o Thus, there is a skew in the number of voters each MP represents in Parliament.

Age of the representatives:

o The average age of the 13th Lok Sabha was 55.5 years, which went down to 52.7 in the 14th, but then

went up again to 53 in the 15th, and 56 in the outgoing one.

o It was only 46.5 years in 1952. India’s median age, however, is just 26. Two-thirds of the population is

below 35.

o Yet our MPs are getting older. In contrast, the so-called ageing countries like the UK, Italy, France and

Canada are electing much younger leaders.

Non-Inclusive:

o Women account for only 12% of the Lok Sabha. At least three states have zero female MPs. Less than

10% of candidates are women.

o The Women’s Reservation Bill, meanwhile, has been pending in Parliament for over four decades.

Wealth:

o 82% of all Lok Sabha members have declared wealth of more than ₹1 crore.

o Their numbers have gone up from 156 to 315 to 449 in the last three Lok Sabhas.

o Their average wealth (declared via self-sworn affidavits) is around ₹14 crore. (In the Rajya Sabha, the

average is ₹55 crore).

o The average income is around ₹31 lakh, which is 20 times India’s present per capita income.

Criminality:

o The proportion of MPs with criminal cases has been going up steadily, from 12% to 15% to 21%, since

2004.

o These are cases for which if they were convicted, they would not have been allowed to contest.



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o Many cases are for heinous crimes like rape, murder, kidnapping and extortion. But the law does not

bar them from contesting elections, even from prison.

Dynasty politics:

o It is well known (and documented by Patrick French) that an increasing number of elected

representatives have a close relative (parent, spouse, sibling or cousin) who was an incumbent or a

senior politician.

Conclusion:

While 2026 is still a few years away, if we do not start a debate now on how to deal with the problems that are likely to

arise, we will be forced to postpone the lifting of the freeze to a future date as was done in 2001. This will only

postpone the problem for which we must find a solution sooner or later. Even the various proposals for electoral

reforms which have been recommended by various Commissions over the past decade do not address these issues.

These are challenges which our political leaders have to address in the immediate future.

Examine the philosophy behind Model code of conduct in India. How has it evolved over the years?

Analyse.(250 words) Indianexpress

Why this question: The article is in the background of upcoming Lok Sabha elections, it provides for a detailed analysis of the importance of Model code conduct in India and it traces the evolution of MCC with time and changing dynamics of the Indian polity. Key demand of the question: The answer must discuss the significance of Model code of conduct in professing free and fair elections, emphasis upon the philosophy guiding it and trace its evolution over the period since its inception. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we have to look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin with a brief on Model code of conduct – what is it ? why is it essential. Body: Discuss the following: What is Model code of conduct – underlying philosophy; consensus document, parties and candidates should show respect for their opponents, criticize their policies and programmes constructively, and not resort to mudslinging and personal attacks. Importance of Model code of conduct. Trace its evolution – Kerala being first state to adopt, revisions of MCC etc What are the challenges faced by MCC and how to overcome them? – social media, corruption etc. Conclusion: Conclude with the importance of the use of Model code of conduct in conducting free and fair elections. Introduction:

Model code of conduct is the guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India for conduct of political parties and

candidates during elections mainly with respect to speeches, polling day, polling booths, election manifestos,

processions and general conduct. It aims to ensure free and fair elections.

Body:

The philosophy behind MCC in India:

The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a consensus document.



https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/model-code-of-conduct-election-commission-5623510/

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In other words, political parties have themselves agreed to keep their conduct during elections in check, and

to work within the Code.

The philosophy behind the MCC is that parties and candidates should show respect for their opponents,

criticise their policies and programmes constructively, and not resort to mudslinging and personal attacks.

The MCC is intended to help the poll campaign maintain high standards of public morality and provide a level

playing field for all parties and candidates.

Adherence to the Code is most important for the government or party in power, because it is they who can

skew the level playing field by taking decisions that can help them in the elections.

At the time of the Lok Sabha elections, both the Union and state governments are covered under the MCC.

Evolution of the MCC:

Kerala was the first state to adopt a code of conduct for elections. In 1960, ahead of the Assembly elections,

the state administration prepared a draft code that covered important aspects of electioneering such as

processions, political rallies, and speeches.

The experiment was successful, and the Election Commission decided to emulate Kerala’s example and

circulate the draft among all recognised parties and state governments for the Lok Sabha elections of 1962.

In 1968, ECI held meetings with political parties at State level and circulated the Code of Conduct to observe

minimum standard of behavior to ensure free and fair elections.

In 1971-72, during General Election to the House of the People/State Legislative Assemblies ECI circulated the

Code again.

At the time of general elections to some State Assemblies in 1974, ECI issued the code of conduct to the

political parties in those States.

ECI also suggested constituting committees at district level headed by the District Collector and comprising

representatives of political parties as members for considering cases of violation of the code and ensuring its

compliance by all parties and candidates.

For the 1977 Lok Sabha general election, the Code was again circulated to the political parties.

In 1979, ECI in consultation with the political parties further amplified the code, adding a new Section placing

restrictions on the “Party in power” so as to prevent cases of abuse of position of power to get undue

advantage over other parties and candidates.

In 1991, the code was consolidated and re-issued in its present form.

The MCC has been revised on several occasions since then. The last time this happened was in 2014, when the

Commission introduced Part VIII on manifestos, pursuant to the directions of the Supreme Court.

Challenges faced by MCC:

EC does not have a mechanism to monitor Social Media and coordinate with Internet companies to take down

impermissible content.

Expenditure on advertisement done on Social Media is not yet under ambit of MCC.

The code does not have any specific statutory basis. It has only a persuasive effect.

The complaint that the MCC is coming in the way of developmental activities leading to socio-economic

injustice.

Way Forward:

MCC should be provided with statutory backing. It should be made a part of the Representation of the People

Act, 1951 to make the MCC more powerful.



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Establishment of special fast track courts to solve the MCC violation cases at a faster rate.

The law commission recommendations should be implemented to save the unnecessary spending of public

money during elections.

Public awareness about MCC needs to be developed. The use of app like cVIGIL should be encouraged to

reduce violations during polls.

Stakeholders including Internet companies should come up with a code for Social Media and Internet.

Conclusion:

MCC has an indisputable legitimacy and parties across the political spectrum have generally adhered to its letter and

spirit. The immaculate independence of the EC and its uncompromising attitude towards enforcing the code,

combined with the perception among parties that following the code far outweighs the costs accrued if violated by

other parties, especially the ruling one, have led to the success of the MCC since its inception.

The MCC Is not legally binding and there is no great punishment or penalty for violating it. unless the

violation can be prosecuted under sections of the Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure

At the least. In such a context how is the party in power expected to conduct itself when MCC is in

operation? Discuss. (250 words) Indianexpress

Why this question: On 27th March, India successfully tested A-SAT. This news was addressed by Prime Minister Narendra himself, the

opposition is now accusing PM Modi of violating the model code of conduct. Under such circumstances the election

commission had directed a committee to examine the matter. Thus it becomes necessary for us to evaluate the conduct of

party in power when MCC is in action.

Key demand of the question: The question expects us to discuss and analyse the role of party in power in the context of Model code of conduct in

action, One has to evaluate what are the privileges and limitations that the party in power can exercise.




Introduction: Begin with brief introductory lines on importance of Model code of conduct in conducting free and fair elections in a

Democracy.

Body: Narrate the context of the question, provide for a backgrounder.

Take cues from the article and quote the conclusion made by the committee appointed by the election commission of

India.

Then move on to discuss what are the do‟s and don‟ts prescribed by the MCC.

What should be the general conduct of parties and politicians during the period of MCC. – Limit criticism of political

parties to their policies and programmes. They should not use caste and communal feelings to secure votes, Processions

Organizers must coordinate with those of other candidates and parties to ensure there is no clash between them etc.

One can also choose to criticize that there was no grave national emergency involved, requiring the PM to urgently

address the nation. The event was meant to claim an achievement to impress voters.

Conclusion: Conclude with importance of MCC and how it should evolve better to ensure much fairer and free elections.

Introduction:

Model code of conduct is the guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India for conduct of political parties and

candidates during elections mainly with respect to speeches, polling day, polling booths, election manifestos,

processions and general conduct. It aims to ensure free and fair elections.

Body:



https://indianexpress.com/elections/narendra-modi-mission-shakti-address-model-code-of-conduct-election-commission-opposition-5649304/

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The Election Commission (EC) gave a clean chit to Prime Minister for his address to the nation announcing the success

of ‘Mission Shakti’. Stating that the Prime Minister’s address has not violated the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), the

poll watchdog said that public broadcasters — Doordarshan and All India Radio — were not used to air the speech. The

Opposition claimed that the Prime Minister’s address was a violation of the poll code and had complained to ECI.

A committee of four officers was directed to examine the matter thoroughly in “light of the Model Code of Conduct” to

ensure official machinery and the government office were not misused to the advantage of the ruling party.

Former Chief Election Commissioner Dr SY Quraishi also criticised Prime Minister’s speech on India’s Anti Satellite Test

capability (ASAT), saying it was not in conformity with ethics and spirit of the model code of conduct for the

upcoming Lok Sabha elections. It is primarily aimed at giving a level playing field to all the contesting candidates.

Do’s and Don’ts for the Government:

The government cannot transfer bureaucrats and officials. Officials transferred in this period cannot take

charge of their new position

The government cannot announce any new scheme that is to be available publicly

However, the government can continue the implementation of schemes that have been approved and whose

disbursement has started before the election

However, governments can use funds at will to announce schemes and relief measures in times of natural or

man-made disasters.

The government cannot hold auctions for licenses and issue tenders during the MCC

Do’s and Don’ts for Ministers:

The MCC makes certain provision to separate the governmental machinery that ministers use in their

ministerial capacity, who will in all likelihood hit the campaign train for their political parties at the time of

elections.

Ministers cannot combine electioneering visits with their political visits. The only exception to this rule is the

Prime Minister.

Ministers cannot use official vehicles for political activity. It can only be used to commute to those venues that

the minister is doing as a representative of the government. None of any ministers’ cars can have sirens.

Ministers cannot announce any sop or financial grants under discretionary funds when the MCC is in force.

No fresh grants of fund to be made under the MP/MLA/MLC Local Area Fund.

Ministers cannot authorize advertisements depicting the achievements of governments in papers or in

electronic media at the expense of public funds. Such information must be at the expense of the minister or

the party.

Ministers cannot lay foundations, or make any ad-hoc appointments. Such undertakings need to be executed

by civil servants if and when the need arises, without involving any political functionary.

Ministers and political functionaries from outside a constituency who came in with the propose to campaign

cannot stay there starting 48 hours ending with the hour of the conclusion of the polls.

Do’s and Don’ts for political parties:

Political parties need to inform the police of all campaign and propaganda it wishes to undertake to the local

authorities/police

Organizers of rallies cannot take action against miscreants inhibiting party rallies/campaigns/roadshows. Such

actions is to be taken only by the police



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Parties cannot campaign in areas where other parties are organising political events

No potential contestant can go to file his/her nomination with pomp/celebration

Loudspeakers cannot be used between 10 PM to 6AM. Even outside this period, police permission is needed

for the use of loudspeakers

Political parties must cease all display of all election matter 48 hours ending with the hour of the conclusion of

the polls

Conclusion:

MCC has an indisputable legitimacy and parties across the political spectrum have generally adhered to its letter and

spirit. The immaculate independence of the EC and its uncompromising attitude towards enforcing the code,

combined with the perception among parties that following the code far outweighs the costs accrued if violated by

other parties, especially the ruling one, have led to the success of the MCC since its inception.

Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary Ministries and

Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their

role in the Polity.

Is the Right of Press to provide the information or opinion encroaching upon the privacy of an

individual? should it not be restricted only to foster public interest and not to infringe upon privacy of

individual. Discuss. (250 words) Don’t cross ‘Line of control’, High Court cautions media 15-03-2019, Bengaluru edition page 02 Indianexpress

Why this question: The question is in the context of tension between the freedom of expression and the right to privacy as examined with

particular attention to media in India. Freedom of Press is integral part of the freedom of expression. Infant print media

has grown up as a youth with tremendous dimensions viz, electronic media.

Key demand of the question: The answer must crucially highlight that freedom of speech and expression assured to media has to be exercised subject

to the degree to which private information is exposed and therefore it depends on how the public will receive this

information, which differs between places and over time.

Directive word Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the details of the issues



Introduction: Briefly bring out the role of Media/Press and its significance.

Body: The purpose of the answer must be to understand whether media is functioning within its arena of Constitution; freedom

of speech and expression properly, examine whether the internal norms to regulate media are virtually followed, should

there be outer checks on media freedom or it is against the democratic principle of freedom of speech and expression.

Further, analyze the limitation on people‟s right to know and how far appropriate.

In the environment of scattered statutory provisions for privacy protection, limitations of law declared by the judiciary

on privacy and the modern days threat to privacy, one must highlight the need for comprehensive and effective law for

the protection of privacy in India.

Conclusion – Conclude with what needs to be done, how can a balance be struck between the two.



https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/pulwama-attacks-indian-media-hashtags-5627055/

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Introduction:

The Supreme Court of India (SCI) in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd) vs Union of India is a resounding victory for privacy.

The judgment’s ringing endorsement of the right to privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21 marks a watershed

moment in the constitutional history of India.

Freedom of speech and expression is one of the important pillars of democracy. Free expression is indispensable to the

unadulterated exchange of thoughts and ideas needed to regulate the democratic machinery in India. Freedom of press

can be said to be a subset of freedom of speech and expression under Article 19 (1) (a).

Body:

Right of press is encroaching the privacy of individuals:

In the case of Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras , it was observed that, “freedom of speech and the press lay

at the foundation of all democratic organizations, for, without free political discussion no public education, so

essential for the proper functioning of the processes of the popular government is possible.”

It is the only kind of freedom, which makes it possible for the people to formulate their own opinion on a

proper basis in order to exercise their social, economic and political rights in their free society in an informed

manner. Democracy cannot prosper unless people go out and express their views.

Freedom of speech and expression also means freedom to propagate ideas by way of circulation of press.

Liberty of circulation is as important as publication by the print media or press. Without circulation, the

publication would be worthless.

Today, it is being witnessed that the over-inquisitive media, which is a product of over-commercialization, is

severely encroaching the individual’s “Right to Privacy” by crossing the boundaries of its freedom.

Yet another observation of the court which touched this aspect of violation of right to privacy of the individuals

is found in the judgment of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Labour Liberation Front v. State of Andhra

Pradesh. The Court observed: “Once an incident involving a prominent person or institution takes place, the

media is swinging into action virtually leaving very little for the prosecution or the Courts to examine in the

matter.

Recently, it has assumed dangerous proportions to the extent of entering into the very privacy of individuals.

Gross misuse of technological advancements and unhealthy competition in the field of journalism resulted in

obliteration of norms or commitments to the noble profession. The freedom of speech and expression which is

the bedrock of journalism is subjected to gross misuse.

The SC in Rajgopal v. State of TamilNadu observed that Citizen has the right to safeguard the privacy of his

own, his family, marriage, procreation, motherhood, childbearing and education among others. No one can

publish anything concerning the above matters without his consent – whether truthful or otherwise and

whether laudatory or critical. If he does so he would be violating the right of privacy of the person concerned

and would be liable to action of damages.

Way forward:

There is a need to maintain balance between the freedom of speech and expression of Press and right to

privacy of the individuals. It is necessary to keep a check on the extent of its role and when it starts to forget

the thin line between public and private interest.

Since balancing of the right to privacy against freedom of press is a complex process and demands sensitivity

to both interests, it requires a clear precision.

If citizens and organizations are left absolutely free and unchecked, it will lead to conflict of rights and

ultimately end in disorder and anarchy. Therefore, while exercising such rights of speech and expression, one

should keep in mind the fundamental right to dignity and privacy of the individual concerned as guaranteed

under Article 21 of the constitution.



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In recent times there have been spates of incidence which required the courts to step in and restrain

newspapers and other media from entering into individual privacy. Whenever, such matters of invasion of

privacy reach the court, journalists put forward common defence that the disclosure was privileged because it

was news-worthy and try to cover it with public interest blanket of defence. There is no doubt that

newspapers do a commendable job in bringing certain long buried issues to the forefront.

However it needs to be realised that even while reporting those news, some amount of restraint must be

exercised.

Like every other right, these two rights also have restrictions. The situation needs to be balanced in these kinds

of cases.

Conclusion:

The government should come out with specific law, clearly laying down the guidelines for press while dealing with such

threshold issues as soon as possible. All this mandates for a specific law on privacy, but still this law is nowhere near to

reality.

Historically, startups, whether in business or in politics, have a very high mortality rate. In this context

discuss the factors that make a political startup survive and thrive with suitable examples.(250 words) Hindustantimes Why this question: The article discusses in detail the coming of new political startups; political parties and their survival.

Key demand of the question: The answer must explain in detail the coming of any new political party , the process of genesis, and the chances of

mortality of the same. The answer must critically analyse the challenges that are faced by the new political start ups.




Introduction: Begin with brief introductory lines on political start ups.

Body: Discuss some facts associated that justify the quick genesis and quick mortality of the political parties .

There are more the 1800 political parties that registered with the Election Commission of India. However, the numbers

belie the challenges involved in building and sustaining a party in the country.

Discuss what are the challenges – leading to early demise of the political parties.

Conclusion: Conclude with importance of robust methods to channelize the starting of the parties.

Introduction:

Political startups refer to the new political parties floated by candidates due to break-up from the older party or

based on new ideology at national or state level. At last count, there were more the 1800 political parties registered

with the Election Commission of India. However, the numbers belie the challenges involved in building and sustaining a

party in the country.

Body:

The factors that make a political startup survive and thrive are:

Organized structure: Just being helmed by a charismatic and popular figure does not guarantee the well being

of a party. Acquiring electoral clout requires an organisational structure as well as a dedicated band of activists.



https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/it-s-not-easy-for-a-political-startup-to-thrive-in-india/story-0hPwLjYjbEOJikhUtULIPI.html

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E.g. the case of Makkal Needhi Maiyam (MNM), a party formed a year ago by the film star, Kamal Haasan, in

Tamil Nadu.

Ground level booth management: A key reason attributed to the remarkable performance of the BJP in 2014

was its ground level booth management and deployment of ideologically committed foot soldiers.

AAP’s success in Delhi Assembly elections in 2017 is also a good illustration. Grassroots support is crucial to

political parties’ ability to win elections and in countering the influence of money in politics.

Well-known candidates: Parties devoid of a robust organisational structure and well known candidates, will be

forced to fall back on one person’s appeal and charisma. E.g. MNM.

Intra-party democracy: The extent to which the party can survive is thus conditional on its success in making

the representative regime not only operative but legitimate. Internal divisions over hot-button issues can be

disastrous. E.g. AAP and Swaraj India. Political parties should make gender equality a priority and should

address the corrupting influence of money in politics.

Diversity of issues: Campaigning on a single issue — especially one rooted in demagoguery — can put you on

the map. It can rarely help the party survive as it has a diversity of audience to cater to. Parties’ adaptability to

new challenges and restrictions is also imperative.

Fresh and Innovative solutions: Citizens are engaging with governments in new ways, so traditional party

systems may become relics of the past; The increase in radical parties on the left and right means it is

important for those in the center to better clarify and articulate their positions;

Conclusion:

Only a clear ideology, a committed cadre, and visionary leadership will allow a political party to thrive.

Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.

Election Commission of India has been known for its rich legacy of being independent and inclusive,

however studies suggest that the electorate count has decreased over time In comparison with census

count. Comment and also suggest what steps should be taken with respect to these missing voters from

the electoral rolls of the world’s largest democracy. (250 words) Livemint

Why this question: The article highlights studies suggesting More than 50 million voters—most of them young—missing from India’s electoral rolls, and provides for a detailed analysis of electoral and census data . Key demand of the question: The question expects you to provide for a detailed picture of the scenario, you must detail upon the inclusiveness of ECI, the provisions therefore for the marginalized and the ‘invisible’ sections of the society and the women in the society. you must discuss the problems associated and suggest what measures should be taken to make it more inclusive. Directive word Comment- here we have to express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall opinion thereupon. Structure of the answer Introduction: Start with Importance of ECI ; inclusiveness as an essential component in the electoral process of the country. Body: Body should discuss the following broad aspects in detail – Why inclusiveness is in question? What is the issue of missing records? Issue of – greater scrutiny in the voter registration process and inadequate registration in the youngest age group. What are the implications for the electoral process? Way forward



https://www.livemint.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/the-election-commission-s-inclusion-challenge-in-elections-2019-1551817878706.html

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Conclusion: Conclude with how ECI has a rich legacy of being independent and inclusive. It must live up to that legacy and remove all doubts about missing voters from the electoral rolls of the world’s largest democracy.

Introduction:

Independent India’s first electoral rolls were painstakingly prepared as India moved from limited franchise under the

British Raj to universal franchise after Independence. However, more than 50 million voters—most of them young—

may be missing from India’s electoral rolls for Elections 2019, an analysis of electoral and census data suggests.

Body:

The officials responsible for drafting the first electoral rolls of world’s largest democracy took special care to ensure

that the marginalized and the ‘invisible’ sections of the society, such as pavement dwellers and refugees without robust

documentation, found a place in the electoral rolls.

In the process, the making of the electoral rolls ended up influencing the framing of the Constitution itself leading to an

independent election commission that is not subject to the whims and prejudices of local officials.

The electorate count has decreased over time in comparison with census count because:

The inclusive legacy that India’s election officials have for many years erred on the side of caution in removing

names from the electoral register.

The complaints throughout most of independent India’s history have been of including duplicate names, and

even names of dead persons.

However, today the complaint is one of widespread omissions. Example: Millions of voters—by some

estimates, nearly 2% of the eligible electorate—have been missing from Telangana’s electoral rolls in the latest

elections and the deletions have not followed due process, according to election officials.

New migrants from other constituencies and non-deletion of those who have migrated out due to poor

updation of electoral rolls.

Data from the 2018 electoral rolls suggests that there could be 52 million missing voters on the electoral rolls.

Calculations based on the 2011 census data combined with age-wise mortality rates to estimate the current

voting-age population revealed that for 2018, there should be 931 million eligible voters but there were only

878 million names on electoral rolls, an under-count of 6%.

The missing names in the electoral register are largely those of women.

The latest data from the 2019 electoral rolls reveals that the elector count according to the electoral roll falls

short of the census estimates in 12 of the 14 states for which data is available.

Greater scrutiny in the voter registration process and inadequate registration in the youngest age group have

led to the decreased counts on the electoral rolls over the past two decades.

The lower elector roll count could also be a result of declining interest in voting among youth.

According to a 2017 study by the not-for-profit Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy, Booth

Level Officers in major cities are under-paid, ill-trained, and over-burdened.

Their lack of training can, therefore, be a serious hindrance to updation of electorate list.

The government’s National Electoral Rolls Purification and Authentication Programme (NERPAP), which links

electoral rolls to the Aadhaar database, has generated further controversy.



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Delhi-based Centre for Research and Debates in Development Policy argued that Muslims tended to be under-

represented more than others in several states in the electoral rolls based on their analysis of disaggregated

electoral data.

Measures taken:

The Systematic Voter’s Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP) programme of Election Commission of

India is a landmark programme to inform, educate, motivate and facilitate voters and in turn make Indian

democracy more participative and meaningful.

Awareness Creation- to encourage more young voters to take part in the electoral process. The Government of

India has decided to celebrate January 25th of every year as ‘National Voters Day ‘ . It started from January 25,

2011 to mark Commission’s foundation day.

The ECI collaborated with educational institutions, youth organizations such as NYKS, NSS, NCC etc. to tap new

voters and promote greater awareness.

ECI also collaborated with Government media, private media, Civil Society and credible NGOs for increasing

people’s awareness regarding electoral participation.

Electoral literacy was made a major component of the Sakshar Bharat Programme of the Government of India.

Way forward:

Creation of a fully computerized database of electors, comprehensive photo electoral roll; de-duplication

technologies to eliminate bogus and duplicate entries.

The Law Commission endorses the ECI’s suggestions regarding the introduction of common electoral rolls for

Assembly, Parliamentary, and local body elections. However, require an amendment in the State laws

pertaining to the conduct of local body elections.

Proper training, adequate payment and to lower the burden of the booth level officers.

ECI is developing a full-fledged ‘Strategic Framework on Accessible Elections’ going into the next Lok Sabha

polls to make sure Elections are accessible to Divyang.

ECI has tied up with India Post to send Form 6, which is the application for inclusion of names in electoral rolls

to the registered address, are underway.

Use of social media to educate, create awareness of voting among the new-generation voters.

Conclusion:

Qualitatively and quantitatively, the voter’s participation is bedrock for a participative democracy. Similarly, the voter

registration and electorate education are central to the election management process.

Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out

of their design and implementation.

Discuss the salient features of the Consumer Protection Bill, 2018. How far will it address the unfair

trade practices? Critically analyse.(250 words) Indianexpress

Why this question: The article brings out the merits of the recently introduced Consumer Protection Bill, 2018 in the parliament. It discusses in detail the provisions of the Bill. Key demand of the question:



https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/disappointed-consumer-protection-bill-could-not-be-passed-minister-ram-vilas-paswan-5607665/

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Provide the salient features of the bill, how is it different from its previous version;establishment of an executive agency — Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA), other provisions of the Bill including mediation, misleading advertisements and inclusion of imported products etc. Directive word Critically analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement. Structure of the answer Introduction: Start by bringing out the importance of consumer protection in the country. Body: Body should discuss the following broad aspects in detail – Importance of the policy, key features, how is it different from the previous one, its link with the current changing trends of the market . various special features – establishment of Consumer Protection Councils at the district, state and national levels to render advice on consumer protection, — Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA), other provisions of the Bill including mediation, misleading advertisements and inclusion of imported products etc. Conclusion: Conclude with how it is a better version of the previous one and thus should be brought into action as early as possible.

Introduction:

There are a host of products and services in the market. Issues of adulteration, false weights, monopoly, unfair trade

practice are very high and are to be addressed to protect the consumer against it. Consumers in any modern market

economy often experience information asymmetry and a significant imbalance of bargaining power as compared to

producers and sellers of products and services.

Body:

Consumer markets for goods and services have undergone a drastic transformation since the enactment of Consumer

Protection Act, 1986. Consumer protection Bill 2018 seeks to replace the existing Act of 1986 to address emerging

consumer vulnerabilities.

The salient features of the Consumer Protection Bill 2018 are:

It defines the “consumer” as a person who buys any good or avails a service for a consideration.

The Bill covers transactions, both online and offline, and includes tele-shopping and multi-level marketing.

Definition of “consumer rights” in the Bill exhaustively covers the right to be protected against the marketing

of goods, products or services that are hazardous to life and property.

It also focuses on the right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard and price of

goods, products or services, as the case may be, so as to protect a consumer against unfair trade practices.

It also includes the right to be assured, wherever possible, of access to a variety of goods, products or

services at competitive prices.

It involves the right to seek redress against unfair or restrictive trade practices, or unscrupulous exploitation

of consumers.

Comparison of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 with the Consumer Protection Bill, 2018

Provision 1986 Act 2018 Bill

Ambit of law All goods and services for consideration,

while free and personal services are

All goods and services, including telecom and

housing construction, and all modes of

transactions (online, teleshopping, etc.) for



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excluded consideration. Free and personal services are

excluded.

Product liability No provision.

Claim for product liability can be made against

manufacturer, service provider, and seller.

Compensation can be obtained by proving one of

the several specified conditions in the Bill.

Unfair trade

practices

Includes six types of such practices, like

false representation, misleading

advertisements.

The new Bill adds three types of practices to the

list, namely: (i) failure to issue a bill or receipt; (ii)

refusal to accept a good returned within 30 days;

and (iii) disclosure of personal information given

in confidence, unless required by law or in public

interest.

Unfair contracts No provision.

Defined as contracts that cause significant change

in consumer rights. Lists six contract terms which

may be held as unfair.

Central Protection

Councils (CPCs)

CPCs promote and protect the rights of

consumers. They are established at the

district, state, and national level.

The new Bill makes CPCs advisory bodies for

promotion and protection of consumer rights.

Establishes CPCs at the district, State and national

level.

Regulator No provision.

Establishes the Central Consumer Protection

Authority (CCPA) to promote, protect, and

enforce the rights of consumers as a class.

CCPA may: (i) issue safety notices; (ii) pass orders

to recall goods, prevent unfair practices, and

reimburse purchase price paid; and (iii) impose

penalties for false and misleading

advertisements.

Pecuniary

jurisdiction of

Commissions

District: Up to Rs 20 lakh; State: Between

Rs 20 lakh and up to Rs one crore;

National: Above Rs one crore.

District: Up to Rs one crore; State: Between Rs

one crore and up to Rs 10 crore; National: above

Rs 10 crore.

Composition of

Commissions

District: Headed by current or former

District Judge and two members.

State: Headed by a current or former

High Court Judge and at least two

members.

National: Headed by a current or former

Supreme Court Judge and at least four

members.

District: Headed by a president and at least two

members.

State: Headed by a president and at least four

members.

National: Headed by a president and at least four

members.



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Appointment

Selection Committee (comprising a judicial

member and other officials) will

recommend members on the

Commissions.

No provision for Selection Committee. Central

government will appoint through notification.

Alternate dispute

redressal

mechanism

No provision.

Mediation cells will be attached to the District,

State, and National Commissions.

Penalties

If a person does not comply with orders of

the Commissions, he may face

imprisonment between one month and

three years or fine between Rs 2,000 to Rs

10,000, or both.

If a person does not comply with orders of the

Commissions, he may face imprisonment up to

three years, or a fine not less than Rs 25,000

extendable to Rs one lakh, or both.

E-commerce No provision.

Defines direct selling, e-commerce and electronic

service provider. The central government may

prescribe rules for preventing unfair trade

practices in e-commerce and direct selling.

Merits:

Provide time-bound redressal of their grievances.

It will allow Central government to regulate e-commerce and direct selling among other important measures.

It is a welcome step towards tackling misleading endorsements

Provides for simplification of consumer disputes adjudication process for faster disposal of grievances through

filing of complaints by a consumer from his place of residence, e-filing and video conferencing for hearing.

The CCPA will act in a manner similar to enforcement agencies in other jurisdictions such as the Federal Trade

Commission (FTC) in the US. This will be a landmark step in upgrading the implementation mechanism to global

standards

This is the first time that powers to take action for damage caused by a product have been introduced in a

consumer protection framework.

Demerits:

It has penalty provisions for the endorsers and on the other it is giving them a route to get away because the

clause of due diligence will act in their defence

It lags behind in tackling misleading advertisements endorsed by any celebrity

This step will act as a deterrent for manufacturers since the liability quotient has increased

Way Forward:

Several countries like Canada, Estonia have devised advertisement regulations for unhealthy foods targeted at

children

Countries such as the UK, Ireland and Belgium have specifically banned celebrity endorsement of unhealthy

foods. The impact of such restrictions has been reported to be significant.



SECURE SYNOPSIS


Conclusion:

The emergence of global supply chain, rise in global trade and rapid development of e-commerce have led to a new

delivery system for goods and services and also provided new options and opportunities for consumers. Misleading

ads, tele-marketing, multi-level marketing, direct selling and e-commerce pose new challenges to consumer protection

and will require appropriate and swift executive intervention to prevent consumer detriment. This bill is the step in the

right direction in addressing these issues.

The recent Pulwama attacks have exposed the gaps in our security systems and the urgent need to have

a well- defined national security doctrine. However the recent act of the Government agencies to

monitor computers have sparked privacy fears among the people. Critically analyse.(250 words) Indianexpress

Why this question: Department of Science and Technology (DST) recently launched National Mission on Inter Disciplinary Cyber Physical Systems dealing with self-driven cars, autonomous unmanned vehicle and aircraft navigation systems. Key demand of the question: The main demand of the question is to analyse the debate of national security vs privacy of individual in the context of recent government’s step of monitoring computers in the name of national security. Directive word: Critically analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Narrate the background of the Pulwama attack, failure of the Indian Intelligence to forecast. Body: Weigh the pros and cons of such an act, how there needs to be a balance between the two elements, one shouldn’t be compromised at the cost of the other. Keywords: Right to privacy, Checks and balances, Information Technology Act of 2000, Section 69 of IT Act,online monitoring etc. Conclusion: Conclude with a fair and balanced opinion and discuss way forward.

Introduction:

The Pulwama terrorist attack is one of the worst in recent years with over 40 CRPF jawans killed in a terrorist attack.

Lapses in the quality and timeliness of intelligence inputs and the standard operating procedures(SOP) being followed

by the armed police force convoys is highlighted. India remains deficient in intelligence-analysis, inter-agency

coordination, and, above all, a national security doctrine.

Body:

The Union Home Secretary promulgated an order authorising 10 Central agencies to monitor, intercept and decrypt

information which is transmitted, generated, stored in or received by any computer. Under the order, an individual

who fails to assist these government agencies with technical assistance or extend all facilities can face up to seven

years of imprisonment or be liable to be fined.

An affidavit was filed in response to petitions challenging the Constitutional validity of Section 69 of Information

Technology Act, 2000, Section 5(2) of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, the order dated December 20, 2018 issued under

Section 69(1) of the IT Act and Rule 4 of the Information Technology Rules, 2009 which enables government agencies to

intercept personal information of citizens under certain conditions.



https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centre-to-supreme-court-india-pakistan-faceoff-jammu-and-kashmir-pulwama-attack-5607684/

SECURE SYNOPSIS


The pros of order:

Grave threats to the country from terrorism, radicalisation, cross border terrorism, cyber crime, organised

crime, drug cartels cannot be understated or ignored.

There is no blanket permission to any agency for interception or monitoring or decryption, as the authorised

agencies still require permission of the competent authority i.e. Union Home Secretary in each case as per due

process of law and justification for interception or monitoring or decryption.

Cases shall be restricted strictly to the purposes mentioned in Section 69 (1) of the Information Technology Act,

2000, viz., in the interests of the sovereignty of India, defence of India, security of the State, friendly relations

with foreign states or public order, or for preventing incitement to the commission of any cognisable offence

relating to above or for investigation of any offence.

It ensures that right to privacy of law-abiding citizens is not violated by any intermediary, agency or person

A strong and robust mechanism for timely and speedy collection of actionable intelligence, including signal

intelligence, is imperative to counter threats to national security.

The concerns regarding the order:

Section 69 allows mass surveillance even when only law and order is affected while public order prevails:

merely for precluding the incitement of the commission of an offence

Section 69 of the IT Act after K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India — ‘the right to privacy case’, in 2017 — seems

to fail the litmus test of constitutionality

Phrasing of “intercept” in the rules might include traffic diversion, which may permit code injections and

malware attacks. Such a broadly worded provision can have potential ramifications on free speech

The notification also permits decryption, which might require the service provider to break their encryption

protocols.

The home ministry says that each case will continue to be approved by the Union home secretary. But a

specific clearance on each case is obviously meaningless because the record shows about 100 clearances daily

on average.

The scrutiny is therefore remains only on paper, and there is no safeguard against misuse.

The rules provided that the home secretary’s clearance should be obtained within a week.

This could make the agencies to tap at will without clearance.

There is a blanket authorisation being given to security agencies, without any safeguards regarding its misuse.

This was given even to foreign-focused agencies that have no business on surveillance of Indian citizens such as

the Research & Analysis Wing.

Many of the agencies named in the order from the home ministry are neither under parliamentary scrutiny nor

are their actions subject to judicial control.

A heavily bureaucratised and minimally accountable regime of surveillance does nothing to enhance security,

but does have significant privacy costs. Example: while examining the U.S. National Security Agency’s

programme of mass surveillance, an American court found that out of more than 50 instances where terrorist

attacks had been prevented. Not even a single successful pre-emption was based on material collected from

the NSA’s surveillance regime.

Way forward:

The courts have made the home secretary accountable for all surveillance by central agencies and created a

monitoring committee in 1996.



SECURE SYNOPSIS


There is a need to increase the capacity available, and not to subvert the due process.

Reason should be given before taking up any case and responsibilities should be assigned for the surveillance

agencies.

Such cases also need authorisation from a magistrate, who has to record the specific reasons in each case.

Any well-constructed system of surveillance should balance both public security and individual rights.

It can be considered an opportune moment to reform India’s intelligence apparatus and bring it on a sound

legal and constitutional footing.

Conclusion:

A system of government surveillance has a chilling effect upon the exercise of rights, across the board, in society. In the

famous ‘privacy-security trade-off’, therefore, it is exceedingly important to assess the balance on the basis of

constitutional principles and fundamental rights, rather than blindly accepting the government’s rhetoric of national

security.

Loan waivers are often argued to vitiate credit culture and stress the budgets of the waiving state or

central government. In this context discuss how the recently enacted Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code

(IBC) proves to be method of providing relief for the distressed Indian farmer?(250 words) Economictimes

Why this question: The article provides for a detailed analysis of How the recently enacted bankruptcy code can help fix India’s agrarian crisis and provides for a fresh start’ process in a systematic manner of waiving debts overseen by a judicial body. Key demand of the question: The main demand of the question is to explain the importance of private participants in the Indian space industry. What are the Challenges, Opportunities, and Strategic Concerns associated with it. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You have to give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Narrate as to how historically, farm loan waivers have been used as a quick-fix solution to agrarian distress in India. Body: In such questions it is important to ensure one doesn’t ignore the statement , you are expected to first justify the statement – “Loan waivers are often argued to vitiate credit culture and stress the budgets of the waiving state or central government” with suitable examples or illustrations and then move on discuss the role of IBC as a sure method of providing relief for the distressed Indian farmer. Conclusion: Conclude that the problem cannot be fixed with a solution that is one size fits all but rather with a multi – integrated approach.

Introduction:

Farm loan waiver is the practice of writing off the loans given to farmers owing to their inability to pay them back due

to reasons like calamity, disaster, political policies etc. Since 2014, there have been similar moves in Telangana,

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh which

are States run by various parties.

Body:

Loan waivers have often vitiated the credit culture and stressed budgets of state and central governments:



https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/how-bankruptcy-code-can-help-fix-indias-agri-crisis/articleshow/68260995.cms

SECURE SYNOPSIS


The loan waivers has become a big political tool in hands of political parties that has ruined capital status of

Indian agriculture economics.

The NSSO Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households (2013) shows that 52% of farming

households are indebted, with rates as high as 89-92% in some States.

In August 2017, RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) noted that the implementation of farm loan waivers

could hurt the finances of states, undermine the quality of public spending, and stoke inflation.

Farm loan waiver does not cater to the vast small and marginal farmers who don’t have access to formal credit

and are indebted to local money lenders. A study by RythuSwarajyaVedika in June 2018 showed that 75% of

farmer suicides in Telangana are by tenant farmers, who have no or least access to formal credit.

In December 2018, NITI Aayog pointed out that farm loans waivers essentially only benefit 10-15% of farmers,

since the rest don’t have access to institutional loans. Further, the process of selection of beneficiary farmers

may not be objective, making the system susceptible to leakages.

Farm loan waivers are at best a temporary solution and entail a moral hazard even those who can afford to pay

may not, in the expectation of a waiver.

States with farm loan waivers has led to increased burden on states which are already deviating from FRBM

targets.

Such measures can erode credit discipline and may make banks wary of lending to farmers in the future. It

also makes a sharp dent in the finances of the government that finances the write-off. Ex- RBI chiefs like Urjit

Patel and Raghuram Rajan have also expressed similar views of ‘Moral Hazard’

Also a recent study by the International Food Policy Research Institute reveals that at the national level, 48%

of agricultural households do not avail a loan from any formal source. Among the borrowing households, 36%

take credit from informal sources.

The role of IBC as a sure method of providing relief for the distressed Indian farmer

IBC provides three insolvency procedures for individuals.

While the insolvency resolution and bankruptcy processes are available to all, IBC provides a ‘fresh start’

process for individuals who fall below certain asset and income-based thresholds.

The aim is to enable certain debtors to get their debts waived — after adjudication under a time-bound

process and taking the creditors’ views into account. A debtor who qualifies the threshold limits can file for a

‘fresh start’ order.

If her application is admitted, a resolution professional is appointed to her case to examine objections that any

creditor may have to discharge of the debtor’s debts. Based on this, the resolution professional submits a final

list of debts to the adjudicating authority (AA).

The AA can then write off these debts, giving the debtor a ‘fresh start’. However, the AA can refuse this waiver

if there is any change in financial circumstances of the debtor, or any noncompliance by the debtor.

Instead of being plagued with political motivations and uncertainty in implementation of farm loan waivers,

the IBC’s ‘fresh start’ process provides a systematic manner of waiving debts overseen by a judicial body.

It places the opportunity to access the system with an individual farmer, instead of placing it with the

government. This will provide a farmer autonomy to choose the effect a debt waiver will have on his credit

history.

the ‘fresh start’ process only excludes some kinds of debts from being capable of discharge. These include any

fine imposed on the debtor by courts, student loans, maintenance to be paid under any law, and secured debt.

So, unlike farm loan waivers, a ‘fresh start’ process may actually provide the debtor relief from most of her

debts and not just bank loans



SECURE SYNOPSIS


Way forward:

To make the provisions operate effectively, GoI may consider setting up designated benches for the ‘fresh start’

process, or vesting jurisdiction with other judicial or quasi-judicial authority with local presence.

GoI can consider recognising a special category of resolution professionals (who understand the microfinance

and agricultural credit sectors) and develop a system that encourages them to take up ‘fresh start’ cases.

The debt, credit and asset thresholds in IBC may have to be reviewed to ensure proper coverage.

Conclusion:

Unlike farm loan waivers, a ‘fresh start’ process may actually provide the debtor relief from most of her debts and not

just bank loans. It places the opportunity to access the system with an individual farmer, instead of placing it with the

government. This will provide a farmer autonomy to choose the effect a debt waiver will have on his credit history.

Additionally, the effect on creditors will also be considered when the resolution professional examines creditor

objections to the debt waiver.

Discuss the key features of Official Secrets Act. Has the act become archaic and irrelevant in today’s

times? Critically analyse in the light of recent incidence of ‘Stolen documents’ in Rafale case. (250

words) The hindu

Why this question: The article discusses the nuances of the Official secrets Act in the backdrop of recent Attorney-General’s request for criminal action against those responsible for making stolen documents on the Rafale deal public. Key demand of the question: The question wants us to write in detail about the key features and provisions of the Official Secrets Act and evaluate its relevance as of today. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You have to give reasons for both for and against arguments. Critically analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin with a brief discussion of the current context of Stolen documents of the Rafale case. Body: The answer should capture the following aspects: What is the issue? What are the key features of OSA? Trace the evolution of the Act. notable convictions so far under the Act? A comparison with similar laws in other countries. Conclusion: Conclude with significance of reforms required by the Act.

Introduction:

The alleged irregularities in the Rafale aircraft deal between India and France was published in ‘The Hindu’ Newspaper.

The Attorney General raised an objection in court seeking dismissal of the review petitions. This was on the ground that

the reports cited documents “stolen” from the defence ministry. The Official Secrets Act was used as a shield against

allegations of wrongdoing in the Rafale deal.



https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/to-serve-the-governed/article26515102.ece

SECURE SYNOPSIS


Body:

Official Secrets Act, a colonial-era law meant for ensuring secrecy and confidentiality in governance, mostly on national

security and espionage issues, has often been cited by authorities for refusing to divulge information. Governments

have also faced criticism for misusing the law against journalists and whistleblowers.

Key features of OSA:

The Official Secrets Act was first enacted in 1923 and was retained after Independence.

The law, applicable to government servants and citizens, provides the framework for dealing with espionage,

sedition, and other potential threats to the integrity of the nation.

The law makes spying, sharing ‘secret’ information, unauthorised use of uniforms, withholding information,

interference with the armed forces in prohibited/restricted areas, among others, punishable offences.

If guilty, a person may get up to 14 years’ imprisonment, a fine, or both.

The information could be any reference to a place belonging to or occupied by the government, documents,

photographs, sketches, maps, plans, models, official codes or passwords.

OSA was amended and made stricter in 1967, widening the scope of Section 5 (“Wrongful communication. etc.,

of information”) and enlarging the scope of Section 8 (“Duty of giving information as to commission of

offences”).

The notable convictions so far:

The most recent conviction under the Official Secrets Act came in 2018.

The Delhi court held former diplomat Madhuri Gupta, who had served at the Indian High Commission in

Islamabad, guilty under the OSA.

She was sentenced to 3 years in jail for passing on sensitive information to Pakistan’s ISI.

In 2017, journalist Poonam Agrawal was charged under OSA for conducting a sting operation on an Army

official who criticised the sahayak system in the Army.

Journalist Tarakant Dwivedi alias Akela was booked for criminal trespass under the Official Secrets Act on May

17, 2011, 11 months after he wrote an article in Mid-Day about how sophisticated weapons bought after 26/11

were being stored in a room with a leaking roof at the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai.

In 2002, the then Kashmir Times journalist Iftikhar Gilani was arrested and charged under the OSA. The case

was in relation with allegedly possessing secret documents relating to the deployment of troops in the Valley.

The state later withdrew the case.

OSA in other contemporary democracies:

Several countries including the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Singapore, and New Zealand continue to use the

legislation to protect state secrets.

In 2001, Canada replaced its OSA with a Security of Information Act.

The “official secrets” come under the Espionage Act in the U.S.A

In 2018, a Myanmar court awarded seven years’ jail to two Reuters journalists for illegally possessing official

documents on the military’s alleged human rights abuses against Rohingya Muslims.

Malaysia has also been accused of using the OSA to silence dissidence.

Conclusion:



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The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), adopted by the General Assembly of the United

Nations way back in 1966, specifically includes the right to freedom of expression, defined as “the freedom to seek,

receive and impart the information and ideas of all kinds”. India being a signatory to ICCPR makes it necessary to repeal

the archaic OSA as suggested by Goswami Commission had suggested in the late 1970s as well as the Second ARC.

The recent National Register of Citizens (NRC) exercise in Assam has excluded 40 lakh people from its

final draft list, has it failed to resolve the illegal immigration debate in Assam? What are the Socio-

Economic and Political Consequence of such Illegal Migration? Critically analyse.(250 words) Centre, Assam lax on illegal migration: SC-The hindu Reference

Why this question: The recent National Register of Citizens (NRC) exercise and the proposed decision to deport all immigrants have been at the core of the controversy along with the discussion to scrap Article 35. But the issue of deportation of all immigrants is hasn’t worked out successfully as a solution. The apex court in this context has slammed at the Assam government for failing to address the issue of illegal immigrants. Key demand of the question: The question expects us to express our understanding as to whether exclusion of all illegal immigrants from the NCR is working out to be a feasible solution or not. One has to form an opinion based on valid facts and arguments with examples to justify. Directive word: Critically analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Introduce with a few lines on the illegal immigrants issue in India and more so specifically in Assam. Body: Discuss the following: why deporting all immigrants from India is not a feasible and recommended solution? Narrate upon the associated problems with the exercise to demarcate legal and illegal immigrants- like the problems of exclusion as seen in the Assam NRC exercise; some illegal immigrants would be difficult if not impossible to deport- Gorkhas and Lepchas from Nepal; India has no agreement with nearby governments for large-scale deportation etc. Discuss the Socio-Economic and Political Consequence of such Illegal Migration. What can be done? – suggest policy changes required in this direction. Conclusion: Conclude as – It is high time that India takes stringent measures against the illegal migrants who have become a real threat to the security of the country.

Introduction:

The National Register of Citizens (NRC) exercise is among the most ambitious experiments the Indian state has

undertaken. The NRC is the list of Indian citizens and was prepared in 1951, following the census of 1951. The process

of NRC update was taken up in Assam as per a Supreme Court order in 2013. In order to wean out cases of illegal

migration from Bangladesh and other adjoining areas, NRC updation was carried out under The Citizenship Act, 1955,

and according to rules framed in the Assam Accord.

The Assam government released the final draft of NRC on July 30, 2018. The list incorporates names of 2.89 crore

people out of 3.29 crore applicants. The names of 40.07 lakh people have been left out.

Body:

Deporting all immigrants from India is not a feasible and recommended solution:



https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/Index

https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sc-pulls-up-assam-govt-for-not-being-sincere-enough-in-deporting-illegal-migrants-says-it-has-become-a-joke-119031300693_1.html

SECURE SYNOPSIS


The official presumption that people residing in Assam areas are foreigners has reduced several million of

these highly impoverished, mostly rural, powerless and poorly lettered residents to a situation of

helplessness and extreme poverty, destitution, hardship.

It has also caused them abiding anxiety and uncertainty about their futures. They are required to convince a

variety of usually hostile officials that they are citizens, based on vintage documents which even urban,

educated, middle-class citizens would find hard to muster.

Women are especially in danger of exclusion from the citizenship register. Typically, they have no birth

certificates, are not sent to school, and are married before they become adults.

They are told that they have no documents to prove that they are indeed the children of the people they claim

are their parents. There were cases of being excluded from citizenship on this ground alone.

Impoverished migrant workers often travel to other districts of Assam in search of work, as construction

workers, road-builders and coal-miners.

Another process began in the mid-1990s when the then Chief Election Commissioner T.N. Seshan, as a one-

time measure, directed officials to identify “doubtful voters” by marking a “D” against their names on the

voters’ list. This would temporarily bar them from voting or standing for elections, until an inquiry was

completed.

But this temporary measure became permanent. The power was vested permanently with junior officials who

could doubt the citizenship of any person at any time without assigning any reason.

There was some disquiet in Bangladesh when the Indian Army Chief, General Bipin Rawat, lent support to the

NRC drive, claiming that those settled in Indian territory without legal jurisdiction posed a threat to national

security.

Some illegal immigrants would be difficult if not impossible to deport- Gorkhas and Lepchas from Nepal.

India has no agreement with nearby governments for large-scale deportation

This exercise of compiling the NRC in the first place has sparked a debate around its social, political and economic

consequences.

Social consequences of illegal migration

Crisis of identity: The influx of immigrants created a crisis of identity among the indigenous Their

cultural survival will be in jeopardy, their political control will be weakened and their employment

opportunities will be undermined by such illegal migration. The recent Bodo-Muslim violence in the BTAD

has its root on the issue of illegal migration.

Environmental degradation: Large areas of forest land were encroached upon by the immigrants for

settlement and cultivation. The state experienced declining percent of land area under forest from 39% in

1951-52 to about 30% now.

Difficult to identify the illegal migrants: Due to the similar language spoken by illegal migrants from

Bangladesh and the indigenous Bengali speaking Muslim of Assam, it becomes difficult to identify and

deport the illegal migration from Assam soil.

Community tension: The commission on integration and Cohesion found that tension usually exist

with the presence of high levels of migration combine with other forms of social exclusion like

poverty, poor housing etc.

Economic consequences

Increase financial burden: Immigration has increased pressure on the part of state government, as the

government has to increase the expenditure on education and health facilities to the immigrants.



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Displacing native workers: There is a fear particularly during a recession that immigrants take jobs

which would otherwise be taken by local people; in particular place and circumstances there can be

competition and conflict.

Decreases wage level with the increase of population: Illegal immigrants in every year have been adding a

good number of people in Assam. It is one of the main reasons of population explosion. Due to this there is a

possibility of decreasing wage level.

Political consequences

Assam agitation: The failure of government to respond the issue of illegal migration led to the

agitation by the Assamese under the leadership of All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP) and All

Assam Student’s Union (AASU). Assam witnessed governmental instability, sustained civil disobedience

campaigns and worst cases of ethnic violence. Assam accord was the result of this agitation.

Illegal voters: Most of the Bangladeshi immigrants have got their names enlisted in the voting list illegally,

thereby claiming themselves as citizens of the state. The immigrant’s population act as a vote bank for the

political parties in Assam.

Issue of terrorism: Pakistan’s ISI has been active in Bangladesh supporting militant movements in Assam (Lt

Gen S K Sinha, 1998). It is alleged that among the illegal migrants there are also militants, who enter into Assam

to carry out the terrorist activities.

Way forward:

The Central Government should appoint a National Immigration Commission to frame a National Migration

Policy and a National Refugee Policy. The Commission should examine ways of strengthening the

Foreigners Act 1946, as well as feasibility of Identity Cards for both citizens and non-citizens and Work

Permits for migrants.

Border fencing in Assam must be completed forthwith on a war footing. The existing Border Security Force

posts and the BSF water wing should be strengthened.

Our nationals in the border districts and for that matter in the whole State should be

provided multipurpose photo identity card.

The ongoing NRC updating should be completed without delay and proper arrangement for the deportation of

illegal migrants should be done.

The Illegal Migrants Determination by Tribunal (IMDT) Act of 1983 should be repealed.

“Lately, the Indian statistics and the institutions associated have however come under a cloud for being

influenced and even controlled by political reflections.” Critically analyse.(250 words) The hindu

Why this question: The Indian statistical system is perhaps facing its sharpest criticism in recent memory. The data released by the government recently are being openly questioned. The question is in the background of resignation of two members of the National Statistical Commission—including the acting chairman—last week, while protesting the delay in the publication of employment data, among other things. Key demand of the question: The answer must critically analyse the topic in question, provide for recent incidences that are evidences of such anomaly in indicating the achievements of the government; National Sample Survey Office – unemployment rate, involvement of NITI Aayog in the release of new gross domestic product (GDP) etc. Directive word:



https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/data-supression/article26537100.ece

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Critically analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin with the highlights of the recent incidences that prove the political interference in publishing reports in their favor and fear. Body: The answer should capture the following aspects: Discuss at a broader level, amidst recent controversies regarding jobs and GDP data made headlines, why the statistical system in the country needs to be reassessed. What are ill effects of such an anomaly? Why is it important to improve the Statistical system? Significance of Statistical systems and their role in economy and development. Conclusion: Re-stress on the importance of statistical systems and the reforms needed to keep them unbiased.

Introduction:

For decades, India’s statistical machinery enjoyed a high level of reputation for the integrity of the data it produced on

a range of economic and social parameters. A group of 108 economists and social scientists working around the world,

have issued an appeal to convince the Indian government to stop suppressing uncomfortable data, restore access to

public statistics and re-establish the independence and integrity of institutions.

Body:

Recent controversies regarding data anomalies:

Over the past two months, Indian national statistics and the organisations that administer them have faced a

volley of criticism.

In recent, two independent members of the National Statistical Commission resigned in protest, over alleged

suppression of economic data by the government.

More recently, amidst growing scepticism regarding India’s official statistics, more than a hundred scholars

comprising economists and social scientists released a statement decrying the fall in standards of institutional

independence, suggesting political interference as the cause.

Kaushik Basu, a former chief economist of the World Bank, also recently regret strongly the declining credibility

of India’s official statistics.

There has been a controversy over NSSO figures not being released after a draft report had indicated that

employment generation was slow.

The Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy has pegged job losses in 2018 at 11 million based on its regular

employment surveys.

The back series, released in November, adjusted the GDP numbers for the period using new methodology with

the base year as FY12 and has scaled back growth in from the peak of 10.3% in FY11 to 8.5%.

The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) for 2017-18 which the government has stubbornly, and inexplicably,

refused to release — till date

The CAG’s FRMB report for 2016-17 is highly critical of the continuation of off-budgeting practices which

suppresses budget deficit numbers.

Ill effects of such an anomaly:



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It only helps in diverting attention from real issues to the trivial ones while the condition of economy goes from

bad to worse.

Economic statistics as a “public good” that was vital for policy-making and informed public discourse in

democracies where citizens seek accountability from their governments.

For decades, India’s statistical machinery has enjoyed a high level of reputation for the integrity of the data it

produced on a range of economic and social parameters. The credibility will be wiped out.

Transparency and Accountability which are the chief characteristics of good governance is lost. It masks the

government’s performance thereby creating a curtain of opacity.

Reduces the trust of foreign investors in Indian Economy, thereby hampering the economy further.

It increases the trust deficit between the citizens and government machinery.

Institutional independence, integrity, reliability and impartiality of the statistical organisations is at stake.

Importance of improving the Statistical system:

The Indian National Sample Survey is respected the world over. Not just because of its size, but also for its

sample design, that uses methods make perfect by some of the world’s most reputed statisticians.

This distinguished history, which India can claim with pride, makes the recent undermining of the credibility of

our statistical output especially regrettable.

We can, however, ensure that when we look back on this several years from now, it represents an anomaly

rather than a lasting, irreparable loss of institutional credibility.

It is also imperative to use the scientific methods for data collection and estimation and their timely

dissemination, which form vital public services.

India, with its vastness and complexities, poses tremendous challenges for data collection.

The dualistic nature of the economy means a large unorganised sector coexists with the organised sector that

the data collection systems are unable to fully cover.

Conclusion:

This is the time for all professional economists, statisticians, independent researchers in policy — regardless of their

political and ideological leanings — to come together to raise their voice against the tendency to suppress

uncomfortable data, and impress upon the government authorities, current and future, and at all levels, to restore

access and integrity to public statistics, and re-establish institutional independence and integrity to the statistical

organisations.

Discuss the Implication of the Festival of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2019 that was held recently

in India. What are the key challenges faced by entrepreneurs in our country? suggest some measures to

address them.(250 words) Reference Why this question: The Festival of Innovation and Entrepreneurship was recently held at Grambharti near Gandhinagar in Gujarat. FINE

is an initiative being systematized by Rashtrapati Bhavan in association with the Department of Science and Technology,

Government of India and the National Innovation Foundation-India. The question thus becomes relevant from the point

of paper – I.

Key demand of the question: The answer must bring out the significance of the festival and the key challenges faced by entrepreneurs in the country

and measures to address them.





http://www.newsonair.com/News?title=President-Kovind-inaugurates-Festival-of-Innovation-and-Entrepreneurship&id=361031

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Keywords: Innovation, entrepreneurship, socio-economic development, science and innovation etc.


Introduction: Begin with the highlights of the Festival of Innovation and Entrepreneurship(FINE).

Body: Discuss at a broader level, the importance of such events to encourage innovation in the country. How FINE will provide

for a platform for innovators for building linkages with potential stakeholders to develop their ideas into implementable

projects for the larger social good. It will provide a window to showcase creative and innovative solutions for social

development through innovation emerging from grassroots, student ideas and other technologies.

Conclusion: Conclude with optimism, India is at a turning point of innovation and such events encourage the spirit on innovation

among the youth.

Introduction:

The Festival of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2019 (FINE) is an initiative being organised by Rashtrapati

Bhavan in association with the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India and the National

Innovation Foundation-India. FINE 2019 festival is a celebration of creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship.

Body:

Implications of FINE:

It will recognise, respect, showcase, reward innovations and to foster a supportive ecosystem for innovators.

FINE will provide a platform for innovators for building linkages with potential stakeholders to develop their

ideas into implementable projects for the larger social good.

It will provide a window to showcase creative and innovative solutions for social development through

innovation emerging from grassroots, student ideas and other technologies.

It will help promote grassroots level innovation can provide the solution to diverse needs of the country.

It will provide us the best possibility of ensuring that every young Indian will have an opportunity to realise his

or her true potential

Key challenges faced by the entrepreneurs:

Funding:

o The funding scenario is still in nascent stage in India.

o They can think of getting seed funding and venture funding on their ideas, but the process of getting

funding from these sources is not easy as it looks.

Policies :

o Government is the single largest enabler for the entrepreneurial ecosystem.

o Government’s role in ease of doing business and helping companies start is vital to ensuring success.

Bureaucratic inefficiencies:

o Firstly, there are a large number of procedures to be followed and clearances to be obtained to start

and operate a business.

o Secondly, each of these procedures can take an inordinately large amount of time.

o Taxes like Angel tax that falls under corruption and bureaucratic inefficiencies as it takes the focus of

entrepreneurs away from building a product or service to responding to tax notices and filing appeals.

o Difficult exit processes pile up the investments done leading to Non-Performing Assets.



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Corruption:

o While under no circumstances, corruption can be justified, it is a bitter truth that it is rampant in many

government departments.

o Even private sector is not spared by bribes, unwarranted objections.

o Corruption has also spawned a business of ‘consultants’ whose only activity is to mediate between the

corrupt officials and those seeking favours from them.

Labour:

o Lack of manufacturing capability in India has been attributed to red tapism and corruption, but the low

productivity of labour is also a big factor.

o Stringent labour laws governing lay-off of employees make it very difficult to fire workers in case of

non-performance or during times of financial distress when it becomes imperative to lay-off workers to

maintain the financial viability of the business operations.

Ecosystem Limited to Big Cities:

o The startup ecosystem in India is limited to big cities including Bangalore, Delhi, Bangalore, Pune and

Chennai etc.

o There are very few resources that are actually working toward strengthening the startup ecosystem.

Weak Education System:

o Indian education system is very weak especially when it comes to educating about entrepreneurship.

o Students hardly get to know about entrepreneurship during their school studies.

o Finding a team with right approach could be challenging for entrepreneurs especially when they are

looking for people of non-tech skills.

Grey Market and Counterfeit Goods:

o The grey market refers to the flow of goods through a distribution channel not authorized or intended

by the manufacturer.

o Usually, this happens when the price of a product in the domestic market is much higher than in other

nearby markets.

Social Capital:

o Social capital has been defined as the aggregate of the actual or potential resources that are linked to

relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition

Way forward:

‘The Startup India’ is a flagship program intended to reduce the rules and regulations burden from Startups.

In case of taxes, exemptions are given all along easing compliance and reducing regulations. Startup India

Hub is a single-point of contact for providing help to new businesses.

A well established infrastructure to support innovations with the assistance of the big companies need to be

set up.

Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) including Self-Employment and Talent Utilization (SETU) is Government of

India’s endeavour to promote a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship.

With its demographics, the size of the economy and a well-functioning capital market, India stands a real

chance of projecting itself as a preferred destination for investments.



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Laws passed the Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts

Act, IBC will help resolve the disputes quickly

Labour laws should foster an enabling environment so far as employment practices are concerned.

Faster reforms in the power sectors, facilitation of entry and exit of firms, level playing field for small and large

firms, improvement in access to finance will lead to improvements in ease of doing business norms.

For attracting new investment, both foreign and domestic, several macroeconomic issues have to be

addressed. These include political and economic stability, law and order maintenance, quality physical

infrastructure, and buoyancy in financial markets.

Conclusion:

Innovations by themselves are not enough. We must also build an ecosystem for converting innovations into

enterprises. This requires support for start-ups and for incubating young innovators. Therefore, India must work

towards translating innovative ideas into accessible and affordable products and services for its people. At the end of

the day, innovation is all about people, and that’s a resource that India has in abundance.

How can India put its second demographic dividend to use for its development? and also examine the

Merits and challenges involved.(250 words) Reference why this question: The question is about reaping the rewards of the second demographic dividend, in discussions on how population

dynamics influence a country‟s economy, demographic dividends merit significant attention. Thus such a topic becomes

a potential UPSC question for GS paper I.

Key demands of the question: The question must analyse first what is second demographic dividend, how is it different from the usual demographic

dividend, more so specifically the Indian scenario, how can India reap and the advantages and disadvantages with issues

and concerns involved.

Directive word Examine – When asked to „Examine‟, we have to look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it



Keywords: rapid demographic transition, female labour-force participation, lifecycle hypothesis, social security burden, older

generation etc.


Introduction A good start can be with some fact highlighting the importance of Demographic dividend in India.

Body The body of the answer address the following dimensions:

What is 2nd DD – it is the result from an increase in adult longevity, which causes individuals to save more in

preparation for old age. This increase in savings can thus contribute to capital accumulation and economic growth.

Nature and potential of 2nd DD in India, Pattern in India

Merits of the 2nd DD – savings, increased labour supply, human capital, economic growth etc. one should explain these

with examples.

What are the main concerns?

What needs to be done to overcome these challenges and concerns and reap the benefits of the 2nd DD?

Conclusion Conclude – unraveling the potential of youth must be substantiated sufficiently with the experience of the aged and old,

so that they do not become a liability but assets in nation building.

Introduction:

Demographic dividend occurs when the proportion of working people in the total population is high because this

indicates that more people have the potential to be productive and contribute to growth of the economy. In other



https://blogs.adb.org/blog/asia-search-second-demographic-dividend

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words, the ratio of the working age population is high and the dependency ratio in terms of proportion of children

and elderly people low.

Body:

The second demographic dividend results from an increase in adult longevity, which causes individuals to save more in

preparation for old age. This increase in savings can thus contribute to capital accumulation and economic growth.

Nature and potential of 2nd DD in India:

The study on demographic dividend in India by United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) throws up two interesting

facts.

1. The window of demographic dividend opportunity in India is available for five decades from 2005-06 to 2055-

56, longer than any other country in the world.

2. This demographic dividend window is available at different times in different states because of differential

behaviour of the population parameters.

Many countries must consider utilising it fully. Indeed, adult longevity continues to increase slowly after a country has

completed demographic transition. Although some demographers insist that there are binding biological limits to such

longevity, remarkable medical developments continue to contribute to increasingly longer lives. The second

demographic dividend will continue in most Asian countries even after the first demographic dividend has ended.

Challenges in India:

Poor human capital: Formation reflected in low employability among India’s graduates and postgraduates.

According to ASSOCHAM, only 7 % of MBA graduates have employable skills in India, and only around 20-30 %

of engineers find a job suited to their skills. Technological change is making labour partially or wholly redundant

in a number of sectors, across the world.

Low human development reflected in the human development report of UNDP. According to the Human

Development Index of 2016, India stood at 131 out of 188 countries. Life expectancy at birth in India (68 years)

is much lower than other developing countries (Sri Lanka – 75 years, China – 76 years). The mean years of

schooling and the expected years of schooling are still low at 6.3 years and 11.7 years respectively.

Jobless growth: India’s high growth rate phase (2004-05 to 2010-11) has created significantly fewer jobs as

compared to previous decades of economic growth. Around 47 % of India’s population is still dependent on

agriculture which is notorious for underemployment and disguised unemployment. Majority of the workforce is

employed by the unorganized sector where workers are underpaid and lack any kind of social security.

Falling female labour force participation: According to data from International Labour Organization and World

Bank, India’s female labour force participation rates have fallen from 34.8 % in 1990 to 27 % in 2013. This has

further declined to 23.7 % in 2016, as per the data from the Labour Ministry. Socio-cultural factors and rising

family incomes have been identified as the main reasons for this decline. Another appalling concern is that a

significant proportion of qualified women drop out of the workforce for reasons ranging from no suitable jobs

in the locality—particularly in rural areas—to family responsibilities and marriage.

Poor Socio-Economic factors: The quality of primary schooling and teachers in India is very poor. ASER reports

show the quality of education among children. Moreover, because modern ailments such as obesity are

increasing in many developed countries, there is no guarantee that adult longevity will continue to increase

perpetually.

Way forward:

In order to increase the benefits of the second demographic dividend, it is important to exploit the wealth

accumulated by the older generation.



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Much of the SDD to be realized depends on building sound institutions and carrying out crucial financial, social

security and labour market reforms.

India needs to increase its spending on health and education. As recommended by the National Health Policy

2017 and the National Policy on Education 1986, India needs to increase its spending on health and education

to at least 2.5 % in 6 % of GDP respectively from its current levels. Enhancing policies to maintain and even

increase health and longevity will therefore be necessary. It is also crucial to educate the older generation in

saving money effectively.

India has to invest more in human capital formation at all levels, from primary education to higher education,

cutting-edge research and development as well as on vocational training to increase the skill sets of its

growing working-age population.

Increasing the number of formal jobs in labour intensive, export-oriented sectors such as textiles, leather and

footwear, gems and jewellery These sectors also have a higher share of the female workforce.

The flagship schemes such as Skill India, Make in India, and Digital India have to be implemented to achieve

convergence between skill training and employment generation.

Conclusion:

A multi-pronged approach is imperative to reap the second demographic dividend. There is also a need to engage with

the youth and create an enabling environment for entrepreneurship. The demographic dividend offers them a unique

opportunity to boost living standards, but they must act now to manage their older populations in the near future by

implementing policies that ensure a safe and efficient transition from the FDD to the SDD.

pretty far from reaching the 175 GW renewable energy target by 2022, Will Reclassifying ‘hydro’ take

the renewable energy capacity of India to higher levels? Examine.(250 words) The hindu Why this question: The article throws light upon the recent decision taken by the government in

re-classifying large hydroelectric projects in the new hydroelectricity policy.

It discusses in detail how this reclassification will catalyze the ambition of 175 GW renewable energy target by 2022.

Key demand of the question: The answer must discuss in detail the new hydroelectricity policy, the impact of recent decision of the government to re-

classifying large hydroelectric projects. One is expected to elaborate in total and draw a big picture upon the future

success and achievements of the policy, what needs to be done etc.





Introduction: Begin with the highlights of the New policy.

Body: Discuss at a broader level, the importance of renewable energy, the targets set by the government, the new dimension of

re-classification, its impact on the target. One should not alone discuss the merits but also discuss any challenges

associated with it. How should the government overcome issues and concerns involved in the process of re-classification

and how should it overcome them. Quote examples wherein such a reclassification can show benefits to the program.

Conclusion: Conclude with optimism, India is at a turning point of energy management and renewable energy is one such dimension

that India can hope with .

Introduction:

India, with its commitment for a greener Earth, has pledged to generate 175 GW of renewable energy target by 2022.

The Union Cabinet recently approved a new hydroelectricity policy that, among other things, included large hydro



https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/hydro-policy-target/article26561711.ece

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projects within the ambit of renewable energy. Prior to the policy, only small hydro projects of a capacity of less than

25 MW were treated as renewable energy. Large hydro projects were treated as a separate source of energy.

Body:

The measures taken up include:

Large Hydropower Projects to be declared as Renewable Energy source (as per existing practice, only

hydropower projects less than 25MW are categorized as Renewable Energy).

Hydropower Projects (HPO) as a separate entity within non-solar Renewable Purchase Obligation to cover

LHPs commissioned after notification of these measures (SHPs are already covered under Non-Solar Renewable

Purchase Obligation).

The trajectory of annual HPO targets will be notified by Ministry of Power based on the projected capacity

addition plans in hydropower sector. Necessary amendments will be introduced in the Tariff Policy and Tariff

Regulations to operationalize HPO.

Tariff rationalization measures including providing flexibility to the developers to determine tariff by back

loading of tariff after increasing project life to 40 years, increasing debt repayment period to 18 years and

introducing escalating tariff of 2%;

Budgetary support for funding flood moderation component of hydropower projects on case to case basis.

Budgetary support for funding cost of enabling infrastructure i.e. roads and bridges on case to case basis as per

actual, limited to Rs. 1.5 crore per MW for upto 200 MW projects and Rs. 1.0 crore per MW for above 200 MW

projects.

Major Impact including employment generation potential:

The re-classification of hydro as renewables adds all that capacity to the renewable energy kitty.

Renewable energy capacity would now be 1,20,455.14 MW or 34.4% of the overall energy mix.

As most of the hydro power potential is located in the higher reaches of Himalayas and North- East Region, it

will result in overall socio-economic development of the region by providing direct employment in the power

sector.

Provide indirect employment/ entrepreneurial opportunities in the field of transportation, tourism and other

small scale businesses.

It provides a stable grid considering 160 GW capacity addition by 2022 unlike infirm sources of power like

solar and wind and a better energy mix.

The effect on the stock prices of State-run hydroelectric companies such as NHPC and SJVN at a point when

the government is looking to sell its stake in these companies



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Challenges ahead:

DISCOMS are reluctant sign Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) Hydro Power due to higher tariff, particularly,

in the initial years.

One of the reasons for high tariff of hydropower is the loading of cost of flood moderation and enabling

infrastructure in the project cost.

Due to inherent risks associated with the sector, such as geological surprises, natural calamities,

environmental & forest issues, and rehabilitation and resettlement issues apart from commercial risks and

change of river basin during operation, many developers are averse to enter into the sector.

The major commercial deterrents for the private developers are high capital cost and long payback

period due to high gestation period which may also create issues in financing.

The other issue related to Hydropower projects is financing and evacuation. Hydro Power projects are capital-

intensive and financing them for long such as 20 years is really a challenge.

Further, a number of hydropower projects are located in remote sites in states which do not have enough

demand for electricity that presents geographical constraints in developing requisite transmission

infrastructure for evacuation.

Conclusion:

There has been a huge imbalance in the thermal-hydro mix for the last few years because of a sharp growth in thermal

and complete stagnation in hydro power sector. The importance of hydropower is increasing even more as the country

has targeted to add 160 GW of intermittent Solar and Wind power by 2022 and 40% of the total capacity from non-

fossil fuel sources by 2030 to honour its Nationally Determined Contribution for Climate Change.

Has the Aadhaar Payment Bridge System (APBS) turned out to be less of a boon and more of a Bane to

the Marginalised and vulnerable sections of the society? Critically analyse.(250 words) The hindu why this question: The article analyses in detail the government of India‟s flagship scheme of Aadhaar Payment Bridge System (APBS) with

special focus on how it affects the

Key demand of the question: The answer must discuss the salient features of the scheme very briefly and discuss the challenges that the Aadhaar

Payment Bridge System is posing against the vulnerable and the marginalized sections of the society.

Directive word: Critically Analyse – When asked to „analyse‟, we have to look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it,

investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why

these facts and issues are important and their implications. When „critically‟ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one

needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement.


Introduction: Introduce by highlighting the significance of Aadhaar Payment Bridge System (APBS).


Discuss the key features of the Aadhaar Payment Bridge System (APBS) how it works, what are the provisions associated

with it? Etc.

Discuss how Aadhar implementation creates scope for inflicting damage on the poor and the unprivileged.

E.g. When benefits are paid through Aadhaar-enabled means such as the Aadhaar Payments Bridge System (APBS), the

first step is to seed the list of beneficiaries with the corresponding Aadhaar numbers; Seeding is a tedious operation and

it has to be done each time a new scheme is inducted. Those who have failed to comply are simply removed from the lists.

Poor people often find themselves deprived of their rights in the process; Whenever ABBA has been imposed in the PDS,

large numbers of poor people have been deprived of their food rations. Meanwhile, evidence from Jharkhand suggests

that ABBA is of little use in reducing PDS corruption. Nevertheless, the central government is determined to make ABBA

compulsory for food rations, with cosmetic exemptions; Another source of confusion is the APBS‟s “last Aadhaar-linked

account” (LALA) rule, whereby Aadhaar becomes a financial address and money is automatically sent to a person‟s



https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-bridge-to-nowhere/article26646131.ece

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LALA. This rule often sent people‟s money to unwanted or unknown destinations, such as someone else‟s account or an

Airtel wallet etc.

Conclusion – Conclude by suggesting a way forward, how can the government overcome the challenges.

Introduction:

Aadhar Payment Bridge System (ABPS) is used by the Government departments and agencies for the transfer of

benefits and subsidies under Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme launched by Government of India. It is a unique

payment system implemented by National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). It uses Aadhar numbers issued by

UIDAI & IIN (Institution Identification Number) issued by NPCI. The basic idea of the APBS is that a person’s Aadhaar

number becomes his/her financial address. Instead of having to provide multiple account details to receive a bank

transfer, one only has to provide Aadhar number.

Body:

Banes of APBS:

Unreliable seeding of Aadhar with bank account:

o It is alleged that when Jan Dhan Yojna was launched, seeding of Aadhar was done without due

verification

Inconsistencies between Aadhar database and bank database:

o Due to haphazard seeding, there are inconsistencies between Aadhar database and bank database

which led to discontinuation of benefits and subsidies for a large number of poor beneficiaries.

Diverted Payments:

o It is often found that benefits are transferred to others account under APB system.

o A recent study of the Indian School of Business (ISB), based on an analysis of more than 10 million

payments in 2014-18, concludes that 38% of all the APBS payments of MGNREGA wages in Jharkhand

“redirect wages to a completely unrelated account”.

Uninformed consent:

o It is alleged that bank accounts have been mass-mapped onto the APBS without following due process

of consent.

E-KYC issues:

o Compulsory e-KYC became a nightmare for poor people, for a number of reasons: some did not know

what they were supposed to do, others had problems of biometric authentication, others still struggled

with inconsistencies between the Aadhaar database and the bank database.

o Among the worst victims were old-age pensioners. To this day, in Jharkhand, many pensioners are

struggling to understand why their pension was discontinued after e-KYC was made compulsory.

Account Mapping:

o It is found that benefits are transferred to beneficiary rarely used account.

o Last year, Airtel allegedly opened its customer account to airtel payment bank without following due

consent and verification norms and mapped this accounts to which subsidy payments would be

directed.

Lack of accountability:



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o The ABPS is a very opaque payment system and few people have a clear understanding of it. When

people have problems of diverted or rejected payments, there is no proper mechanism to resolve the

issue.

o There is no agency that is responsible for enforcing the consent norms and other “guidelines” issued by

the NPCI.

Boon of APBS:

APBS has led to digitization of a large number of retail payment transactions which were predominantly either

in cash or cheque.

Eliminates inordinate delays, multiple channels & paper-work involved in the existing system.

In case of change in bank account, customer is not required to convey the bank account details or change in

bank details to the Government Department or Agency.

Customer not required to open multiple bank accounts for receiving benefits and subsidies of various social

welfare schemes – Customer just need to open one account and seed his/her Aadhaar number in the bank

account to start receiving benefits and subsidies directly into his/her Aadhaar Enabled Bank Account.

It helps the government to serve the goal of financial inclusion and reframe subsidy management program.

Way forward:

Responsibilities should be clearly assigned in enforcing the consent norms and other guidelines issued by the

NPCI.

The RBI may be the nominal regulator, but the real action is at the NPCI, the UIDAI and other strongholds of the

Aadhaar lobby and accordingly accountability should be assigned where any negligence should not go

unnoticed.

Supreme Court’s recent judgement in the Aadhaar case makes Aadhaar mandatory for availing facilities of

welfare schemes and government subsidies as it empowers the poor and marginalised.

An independent and participatory review of the system is long overdue.

The recent storm related to demand for more transparency by means of electoral bonds mechanisms

holds widespread importance but it may also lead to overlap priorities comment? Critically analyse.(250

words) The hindu why this question: The Election Commission of India (ECI) has recently told the Supreme Court that electoral bonds, contrary to

government claims, wreck transparency in political funding. The question is thus to examine the significance and issues

involved in this context.

Key demand of the question: The answer must discuss the Electoral Bonds – Significance and Issues involved especially with respect to transparency

in political funding.

Directive word: Critically Analyse – When asked to „analyse‟, we have to look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it,





Introduction: write a few introductory lines about the Electoral Bond, their origin and utility.


Discuss the key features of the electoral bonds.

Pros and cons



https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/electoral-bonds-hit-transparency-in-political-funding-says-election-commission/article26656311.ece

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How Electoral bond leads to corruption and hinders the capacity of the citizens to meaningfully participate in political

and public life.

Take cues from article – discuss foreign funding and role of electoral bonds.

How the power of vote is diluted through opacity in political funding, and thus democracy as a whole loses its intrinsic

value.

Conclusion – Conclude by suggesting a way forward, how can the government overcome the challenges and focus on its priorities.

Introduction:

Electoral bonds will allow donors to pay political parties using banks as an intermediary. Although called a bond, the

banking instrument resembling promissory notes will not carry any interest. The electoral bond, which will be a bearer

instrument, will not carry the name of the payee and can be bought for any value, in multiples of Rs 1,000, Rs 10,000,

Rs 1 lakh, Rs 10 lakh or Rs 1 crore.

Body:

Rationale behind the electoral bonds:

Electoral bonds have been introduced to promote transparency in funding and donation received by political

parties.

The scheme envisages building a transparent system of acquiring bonds with validated KYC and an audit trail. A

limited window and a very short maturity period would make misuse improbable.

The electoral bonds will prompt donors to take the banking route to donate, with their identity captured by the

issuing authority. This will ensure transparency and accountability and is a big step towards electoral reform.

The previous system of cash donations from anonymous sources is wholly non-transparent. The donor, the

donee, the quantum of donations and the nature of expenditure are all undisclosed.

According to government the system of Bonds will encourage political donations of clean money from

individuals, companies, HUF, religious groups, charities, etc.

After purchasing the bonds, these entities can hand them to political parties of their choice, which must

redeem them within the prescribed time.

Some element of transparency would be introduced in as much as all donors declare in their accounts the

amount of bonds that they have purchased and all parties declare the quantum of bonds that they have

received.

The electoral bonds are aimed at rooting out the current system of largely anonymous cash donations made to

political parties which lead to the generation of black money in the economy.

Concerns expressed:

ECI said that coupled with the removal of cap on foreign funding, they invite foreign corporate powers to

impact Indian politics

The move could be misused, given the lack of disclosure requirements for individuals purchasing electoral

bonds.

Electoral bonds make electoral funding even more opaque. It will bring more and more black money into the

political system. electoral bonds would cause a “serious impact” on transparency in funding of political parties

With electoral bonds there can be a legal channel for companies to round-trip their tax haven cash to a

political party. If this could be arranged, then a businessman could lobby for a change in policy, and legally

funnel a part of the profits accruing from this policy change to the politician or party that brought it about.



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The amendments would pump in black money for political funding through shell companies and allow

“unchecked foreign funding of political parties in India which could lead to Indian politics being influenced by

foreign companies

Electoral bonds eliminate the 7.5% cap on company donations which means even loss-making companies can

make unlimited donations.

Companies no longer need to declare the names of the parties to which they have donated so shareholders

won’t know where their money has gone.

They have potential to load the dice heavily in favour of the ruling party as the donor bank and the receiver

bank know the identity of the person. But both the banks report to the RBI which, in turn, is subject to the

Central government’s will to know.

Alternative mechanisms for electoral funding:

According to Former Chief Election Commissioner S.Y. Quraishi, an alternative worth exploring is a National

Electoral Fund to which all donors can contribute.

The funds would be allocated to political parties in proportion to the votes they get. Not only would this

protect the identity of donors, it would also weed out black money from political funding.

The total cost of MPLADS funding for all MPs is nearly ₹4,000 crore every year, and scrapping the scheme even

for one year in an MP’s five-year term will be enough to bankroll state funding of Lok Sabha candidates. This is

a legalized way of allowing MPs and MLAs to shower money on their constituencies at state expense.

Direct funding of candidates, who will be reimbursed according to their final share of the votes cast.

The best way to bring about such transparency in political funding is to put a complete ban on cash donations

by individuals or companies to political parties.

Making it mandatory for all parties to receive donations only by cheque, or other modes of money transfer.

There should be clear provisions for getting tax benefits for all those making such donations.

Make it mandatory for political parties to submit details of all donations received with the Election

Commission and also with the income-tax department.

State funding of political parties can be considered. The Indrajit Gupta Committee on State Funding of

Elections had endorsed partial state funding of recognised political parties.

The mechanics of this process need to be carefully worked out to establish the allocation of money to national

parties, State parties and independent candidates, and to check candidate’s own expenditure over and above

that which is provided by the state.

Voters have to be made aware through awareness campaigns about ill effects of money power during

elections. Bringing political parties under the preview of RTI act.

Discuss the key proposals of the National Mineral Policy 2019. Does it ensure environmentally and

socially responsible mining? Critically analyse.(250 words) Reference Why this question: The question is about evaluation of the recent government‟s National Mineral Policy 2019. The effects of policy on

social and environmental aspects.

Key demand of the question: The answer must discuss at length the key features of the policy, its certain effects upon social and environmental

aspects. One is expected to critically analyse these two aspects in detail and give a firm opinion along with suggestions

as to what needs to be done.





https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/mining/will-the-new-national-mineral-policy-ensure-responsible-mining--63741

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Critically Analyse – When asked to „analyse‟, we have to look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it,





Introduction: Narrate a brief background of the context of the question – salient features of the policy.

Body: In brief discuss –

Key features of National Mineral Policy (NMP) – increase the production of major minerals by 200 per cent in 7 years,

massive increase of domestic mineral production and reducing trade deficits in the mineral sector in the next 7 years,

business-friendly policy etc.

What do you understand by responsible mining – discuss the social and environment factor.

Issues associated with mining – issues of unscientific mining, poor track records of environmental and social

performance, and high instances of illegal activities. The regulatory environment, and capacity and accountability of our

authorities.

Impact on social aspect – displacement of tribal pockets, Community concerns, Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and

Resettlement etc.

Environmental aspect – Environmental pollution, critically fragile ecological areas, Exclusive Mining Zones, clearance

systems etc.

Conclusion: Conclude with what needs to be done, suggest way forward.

Introduction:

The Union Cabinet has recently approved the National Mineral Policy 2019. The aim of National Mineral Policy 2019 is

to have a more effective, meaningful and implementable policy that brings in further transparency, better regulation

and enforcement, balanced social and economic growth as well as sustainable mining practices. It replaces the extant

National Mineral Policy 2008. The impetus to review NMP 2008 came about by way of a direction from the Supreme

Court vide its judgment in Common Cause v/s Union of India & Others.

Body:

Key features of National Mineral Policy (NMP) 2019 are:

Higher Production:

o The latest mineral policy, which pertains to non-coal and non-fuel minerals, says that a major outcome

expected from the policy proposals is to “increase the production of major minerals by 200 per cent in

7 years”.

Right of first refusal:

o Introduction of Right of First Refusal for reconnaissance permit (RP) or Permanent Licence holders

Private sector participation:

o This will give more opportunity to the private sector for participation in mining activities.

o The Policy also mentions rationalize reserved areas given to PSUs which have not been used and to put

these areas to auction, which will give more opportunity to private sector for participation.

Industry status:

o It proposes to grant status of industry to mining activity to boost financing of mining for private sector

and for acquisitions of mineral assets in other countries by private sector..

Export Import:

o It proposes a Long term import export policy for mineral will help private sector in better planning and

stability in business.



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Transportation:

o It focuses on use of coastal waterways and inland shipping for evacuation and transportation of

minerals.

o It also encourages dedicated mineral corridors to facilitate the transportation of minerals.

Fund:

o The policy also underlines the need to harmonise India’s tax, levy and royalty rates to global

benchmarks to draw higher private participation.

o It calls for the utilization of the district mineral fund for equitable development of project affected

persons and areas.

Regulation:

o For regulation of the Minerals sector, E-Governance, IT enabled systems, awareness and information

campaigns will be incorporated.

o Online public portal with provision for generating triggers at higher level in the event of delay of

clearances by the state has been put in place.

Sustainable development:

o It introduces the concept of Inter-Generational Equity that deals with the well-being of both the

present generation and future generations.

o It also proposes to constitute an inter-ministerial body to institutionalize the mechanism for ensuring

sustainable development in mining.

Issues with the NMP-2019:

The NMP 2019 misses out on providing necessary guidance on some fundamental things that would have made

it a guiding document to ensure environmentally and socially responsible mining.

While the document mentions that mining should be environmentally sustainable and equitable, there remain

serious questions on how effective this Policy will be to ensure environmental protection, ecological

conservation and protect people’s rights in the mining areas.

With a focus to ramp up mineral production massively, the new Policy is largely guided by the penchant for

‘ease of doing businesses’ and attracting investments.

Creating exclusive mining zones and simplifying clearances:

o A key proposal that has been introduced in the NMP is the creation of ‘Exclusive Mining Zones’. These

‘zones’ will come with approved, in-principle clearances to “curtail delay in commencement of mining

operations”. In-principle clearance is tied to forest land diversion for non-forestry purposes.

o Most major mining activities involve such land diversion, this will help to open up huge tracks of forest

land to multiple companies and investors for mining in one go.

o The proposal will also create major loopholes in obtaining successive clearances and permits by mining

companies who will be part of the exclusive mining zone, and also in compliance of clearance and

permit conditions.

o Serious concerns arise about the impact of this proposal on forest ecology, wildlife corridors and forest-

dependent communities.

Weak on controlling environmental pollution:



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o Environmental pollution from mining activities is a major problem in most mining areas. This arises

from unscientific and rampant mining (and related) activities, poor pollution standards and pollution

monitoring, and improper mines management and mine closure practices.

o Air, water and soil pollution problems in almost all key mining districts of India have severely affected

people’s health and their livelihood. However, the Policy provides little effective guidance to improve

this.

o There is no specific standard on environmental pollution from mining under our umbrella

environmental legislations — the Environment (Protection) Act (1986), the Water Act (1974) and the

Air Act (1981).

o Among non-coal minerals, pollution standards have only been developed for iron-ore mining under

Environment Protection Rules, 2010. Also, baseline pollution monitoring data in most mining areas is

nearly non-existent or extremely poor.

Way forward:

Two main pre-conditions for achieving sustainability are good governance and self-regulating mining

enterprises which are economically viable, financially profitable and technically efficient.

Proper Environmental Impact Assessment and Social Impact Assessment needs to be carried despite easing

the clearances for mining activities.

Scientific techniques of mining needs to be adopted to curb the pollution.

Specific standards on environmental pollution from mining should be brought in for all minerals

Mining operations must be carried out with concerns for the ‘carrying capacity’ of the environment and other

infrastructural limitations.

Occupational safety of the mining workers along with protection of the rights of local residents and the

biodiversity needs to be taken into account.

Conclusion:

Striking the balance between Development and Environment is a difficult task. A sustainable way of utilizing the

resources needs to be adopted. The loopholes in the policy need to be rectified at the earliest to carry on sustainable

mining.

Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the

performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the

protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.

Recently the Government of India introduced 10% quota for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)

among General Category candidates in government jobs and educational institutions. Should economic-

status based reservations be extended to the SC,ST and OBC’s too to help correct the centuries-old

wrongs on the lower castes?(250 words) Indianexpress

Why this question: The article provides for a close examination of the necessity of economic-status based reservations even for Dalits, as there are substantial inequalities even within Dalits. Thus In addition to the 15 per cent quota, the community should also have reservation based on socioeconomic criteria. Key demand of the question:



https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/general-category-quota-dalit-sc-st-reservation-old-plus-new-5607504/

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One needs to address the needs of economic-status based reservations even amongst the vulnerable and backward sections of the society who are already being given caste based reservations as socioeconomic differentiation is as well pronounced in these communities. Structure of the answer Introduction: Discuss the significance of economic-status based reservations in India. Body: You must weigh the pros and cons of such a system of affirmative action, what needs to be done? What are the imperatives? To what extent can reservation – caste based and socio- economic address the problems of weaker and poorer sections of the society? Should reservation be the only solution to fix the problem. Conclusion – Conclude with how reservation is only part of a solution and not a permanent fix to the vulnerability of the socially and economically weaker section and thus we must look for alternatives and an integrated approach .

Introduction:

The President of India has given his assent to the bill providing 10% reservation in jobs and educational

institutions to the economically weaker sections in the general category. The legislation will be known as

the Constitution (103 Amendment) Act, 2019.

Body:

The amendment has renewed the debate whether a similar criteria is needed among SC, ST and OBCs. The

latter idea has been mulled since the time of framing constitution in India.

While the constitution-framers did recognise the group identity of a community while creating reservations for

Scheduled Castes and Tribes, they had a significantly more ambivalent attitude towards the category of ‘other

backward classes’ or OBCs.

In post-independence India, a significant section of the politically active population voiced concerns that caste-

based reservations would be divisive and compromise national unity.

Till as late as the 1980s, the dominant opinion in New Delhi – represented by successive central governments

and national parties – preferred income over caste as the determining factor for any proposed reservation

scheme.

Numerous academics and lawyers insisted that since ‘class’ did not mean the same thing as ‘caste’, the ‘other

backward classes’ must be identified on an economic or class basis.

In Balaji v. Mysore, 1962, the Supreme Court noted that ultimately, poverty, rather than community identity,

was the real marker of social and educational backwardness. While the court did not categorically reject using

caste identity to determine the beneficiaries of quota or reservation schemes, the damage had been done.

However, in the watershed Indra Sawhney case, the Supreme Court held that exclusively “economic criteria”

were unconstitutional since the category of “poor” did not reflect “social backwardness”.

Positives of Economic-status based reservation for SC, ST and OBCs

EWS reservations will allow ‘excluded’ sections in lower castes to “share the fruits of the policies of the

government”.

To provide equal opportunity as far as equity is concerned, reservation policy should be associated with

economic status and rich/poor classification.

This will prevent the privileged classes in minority communities from unduly benefiting from caste based

reservation, whether it is in government jobs or medical admissions.

India still lives in her villages and instead of caste based reservation, income based reservation will be more

beneficial because people from rural areas and low income groups will benefit.



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Even the urban poor need assistance and special affirmative action programs will be able to ensure their

continued upliftment.

Income based reservation will see to it that people from high income groups are barred from advantages given

that they have already received the benefits of economic upliftment.

Many castes are making attempts to be classified as backward to avail the benefits. Consider the Patels or

Patidars of Gujarat who are an economically and politically dominant community. Given that the Patels have

worldwide presence as entrepreneurs and NRIs, it seems ironical that they are demanding caste based

reservation for their community.

Caste based reservation has failed to assimilate SC and ST within the mainstream.

Income based reservation will ensure that the creamy layer does not make off with a majority of the benefits

while those from poorer sections yet belonging to minority communities are left on the sidelines.

Discrimination is still rampant against members of SC and ST community especially in rural areas. Reservation

in the name of caste has done nothing to prevent this.

The poor, educated youth will benefit from income based reservation and get a chance to access a brighter

future.

Findings of The India Human Development Survey, and its last two rounds of 2004-05 and 2011-12

In terms of their annual per capita mean income (APCMI), Jatavs( a type of Dalit) are not at all doing better

than other important Dalit jatis of UP: They earned only Rs 6,135 a year in 2011-12, against Rs 6,643 for the

Pasis and Rs 9,077 for the Dhobis.

Among the Mahars, for instance, the socioeconomic differentiation is as pronounced as among the Jatavs. Here

again, the richest 20 per cent earned 10 times more than the poorest 20 per cent (Rs 68,401 against Rs 7,254).

To be a Dalit in UP and to be a Dalit in Maharashtra is not the same thing in terms of income, education and

occupation.

Dalits are not catching up yet — far from that — even if the growth rate of their APCMI is among the highest. It

was more than 200 per cent between 2004-05 and 2011-12 — a record — but Mahars were still earning 40 per

cent less than the Brahmins of Maharashtra and 27 per cent less than the Marathas.

The socioeconomic differentiation within the Dalit jatis is as pronounced as in other caste groups. To address

the problems of the most disadvantaged, a class element has to be taken into account within each jati.

Negatives of Economic-status based reservation for SC, ST and OBCs

The “creamy layer” formula — which relies on class-related criteria — would not do either because of the

stigma still associated with untouchability.

Surveys show that when the same CV was sent to a potential employer in response to a call for applications,

those with a Brahmin name were much more likely to result in a call for job talk/interview, compared to the CV

bearing a Dalit name — which generated a large number of negative responses (or no reply at all).

Indeed, in institutions where there is no reservation for SCs (the judiciary, Rajya Sabha, etc.), Dalits remain

massively under-represented despite the fact that they have, in their ranks, a large number of people with the

required diplomas and skills.

Conclusion:

Unlike the historical debates, the ‘economic criterion’ today is not proposed as a competing idea to caste and

community, but as an allied one. By validating the 10 per cent quota for the “general category”, the Supreme Court has

unintentionally opened a window of opportunity for revisiting the reservation policy in favour of the needful Dalits.



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Critically examine the success of Pradhan mantri Ujjwala Yojana scheme?(250 words) Livemint Why this question: The article analyses in detail the government of India‟s flagship Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)scheme.

Key demand of the question: The answer must discuss the salient features of the scheme very briefly and discuss the successes of the scheme over the

past schemes for the same target population with same intent and bring out the challenges that the scheme is facing and

suggest a way forward.

Directive word: Critically Examine – When asked to „Examine‟, we have to look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it,





Introduction: Introduce by highlighting the significance schemes to vulnerable sections of the society in the context of PMUY.


Discuss the key features of the scheme – replace unclean cooking fuels used in the most underprivileged households with

clean and more efficient LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), LPG connections with a support of Rs. 1,600 per

connection. Target revised to 8 crore- to be achieved by 2019-20 etc.

Discuss the beneficiaries

Status of the scheme as of today, what are the challenges facing the scheme- Affordability and Inactive gas cylinders,

Issues with LPG distribution, Safety Issues, Identification of Beneficiaries etc.

Conclusion – Conclude by suggesting a way forward.

Introduction:

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) is a scheme of the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas for providing LPG

connections to women from Below Poverty Line (BPL) households. India is home to more than 24 Crore households

out of which about 10 Crore households are still deprived of LPG as cooking fuel and have to rely on firewood, coal,

dung – cakes etc. as primary source of cooking.

The PMUY has helped the spread of LPG cylinders predominantly in the urban and semi-urban areas with the coverage

mostly in middle class and affluent households. It aims to safeguard the health of women & children by providing them

with a clean cooking fuel – LPG, so that they don’t have to compromise their health in smoky kitchens or wander in

unsafe areas collecting firewood.

Body:

Achievements:

The oil ministry’s Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell (PPAC) estimates that LPG coverage in India (the

proportion of households with an LPG connection) has increased from 56% in 2015 to 90% in 2019. There is a

significant increase in eastern states, with 48% of the beneficiaries being SC/STs.

The government reports show that around 80% of the beneficiaries have been refilling cylinders, with average

per capita consumption being 3.28 cylinders.



http://paper.livemint.com/epaper/viewer.aspx?issue=67862019032600000000001001&page=6&article=f50a993f-7593-49f0-82c4-17f033f50b86&key=YATcUGMBooVZmbWYTTL0fA%3D%3D&feed=rss

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PMUY has resulted in an additional employment of around 1 Lakh and provide business opportunity of at least

Rs. 10,000 Crore in last 3 Years to the Indian Industry.

The scheme has also provided a boost to the ‘Make in India’ campaign as all the manufacturers of cylinders, gas

stoves, regulators, and gas hose are domestic.

PMUY reduces these ill-effects by providing clean fuel and cutting out on drudgery. Increased use of cooking

gas will shrink the incidence of tuberculosis in India, based on the statistics from the latest National Family

Health Survey (NFHS-4) on TB prevalence.

PMUY has helped in reducing the drudgery for women. The time saved can be used in socio- economically

productive activities like Self-Help Group activities.

The World Health Organisation hailed PMUY as decisive intervention by the government to facilitate the

switch to clean household energy use, thereby addressing the problems associated with Indoor Household

Pollution.

However, given the scale of the scheme there are some implementation shortcomings of the scheme

Cost issues:

Consumers were paying market price for refills till the loan repayment for stove and first refill was made. This

led to some consumers not going in for such refills.

Economic Burden: The increased monthly expenditure has shied many consumers away from LPG and lured

them back to firewood and cow-dung cakes.

The CEEW study across Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal and Odisha found

people were unwilling to pay upfront Rs.900-1,000 for a 14 kg refill.

A CRISIL Study shows that of those surveyed, 86% said they had not shifted from biomass to LPG because the

price of installing a connection was too high. Almost the same number – 83% – said the price of refills was too

high.

Administrative issues:

The government claims that around 80% of the beneficiaries have been refilling cylinders, with average per

capita consumption being 3.28 cylinders. But there are implementation issues with the scheme in Madhya

Pradesh, for instance.

Aadhar seeding also faces issues caused by data discrepancies, especially where the spelling of names is

concerned as a result of which applicants can find themselves unable to register for the scheme.

Logistic issues:

Lack of LPG cylinder bottling plants near rural areas and connectivity issues especially in the tribal areas.

Last-mile connectivity and delivery still poses a great challenge.

Safety and Behavioural issues:

Safety has been another concern about distribution of LPG connection, especially to BPL families. Lack of

awareness and safety amenities in beneficiary households have increased the likelihood of accidents.

Cow-dung cakes lying around the house all the time. Hence, LPG cylinders are used on special occasions or

during some kind of emergency or when it’s entirely too hot to burn wood.

The CRISIL report also noted that 37% of households in rural areas procure cooking fuel or free.



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Agency: Most rural women do not have a say in determining when a refill is ordered, even though the

connection is in their name.

Way Forward:

Increase Affordability: A case in point is state-run fuel retailers introducing a 5kg refill option to make

purchases affordable.

Increase Accessibility: Gas Agencies should be set up within 10km radius, especially in the rural and remote

areas to increase accessibility.

Increase Availability: Alternatives like Gas-grid and piped connections in cities and areas near the bottling

plants can free up the cylinders for other areas.

Promote ‘Give it up’: The initiative of the government to persuade the well-off to give up the LPG subsidies has

added to the corpus of PMUY. Similar initiatives can be promoted.

Encourage Private Players to set up LPG franchises at rural areas.

Sensitization and Education of safe use of LPG though LPG Panchayats, NGO’s etc.

Conclusion:

PMUY is a novel scheme having twin benefits of women empowerment as well as environmental conservation.

Ironing out the implementation issues can reap the envisioned benefits and lead to a sustainable future in energy

consumption.

Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health,

Education, Human Resources.

The Health care system in India requires major improvements to make it universal. Discuss the major

challenges being faced by the Healthcare system in India? What steps should be taken to strengthen the

existing state of Health infrastructure in the country?(250 words) The hindu

Why this question: The article provides for a close examination of the challenges being faced by the Healthcare system in India. It highlights the need of strengthening primary health care system. Key demand of the question: The question wants us to bring out the overall importance of a strong and efficient health infrastructure in the country. It wants us to highlight the status of health infrastructure in India , the challenges it is facing and the suggestive measures to improve the same. Structure of the answer Introduction: Discuss the significance of healthcare infrastructure in India. Relate it to development aspect of the country. Body: Discuss the challenges specific to Indian healthcare system on multiple dimensions – policy level, finances, infrastructure, schemes and their failures etc. Then move onto discuss what needs to be done to improve the existing scenario – strengthening of primary healthcare system, increased finances, infrastructure development, dedicated delivery of schemes etc. Conclusion –



https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-basics-are-vital/article26425127.ece

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Conclude with how the system of healthcare is crucial for the development of the country thus it is very important for the government to focus on augmenting the current system marred with loopholes.

Introduction:

Post Independence there has been a significant improvement, in the health status of people. Public health and health

services have been synonymous in India. This integration has dwarfed the growth of a comprehensive public health

system, which is critical to overcome some of the systemic challenges in healthcare. Poor strata of population have

denied proper health care due to lack of universal healthcare.

Body:

The major challenges faced by healthcare system in India are:

Finance: At about 1.3% of the national income, India’s public healthcare spending between 2008 and 2015,

has virtually remained stagnant. This is way less than the global average of 6 per cent. It is a herculean task to

implement a scheme that could potentially cost Rs 5 lakh per person and benefit 53.7 crore out of India’s 121

crore citizenry, or roughly about 44% of the country’s population. Over 70 per cent of the total healthcare

expenditure is accounted for by the private sector.

Crumbling public health infrastructure: Given the country’s crumbling public healthcare infrastructure, most

patients are forced to go to private clinics and hospitals. There is a shortage of PHCs (22%) and sub-health

centres (20%), while only 7% sub-health centres and 12% primary health centres meet Indian Public Health

Standards (IPHS) norms.

High Out of Pocket Expenditure: Reports suggest that 70% of the medical spending is from the patient’s

pockets leading to huge burden and pushing many into poverty. Most consumers complain of rising costs.

Hundred days into the PMJAY, it remains to be seen if private hospitals provide knee replacement at Rs 80,000

(current charges Rs 3.5 lakh) bypass surgery at Rs 1.7 lakh (against Rs 4 lakh).

Insurance: India has one of the lowest per capita healthcare expenditures in the world. Government

contribution to insurance stands at roughly 32 percent, as opposed to 83.5 percent in the UK. The high out-of-

pocket expenses in India stem from the fact that 76 percent of Indians do not have health insurance.

Doctor-Density Ratio: The WHO reports the doctor-density ratio in India at 8 per 10,000 people as against one

doctor for a population of 1,000.To achieve such access, merely increasing the number of primary and

secondary healthcare centres is not enough.

Shortage of Medical Personnel: Data by IndiaSpend show that there is a staggering shortage of medical and

paramedical staff at all levels of care: 10,907 auxiliary nurse midwives and 3,673 doctors are needed at sub-

health and primary health centres, while for community health centres the figure is 18,422 specialists.

Rural-urban disparity: The rural healthcare infrastructure is three-tiered and includes a sub-center, primary

health centre (PHC) and CHC. PHCs are short of more than 3,000 doctors, with the shortage up by 200 per cent

over the last 10 years to 27,421. Private hospitals don’t have adequate presence in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities and

there is a trend towards super specialisation in Tier-1 cities.

Social Inequality: The growth of health facilities has been highly imbalanced in India. Rural, hilly and remote

areas of the country are under served while in urban areas and cities, health facility is well developed. The

SC/ST and the poor people are far away from modern health service.

Poor healthcare ranking: India ranks as low as 145th among 195 countries in healthcare quality and

accessibility, behind even Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Commercial motive: lack of transparency and unethical practices in the private sector.



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Lack of level playing field between the public and private hospitals: This has been a major concern as public

hospitals would continue receiving budgetary support. This would dissuade the private players from actively

participating in the scheme.

Scheme flaws: The overall situation with the National Health Mission, India’s flagship programme in primary

health care, continues to be dismal. The NHM’s share in the health budget fell from 73% in 2006 to 50% in 2019

in the absence of uniform and substantial increases in health spending by States.

Steps taken up currently:

The National Health Policy (NHP) 2017 advocated allocating resources of up to two-thirds or more to primary

care as it enunciated the goal of achieving “the highest possible level of good health and well-being, through a

preventive and promotive healthcare orientation”.

A 167% increase in allocation this year for the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) — the insurance

programme which aims to cover 10 crore poor families for hospitalisation expenses of up to ₹5 lakh per family

per annum.

The government’s recent steps to incentivise the private sector to open hospitals in Tier II and Tier III cities.

Individual states are adopting technology to support health-insurance schemes. For instance, Remedinet

Technology (India’s first completely electronic cashless health insurance claims processing network) has been

signed on as the technology partner for the Karnataka Government’s recently announced cashless health

insurance schemes.

Measures needed to strengthen the existing state of Health infrastructure in the country are:

There is an immediate need to increase the public spending to 2.5% of GDP, despite that being lower than

global average of 5.4%.

The achievement of a distress-free and comprehensive wellness system for all hinges on the performance of

health and wellness centres as they will be instrumental in reducing the greater burden of out-of-pocket

expenditure on health.

there is a need to depart from the current trend of erratic and insufficient increases in health spending and

make substantial and sustained investments in public health over the next decade.

A National Health Regulatory and Development Framework needs to be made for improving the quality (for

example registration of health practitioners), performance, equity, efficacy and accountability of healthcare

delivery across the country.

Increase the Public-Private Partnerships to increase the last-mile reach of healthcare.

Generic drugs and Jan Aushadi Kendras should be increased to make medicines affordable and reduce the

major component of Out of Pocket Expenditure.

The government’s National Innovation Council, which is mandated to provide a platform for collaboration

amongst healthcare domain experts, stakeholders and key participants, should encourage a culture of

innovation in India and help develop policy on innovations that will focus on an Indian model for inclusive

growth.

India should take cue from other developing countries like Thailand to work towards providing Universal

Health Coverage. UHC includes three components: Population coverage, disease coverage and cost coverage.

Leveraging the benefits of Information Technology like computer and mobile-phone based e-health and m-

health initiatives to improve quality of healthcare service delivery. Start-ups are investing in healthcare sector

from process automation to diagnostics to low-cost innovations. Policy and regulatory support should be

provided to make healthcare accessible and affordable.

Conclusion:



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India needs a holistic approach to tackle problems in healthcare industry. This includes the active collaboration of all

stakeholders public, private sectors, and individuals. A more dynamic and pro-active approach is needed to handle the

dual disease burden. A universal access to health makes the nation fit and healthy, aiding better to achieve the

demographic dividend.

The demographic dividend of India is bound to turn into a curse if the education system is not

overhauled over the next decade. In this context critically analyze the issues and challenges faced by the

education system in the country and justify the need for a systemic approach to reforming education

system in the country. (250 words) Livemint

Why this question: The article highlights an approach to reform the education system in India, it recognizes that piecemeal initiatives are unlikely to improve student learning, thus its high time to take up a systemic approach to reform the current system to save the demographic dividend from turning into a demographic disaster. Key demand of the question: The question expects you to provide for a detailed picture of the scenario, you must detail upon the issues and challenges being faced by the system and highlight the need for systematic approach as a solution. Directive word Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You have to give reasons for both for and against arguments. Critically analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement. Structure of the answer Introduction: Start with highlighting the importance of education system for the country’s progress on all fronts. Body: Body should discuss the following broad aspects in detail – Current Issues of Education system in India Necessity of a systematic approach; its impact Way forward Conclusion: Conclude with what way can we shorten the distance between the nation’s current state of education and its aspirations, end the answer with optimism, quote examples of government’s initiatives policies in this direction.

Introduction:

India’s demographic dividend depends on the learning level of students. The quality of education has a direct bearing

on any economy. The ASER report by NGO Pratham shows the prevalence of learning deficit and the poverty of basic

reading and arithmetic skills among students in Indian schools.

Body:

The issues and challenges faced by education system in India are:

Expenditure on Education:

o The expenses on education as a percentage to GDP, India lags behind some developed/ developing

nations.

Infrastructure deficit:

o Dilapidated structures, single-room schools, lack of drinking water facilities, separate toilets and other

educational infrastructure is a grave problem.



https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/opinion-a-systemic-approach-to-reforming-education-1551893345012.html

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Student-teacher ratio:

o Another challenge for improving the Indian education system is to improve the student teacher ratio.

o In India, this ratio is very high as compared to certain comparable countries in the world. For example,

while in developed countries this ratio stands at 11.4, in case of India, it is as high as 22.0.

Corruption and leakages:

o The transfer of funds from the central to state to local governments to school leads to involvement of

many intermediaries.

o The fund transfer is drastically reduced by the time it reaches the true beneficiaries.

o High rates of corruption and leakages plague the system, undermine its legitimacy and harm the many

thousands of honest headmasters and teachers.

Quality of Teachers:

o Lack of well trained, skilled and knowledgeable teachers which provide the foundation for a high

quality education system.

o Teacher shortages and poorly qualified teachers are both a cause and effect of poorly paid and

managed teaching cadres.

Non-Academic burden:

o The teachers are overburdened with senseless reports and administrative workload. This eats into the

time which is necessary for teaching.

o A study by the National Institute of Education Planning and Administration (NIEPA) revealed

that teachers spend only around 19 percent of their time teaching while the rest is spent mostly on

non-teaching administrative work.

Poor salary:

o Teachers are paid miserly salaries which affect their interest and dedication to work. They will look for

other avenues like tuitions or coaching centers and coax the students to attend it.

o This has dual effect, firstly the quality of teaching in schools drop and secondly, the poor students are

forced to spend money despite constitutional provision of free education.

Teacher Absenteeism:

o Absence of teachers during school hours is rampant. The lack of accountability and poor governance

structures add to the woes.

Lack of Accountability:

o School Management Committees are largely dysfunctional. Many exist solely on paper.

o Parents are often not aware of their rights and if they are it is difficult for them to make their voice

heard.

High drop-out rates:

o The drop-out rates in schools, especially girls, is very high.

o Many factors like poverty, patriarchal mindset, lack of toilets in schools, distance to schools and

cultural elements lead to children dropping out from education.

School closure:

o Many schools are closed to low student strength, lack of teachers and infrastructure. The competition

posed by private schools is also a major challenge to government schools.



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A systemic approach to reforming education system in the country needs the following:

The current approach, mainly academic in nature, recognizes that piecemeal initiatives are unlikely to improve

student learning.

A new systemic approach to reforming education is now emerging in Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal

Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Rajasthan.

It is accompanied with administrative reforms that create an enabling environment for these new practices to

take root.

It involves aligning all stakeholders and orienting their collective efforts towards following a single and

“comprehensive transformation road map” towards better learning outcomes.

Academic interventions involve the adoption of grade competence framework instead of just syllabus

completion.

Effective delivery of remedial education for weaker students like after-school coaching, audio-video based

education.

Administrative reforms that enable and incentivize teachers to perform better through data-driven insights,

training, and recognition. Example: Performance based increments in Salary.

Together with human enablement, a seamless ecosystem or a system enabler (often a technology platform) is

also set up.

This streamlines communication and saves teachers’ valuable time that they might have otherwise spent on

administrative tasks, such as leave applications, allowance claims, transfers and service book updates.

It is also important to track the performance of the schooling system on a regular basis to course correct

where needed.

Therefore, a robust accountability system is required wherein there is a clear articulation of the roles and

responsibilities of all relevant stakeholders, and the administration is empowered to act where necessary.

This involves frequent real-time, data-enabled review meetings at the block, district, and state levels.

These states have also developed user-friendly dashboards that assist education officials and the state

leadership in decision-making.

Outcomes:

Haryana has already seen significant progress in its learning outcomes, with grade-level competence seeing an

increase from 40% in 2014, to approximately 80% currently, as per the ongoing third-party assessments.

Systemic changes have led to Rajasthan’s steady rise among states to the top of the education chart in NAS in

2017.

The changes are reinstating parents’ faith in the public education system, with states like Himachal Pradesh

witnessing a reverse migration of students from private schools to government schools, as learning levels of

government and private schools begin to converge.

Way forward:

Digitization:

o Create a single-window system for infrastructure and mainstream fund-flows: In Bihar, only around

10 percent of the schools fulfils infrastructure norms. A study revealed that files for renovating schools

often go on a two-year journey through various departments.

o The same can be applied for teacher salaries and school funds. These can be transferred directly from

the State to the teachers and schools. There is no need to involve the District or Block in this process.



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o Leveraging the audio-visual edutainment to make education more interesting and easier to

understand for the children. This will improve the quality as well as reduce the drop-out rates.

o Implementing bio-metric attendance for teachers and students for every class can help reduce

absenteeism.

Empower School Management Committees by using mobile phones:

o To develop a system that facilitates School Management Committee members by fostering democratic

accountability.

o Social audits should also be carried out for effective functioning.

Better pre-service teacher training coupled with transparent and merit-based recruitments is a lasting solution

for teacher quality.

Improve the quality of teacher education by making teacher training mandatory. Example: National Council

for Teacher Education Act amendment bill, Diksha portal to train teachers.

Increase the public spending on education to 6% of GDP as recommended by many committees like the

recent TSR Subramaniam committee.

Teachers are rarely reprimanded for non-performance, while there are recommendations for removal of non-

detention policy. The blame is squarely on the children, such an attitude must be wiped out.

Education policy in India is focused on inputs rather than learning outcomes; It has a strong elitist bias in

favour of higher education as opposed to primary or secondary education. This needs a change by coming out

with a new policy.

Conclusion:

State-wide campaigns, driven by the state’s political and bureaucratic leadership, re-energize parents and the

community at large, and channel the attention of all stakeholders towards better learning outcomes. Only when we

align incentives of all stakeholders, and enable them while holding them accountable, can we shorten the distance

between the nation’s current state of education and its aspirations.

“Reverse innovation can transform industries in India, and the world”, Comment.(250 words) HOW INDIA BUILDS: CHEAPER, FASTER, LOCAL- 8 Mar 2019mint ePaper Vijay Govindarajan &

Mahesh Sriram

Why this question: The article highlights the significance of reverse innovation in India with special focus to Health, education and energy industry and in what way reverse innovation can recreate foreign technologies by harnessing local know-how. Key demand of the question: The answer must address how reverse innovation can transform healthcare , education and energy industries specifically in India , thus one must explain in detail what is Reverse innovation, way about, its benefits for Indian industries and what needs to be done. Directive word: Comment- here we have to express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall opinion thereupon. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin with the definition of Reverse innovation, highlight the recent beginning of it in Health industry of India. Body: Discuss the following : What is Reverse Innovation? Explain with examples like Tata Motors – Tata Nano, Tata – Swacch – World’s cheapest water purifier etc. Trends, Strategy, and the advantages it brings to India.



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How would Reverse Innovation benefit India – lead to further boom in industrialization, overall development of the entire eco-system, will lead to one world, one market” phenomenon. Highlight the key industries that are already benefiting from It – Health, education , energy ;state examples. Conclusion: Conclude with the importance of suggest way forward.

Introduction:

Reverse innovation, also known as trickle-up or bottom-up innovation, is the process whereby goods developed as

inexpensive models to meet the needs of developing nations, such as battery-operated medical instruments in

countries with limited infrastructure, are then repackaged as low-cost innovative goods for Western buyers.

Examples:

Tata Nano: While companies like Ford set up its global automobile platform in India and catered to the niche

premium segments in India, Tata introduced the Tata Nano for the price conscious consumer in India in 2009.

Tata plans to launch Tata Nano in Europe and U.S. subsequently.

P&G’s (Vicks Honey Cough) honey-based cold remedy developed in Mexico found success in European and the

United States market.

Nestle’s Maggi brand – Low-cost, low-fat dried noodles developed for rural India and Pakistan found a market

in Australia and New Zealand as a healthy and budget-friendly alternative.

Body:

At the heart of reverse innovation is recreating foreign technologies by harnessing local know-how. Reverse innovation

uses locally available resources to create products that can give foreign tech a run for its money. The heart of reverse

innovation is about harnessing abundantly available local know-how and ingenuity and packaging the product/service

in a manner that is easy to use and easy to repair.

Healthcare:

Reverse innovation can transform healthcare in India, and the world.

Ayushman Bharat (National Health Protection Scheme) is said to be the world’s largest government-funded

health insurance programme covering 100 million families up to ₹5 lakh every year.

The scheme allows 500 million Indians to avail secondary and tertiary care at any empanelled hospital,

anywhere in India.

Albeit well-intentioned, meeting this enormous demand is a formidable challenge considering we have so few

hospitals and doctors, with a majority of them in tier-I cities.

The only way to fix the demand-supply gap is by promoting breakthrough innovations in healthcare delivery.

Such innovations can be exported to rich countries like the US. That is the potential of reverse innovation.

For instance, Narayana Health offers open heart surgery for ₹1.3 lakh, Aravind Eye Care provides cataract

surgery for ₹6,500, and Care Hospital provides total knee replacement for ₹2.5 lakh. In the US, similar

procedures cost more than ₹1 crore, ₹2.6 lakh and ₹21 lakh, respectively.

Despite their ultra-low prices, medical outcomes of these exemplars are as good as any in the world. In

addition, they are highly profitable.

Case Study: India has less than 20,000 ophthalmologists. In 2011, Forus launched its first product, 3netra Classic, which

screens cornea and retina for four major conditions—cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cornea issues. In

the US, the same tests require three expensive instruments. 3netra is portable and can be taken on motorcycles;

screening can be done in five minutes by a minimally trained technician; the physician can diagnose via telemedicine.



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3netra is priced at $10,000. Competitive offerings from multinationals are $30,000, are not portable and require trained

technicians.

Advantages: It reduces the burden on expensive hospital infrastructure since simple cases can be handled at

the community level (spokes), while only those needing specialized treatment need to come to the hospitals (the

hub). It also lowers the non-medical expenses for patients—loss of wages when they are away from work, cost of

travel and room and board. The wicked problem of income inequality can be solved by extending the productive life of

his patients and empowering them to earn more.

Education:

The cost of higher education keeps soaring. The very rich do not mind the high cost and the very poor get

outright scholarships.

It is the large middle class that is squeezed out of high-quality American universities.

We need to educate millions in India. We cannot follow the American education model in India, with the

principle of exclusion.

India must come up with breakthrough education delivery models that can provide world-class education to

the masses at very low costs.

Once India fine-tunes such business models, they can be adapted in the US.

Energy:

Since crude oil prices have declined, the pressure has declined in the US to innovate renewable energy. Yet,

global warming is a real threat.

Given the carbon emissions of petrol, India has no choice but to do radical innovations to generate energy from

wind and sun.

India has the potential to be a global leader in wind and solar energy.

Conclusion:

Reverse innovation will address three of the country’s most pressing agendas: economic growth, job creation

(especially in rural India), and reduction of income inequality. From ultra-affordable healthcare to power solutions to

transportation and to futuristic technologies like augmented reality, 3D printing and robotics, the potential of reverse

innovation is endless.

The recent incident of wrong medicines post vaccination at the Primary health Centre of Hyderabad

point to a looming public health emergency that necessitates a renewed focus on mitigating the hazards

of poor health infrastructure . Discuss and critically analyze government policies for dealing with the

crisis? (250 words) Indianexpress

Why this question: Recently one infant died and 22 others were in a critical condition after the staff of an urban primary health centre in Hyderabad allegedly administered them the wrong medicine – tramadol instead of paracetamol – after vaccination. The alleged mistake took place because of the similar packaging on the two drugs available at the health centre. Key demand of the question: The question is in the backdrop of the complacent and irresponsible behavior of the primary health care Centre in Hyderabad that lead to innocent loss of life. In this answer you must bring out the issues associated with the Healthcare industry and what needs to be done to address these issues. Directive word:



http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/mar/07/infants-queue-up-at-hospital-after-wrong-medication-at-phc-one-dead-1948063.html

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Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You have to give reasons for both for and against arguments. Critically analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin with the importance of the primary healthcare centers in the Indian model of health infrastructure. Body: The answer should mainly focus upon: the challenges, issues and concerns associated with such incidents in the health industry. What needs to be done ? Redressal? Conclusion: Conclude with how the Industry needs to gear up , strict action needs to be taken against the irresponsible and wrong doers, stringent policies should be put in place to keep a check on such issues.

Introduction:

Primary Health Centre (PHCs) (public health centres) are state-owned rural health care facilities in India. They are

essentially single-physician clinics usually with facilities for minor surgeries, too. They are part of the government-

funded public health system in India and are the most basic units of this system. Presently there are 28,863 PHCs in

India.

In a recent incident at Nampally primary health center, two infants died and 32 others were admitted to further

treatment after the staff allegedly gave the wrong medicine

Body:

India has made reasonable progress in improving access to last-mile healthcare over the last decade. However, the

improved access has not reached the 29 states equally.

The various challenges concerning the healthcare industry in India are: India’s healthcare suffers from quality,

quantity, footprint, access and affordability issues.

The quantity issue:

o The WHO estimates that India spent about $267 per capita on health care in PPP adjusted terms in

2014—China spent three times that amount, Brazil five times, European nations 10 times and the US

20 times.

o India spends only about 5% of GDP on public healthcare. Most countries spend two or more times that

number.

o This allocation impacts infrastructure, supply of critical equipments, the number of hospitals and

doctors, specialists, nurses and assistants.

o There aren’t enough skilled healthcare professionals in India despite recent increases in MBBS

programmes and nursing courses. Shortage is compounded by inequitable distribution of these

resources.

The quality issue:

o India suffers from an acute shortage of secondary and tertiary hospitals

o Significant shortfall in specialists and specialized equipment

o Rigid regulatory framework combined with corrupt enforcement.



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o Inadequate feeder system from preventive health to primary care to secondary and tertiary referral,

acute shortage of post-graduate seats for medical education.

o India does not have an overarching national policy for human resources for health.

o The dominance of medical lobbies such as the Medical Council of India

o Medical Negligence as seen in the Nampally incident.

Access and affordability issues:

o Primary health centres (PHCs) are not present in many villages and wherever present they are severely

undermanned.

o This deeply impacts prevention and early detection.

o High Out of Pocket Expenditure: Costs of medical treatment have increased so much that they are one

of the primary reasons driving people into poverty

o Recent incidence of the cut in the supply of oxygen cylinders to the hospital in Gorakhpur highlights the

failure of procurement management in the Indian public health system.

o The inefficiency in the procurement process results in both shortages and wastage.

o Research showed that the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) has failed to cover an adequate

number of poor house

o There is lack of all things important to human settlements—sanitation, disease surveillance, primary

healthcare, tertiary hospitals, life-saving equipment, political will and public health response.

Measures needed:

A prevention and early detection system is a must if costs of the whole system for the country are to be

contained. Implementation of preventive and promotive health activities in an integrated and comprehensive

manner

Increasing the number of drugs under price control. The government must consider bringing more medical

devices under price control with the aim of making healthcare more accessible.

The health ministry could also look at standardising the cost of certain treatments, so the prices don’t vary

across hospitals.

Progressively raising public health expenditure to 5% of GDP.

Location of health services and facilities should be such that these are easily accessible and available to

people, especially the under-privileged sections.

Human resource planning, human resource development would ensure a motivated workforce. The ANM’s

and ASHA workers who form the ground-force of public healthcare should be paid at timely intervals and

taken care of.

Identification and specification of the role of public and private sectors in health should be encouraged.

Effective involvement of the indigenous systems of medicine in provision of health care services

Developing and using an appropriate health technology so as to have locally relevant health technologies

which fit into the local socio-cultural milieu.

Strengthening of international partnership in health by integrated involvement of international organisations.

Sharing experiences and expertise in health among various countries especially in the South East Asian

countries



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Public procurement policy experts say that there is a dire need to have procurement specialists in government

hospitals. Introduce e-tendering and direct payment into the bank account of the vendor or service provider of

medical equipments to maintain transparency.

Technology like Telemedicine, the E-health initiative should be deployed for human health development, an

iterative, data-driven and user-centric approach is required.

Enactment of public health Acts to provide the basic legislative underpinning for public health action.

The Swachh Bharat campaign could also use such technical expertise to maximize its impact in reducing

exposure to diseases.

Conclusion:

The National Health Policy (2017) calls for upgradation for all 150,000 sub-centres in the country as ‘Health and

Wellness Centres’ to provide improved primary care, with basic preventive, diagnostic, curative and referral facilities.

As the required policies come through, it is time we define the right models to empower nurses and paramedics to

deliver more at the last mile.

India does not have a jobs crisis but a wages crisis. Do you agree? Present your argument with suitable

justification. (250 words) The hindu Why this question: The article covers the theme of Job crisis facing India, it elaborates on how India‟s jobs crisis is an economic issue, not

a political one. It paints a clear picture of demand and supply with respect to Jobs available for youth in India.

Key demand of the question: The answer must discuss first the Indian scenario of Job crisis, why is it not merely job crisis but more of a wage crisis

.One must first acknowledge the statement in the question and justify it with relevant facts and support the argument

thereafter.

Keywords: economic parlance, wage, the price of labour, formalizing the economy etc.


Introduction: Briefly bring out the current status of job scenario in India .

Body: First discuss the what is the Job crisis in India about.

Then discuss how and why the Job crisis is more of a wage crisis.

What should the govt. do to create jobs that best fit as a solution to the crisis?

Quote policies that are in place to address these issues and what needs to be done in future.

Conclusion – Conclude with significance of Job creation for driving the economy in the right direction.

Introduction:

Unemployment has become a chronic problem of India and in the recent years the situation has only worsened. The

National Sample Survey Office’s (NSSO’s) report, “State of Working India, 2018” data shows a record spike in

unemployment in 2017-18. The overall unemployment was at a 45-year high, with youth between the ages of 15 and

29 facing higher rates of joblessness than others

Body:

India’s jobs crisis is an economic issue, not a political one. India is not unique in experiencing rising joblessness and,

consequently, income inequality. Many developed and developing nations are grappling with this problem, too.

The reasons for issue of unemployment in contemporary India:

The labour force is the sum of the employed and those unemployed who are seeking employment.



https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-problem-is-jobs-not-wages/article26561533.ece

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A shrinking of the labour force is most unusual in an economy with a growing population, and thus a growing

working age cohort.

Low education and lack of skills lead to loss of many job opportunities.

Discouraged-worker effect: A section of those hitherto willing to work may have simply dropped out of an

already challenged labour market.

Demonetization has caused demoralisation among a section of the already unemployed who may have given

up all hope of finding employment.

About 90% of Indian Workforce is in the unorganized sector which was majorly affected during

Demonetization and GST introduction.

Declining Capital formation which is not backed by Public and Private Investment.

Low female LFPR to the tunes of 24% also adds to high unemployment rate.

Automation and IR4.0 is a looming threat to many jobs which have repeated work or sequential work.

Socially disadvantaged groups do not get enough exposure in the job market like the general castes and Other

Backward Classes.

Labour laws in India are complex and relatively strict. Employment protection legislation is restrictive,

compared with other emerging economies and OECD countries. Thus, corporates in India tend to rely more

on temporary contract labour, stay small or substitute labour for capital to avoid strict labour laws.

Unemployment is due to jobs crisis and not wages crisis:

The wages crisis is due to supply and demand issue.

The wages of a person are determined largely by the demand for skills and the supply of people with such skills.

If demand is higher than supply, wages automatically rise; if not, they remain stagnant. To understand the

unemployment issue as a wages problem shows ignorance.

The proponents of the argument that there is a wage crisis and not a jobs crisis would do well to go back to

economic history and study the work of Arthur Lewis, the Nobel Prize-winning economist from the West Indies.

Lewis, in his seminal work in 1954, showed how in economies such as India and China, which have an “infinite

supply of labour”, there tends to be a two-sector economy — the capitalist sector and the subsistence sector.

His summary finding was that the living standards of all citizens in such two-sector economies are determined

by the wages of the people in the subsistence sector.

If there is demand for labour and skills in the capitalist sector, then the endless supply of labour from the

subsistence sector will transition, and wages will ultimately rise only when the demand for labour exceeds the

supply of labour in the subsistence sector.

Way Forward:

Increase public spending in education:

o At 3.8% of GDP, public spending on education in India is lower than countries like Brazil and Malaysia.

o The focus of the government needs to shift to spending on enhancing the quality of education and

vocational training.

Similarly, allowing foreign investment in sectors like legal and accountancy services will create employment as

more foreign firms will move to India.

Infrastructure investment can also be utilised as an engine of job-creation.



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Investing in people through healthcare, quality education, jobs and skills helps build human capital, which is

key to supporting economic growth, ending extreme poverty, and creating more inclusive societies.

Educated unemployment:

o Besides promoting technical education, the government needs to focus more on creation of jobs and

demand for workers since industries are unable to create sufficient job opportunities for all the

technically educated people

o Policies should ensure that the education systems prepare young people for the skill demands of

employers through outreach programmes, training, apprenticeships, and access to job-search

assistance measures.

o New age sectors like defence and aerospace, education and healthcare, and burgeoning green sectors

like solar energy and wind, present another massive opportunity to identify ‘upcoming jobs’ and

prepare talent accordingly. India’s ambition to create more than one million new jobs in the green

energy sector by 2022 is encouraging.

Educated unemployment:

o There should be cluster development to support job creation in micro, small and medium enterprises

(MSMEs). Most of the unorganised sector employment is in MSMEs, which tend to be concentrated in

specific geographic locations.

o Private sector leaders should build capacity among unskilled and semi-skilled workers to ensure

sustainability of renewable energy projects and provide opportunities to rural communities.

o Government officials should create public training programmes to prepare the poor and less educated

people especially semi-skilled and unskilled for employment in the clean-energy sector.

o People need to be made self employed by providing training in skills and latest technologies for

agriculture and other avenues especially in rural areas.

o Women in rural areas who are left behind by men due to migration need to look into other sources of

livelihood other than agriculture like animal husbandry etc.

Conclusion:

India has one of the youngest populations in an aging world. By 2020, the median age in India will be just 28.

Demographics can change the pace and pattern of economic growth. While China’s spectacular growth has already

benefited from a demographic dividend, India is yet to do so.

List down the highlights of National Health Policy, 2017. What are the challenges facing it? What

strategies can be adopted for ensuring quality health care in India? Discuss.(250 words) Livemint Why this question: The article covers primarily the hurdles and issues being faced by the National Health Policy, 2017, it gives a good

overview of NHP. It thus is important from mains point of view and to prepare health related topics of GS paper II.

Key demand of the question: The answer must highlight the key goals of the policy, discuss in detail the challenges and the necessary strategies that

need to be adopted for ensuring quality health care in India.


Introduction: Briefly highlight the positives of the NHP 2017 .


Highlight the salient features of the policy.

Explain the positives and lacunas.

Discuss the challenges therein – information asymmetry, lack of penetration of private healthcare in vulnerable areas

etc.



https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/lack-of-infra-access-quality-key-hurdles-for-national-health-policy-1553018075376.html

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What should be done? – More health professionals need to be deployed for primary care in rural areas, involving

private sector, robust health data etc.

Conclusion – Conclude with significance of such a health policy and need for development of infrastructure conducive for it.

Introduction:

The primary aim of the National Health Policy, 2017, is to inform, clarify, strengthen and prioritize the role of the

Government in shaping health systems in all its dimensions. Investment in health, organization and financing of

healthcare services, prevention of diseases and promotion of good health through cross sectoral action, access to

technologies, developing human resources, encouraging medical pluralism, building the knowledge base required for

better health, financial protection strategies and regulation and legislation for health.

Body:

The key targets of the NHP -2017 are:

Increase Life Expectancy at birth from 67.5 to 70 by 2025.

Reduce Fertility Rate to 2.1 by 2025.

Reduce Infant Mortality Rate to 28 by 2019.

Reduce Under Five Mortality to 23 by 2025.

Achieve the global 2020 HIV target (also termed 90:90:90 global target).

To reduce premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases

by 25 per cent by 2025.

Reducing the prevalence of blindness to 0.25 per 1000 persons by 2025.

The disease burden to be reduced by one third from the current levels.



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Elimination of leprosy by 2018, kala-azar by 2017 and lymphatic filariasis in endemic pockets by 2017.

The challenges facing it are:

It fails to make health a justiciable right in the way the Right to Education 2005 did for school education. May

lead to laxity by Govt with respect to implementation

Silent on Health Governance: On bringing Health under concurrent list (from state list) on similar lines as

education, and NHSO can’t work effectively without it

Public health spending still lower than other comparable nations. The lack of capacity to use higher levels of

public funding for health.

Less focused other health-related aspects like mental health, genetic disorders.

Flawed one-size fits all approach regarding allocation of resources.

A health cess was a path-breaking idea that was proposed in the draft policy but it was dropped.

Although a major capacity expansion to produce MBBS graduates took place between 2009 and 2015, this is

unlikely to meet policy goals since only 11.3% of registered allopathic doctors were working in the public sector

as of 2014.

Measures needed:

More health professionals need to be deployed for primary care in rural areas.

Contracting of health services from the private sector may be inevitable in the short term.

No more time should be lost in forming regulatory and accreditation agencies for healthcare providers at the

national and State levels.

Without oversight, unethical commercial entities would have easy backdoor access to public funds in the form

of state-backed insurance.

For the new policy to start on a firm footing, the Centre has to get robust health data.

To reduce high out-of-pocket expenditure, early deadlines should be set for public institutions to offer

essential medicines and diagnostic tests free to everyone.

India can learn from UK, uses ‘a weighted capitation formula’ that accounts for a locality’s socio-economic

characteristics to equitably allocate funds

recently published Lancet report stated that India’s goal to end the epidemic of Tuberculosis by 2025 is

too ambitious and unrealistic.critically analyse. (250 words) In TB reality check. Lancet report says Indian, global goals unrealistic Mint e-paper front page. 21-03-2019 Why this question: The article talks about a report in British medical journal Lancet that recently published that the goal of India to end TB

by 2025 is too ambitious and unrealistic. The article talks in general the high prevalence of TB and also points towards

optimism of ending TB in India but not before 2045.

Key demand of the question: The question expects us to discuss in detail the current scenario of tuberculosis prevalence in India, the efforts being

taken by the government in this direction to eliminate it by 2025. You must critically analyse using facts and figures and

justify whether the goal set by the government of India is achievable in near future.

Directive word: Critically analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by

separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When „critically‟ is suffixed or prefixed to

a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement.


Introduction: Re- assert the importance of TB elimination in India.

Body:



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Explain Briefly the current status of TB in India – use the facts from the article such as – According to the World Health

Organization‟s “Global Tuberculosis Report 2018”, India accounted for 27% of the 10 million people who had

developed TB in 2017, besides making up 32% of global TB deaths among HIV-negative people, and 27% of combined

TB deaths. The disease remains a major public health challenge, and was responsible for 1.6 million deaths worldwide

in 2017.

Then justify how eliminating TB by 2025 is a laudable vision, but difficult to achieve, considering the complexities of

managing the situation, which requires equitable high quality of care to every person from diagnosis to treatment,

cutting the transmission rapidly with a combined strategy of early diagnosis treatment of latent tuberculosis infection

(LTB) and improving socioeconomic conditions.

Highlight the features and lacuna of National Strategic Plan prepared by the center in 2017.

What needs to be done – leveraging private partnership, increased political will, financial resources and increasing

research to develop new ways to diagnose etc.

Conclusion: Conclude with optimism that such a goal is not unachievable if right set of actions are taken.

Introduction:

Tuberculosis (TB) remains the biggest killer disease in India, outnumbering all other infectious diseases put together —

this despite our battle against it from 1962, when the National TB Programme (NTP) was launched. According to

the World Health Organization’s “Global Tuberculosis Report 2018“, India accounted for 27% of the 10 million people,

who had developed TB in 2017, besides making up 32% of global TB deaths among HIV-negative people, and 27% of

combined TB deaths. The Lancet report says that India’s goal to end the epidemic by 2025 was too “ambitious”,

“unrealistic”, and, therefore, unattainable.

Body:

TB Situation in India:

According to WHO 2018 Global TB Report,

India accounted for 27% of the total new TB infections in 2017- the highest in the world

There has been a 1.7% reduction in tuberculosis cases and 3% reduction in deaths from 2016

India has 24% of the world’s drug-resistant TB burden- the highest in the world

There was also 8% reduction in rifampicin–first-line TB drug–resistant tuberculosis (RR TB) and MDR-TB

India’s efforts to eliminate TB:

In 2018, Indian government launched Joint Effort for Elimination of Tuberculosis (JEET), to increase the

reporting of TB cases by the private sector.

National Strategic Plan (NSP) for TB Elimination (2017-2025) was launched in 2017. The government also

called for the elimination of TB by 2025, five years prior to the international target (2030).

o The NSP plans to provide incentives to private providers for following the standard protocols for

diagnosis and treatment as well as for notifying the government of cases.

o Further, patients referred to the government will receive a cash transfer to compensate them for the

direct and indirect costs of undergoing treatment and as an incentive to complete treatment.

“Nikshay,” (2012) an online tuberculosis reporting system for medical practitioners and clinical establishments

was set up. The aim is to increase the reporting of tuberculosis, especially from the private sector.

In 1992, the WHO devised the Directly Observed Treatment-Short Course (DOTS) strategy and advised all

countries to adopt the strategy to combat the menace of tuberculosis. The DOTS strategy is based on 5 pillars:

o political commitment and continued funding for TB control programs

o diagnosis by sputum smear examinations

o uninterrupted supply of high-quality anti-TB drugs



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o drug intake under direct observation

o accurate reporting and recording of all registered cases

The Indian government has been implementing Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB (PMDT)

services, for the management of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and TB-HIV collaborative activities

for TB-HIV

Challenges to achieve TB free India by 2025:

Poor socio-economic conditions:

o Poverty remains a stark reality in India with associated problems of hunger, undernourishment and

poor and unhygienic living conditions.

o According to GTB Report, 2018, a majority of TB patients (6lakhs) in India are attributable to

undernourishment.

Underreporting and misdiagnosis:

o According to GTB Report 2018, India is one of the major contributors to under-reporting and under-

diagnosis of TB cases in the world, accounting for 26% of the 3.6 million global gap in the reporting of

tuberculosis cases.

o Biomarkers and other diagnostics that identify individuals at highest risk of progression to disease are

inadequate.

Treatment:

o Inequitable access to quality diagnosis and treatment remains a major issue in combating tuberculosis.

Further, the private sector which contributes a major part of TB care is fragmented, made up of diverse

types of healthcare providers, and largely unregulated.

o Standard TB treatment is not followed uniformly across the private sector, resulting in the rise of drug

resistance.

Follow-up treatment:

o Though the reporting of TB cases has increased lately, the reporting of treatment outcomes has not

been robust.

o The absence of consistent follow-up of treatment regimens and outcomes may result in relapse of

cases and MDR-TB and XDR-TB. India has already been facing the problem of increasing MDR-TB cases

Drugs:

o The drugs used to treat TB, especially multidrug-resistant-TB, are decades old. It is only recently that

Bedaquiline and Delamanid (drugs to treat MDR-TB) has been made available. However, access to such

drugs remains low.

Funds:

o The RNCTP remains inadequately funded. There has been a growing gap between the allocation of

funds and the minimum investment required to reach the goals of the national strategic plan to

address tuberculosis.

Issues with RNCTP:

o Weak implementation of RNCTP at state level is another major concern. The Joint Monitoring Mission

report of 2015 pointed out that the RNCTP failed to achieve both the main goals of NSP 2012-2017-

Providing universal access to early diagnosis and treatment and improving case detection.



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o Major issues with RNCTP include: human resource crunch, payment delays, procurement delays and

drug stock-outs

R&D:

o R&D for new methods and technologies to detect the different modes of TB, new vaccines, and new

drugs and shorter drug regimens have been slow, as compared to other such diseases like HIV/AIDS.

Social Stigma:

o According to a study which assessed social stigma associated with TB in Bangladesh, Colombia, India,

India had the highest social stigma index.

o Patients often hesitate to seek treatment or deny their condition altogether for fear of social

discrimination and stigmatization.

Way forward:

It is important to address the social conditions and factors which contribute to and increase vulnerability to

tuberculosis. Concerted efforts should be made to address the issues of undernourishment, diabetes, alcohol

and tobacco use.

Increased political will, financial resources and increasing research to develop new ways to diagnose, treat

and prevent TB will help achieve the goal.

Private sector engagement in combating TB needs to be strengthened. The private sector should also be

incentivised to report TB cases. Example: The Kochi Model– Increasing TB cases reporting from private sector

There is an urgent need for cost-effective point-of-care devices that can be deployed for TB diagnosis in

different settings across India.

Universal access to drug, susceptibility testing at diagnosis to ensure that all patients are given appropriate

treatment, including access to second-line treatment for drug-resistant TB.

To ensure public participation — a missing element in the RNTCP —in public-private participation mode.

Mass awareness campaigns like ‘TB Harega Desh Jeetega’ can play an important role in breaking social taboos

regarding TB.

Conclusion:

India has the highest TB burden in the world. Given our inter-connected world and the airborne spread of TB, we need

collective global action. Ending TB in India will have massive global impact in addition to saving the lives of tens of

millions of India’s people over the next 25 years. Even if ending TB by 2025 is not complete, pulling the TB curve down

by 2025 and sustaining the decline ever after is a possibility.

‘Despite various efforts for eradication of Leprosy by the government in India, India still accounts for

60% of new leprosy cases annually’. Explain by giving reasons. (250 words) Livemint Why this question: The article centers on the inadequacies in our bout against leprosy, which we often assume is a challenge that has been

dealt with. The article doles out with a foremost health crisis that impacts the most vulnerable section of our society.

Key demand of the question: The answer must discuss leprosy as major health challenge still persistent in India. We need to reflects the poor state of

affairs with respect to eradication of the program, the steps taken so far in dealing with leprosy, how they have managed

to improve the situation from the past till present, and the new challenges that have arisen, and our view on tackling the

leprosy problem.

Directive word: Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular

context. You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated facts.



https://www.livemint.com/news/india/life-after-leprosy-india-s-untamed-disease-1553164760394.html

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Introduction: Briefly highlight the leprosy challenge the country is facing and highlight the observation mentioned in the article

regarding the growing incident of leprosy cases amongst the socially marginalized.


Highlight the steps taken by the government such as the National Leprosy Eradication Programme, National Health

Policy, multi drug therapy treatments etc., trace from past to present.

Present the problems faced by leprosy patients, along with the deficiencies in government‟s strategy.

Point out the flawed policy regime, discriminatory laws etc.

Discuss what needs to be done, suggest way forward – improved nationwide Leprosy Case Detection Campaign (LCDC),

multi drug therapy (MDT), significance of Personal Laws Amendment Bill, 2018 etc.

Conclusion – Emphasize that leprosy‟s persistence reflects poorly on a country aspiring to become a world power, thus its high time to

focus on the issue with all vigor and make efficient efforts to resolve.

Introduction:

India accounts for 60% of all new cases reported annually, with over 1.3 lakh new cases in the year 2016-17, according

to the National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP). India figures among 22 nations considered to have a ‘high

burden’ for leprosy according to according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

Body:

Present Status in India:

One person is diagnosed with leprosy roughly every four minutes in India, accounting for 60% of all new leprosy

cases annually

Leprosy was officially declared eliminated as a public health concern in India in 2005 when new cases fell to less

than 1 per 10,000.

Yet India still accounts for the largest number of leprosy affected people in the world.

Official data says that the number of new Leprosy cases detected during2016-17 is 135485 and the prevalence

Rate per 10000 population as on March 2017 for India is 0.66.

The current global prevalence is estimated by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to be 0.23 per 10000

population.

In 2017, India along with Brazil and Indonesia are the only countries where more than 10000 new cases are

reported per year.

Two out of three new global Leprosy cases are detected in India, according to official data.

Reasons for continued high burden:

Major concerns include undetected new cases, problems with leprosy integration, the presence of leprosy in

children, and paucity of education and training for livelihoods.

It is highly unlikely that India achieves elimination of Leprosy at the state or district levels any time soon.

Leprosy is becoming more of a disease of most marginalized and underserved populations in far-flung areas.

In the Adivasi community the percentage of Leprosy patients have increased from 13.3% in 2009, to an

alarming 18.8%.

The earlier gains in containing the disease have stagnated and we are at risk of a re-emergence of Leprosy as a

public health problem in substantial areas of the country.

Rampant stigma against the disease prevents patients from seeking medical treatment.



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A large number of leprosy affected fall in the category of persons with disabilities as they hesitate to come

forward for

Government Interventions

India is currently running one of the largest leprosy eradication programs in the world, the National Leprosy

Eradication Program (NLEP).

The National Health Policy 2017 (NHP) has elimination of Leprosy as a national level target.

Leprosy Case Detection Campaign (LCDC) is being implemented by the Union Health Ministry.

SPARSH Leprosy Awareness Campaign (SLAC) was launched on 30th January 2017 to promote awareness and

address the issues of stigma and discrimination.

Since 1984, leprosy has been completely curable at any stage with multi drug therapy (MDT)—a combination

of Rifampicin, Dapsone and Clofazimine—for a period of six months or one year depending on the severity of

the disease

The Lok Sabha passed the Personal Laws Amendment Bill, 2018, removing leprosy as a ground for divorce.

A public interest litigation filed by the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy has challenged 119 statutory provisions that

continue to provide legal sanction to discrimination against people affected by leprosy.

Way forward:

The emphasis must shift to more policy level changes and sustaining quality of services.

The government must implement the key recommendations of the Law Commission on rights and special

privileges.

To reduce the burden, it is important to develop a multi-pronged approach that includes public education

campaign, sustainable livelihood programmes, skill training workshops and generate employment, identify

interventions to dispel stigma and mainstream the affected people.

Continued training of medical officers, nurses, physiotherapists, and paramedical workers about quality

diagnosis and treatment of leprosy must also be given prime focus.

Public education on the fact that leprosy can be cured and is not to be feared is imperative.

Those who have been cured at an early stage and can work often need to given opportunities to learn skills and

trades that would enable them to work.

Conclusion:

Mahatma Gandhi had an enduring concern for people afflicted with leprosy. His vision was not just to treat them, but

also to bring them to mainstream to our society. India, which is among the endemic countries, has been advised to

include strategic interventions in national plans to meet the new targets, such as screening all close contacts of persons

affected by leprosy; promoting a shorter and uniform treatment regimen, and incorporating specific interventions

against stigmatisation and discrimination.

Discuss what is West Nile Virus; its causes and spread along with Long-Term Outcomes of Human West

Nile Virus Infection. Suggest what can be India’s best defence.(250 words) The hindu Why this question: The article captures stock of the public health measures for controlling West Nile Virus. It reports upon the case study

from Malappuram District of Kerala suffering from West Nile Virus (WNV).

Key demand of the question: Discuss causes, spread, transmission, symptoms, prevention and treatment of west Nile Virus, discuss what measures

should India take to prevent the prevalence of such disease epidemics.



https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/the-kerala-alert/article26613230.ece

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Introduction: Introduce by stating the current conditions of the prevalence of the virus in India.

Body: In brief discuss – what is west Nile virus?, origin, causes of the virus manifest. Then discuss its spread , methods of

transmission, What is India‟s preparedness with respect to it. What should India do to manage such epidemics and

mitigate them well within time.

Conclusion: Conclude with way forward – suggest steps to overcome.

Introduction:

Commonly found in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North America and West Asia, the West Nile Virus (WNV) is

a viral infection which is typically spread by mosquitoes and can cause neurological disease as well as death in people.

A section of the media has reported that a seven year old boy from Malappuram District of Kerala is suffering from a

West Nile Virus (WNV).

Body:

First detected in a woman in West Nile district of Uganda in 1937, the virus was later identified in birds (crows and

columbiformes) in Nile delta region in 1953. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the virus is a member

of the flavivirus genus and belongs to the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex of the family Flaviviridae. The

largest outbreaks of the virus were recorded in Greece, Israel, Romania, Russia and USA.

Transmission of the WNV:

Human infection is most often the result of bites from infected mosquitoes. Mosquitoes become infected

when they feed on infected birds, which circulate the virus in their blood for a few days.

The virus eventually gets into the mosquito’s salivary glands. During later blood meals (when mosquitoes bite),

the virus may be injected into humans and animals, where it can multiply and possibly cause illness.

The virus may also be transmitted through contact with other infected animals, their blood, or other tissues.

A very small proportion of human infections have occurred through organ transplant, blood transfusions and

breast milk. There is one reported case of transplacental (mother-to-child) WNV transmission.

Horses, just like humans, are “dead-end” hosts, meaning that while they become infected, they do not spread

the infection.

Symptomatic infections in horses are also rare and generally mild, but can cause neurologic disease, including

fatal encephalomyelitis.

India’s preparedness with respect to WNV:

It is highly prevalent in India. Febrile illness and encephalitis cases in epidemic form were observed in Udaipur

district of Rajasthan, Buldhana, Marathwada and Khandesh districts of Maharashtra.

The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and officials from National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)has

reviewed the Kerala’s preparedness and actions taken to deal with West Nile Fever (WNF).

The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) is an institute under the Directorate General of Health

Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.



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Kerala has been advised to follow the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme guidelines of

personal protective measures to prevent mosquito bite. It has also been recommended to carry out vector

surveillance and control measures

There is no definite treatment of the disease. Prevention of the disease can be done by preventing mosquito

bite, using repellents and wearing full sleeves.

There is no vaccination or specific treatment available for the virus but medical practitioners advice that it is

important to recognize the disease and manage the symptoms.

Way forward:

Health care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed WNV infection, or handling specimens

from them, should strictly follow standard infection control precautions.

The samples taken from people and animals with suspected WNV infection should be handled by trained staff

working in suitably equipped laboratories.

The PHCs should be aware of such incidences and quickly help in reporting to the higher authorities.

ASHAs and ANMs can help in better co-ordination at the grass-roots level.

Do you think lack of employment opportunities is the biggest challenge facing India? Discuss.(250

words) Livemint Why this question: Human capital is now the fastest-growing component of India‟s wealth, but to reap the benefits of this „demographic

dividend‟, creation of sufficient new jobs is need of hour. Thus it is important for us to analyse the challenge of

unavailability of Jobs in India

Key demand of the question: The answer must discuss at length the challenge of Joblessness India is facing, by highlighting the inter relation between

growth and jobs.




Introduction: Introduce by stating the current conditions of the joblessness in India and highlight the problems associated with it.

Body: In brief discuss –

What are the challenges in the job scenario in India?

Establish the link between lack of Jobs and growth. Here suggest facts and statistics to justify from various reports.

what solutions are required to fix these concerns associated with it?

Conclude with present policies and programmes in this direction.

What needs to be done on this front – skilling, education etc.

Conclusion: Conclude with way forward – suggest steps to overcome the crisis scenario.

Introduction:

Indians see the lack of employment opportunities as the biggest challenge facing them, says a survey by the US-based

Pew Research Center—findings that resonate in a second report by Azim Premji University published. As many as 76%

of those surveyed said the absence of jobs was a major problem and that little had changed on that front over the past

year.

Body:

State of Unemployment in India:



http://paper.livemint.com/epaper/viewer.aspx?issue=67862019032700000000001001&page=5&article=5cf50679-f7d9-4475-a6c4-37db12a62925&key=ZlIPtrpnnHrWRGtdudyGag%3D%3D&feed=rss

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CMIE database on “Unemployment Rate in India” is based on the panel size of over 1,58,000 households in the

country.

The unemployment rate in December 2018 rose to 7.38% from 6.62% in November 2018 and 4.78% in

December 2017, highest since September 2016 when it stood at a high of 8.46%, the CMIE data showed.

The total number of people employed fell by about 1.09 crore, about 83% or 91.4 lakh jobs were lost in rural

areas.

There has been a decline in the estimated Labour Participation Rate— the proportion of working-age people

who are willing to work and are either actually working or are actively looking for work, in line with a fall in the

unemployment rate.

The estimated labour participation rate also dropped from 43.57 in December 2017 to 42.47 in December

2018. The rate was at 45.15 in December 2016 and at 47.84 in September 2017, the data showed.

The reasons for issue of unemployment in contemporary India:

The labour force is the sum of the employed and those unemployed who are seeking employment.

A shrinking of the labour force is most unusual in an economy with a growing population, and thus a growing

working age cohort.

Low education and lack of skills lead to loss of many job opportunities.

Discouraged-worker effect: A section of those hitherto willing to work may have simply dropped out of an

already challenged labour market.

Demonetization has caused demoralisation among a section of the already unemployed who may have given

up all hope of finding employment.

About 90% of Indian Workforce is in the unorganized sector which was majorly affected during

Demonetization and GST introduction.

Declining Capital formation which is not backed by Public and Private Investment.

Low female LFPR to the tunes of 24% also adds to high unemployment rate.

Automation and IR4.0 is a looming threat to many jobs which have repeated work or sequential work.

Socially disadvantaged groups do not get enough exposure in the job market like the general castes and Other

Backward Classes.

Labour laws in India are complex and relatively strict. Employment protection legislation is restrictive,

compared with other emerging economies and OECD countries. Thus, corporates in India tend to rely more

on temporary contract labour, stay small or substitute labour for capital to avoid strict labour laws.

Way Forward:

Increase public spending in education:

o At 3.8% of GDP, public spending on education in India is lower than countries like Brazil and Malaysia.

o The focus of the government needs to shift to spending on enhancing the quality of education and

vocational training.

Similarly, allowing foreign investment in sectors like legal and accountancy services will create employment as

more foreign firms will move to India.

Infrastructure investment can also be utilised as an engine of job-creation.

Investing in people through healthcare, quality education, jobs and skills helps build human capital, which is

key to supporting economic growth, ending extreme poverty, and creating more inclusive societies.



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Besides promoting technical education, the government needs to focus more on creation of jobs and demand

for workers since industries are unable to create sufficient job opportunities for all the technically educated

people

Policies should ensure that the education systems prepare young people for the skill demands of employers

through outreach programmes, training, apprenticeships, and access to job-search assistance measures

There should be cluster development to support job creation in micro, small and medium enterprises

(MSMEs). Most of the unorganised sector employment is in MSMEs, which tend to be concentrated in specific

geographic locations.

Private sector leaders should build capacity among unskilled and semi-skilled workers to ensure sustainability

of renewable energy projects and provide opportunities to rural communities.

Government officials should create public training programmes to prepare the poor and less educated people

especially semi-skilled and unskilled for employment in the clean-energy sector.

Conclusion:

India has one of the youngest populations in an aging world. By 2020, the median age in India will be just 28.

Demographics can change the pace and pattern of economic growth. While China’s spectacular growth has already

benefited from a demographic dividend, India is yet to do so.

Issues relating to poverty and hunger.

Displaced and hounded out of their original habitats, Adivasis are now largely internally-displaced

refugees. Critically comment.(250 words) Indianexpress

Reference

Why this question The article discusses the issues related to forest rights and how the tribal population of India has ended up getting the raw deal when it comes to forest rights. The article discusses the viewpoints of various stakeholders and how we have not been able to do justice to the tribal panchsheel policy. Key demand of the question The question expects us to discuss the plight of the adivasi population and how by denying them their forest rights, they have been reduced to a status of refugee in their own country. The question expects us to discuss how forests have, over the past two decades, become the new contested arenas between a range of people and the impact that such contests have had on the adivasi population. Directive word Critically comment – When you are asked to comment, you have to pick main points and give your ‘opinion’ on them based on evidences or arguments stemming from your wide reading. Your opinion may be for or against, but you must back your argument with evidences. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, all you need to do is look at the good and bad of something and give a fair judgement. Structure of the answer Introduction – Explain about the issue – In a writ petition (civil) No. 109/2008, filed before the SC by some ‘conservation’ groups and a few relics of the forest bureaucracy, the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 or the Forest Rights Act was assailed as being contrary to the Constitution and therefore outside the powers of Parliament to legislate. Body Explain about the forest rights act and how it seeks to protect the interests of the traditional forest dwellers. The Forest Rights Act (FRA) was an attempt to remedy this ‘historical injustice’ to the forest dwellers it recognised as ‘integral to the very survival and sustainability of the forest ecosystem’.



https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/how-to-kill-a-forest-adivasis-forest-dwellers-evicted-conservationists-5603789/

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/what-s-worrying-about-the-sc-order-on-fra--63330

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It set up a mechanism — with the Gram Sabhas as the nodal bodies — for the recognition (rather than the paternalistic ‘granting’) of the rights of these peoples to use forests in a sustainable way, for their livelihoods. It also charged these same people and the Gram Sabhas with the conservation of these natural resources. procedural rights under the FRA under Rule 13 has been fraught with issues related to bureaucratic insistences Discuss the viewpoint of the conservationist and the impact that lack of forest rights has had on the tribal population of the country. Explain about the tribal panchsheel policy of Nehru and how we have not implemented it in letter and in spirit. Highlight that efforts to oust the tribals have been motivated by mineral wealth exploitation etc Conclusion – Give your view and discuss way forward.

Introduction:

The Supreme Court recently passed orders on a case challenging the Forest Rights Act, 2006, which seeks to

protect the rights of forest-dwellers and communities that have traditionally depended on the forest. They ordered

state governments to proceed with evicting those whose traditional claims have been rejected. As a

consequence, more than one million tribals could be displaced, mainly in central India.

The petitioners, all conservationists, have qualified the objectives of their petition and highlighted the case for

safeguarding the forests against “bogus claims to forest rights”, calling for the state to take action against the loss of

forest cover.

Body:

Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 or Forest Rights Act

2006 has been enacted by the government of India to recognize the rights of the forest dwellers and local communities

on the forest and with the aim of empowering them with regard to most of the decisions regarding forest and its use.

It deals with the rights of forest-dwelling communities over land and other resources. The Act grants legal recognition

to the rights of traditional forest dwelling communities, partially correcting the injustice caused by the forest laws.

Rights under the Act:

o Title rights – Ownership to land that is being farmed by tribals or forest dwellers subject to a maximum

of 4 hectares; ownership is only for land that is actually being cultivated by the concerned family,

meaning that no new lands are granted.

o Use rights – to minor forest produce (also including ownership), to grazing areas, to pastoralist routes,

etc.

o Relief and development rights – to rehabilitation in case of illegal eviction or forced displacement; and

to basic amenities, subject to restrictions for forest protection.

o Forest management rights – to protect forests and wildlife.

It set up a mechanism — with the Gram Sabhas as the nodal bodies — for the recognition (rather than the

paternalistic ‘granting’) of the rights of these peoples to use forests in a sustainable way, for their livelihoods.

A leading example emerged in the Niyamgiri case of Odisha in which the Supreme Court upheld FRA and

ordered that forests could be diverted for mining only if the gram sabhas of the local Dongria Kond community

gave their consent.

It also charged these same people and the Gram Sabhas with the conservation of these natural resources.

The conservationists contest that the FRA is damaging the forest and its resources.

The existing Indian Forest Act (IFA) and Wildlife Protection Act (WLPA) provided adequate protection to local

people.

Recognition of the rights of forest dwellers would increase encroachment on forestland due to false claims



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The passing of the act had been carried out in haste and without adequate thought being applied to the impact

of the FRA on forests and wildlife.

The provisions of the FRA are used by local politicians to influence the local communities for their vested

political interests.

However, the tribals and the FRA are not the culprits for the declining forest cover and biodiversity loss as contested in

the petition.

By recognizing and vesting forest rights to local people, the FRA empowers forest dwelling communities to

manage natural resources and conserve

Additionally, by envisaging and providing for local stewardship of forests, it creates a possibility of collaboration

between local people, state agencies and other actors, on equal terms.

The government’s own data shows that 14,00,000 ha of forests have been diverted since 1980 for non-forestry

purposes, mainly for mining, defence projects, and hydroelectric projects. In response to a query in Parliament

in 2016, it was officially accepted that up to 25,000 ha of forests are being diverted every year for non-forestry

activities.

The FRA offers the chance to rethink wildlife conservation approaches in protected areas too, by making local

communities rights-holders in the forest and improving the governance at the local level.

The Adivasi has become a pawn in the games that an indifferent polity, a corrupt administrative apparatus and

an aggressively ambitious dominant society are playing

The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre and the Norwegian Refugee Council released a new report

which ranked India third among countries most affected by displacement related to disasters followed by China

and the Philippines.

The adverse integration of tribals into the most exploitative labour regimes and the most indifferent forms of

administration.

The despoliation of India’s forests by the mining, timber and tourism industries not been addressed.

The presence of large resorts and the heavy footfall of tourists on these sites be legitimised while the rights of

their original inhabitants remain challenged

The worrisome condition of the tribes:

Hounded for the mineral wealth that their lands contain, cheated out of land rights by money lenders, and,

caught between left-wing mobilisation, a life of penury and rampant alcoholism, many Adivasi communities live

a disturbed life.

Nature conservation programmes such as “Project Tiger” that seek to restore forests as pristine nature spaces

have transformed forest-dwellers and turned Adivasis into eco-refugees.

The original inhabitants live in impoverished colonies outside the sanctuaries and parks while the forest

department’s writ runs large over these terrains.

The illegal regimes of forest extraction continue, administrative laxity has permitted the growth of a nature

tourism industry in the garb of ‘Eco-tourism’.

Adding to the depletion of their habitats are a range of government programmes that go against the ways of

lives of the Adivasis.

Poor quality education means that these communities are not able to access mainstream advantages.

The Forest Rights Act was passed to enable them to regain their lost habitats. But there has been a failure of

political will to implement this piece of legislation

Way Forward:



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There is an urgent need to treat Adivasis as envisaged in Nehru’s Tribal Panchsheel policy which was in support

by Anthropologist s like Verrier Elwin, Thakar Bapa etc.

Studies indicate the strength of tribal knowledge of forests and ecological resources. Such knowledge enabled

not only the conservation of flora and biodiversity but also that of fauna.

The negative fallout of decades of intensive chemical and technology-based agriculture and the recent impact

of global climate change, which threatens natural resources and food production, it may be important to draw

on such knowledge systems.

An Adivasi can claim collective rights on a format that recognises clan/tribal affiliation and work/production

plans that can include restoration of habitats, ecological sustainability and autonomous governance

Conclusion:

The strength of India’s democracy is that it recognises the pluralism of Indian society. If we are to safeguard this, the

Adivasi must be recognised as key dramatis personae on the national stage.

Diseases of affluence are overtaking poverty disease in India reflecting growing middle class.

Elucidate.(250 words) The hindu

Why this question: The article defines what are diseases of affluence, the question is in the context of rising Lifestyle illnesses, such as heart disease have overtaken the so-called poverty diseases of tuberculosis and diarrhea as India’s biggest killer, reflecting the country’s growing affluence. Key demand of the question: The answer should discuss how the changing lifestyle and prosperity of Indians which began a decade ago has reduced the physical activities of people, particularly in urban India, The sedentary lifestyle, over stressed life, bad eating habits and smoking are the other factors which have led to this changing trends. Directive word Elucidate – means to clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context. You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer Introduction: Briefly define what you understand by diseases of Affluence, how they are different from those of poverty. Body: Discussion of the answer should capture the following points : Causes of the shift : Highlight the changing lifestyles, reflect the sedentary lifestyles among India’s growing middle class, the rise of motorcycle and car ownership etc. , and a growing fondness for junk and high sugar/ fat food. Explain how the trend is no more about diseases of poverty that are the result of low living standards that prevent people from having sufficient access to quality healthcare. Suggest a way forward. Conclusion – Suggest what needs to be done, quote reports and facts to justify the same.

Introduction:

Diseases of affluence refer to diseases that are increasingly common among the populations of the various developed

countries of the world. Obesity, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, and coronary heart disease are considered to

be the most common examples of such diseases. Diseases of affluence are in contrast to diseases of poverty that are

the result of low living standards that prevent people from having sufficient access to quality healthcare.

Body:



https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/what-is-the-diseases-of-affluence-in-medicine/article26460268.ece

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Status of Lifestyle diseases in India:

The estimated proportion of all deaths due to Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) has increased from 37.09%

in 1990 to 61.8% in 2016.

As per the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4; 2015-16, 11% of women (1 in 10) and 15% of men (1 in 7)

of age 15-49 are hypertensive. The survey has also found that about 60.4% of persons screened have ever had

their blood pressure measured.

As per ICMR’s cancer registry data, the estimated incidences of cancer patients in India are 13,28,229,

13,88,397, 14,51,417 and 15,17,426 during the years 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively.

The fastest-growing causes of ill health over the past 26 years were diabetes (increased by 174%) and

ischaemic heart disease (up 104%).

Causes for the shift towards Lifestyle diseases:

Poor public spending: 1.2% of GDP is spent on health sector. Consecutive governments have failed to spend

more on health sector.

NCDs linked to lifestyles have surpassed communicable diseases as the leading cause of lost productivity and

premature deaths.

They are seen as the outcome of improving living standards in the Western world that have led to a significant

increase in the lifespan of people but also led to drastic changes in their daily lifestyle.

Less strenuous physical exercise, often through increased use of motor vehicles. Irregular exercise as a result of

office jobs involving no physical labour.

City governments are more sensitive to petrol and diesel prices, and road building than to pedestrian facilities

and public transport.

Big differences in the status of social development between states.

Greater urbanisation will also pose a major challenge to Indian health systems in coming year

Increasing life expectancy will lead to more disability and a larger disease burden.

Behavioural factors which include diets low in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, but high in salt and fat.

Unhealthy diets, high blood pressure, blood sugar and overweight, has doubled in India over the past two

decades.

Health loss from road injuries highlighting the lack of a comprehensive national policy for injury prevention.

The health crisis can potentially impair India’s demographic dividend.

Rapid economic growth has changed Indians’ lifestyles. People eat out more often, and prefer junk food.

Greater use of Alcohol and tobacco.

Way Forward:

Measures from Government:

o Increase health expenditure up to 8% of GDP.

o Provided basic health facilities to all section of people in viable costs

o Increase rural health infrastructure

o Built upon a robust early screening system

o New Health Policy 2016 need to give due priority to it



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o Actions to curb tobacco and alcohol consumption will help reduce future risk of NCD in the under-30

age group

o The state specific data in the report must be used by policymakers to determine how to spend health

budgets and which diseases to focus on.

o A countrywide tax on calorie-dense foods, such as the ‘fat tax’ recently implemented by Kerala could

be one possible a

o India needs an effective, coordinated response that immediately reduces the level of air pollution at it

sources.

Measures from Non-Government entities:

o India needs to be awakened and the communities should be sensitised about the need for change.

o Business house should create policy of health working conditions – Soda and snack-makers such as

PepsiCo and Nestle must make their products more nutritious.

o Create awareness about stress related disorders in their offices

o NGOs must campaign for healthy working conditions in all sectors of employment

Measures from People:

o Eat Healthy diet – A higher fibre intake is also associated with lower bodyweight, systolic blood

pressure and total cholesterol when compared with lower intake.

o Don’t become prone to addictions

o Remain fit by any of means viz. Yoga, Meditation, Exercise, etc. Overweight and obesity can be

prevented through a well balanced lifestyle through healthy eating and exercise.

o Consuming fibre and whole grains can reduce health risks from non-communicable diseases such as

heart disease. Eating fibre-rich foods reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2

diabetes and colorectal cancer by 16% to 24%.

o Families must encourage outdoor activities, rather than allowing kids to stay indoors playing video

games.

o Share problems and tensions with family and friends to keep depression away.

Measures from Doctors and Researchers:

o robust mechanisms for data collection, data sharing, and knowledge transfer

o Doctors also recommend — eat less and enjoy your food by eating slowly, fill half your plate with fruits

and vegetables, avoid oversized portions which causes weight gain, at least half of your grains should

be whole grains, limit consumption of food high in trans fats.

o Systems for monitoring and evaluation

o Share knowledge in all sectors of community

o In addition to treating disease, one also has to prevent the occurrence of new disease.

Conclusion:

Containing the NCDs has been listed by the WHO as its health goal for this year along with reducing mortality related to

air pollution and climate change, global influenza pandemic etc. It is essential that the government, civil society,

academia and media recognise the nuances of health transition which shape the sweep of NCD epidemics as they

evolve. This will help create a healthier society which will yield inter-generational benefits well beyond 2030



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Examine the causes and consequences of forced migration of population being witnessed across the

world. Also analyse Indian government’s present management of migration in the light of recently

signed Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, of the United Nations. (250 words) epw Reference Why this question: The question is in the context of rising trends of forced migration being witnessed across the world. Amidst this, recently

government of India has signed the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, a non-binding agreement

for the better management of migration, of the United Nations.

demand of the question: This question seeks to examine the implications of forced migration across the world and analyse the Indian

government‟s present management of migration in the light of the compacts‟ objectives.




Keywords: forced migration, Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM), Migration

Governance, Vulnerabilities of the migrant workforce etc.


Introduction Start by highlighting the alarming issue of forced migrants.

Body Discuss the following –

Forced Migration – sudden exogenous large number of arrival of migrants Causes- War, trade, pilgrimages, drought

and famine, development programs, land tenure system, and because of natural and manmade calamities, human

trafficking, ethnic cleansing etc

Case studies – Flow of forced migrants from Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Eritrea, Somalia, Mali Case study of Rohingya

etc.

Consequences – Radicalization Political instability Food crisis (immediate) Spread of diseases Unrest or terrorist

attacks Stress on public services and infrastructure in poor economies Fiscal implications.

Then discuss how analysis of the Indian government‟s present management of migration in the light of the compacts‟

objectives shows the need for a revamp in the state‟s approach.

Conclusion Conclude with importance of policies for migrants and that India‟s step in this direction keeping all shortcomings aside,

and with proper implementation and monitoring of the GCM objectives in the country can change the migration scenario

drastically.

Introduction:

According to the State of World Population report, more than half of the world’s population lives in urban areas, and

the number is steadily growing every year. India, where the majority of the population is still dependent on agriculture,

is no exception to this trend. As per the census, the level of urbanization in India has increased from 27.81% in 2001 to

31.16% in 2011. Urbanization in India is a consequence of demographic explosion and poverty-induced rural-urban

migration.

Body:

The causes for increased forced migration across the world are:

War, conflicts and persecutions: Conflict is the most common factor for forced migration around the world and

throughout history. The conflicts in West Asia, Africa and South America, and the extreme violence associated

with them have forced people to leave their homes and seek a haven in foreign countries. Most recently, the

world’s focus has been on the Rohingya crisis in Myanmar, with over half a million of the country’s Muslim

population fleeing to neighbouring Bangladesh in the wake of violence and ethnic cleansing.



https://www.epw.in/journal/2019/11/commentary/india-and-global-compact-migration.html

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/10/india-has-139-million-internal-migrants-we-must-not-forget-them/

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Climate Change Refugees: climate change effects also contributed to the growing number of migrants and

refugees. Example: Sudan, Libya. According to a report published in 2017 by Cornell University, climate change

could account for up to 4 billion forced migrations by the year 2060. By 2100, they estimate that number

would surpass 2 billion.

Droughts: A single drought can mean disaster for communities whose lives and livelihoods rely on regular,

successful harvests. In a number of African countries where Concern works, including Somalia, Kenya, Malawi,

and Ethiopia, droughts have become increasingly severe, leaving millions of citizens without the ability to grow

the food that feeds them and their livestock.

Diseases: Contagious disease and outbreaks often follow in the wake of issues brought up by drought, flooding,

and earthquakes. When crops are threatened and water supplies are either limited or contaminated, the risk

for infection increases.

Earthquakes: In 2010, a 7.0-magnitude earthquake hit Haiti’s capital city of Port-au-Prince as well as the

surrounding area, leaving 1.5 million Haitians homeless. No natural disaster had ever affected a capital city in

such a way, creating a ripple effect that paralyzed even certain areas well outside the disaster zone.

Development induced displacement: Development-induced displacement is a social problem affecting multiple

levels of human organization, from tribal and village communities to well-developed urban areas. Development

is widely viewed as an inevitable step towards modernization and economic growth in developing countries;

however, for those who are displaced, the end result is most often loss of livelihood and impoverishment.

Consequences of forced migration:

Seasonal migrants dominate the low-paying, hazardous and informal market jobs in key sectors in urban

destinations, such as construction, hotel, textile, manufacturing, transportation, services, domestic work

They have poor access to health services, which results in very poor occupational health. Since they cannot

afford private hospitals, they often go back to their villages once they fall sick.

A large number of migrants find work as unskilled labourers since they enter the job market at a very early age,

experience no upward mobility and remain stuck in the most unskilled, poorly paid and hazardous jobs for their

whole work-life span.

In an unorganized and chaotic labour market, migrant workers regularly face conflicts and disputes at

worksites. The common issues they face are non-payment of wages, physical abuse, accidents and even

death.

The existing legal machinery is not sensitive to the nature of legal disputes in the unorganized sector. Many

informal sector disputes never make their way to labour courts or keep languishing in courts for lack of proof.

Due to their mobile nature, they don’t find any place in the manifestos of trade unions.

These seasonal migrant workers have carved spaces for themselves in the most inhospitable places like rented

rooms, open spaces, slums, pavements, worksites, etc.

The arrival of the refugees has had a substantial impact on the environment: Deforestation – as refugees seek

wood for fuel and for shelter; Overgrazing – by the cattle, sheep and goats brought by the refugees; Water

shortage – resulting from the sudden increase in demand; Water pollution – since no proper sanitation system

was initially available.

The global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration was a recommendation of New York Declaration in

September 2016 adopted for recognizing the need for enhanced international cooperation and a comprehensive

approach to the issue of migrants.

India and GCM:

India’s adoption of the GCM was surprising due to three aspects.



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First, the national government’s recent unwelcoming approach to refugees and illegal immigrants;

second, the government not having signed any law related to migration and refugees in the past and the

absence of government-initiated platform for discussing the GCM over the two years of negotiations;

Finally, the lack of a migration policy in the country.

The Indian government does not have a written, explicit, and comprehensive emigration policy yet as

compared to other emigrant countries. Regarding immigration, the country still follows the Foreigners Act of

1946 to regulate the entry and stay of immigrants.

India is neither a signatory to the 1951 Refugees’ Convention nor the 1967 protocol, which has 140

signatories, the country has still served as a home to the largest refugee population in South Asia.

Implications of GCM on India:

The GCM does not address internal migration or internally displaced people in any of the 23 objectives. It

becomes imperative to help countries like India manage its internal migration in the near future by ensure

migrant workers’ rights.

Another aspect missed is the existence of provincial migration governance in the country. Unlike other major

emigrant countries, India has a federal system and several provincial states are active in migration

management. The document did not identify provincial governments as major stakeholders.

Existing policy utterances by policy-makers should be converted into well-written policy documents. In

addition, the state must reconsider its decision about not signing bilateral/multilateral and regional

agreements related to migration.

The existing discriminatory approach towards labour migrants compared to diaspora should be strongly

engaged with. Only if the Indian state makes relevant, inclusive, and transparent policy changes in the near

future, can an effective implementation of the GCM be possible.

Conclusion:

The challenges are still complex and the lack of recognition for migrants are still to be fully addressed. Unless we view

migrant workers as a dynamic part of a changing India, we will not be able to solve the problem of refugees.

How does the world water crisis affect women and girls? Critically analyse and How can this

disproportionate toll on women be addressed?(250 words) Reference

Why this question: The question is in the context of World Water Day celebrated yesterday across the globe yesterday. The article provides

for detailed analysis of the water crisis and its affect on Women and girls across the world.

Key demands of the question: The answer must bring out that carrying pots might be beautiful and widespread in popular culture, but it is a crime and

outrage in the 21st century that women and girls are still carrying 20 litres on their heads for kilometres every day.

Answer must examine the serious implications of water scarcity on women and suggest measures to overcome this ill

effect.

Directive word Critically analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by




Introduction Briefly discuss the interrelationship between water scarcity and vis-à-vis women‟s status and role.

Body The body of the answer should address the following dimensions:

First highlight Globally, in eight out of 10 households lacking water provision, it is women and girls who bear this

responsibility.



https://www.firstpost.com/india/world-water-day-2019-water-crisis-disproportionate-toll-on-women-can-no-longer-be-ignored-6306511.html?utm_source=whatsapp

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the burden of collecting, storing, and managing it usually falls on women and girls in most families around the world.

Quote case studies from India- how is it different in rural and urban areas.

Discuss – Water scarcity and its serious implications on women‟s health; lack of sanitation facilities leading to school

dropout of girls.

Suggest what should be done – global efforts, policy measures etc.

Conclusion Conclude that its is unfortunate to see that water does seem to have gender and the debilitating impact such politics

have on women‟s lives and livelihoods need deliberation and solutions that are permanent.

Introduction:

Water connects every aspect of life. For a large number of the world’s population, access to clean and safe water

remains a major challenge. Even as recently as in 2015, at least 844 million people across the world — 12 percent of

the global population — were still lacking basic drinking water services. These people still rely on unprotected wells,

rivers and springs or take water directly from surface sources.

Body:

Water Crisis situation across the globe:

Globally, in eight out of 10 households lacking water provision, it is women and girls who bear this

responsibility.

1 in 9 people lack access to safe water and 1 in 3 people lack access to a toilet.

“Day Zero,” when at least a million homes in the city of Cape Town, South Africa, will no longer have any

running water, was in July.

200 million hours women and children spend every day finding and collecting water.

266 million hours women and girls spend every day finding a place to go.

$18.5 Billion economic benefits each year from avoided deaths if there was universal access to basic water and

sanitation

Impacts on Women:

For women, the water crisis is personal. They are responsible for finding a resource their families need to

survive – for drinking, cooking, sanitation and hygiene.

Water scarcity has serious implications on women’s health.

When schools fail to provide adequate water and sanitation facilities, one of the reasons girls drop out is the

difficulty in maintaining menstrual hygiene.

When their homes do not provide access either, girls and women often limit their water and food intake —

forced to spend entire days without relieving themselves or awaiting the privacy that darkness provides.

When they have to relieve themselves outdoors, they run the risk of contracting diseases like diarrhoea,

hepatitis, and cholera which are worsened by under-nutrition.

Many-a-time, they may be bound by social norms to not venture out of their domestic spaces. They are

also vulnerable to sexual assault when they do.

The World Health Organization recommends 20-50 litres of water per person per day for drinking, cooking

and washing. That amounts to hauling between 44 and 110 pounds of water daily for use by each household

member.

Poor women may need to make multiple trips with heavy water pots. The massive number of hours and the

labour that these girls and women spend in simply collecting, providing, and managing water for their

households/communities distorts their lives, and the labour spent is unaccounted for and



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In Asia and Africa, women walk an average of 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) per day collecting water. Carrying such

loads over long distances can result in strained backs, shoulders and necks, and other injuries if women have to

walk over uneven and steep terrain or on busy roads.

In India, water crises usually emerge because access to and control over water is differentiated due to caste,

gender, and wealth. Thus, the water crisis is a socially mediated one, with water often flowing uphill to money

and power.

Measures needed:

Access to water is usually linked with unequal social, gender and power relations as well as to distortions in

policies, planning and management structures.

An initiative like Swatch Bharat Mission which aims to build infrastructure for sanitation and drinking water has

become bottom-up and people-driven.

Treating the greywater and reusing it needs to be adopted by countries like Israel (upto 85%). It could be used

to recharge depleted aquifers and use on crops.

Israel has also eliminated water-thirsty crops like cotton and made major improvements in water efficiency to

free up more water for population growth.

Smart, simple and sustainable solutions like Watercredit, rainwater harvesting, watershed

development needs to be driven by the policies of the state.

Technologies capable of converting non-drinkable water into fresh, consumable water, offering a potential

solution to the impending water crisis are needed. Example: Desalination technologies in Coastal areas,

Water-sterilization in polluted water areas.

The media has a key role to play in ensuring that conversations and decisions on resources like water include a

woman’s perspective.

Men and women from all walks of life need to be included in such conversations and, more importantly,

governments and political leaders should be held to account for this situation.

Conclusion:

The lack of access to water is a violation of poor women and men’s human rights. Pictures of women carrying pots may

be beautiful and widespread in popular culture, but it is a crime and outrage in the 21st century. Women are on the

front line of the struggle, and improving the lives of the millions of females impacted by poverty will require a colossal

international effort.

Discuss the issues involved in identification of poor in India. What needs to be done for removing the

flaws associated with identifying poor? (250 words) epw Why this question: The question is about recognizing the fact that there are issues involved in identifying poor in India, and this is a major

flaw in the system that hinders the benefits that our policies and schemes aim to give the poor of the country.

Demand of the question: This question seeks to examine the issues associated with identification of poor in the country and what measures are

required to be taken to do away with.




Introduction Start by explaining how big a problem identification of poor is in India.

Body Discuss the following aspects –



https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/40/commentary/identifying-'poor'-and-'backward'.html

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What are the available concepts in India for identifying poor? – elaborate here on the evolution of poverty line,

chronology of events etc.

Discuss the Pre-cursor to Official Measurement of Poverty.

Poverty Estimation by Dandekar and Rath, various Expert Group to Review the Methodology for Measurement of

Poverty.

Suggest what needs to be done to overcome? – more focus on research, doing away with obsolete methods etc.

Conclusion Conclude with importance of methods to identify poor and its relevance in economic and social development of the

country.

Introduction:

Poverty refers to a situation when people are deprived of basic necessities of life. It is often characterized by

inadequacy of food, shelter and clothes. Absolute poverty is a having a lack of basic resources, and relative poverty is

more to do with income inequality. Poverty in India is measured based on consumer expenditure surveys of the

National Sample Survey Organisation. A poor household is defined as one with an expenditure level below a specific

poverty line.

Body:

The available concepts in India for identifying poor:

In 1962, the Planning Commission constituted a working group to estimate poverty nationally, and it

formulated separate poverty lines for rural and urban areas – of Rs 20 and Rs 25 per capita per year

respectively.

VM Dandekar and N Rath made the first systematic assessment of poverty in India in 1971, based on National

Sample Survey (NSS) data from 1960-61.They argued that the poverty line must be derived from the

expenditure that was adequate to provide 2250 calories per day in both rural and urban areas. This generated

debate on minimum calorie consumption norms while estimating poverty and variations in these norms based

on age and sex.

In 1979, a task force constituted by the Planning Commission for the purpose of poverty estimation, chaired

by YK Alagh, constructed a poverty line for rural and urban areas on the basis of nutritional requirements. It

was based on expenditure for buying food worth 2,400 calories in rural areas, and 2,100 calories in urban

areas.

In 2011, the Suresh Tendulkar Committee defined the poverty line on the basis of monthly spending on food,

education, health, electricity and transport. According to this estimate, a person who spends Rs. 27.2 in rural

areas and Rs. 33.3 in urban areas a day are defined as living below the poverty line. For a family of five that

spends less than Rs. 4,080 and Rs. 5,000 in rural and urban areas respectively is considered below the poverty

line. This has been criticised for fixing the poverty line too low.

According to a committee headed by former Reserve Bank governor C Rangarajan, there were 363 million

people, or 29.5% of India’s 1.2 billion people, who lived in poverty in 2011-12. The Rangarajan panel

considered people living on less than Rs. 32 a day in rural areas and Rs. 47 a day in urban areas as poor.

Issues with the Poverty Line Concept:

Even though based on calorie approach, the poverty line is not a true indicator of malnourishment because of

interpersonal variations in good habits.

The notion of absolute poverty is inadequate because relative poverty is also an equally important.

The poverty line, quantified as a number is reductionist. It does not capture important aspects of poverty — ill

health, low educational attainments, geographical isolation, ineffective access to law, powerlessness in civil

society, caste and/or gender based disadvantages, etc.



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The poverty line provides the conceptual rationalization for looking at the poor as a “category” to be taken

care of through targeted ameliorative programmes, ignoring structural inequalities and other factors which

generate, sustain, and reproduce poverty.

Poverty line derived from personal consumption patterns and levels do not take into account items of social

consumption such as basic education and health, drinking water supply, sanitation, environmental standards,

etc. in terms of normative requirements or effective access.

In a country of India’s continental size and diversity, poverty line based on aggregation at all-India level

ignores State-specific variations in consumption patterns and/or prices.

Way Forward:

Socio Economic Census today actually is a multi-dimensional poverty line and all the poverty line that we had

been drawing with before this were single monolithic poverty line and this represents a radical break from the

past.

The objective is to collect socio economic data and rank the households and state governments can prepare

BPL list.

There needs to be more focus on research, doing away with obsolete methods.

Use of technology like Big Data and data analysis is necessary to find the true levels of poverty in India.

Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications,

models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability

and institutional and other measures.

Does the death penalty stop crime? Do you think India abolish capital punishment? Critically analyze.

(250 words) The hindu

Why this question: The article is in the backdrop of the recent belated acquittal of death row convicts by the supreme court that highlights the need to scrap the death penalty. Key demand of the question: The answer should discuss the following – the aspect whether the death penalty can stop crimes from being committed, what are the problems involved in capital punishment; a critical analysis of the subject in terms of its merits and demerits. Directive word Critically analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement. Structure of the answer Introduction: Discuss the context of the question, quote the recent examples, highlight the trends of the judgements passed by the apex court off late. Body: Discussion of the answer should capture the following points : Problems with death penalty.support with facts and reports. Arguments supporting for Death Penalty and arguments against it. Analyse critically the aspects such as – Doesn’t the death penalty prevent crime?, capital punishment for terrorists, humane and painless aspects of execution in a capital punishment, Human rights involved etc. Suggest a way forward.



https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/back-to-life/article26449851.ece

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Conclusion – Suggest how two-thirds of countries in the world have either abolished the death penalty outright, or no longer use it in practice. Although there have been a few steps backwards, these must be weighed up against the clear worldwide trend towards abolition.

Introduction:

Capital punishment also called as death penalty is the execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by

a court of law. The debate on whether to abolish the death penalty or not, has been raging in India and in several other

countries for decades.

Brutal rapes in India have not decreased despite enforcement of the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 which is a

piece of legislation which prescribes the death penalty and life imprisonment for sexual assaults. No study has shown

that the death penalty deters murder more than life imprisonment.

Body:

Problems with death penalty:

The death penalty is error-ridden. For Instance, Between January 1, 2000 and June 31, 2015, the Supreme

Court imposed 60 death sentences. It subsequently admitted that it had erred in 15 of them (25%).

The landmark SC judgment in 2009 in the Santosh Bariyar case in which Justice Sinha went to the extent

of admitting the undue influence of public opinion in awarding death. Besides citing the examples of the

Bhagalpur blinding case and the attacks on Kasab’s right to trial in 26/11 case, the Bariyar verdict pointed to

”the danger of capital sentencing becoming a spectacle in the media”.

The death penalty unfairly targets the poor and marginalised.

The late President, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, had once said a study by his office into the background of convicts

seeking mercy showed “a social and economic bias”.

In 2016, National Law University released its Death Penalty Research Project consisting of interviews with

death row convicts. It found a disproportionate percentage of the convicts (80%) were poor, backward castes

or from the minorities.

Those without capital get the punishment. Penurious prisoners on legal aid get it the most, while others with

private lawyers remain untouched.

Executions occurred in 2 cases for every 1 lakh murders. Such a selection cannot but be freakish.

Constitutional, legal and policy issues cannot be determined by the victim’s understandable hunger for revenge

without leading to a frenzy where the death penalty is demanded, as it often is, for wholly inappropriate cases

(accidental deaths, cheating, etc.).

Death Penalty is needed because:

The punishment is not arbitrary because, it comes out of a judicial process. To call it arbitrary, one has to

necessarily prove the process as flawed.

It is being implemented in the “rarest of the rare” cases and the fact is during the last 13 years, only four

people have been executed.

The hanging of Ajmal Kasab and Yakub Memon strongly affirms India’s commitment to the protection of life.

People criticise it on arbitrariness, irreversibility and human rights and these are not valid arguments.

Its constitutionality is upheld, even in liberal democracies like U.S. It is not reflection of uncivilised society.

India’s neighbourhood is not peaceful, unlike Scandinavia.



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It is not in a group of countries, like European Union.

India has got troubled borders. Several forces are trying to destabilise the very idea of our Nation from across

the Border.

The sacredness of life can only be seen to be protected, if those who take it away are proportionately

punished.

The need to abolish Death Penalty:

It unfairly targets poor and marginalised, that means, those without money & power.

Executions occurred in around five cases for every 1 lakh murders and it looks quite arbitrary. It depends on

judges personal beliefs.

India’s murder rate has declined continuously since 1991 and at present the lowest, except for 1963.

Punishment should not imitate crime.

As per the recent Death Penalty India Report by the National Law University, Delhi, the structural flaws in our

criminal procedure and criminal justice system are most pronounced in death penalty cases.

Most of the civilised world abolished it. Death penalty has not deterred terrorism, murder or even theft.

From 2000-2015, Supreme Court imposed 60 death sentences and subsequently admitted that it had erred in

15 of them. So, it clearly admitted that it has arbitrarily imposed the most extreme punishment.

The Police is not known for its probity or efficiency in our Country.

Delays in the Criminal Justice System disproportionately affects those, who suffer the tyranny of the

uncertainty of their life.

The Law Commission of India has attempted to analyse the need for the death penalty.

In its 35th Report correctly called for its retention in order to see its impact on a new republic, the more

recent 262nd Report could not recommend the punishment’s absolute abolition.

Cases of violent terror are constant reminders of the need to protect national stability by ensuring appropriate

responses to such actions, and the death penalty forms part of the national response.

It is in this idea that there exists a moral support for the death penalty. A punishment cannot be judged by its

impact on criminals but by its impact on those who are still innocent etc.

In 2015, the Law Commission called for abolition of the death penalty for ordinary crimes, and activists

continue to argue for abolishing it altogether. Political will in India is still bound by populism.

However, the provision of hanging to death may be re-considered as “the Constitution of India is an organic

and compassionate document which recognises the sanctity of flexibility of law as situations change with the

flux of time.”

The fundamental right to life and dignity enshrined under Article 21 of the Constitution also means the right

to die with dignity.

However, the constitutionality of the death penalty will continue to be challenged and, sooner or later, the

Supreme Court will have to answer whether absence of political will is sufficient ground to override the right to

life.

Conclusion:

Two-thirds of countries in the world has abolished it. India certainly does not need it as it serves no purpose. The

evidence is all to the contrary. For deterrence to work, the severity of the punishment has to coexist with the certainty

and swiftness of the punishment.



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Critically examine the issues involved in the functioning of Lokpal. Does it dispute with the mandate of

elected representatives? Suggest methods to make Lokpal effective with least interference it in the

government affairs.(250 words) Hindistantimes Why this question: Retired Supreme Court judge Pinaki Chandra Ghose is likely to be appointed the country‟s first Lokpal, the anti-

corruption ombudsman, after a Prime Minister Narendra Modi-led selection committee decided on his name. Thus the

question becomes important from the perspective of GS II paper.

Key demand of the question: The answer must trace the issues involved in the functioning of Lokpal. Bring out in what way it disputes the functioning

of the mandate of elected representatives. You must also suggest solutions to overcome such an issue pertaining to

functioning of Lokpal.

Directive word: Critically examine – When asked to critically examine, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the

topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When „critically‟ is suffixed or

prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement.


Introduction: Introduce with importance of Lokpal in the Indian political system.

Body: In brief discuss the following points :

Importance of The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013.

What are the issues associated – parallel system; It can dismiss serving all India civil servants, a power only president

has. It has authority over CBI officers on deputation. With no additional resources, the power to dismiss a case as

frivolous or false and fine the complainant. The lokpal bill attempts to alter the balance between three branches of

government attained through years. Any alteration of it could lead to accumulation of power either with one of these or

with lokpal itself. The threat is further increased by the lack of accountability in presence of sweeping powers.

Provide for a comparison with other countries.

Now suggest what can be done to overcome the above stated challenges.

Conclusion: Conclude with the significance, end with optimism that though it has its own associated issues, but the merits outweigh it

all.

Introduction:

The need for a governing body which can halt the ever-increasing corruption in our nation has become the need of the

hour for a developing country like ours. An anti-corruption committee has the potential to take our nation’s

governance to a new level.

Retired Supreme Court judge Pinaki Chandra Ghose is the country’s first Lokpal, or the anti-corruption ombudsman.

His appointment has been cleared by President of India. Justice Ghose’s name was finalised and recommended by the

Selection Committee led by Prime Minister. The selection was made weeks after the February-end deadline set by the

Supreme Court.

Body:



https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/retired-supreme-court-judge-ghose-set-to-be-country-s-first-lokpal/story-pEbBq7QYmykw4NN8Sye4yH.html

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Importance of The

Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013:

The Act consists of setting up a team called Lokpal, headed by a chairperson and consisting of eight people

This committee will have the power to investigate people who might be acquiring money through corrupt

means

All categories of public servants will be covered under Lokpal, including the Prime Minister, while the armed

forces will be exempted.

The body will also have the power of confiscating property or assets acquired by corrupt means

One of the main powers of the Lokpal is that they can protect all the public servants who act as whistle-

blowers

They also have a special Whistle Blowers Protection Act established for the same reason

Lokpal will also be given the power to conduct trials in a special court if they feel that the trial is of extreme

importance

They can also fine people for false or inaccurate complaints

The fines can amount up to Rs 2 lakh

The Act also incorporates provisions for attachment and confiscation of property acquired by corrupt means,

even while the prosecution is pending.

The States will have to institute Lokayukta within one year of the commencement of the Act.

The issues associated:

The Act does not allow a Lokpal inquiry if the allegation against the PM relates to international relations,

external and internal security, public order, atomic energy and space.

Also, complaints against the PM are not to be probed unless the full Lokpal bench considers the initiation of an

inquiry and at least two-thirds of the members approve it.

Such an inquiry against the Prime Minister (if conducted) is to be held in camera and if the Lokpal comes to the

conclusion that the complaint deserves to be dismissed, the records of the inquiry are not to be published or

made available to anyone.

The Selection committee and the issue of Leader of Opposition is still lingering and the recent selection of

Lokpal didn’t have the views of the opposition party, which is against democratic principles.



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It can dismiss serving all India civil servants, a power only president has. It has authority over CBI officers on

deputation.

With no additional resources, the power to dismiss a case as frivolous or false and fine the complainant.

Any alteration of it could lead to accumulation of power either with one of these or with lokpal itself.

The threat is further increased by the lack of accountability in presence of sweeping powers.

The lokpal bill attempts to alter the balance between three branches of government attained through years.

The establishment of Lokayukta and any appointment falls within the domain of the States.

Way forward:

The Official Secrets Act might come in between the way of delivering justice, this must be repealed as

suggested by 2nd

There is a need for a mechanism that provides for simple, independent, speedy means of delivering justice by

redressing the grievances of the people without succumbing to the clutches of the executive.

The issue of Leader of Opposition in the Selection committee must be resolved by amending the act.

The jurisdictions must be clear so that there is no overlap in the powers.

Any new piece of legislation even when implemented becomes lengthy and time consuming and stretched over

years.

The Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) recommended the enacting of the Office of a Lokpal,

convinced that such an institution was justified, not only for removing the sense of injustice from the minds of

citizens, but also to instil public confidence in the efficiency of the administrative machinery.

It is rightly said by Publius Cornelius Tecitus that “the more corrupt the state, the more laws”.

Conclusion:

Looking at the low ranking of India in Corruption on global level, there is a need to check the corruption by strong

institutions. Creation of the institution of Lokpal and Lokayuktas by forming its members to function has come up as a

welcome step. But it shall function independently of any political influence so that a proper system of checks-and -

balance is maintained in the federal and democratic system of India.

India and its neighborhood- relations.

Discuss the current state of India Pakistan relations and comment on the way forward for relations

between the two countries?(250 words) Livemint

Why this question The article discusses the status of India Pakistan relations which has seen heightened levels of acrimony in the days gone by with things coming to a head with the threat of war looming. The article touches upon these issues and discusses ways to de-escalate the tension. Key demand of the question The question expects us to bring out the status quo of relations between India and Pakistan, highlight that the threat of war is looming large over the countries. Thereafter, we need to give our view based on reasoned arguments about the next course of action. Directive word



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Comment – When you are asked to comment, you have to pick main points and give your ‘opinion’ on them based on evidences or arguments stemming from your wide reading. Your opinion may be for or against, but you must back your argument with evidences. Structure of the answer Introduction – Explain that relations between the two countries is at its nader. Body Discuss the reasons which led to the current sequence of events Discuss about the possible course of actions going forward such as release of IAF pilot which could set the course for de-escalate of tension between the two countries, ways through which Pakistan can be brought to the dialogue table and how international pressure can be built for ensuring that Pakistan takes credible action against terror groups on its soil Give your view on what should be the best course of action for India Conclusion – Give a fair and balanced view and discuss way forward.

Introduction:

The recent spate of events between India and Pakistan after the terror attack at Pulwama has put the bilateral relations

at an all time low. It has created a war-type situation between the neighbours.

Body:

Recent events:

The Indian Air Force’s (IAF) precision strike on a Jaish-e-Mohammed terror camp at Balakot was responded by an

impetuous Pakistan retaliating the following day and was quickly thwarted. Pakistan claimed an Indian MiG fighter was

shot down and its pilot captured.

Current state of relations with Pakistan:-

Bilateral relations stalled in 2016 following the Pathankot and Uri attacks.

The inaction of Pakistan towards the non-state actors on its soil has further added to the mistrust between

neighbours.

With the rampant use of high calibre weapons such as mortars and even artillery in the borders in Jammu and

Kashmir, civilian casualties and the destruction of their habitats have risen steadily.

Pakistan has violated the ceasefire over 600 times so far this year, the highest in the last one decade.

In September 2016, India launched ‘surgical strikes’ as retaliation for the Uri attack but this has not reduced

infiltration.

Since Burhan Wani’s death, local recruitment by radical groups is also on the rise.

India has successfully stalled the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit since 2016

But limits to the policy of isolating Pakistan are also apparent.

Over the last five years, the bilateral trade trajectory has been volatile. From a high of $2.70 billion in 2013-14,

it fell to $2.40 billion in 2017-18. During this time, while Pakistan’s exports to India were fairly consistent,

India’s exports decreased.

The judicial battles fought at ICJ over the curbing of consular access to Indian prisoner Kulbhushan Jadhav has

added to more animosity.

The issues of water sharing raised due to the dams built on Indus and its tributaries are a bone of contention

despite Indus Water Treaty, 1960.

The best possible course of action for India is

Strategic:



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o It is time to define the nature and scope of our conflict with Pakistan.

o As the dominant power in South Asia and one of the world’s leading democracies, India must find a

proper answer to what could otherwise become a serious existential crisis.

o India need to establish a national security doctrine in order to deal with all security issues

o Surgical strikes with support of the global countries.

o Strong intelligence network both inside as well as outside the country with effective dissemination to

the stakeholders.

o Water issues should be resolved through the mechanisms provided by the Indus Basin Treaty and

should not be allowed to degenerate into a serious source of conflict.

Diplomatic:

o Creating International pressure on Pakistan to curb state sponsored terror.

o There is a strong need for India to change its approach from Responsive to Proactive.

o Gaining support of global players to designate terror organizations and its entities as global terrorists.

o India needs to engage and develop relationships with countries from important organizations like SCO,

BRICS and try to enable solutions for the issue of cross border terrorism.

o This must be bolstered with Dialogues at the highest level to track 2 diplomacies.

o More avenues for people to people contact need to be encouraged.

Economic:

o Imposing economic and political sanctions on Pakistan and asking the world to follow suit.

o The recent move of removing MFN status, increasing of import duty to 200%.

Technological:

o Advance technology like drones, thermal imaging etc can be used to monitor the activities in the

border and track any violations beforehand.

Against cross-border firing:

o To reduce the destruction of civilian habitats is to lower the calibre of the violations. The two sides

could consider withdrawing heavy artillery to 50 km behind the zero line.

o The two Director-Generals of Military Operations, along with their delegations, could consider holding

regular meetings every six months. Data show that every time the leaderships of the armed forces

meet, ceasefire violations come down

o Establishing more flag meeting points between local commanders and responding quickly to meeting

requests could lead to better communication and reduced misunderstandings resulting in fewer

ceasefire violations.

o Confidence-building measures should be pursued to alleviate the “trust deficit” but should not be used

as a substitute for the resolution of disputes.

Conclusion:

There is a need to embrace an overarching strategic stability regime and to shun aggressive security doctrines to

reduce the possibility of a nuclear conflict. The problems of terrorism and Non-State Actors need to be addressed

jointly through institutionalised mechanisms. Indeed, India should focus on a different type of a surgical strike; it’s a

strike that could push Pakistan out of its terror past and military dependency.



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Should India jump on the bandwagon of engaging the Taliban or continue to hold arrangements with

the government in Kabul? Critically analyse amidst the rising valid concerns. (250 words) The hindu Why this question: The India Afghanistan relationship is not a simple bilateral engagement. India‟s Afghan policy is driven by many

extraneous factors such as its geographical constraints, its search for a transit route to Central Asia through

Afghanistan and Iran, its troubled relationship with Pakistan and the growing threat of terrorism in India and

Afghanistan and the recent coming of Trump‟s policy etc.

Key demand of the question: The answer must revolve around the need for India‟s big role in engaging with Afghanistan and India‟s stance towards

Taliban. Emphasize that India has a greater role to play in reconstruction and rehabilitation of Afghanistan and thus

India can not lack ambition in this direction.

Directive word: Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by




Introduction: Begin with narration of recent geopolitics involved in Afghanistan‟s current government‟s engagement with that of other

countries excluding India.

Body: Draw a map of the location, mark some relevant information showing geo-political significance of Afghanistan.

Then move onto discussing the current relationship between India and Afghan also trace the same historically.

Handling Taliban – what should be India‟s stand?

Then discuss the policy shift of US and its implication on the overall equation of geopolitics in the region.

What should be India‟s role in current context.

Conclusion: Conclude by re- asserting India‟s significant role in Afghan and Taliban affair.

Introduction:

India’s Afghan policy is driven by many extraneous factors such as its geographical constraints, its search for a transit

route to Central Asia through Afghanistan and Iran, its troubled relationship with Pakistan and the growing threat of

terrorism in India and Afghanistan and the recent coming of Trump’s policy.

India recently sent two former diplomats as “non-official” participants at the recent “Moscow format” multilateral

meeting that included Taliban delegates. Indian government-nominated representatives sharing the table with a

Taliban delegation for the first time is notable.

Body:

India’s current relationship with Afghanistan:

India’s development assistance has been the source of its considerable influence and goodwill among Afghan

citizens.

Major projects, such as the Salma Dam and Parliament building in Kabul, that began in 2008-09, have now been

completed.

Last year India and Afghanistan agreed to initiate an ambitious and forward-looking ‘New Development

Partnership’, according to which India agreed to take up 116 high-impact community development projects to

be implemented in 31 provinces of Afghanistan, including in the fields of education, health, agriculture,

irrigation, drinking water, renewable energy, flood control, micro-hydropower, sports infrastructure and

administrative infrastructure.

India has been giving a lot of non-lethal military assistance. In 2016 four MI 25 attack helicopters were given to

Afghanistan.



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India is the biggest regional donor to Afghanistan and fifth largest donor globally with over $3 billion in

assistance.

India has built over 200 public and private schools, sponsors scholarships and hosts Afghan students.

India has shied away from involving itself in full scale war in Afghanistan.

India’s traditional position with Taliban:

India was among the countries that had refused to recognise the Taliban regime of 1996-2001.

India watched Taliban’s growth with concern, assessing early that it was being driven by Pakistan’s army and

the ISI.

The Kandahar hijack of Indian Airlines flight IC-814 forced India to negotiate.

At other times, it supported anti-Taliban forces in Afghanistan.

Throughout the 1990s, India gave military and financial assistance to the Northern Alliance fighting the

Pakistan-sponsored Taliban regime in Afghanistan.

Meanwhile the 9/11 attacks and the US crackdown leading to the fall of the Taliban regime took place.

When the Taliban re-emerged in 2006-07 to once again challenge US forces, India maintained it was not going

to talk with the Taliban.

India should engage with the Taliban as there are a host of concerns:

USA’s diminishing role:

o A period of adjustment has become essential following US President unilateral announcement that US

is pulling its troops out of the conflict-ridden country.

o Another development is the “framework” deal between the US and Afghan Taliban after six days of

discussions at Doha.

o The Afghan war has already become the longest war in US history. With the passage of time, the

conflict has not only become more intense – it has also become more complicated

Control of Afghan government:

o The Afghan government controls barely half the country, with one-sixth under Taliban control and the

rest contested.

o Most significant is the ongoing depletion in the Afghan security forces because of casualties, desertions

and a growing reluctance to join

o Afghanistan launched the Kabul Process for Peace and Security Cooperation and also made an

unconditional dialogue offer to the Taliban. The Taliban rejected his overture, declaring that they were

ready to engage in direct talks only with the Americans.

Increasing Taliban attacks:

o Recently there has been a spike in violence, with the Taliban carrying out a set of coordinated assaults

around Afghanistan, rejecting an offer of a three-month ceasefire by President of Afghanistan and

laying siege to Ghazni city.

o The violence this year has also put 2018 on course to be the deadliest year for Afghan civilians, with an

average of nine people killed every day, according to UN data.

Pakistan factor:



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o The major challenge is the cooperation of regional players. Peace in Afghanistan and the wider region

can only be achieved through a multilateral mechanism involving the US as well as major regional

players, including Pakistan, Russia, Iran, China, India and Saudi Arabia.

o Despite six months of concerted American punitive actions on Islamabad, the Pakistan establishment is

not shutting down support for Taliban fighters.

o The role of Pakistan is going to expand significantly, with the US depending upon it to implement the

interim deal. This will be a diplomatic victory for Pakistan.

Iran factor:

o US administration’s collision course with Iran is another hurdle to realising its South Asia policy. Iran is

a neighbour to both Afghanistan and Pakistan, and any action against Tehran will have consequences

on the region.

o US is also against Iran which is important to give access to the sea to landlocked Afghanistan through

Chabahar port- which is in India’s interests etc.

Islamic state:

o After losing occupied territories in and around Mosul, IS is now slowly enlarging its presence in

neighbouring countries, particularly Afghanistan.

o It is now targeting mainly the Shias and the Hazara minority, joining forces with the Taliban thereby

changing the dynamics of the war in Afghanistan.

Indian interests would be hurt:

o More fighting and political instability in Afghanistan would be damaging, as much for Indian interests as

for regional stability.

o Delhi is concerned about the vital role that all the powers are giving to Pakistan. Iran and Russia, two of

India’s closest allies during the Northern Alliance’s battle against the Taliban regime in the 1990s, seem

out of sync with Indian interests.

o An emboldened Taliban is sure to impinge on security scenario in India’s troubled Kashmir Valley. The

outfit seems positioned to emerge as the ideological bulwark of Kashmir’s renewed insurgency.

o US criticism of India’s Afghan policy and the plans to exit could cast serious doubt on the US’s role as a

strategic ally for India.

Way forward:

The U.S.’s eventual pullout as Afghanistan’s peacekeeper is inevitable, close bilateral consultations should be

made to help Afghanistan according to its own needs.

India has always supported for Afghanistan’s democracy. Use of her ‘soft power’ – ranging from

telecommunications to education, community development programmes can be pushed forward.

India’s best course with Afghanistan remains its own regional strategy, not becoming a part of any other

country’s strategy.

India must seek to build capacities and capabilities of Afghan nationals and its institutions for governance and

delivery of public service, develop socio-economic infrastructure, secure lives and promote livelihood.

Inactive SAARC must now be revived to strengthen the regional co-operation in South Asia.

Tier-II diplomacy and involving other stakeholders: India, which has been against holding talks with the

Taliban for a long time, finally sent two retired diplomats, at the ‘non-official level’, to join them at the Moscow

peace talks.

India’s participation, however, is crucial, even though it is at a non-official level.



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Continuing the efforts of implementing mega infrastructure projects, providing military equipments and

training to Afghan personnel on the sidelines.

Use of regional groupings like SCO to combat the terrorism emanating from Afghanistan.

Echoing the Afghan stand, India has been asserting that the peace process must be “Afghan-led, Afghan-

owned and Afghan-controlled.”

Conclusion:

Defeatism or a lack of ambition for the India-Afghanistan relationship at this juncture would be much more detrimental

to India’s interests than anything the Taliban’s return to Afghanistan’s political centre-stage can do.

Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s

interests.

“Nuclear weapons offer us nothing but a balance of terror, and a balance of terror is still terror”.

Critically analyse the statement in the backdrop of recent failure of denuclearization talks between the

US and the North Korea.(250 words) The hindu

Why this question: The article brings out the failure of talks held at Hanoi recently between US and North Korea, the recent conflicts between US and North Korea are being tried to be turned into a diplomatic opportunity, but the failure of talks hint at the arms race both the States are engaging in. Key demand of the question: The question expects the appreciation of arms race between the two countries in terms of Nuclear power. Directive word Critically analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement. Structure of the answer Introduction: Start by bringing out the recent tensions between North Korea and the U.S. that have escalated to the point where any military action on either side would likely lead to another all-out war between the two. Body: Body should discuss the following broad aspects in detail – Nuclear power; balance of power or terror? Explain through background and associated facts. Recent escalations between the two countries. North Korea’s Nuclear complex – its impact on Asian countries and specifically with respect to India. Need for courageous diplomacy to denuclearize. Conclusion: Conclude with how priority should be to normalize ties between North Korea and important countries so as to move towards a non – nuclearized world.

Introduction:

A tense period in 2017 arised when the US and North Korean leaders exchanged insults and threats as latter carried out

a series of missile and nuclear tests. US President Trump called Kim “rocket man” and warned that the U.S. would

“totally destroy North Korea” if it had to defend itself or its allies.



https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/n-korea-has-no-economic-future-if-it-keeps-nuclear-weapons/article26424783.ece

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In 2018, North Korea announced that it would suspend nuclear and missile testing, and shut down the site where its six

previous nuclear tests were carried out. A meeting between the two leaders was held at Singapore. The recent Two-

day meeting between leaders ended abruptly without a deal on denuclearisation.

Body:

Balance of Power:

o The theory in international relations suggests that national security is enhanced when military

capability is distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others.

o If one state becomes much stronger than others, the theory predicts that it will take advantage of its

strength and attack weaker neighbours, thereby providing an incentive for those threatened to unite in

a defensive coalition.

o Some realists maintain that this would be more stable as aggression would appear unattractive and

would be averted if there was equilibrium of power between the rival coalitions.

Balance of Terror:

o The possession of credible nuclear capability by both sides created fear and the possibility of Mutually

Assured Destruction (MAD) produced deterrence that none of the parties ever attempted to use its

nuclear weapons against the other.

o Balance of Terror provided the world with a very precious gift, the gift of peace, security and

international stability. It acts as a deterrent against usage of nuclear weapons.

o With the possession of nuclear weapons by several nations today’ the challenge of national security

becomes very precarious in the present globalized world.

Nuclear Power: Balance of Terror or terror?

balance of terror is similar to balance of power in that both policies are aimed at increasing the capability and

consequently the security of a state by creating deterrence and the fear of attack in the mind of the adversar

BoP and BoT policies are different in that while the former relies on conventional weapons and alliances, the

latter is solely based on the nuclear strategy.

The balance of terror is quite distinct from the balance of power. All major powers have the wherewithal to

obtain a second-strike capability. Unless a state attains nuclear primacy, the balance of terror is remarkably

egalitarian.

Example: USA may grow a hundred times as powerful as North Korea but the balance of terror will hold

regardless. This will not prevent the relationship from becoming ever more asymmetric. North Korea will not

be able to deter unilateral USA actions that violate its sovereignty.

However, the control of the nuclear power in a nation imperatively decides whether it acts as a balance of

terror or terror itself.

In the scenario of USA and NorthKorea, both are headed by reactive Presidents who may take decisions to use

the nuclear weapons leading to global damage.

Most recent status of relations between USA and North Korea

North Korea-US relations are hostile till date that developed primarily during the Korean War. The two nations

are separated by the Pacific Ocean. Since the Korean War, US has maintained a strong military presence in

South Korea.



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North Korea warned it faced a food shortfall of around 1.4 million tonnes this year, highlighting the importance

that lifting the economic sanctions would have on the country.

In the most recent talks, the American president said Kim wanted all sanctions on North Korea lifted, but didn’t

offer sufficient dismantling of the country’s nuclear program in exchange.

However, A statement from a North Korean official after the summit said the North wanted only “partial” relief

from sanctions in exchange for dismantling “all the nuclear material production facilities” at the country’s main

nuclear site at Yongbyon.

North Korea’s Nuclear complex and its impact on India

India has had longstanding diplomatic ties with North Korea and even under pressure from the United States, it

refused to reduce its diplomatic engagement with Pyongyang.

India has been North Korea’s second largest trading partner after China, bilateral trade came down to around

$130 million in 2016-17 from around $209 million in 2014-15.

India considers the nuclear proliferation in North Korea as a threat to its “own national security”. A stable and

peaceful Korean peninsula is in India’s interest.

New Delhi holds China and Pakistan—both nuclear power nations—responsible for the rise of North Korea’s

nuclear and ballistic missile programmes and wants the linkages between North Korea and China and Pakistan

to be probed by the international community.

The matter of deep concern is that DPRK has acted in violation of its international commitments which goes

against the objective of the denuclearization of Korean peninsula.

Conclusion:

Diplomatic solutions are the best solution any day instead of this continued “frozen war” involving both show of words

and missile tests comes up. Also, China which supplies a lot of different supplies and aid to DPRK and is also its largest

trading partner should take some steps which help towards controlling these tests of the totalitarian North Korea.

In the backdrop of Indo-Pacific Regional Dialogue to be held this year, the stakes India has in the Indo-

Pacific region are optimally high. Critically analyze. Also examine whether India is on the right course to

play a significant role in the region.(250 words) epw

Why this question: In continuation of the process of engaging the global strategic community in an annual review of India’s opportunities and challenges in the Indo-Pacific region, the second edition of Indo-Pacific Regional Dialogue (IPRD) – 2019 is to be held on 05 and 06 March 2019 at New Delhi and this event is significant with respect to India’s role in the Indo- Pacific region. Key demand of the question: The question expects one to appreciate the India’s opportunities in the Indo- Pacific region, the challenges and the emerging role of India in the regional grouping as the United States administration fervently promotes the “Indo–Pacific” as an alternative geopolitical construct to mobilize a large number of countries in the Asia–Pacific region to contain Chinese and Russian influence. Directive word Critically analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement. Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we have to look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer



https://www.epw.in/journal/2019/8/commentary/new%E2%80%98washington-consensus%E2%80%99.html

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Introduction: Start with how the geopolitical construct of “Indo–Pacific” has gained considerable significance in international relations recently and India’s role is significant at this point. Body: Body should discuss the following broad aspects in detail – About the of Indo-Pacific Regional Dialogue. Role that India is playing in the Indo – pacific region. What are the implications for India and others? Geopolitical significance. Etc. Conclusion: Conclude with India’s strength at the Dialogue, how India is already on the right path and further continued engagements is beneficial to it.

Introduction:

The idea of an Indo-Pacific Regional Dialogue (IPRD) was first conceptualised and conducted in 2018, as the apex level

conference of the Indian Navy, organised by the National Maritime Foundation as the Navy’s Knowledge Partner. The

permanent theme of this annual dialogue is a review of India’s opportunities and challenges in the Indo-Pacific

region. The aim is to focus attention on the Indo-Pacific, as a maritime geographical-entity, while deliberating

aspects of great relevance to regional geopolitics.

Body:

IPRD will build upon the foundation laid by the inaugural edition and will examine five fresh themes:

Practical solutions for achieving cohesion in the region through maritime connectivity;

Measures to attain and maintain a free-and-open indo-pacific;

A regional approach to the region’s transition from a ‘brown’ to a ‘blue’ economy;

Opportunities and challenges arising from the maritime impact of ‘industry 4.0’; and

How the twin conceptualisations of ‘sagar’ and ‘sagarmala’ might best be made mutually-reinforcing on a

regional level.

Role and Implications for India in the Indo – pacific region:

Indo-Pacific is a multi-polar region that is contributing more than half of world GDP and population.

India appears to have set a long-term plan during which it will build its capabilities—economic and military

strength, network of military facilities and agreements to access military facilities in countries across the

Indo-Pacific, expanding economic and military ties.

The Indo-Pacific, as described in the National security strategy, represents the most populous and

economically dynamic part of the world and stretches from the west coast of India to the western shores of the

United States.

India has always been a country with great national ambitions and is one of the most important advocates of

the concept of ” Indo-Pacific Strategy“.

With opening of economy, India has been connecting with its Indian Ocean neighbours and major maritime

powers of the world.

With impetus to Blue Economy, there has been a new reliance on the sea for energy and mineral resources.

India has been engaging with regional actors on bilateral as well as multilateral framework.

From Look East policy, there has been a graduation towards engage East policy with growing economic

relations with the ASEAN, China, Japan and Australia.



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India is also in the mode of enhancing its maritime presence throughout the Indian Ocean Region.

The proponents of the concept among the Indian policy makers defend India’s role in ‘Indo-Pacific’ by stating

that it preserves the ‘strategic autonomy’.

Strategic autonomy is a step ahead from the Non Alignment idea as it talks about giving “maximum options (to

India) in its relations with the outside world”.

It is believed that the Indo-Pacific construct seeks to establish a plural, inclusive and open security

architecture.

This allows India to create a web of cooperative relations with all the stakeholders based on mutual interest

and benefit.

China is the main security threat to U.S. primacy in Asia. It also has a long-standing border dispute with India.

That gives India and the U.S. a shared interest in countering China’s growing military power and territorial

revisionist tendencies etc.

India can take this opportunity to promote the justification and rationalization of its interests in Southeast

Asia, expand its presence in East Asia, strengthen its political, economic and military cooperation with the

United States and its allies, and hensively increase India’s influence in international affairs.

Challenges in the Indo-Pacific:

China’s aggression and debt trap diplomacy, which impinge sovereignty, is going to test Indian diplomacy. The

various consultation groups will help India develop common strategies to keep the seas open and secure and

preserve a rules-based order.

Maritime security would include the vital responsibility of safeguarding the sea lanes of communication in the

Indian Ocean whose geo-strategic importance cannot be over-emphasised. Its four key choke-points- the Strait

of Hormuz, the Straits of Malacca, and Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and the Suez Canal- if closed for any reason can

play havoc with global trade and energy flows.

India’s enormous responsibilities for safeguarding its long coast line, its island territories, its off-shore

economic assets and its EEZ. The two vital choke points in the Indian Ocean region- the Straits of Hormuz and

Malacca- which are critical for unimpeded international energy and trade flows are of operational concern to

the Indian Navy.

China is very active in India’s maritime space but takes a different view when it comes to the South China Sea

considered as “Beijing’s Lake”. India, as well as the international community in general, would not want it to

become a Chinese lake either.

The rule-based global order is also coming under tremendous pressure in the region with countries violating

established norms with impunity.

Multilateral institutions seem utterly helpless while countries continue with activities detrimental to regional

peace.

North Korea’s nuclear programme, developments in the South China Sea and increasing cyber violations are

examples of this trend.

Way Forward for India:

Economically and strategically, the global centre of gravity is shifting to the Indo-Pacific. If the region’s

stakeholders don’t act now to fortify an open, rules-based order, the security situation will continue to

deteriorate—with consequences that are likely to reverberate worldwide.

With joint military exercises, India will develop interoperability and standard operating procedures, which will

help in any joint military operation or even possibly a military alliance in the future.



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The Quad Security cooperation among Japan, India, the US and Australia is increasingly plausible. The time

has come to proactively further this cooperation to ensure prosperity and stability in the whole of Indo-Pacific.

Groups like ASEAN and APEC will have to collectively approach China. Standing up to it and physically stopping

illegal Chinese construction will gain international attention and the sympathy and backing of major powers.

Conclusion:

India is already assuming her responsibilities in securing the Indo-Pacific region. A strong India-US partnership can

anchor peace, prosperity and stability from Asia to Africa and from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific. It can also help

ensure security of the sea-links of commerce and freedom of navigation on seas.

A battle around data is the new obverse in the US-China trade war. Critically analyse the statement in

the background of recent US-China trade wars.(250 words) Livemint

Why this question: The articles provide for a coverage of the recent US-China trade wars and the use of data as a new paradigm shift in it. It examines the role of Data in the context of Trade wars of today’s world. Key demand of the question: The answer should discuss primarily the role of data in a different role in analyzing the trends and aiding the Trade war strategies and approaches. Directive word Critically analyse – When asked to analyse, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement. Structure of the answer Introduction: Briefly narrate the background of the recent China- US trade wars, discuss the importance of the data being analyzed by both the countries in the same context. Body: Discussion of the answer should cover: What is the issue ? why is there a changing trend in the approaches to the Trade wars. Importance of Data analysis; changing trends. Facts proving the use of data – like Ghidra by NSA of USA etc. Conclusion – Conclude with what needs to be done, how countries should first set limits from overdoing it.

Introduction:

Trade war is a situation where countries restrict each other’s trade by imposing tariff or quota on imports. Trade

tensions are a manifestation of the strategic competition between the two countries China and USA. US had imposed

tariffs on as much as 25 percent on $34 billion in Chinese imports. China responded with retaliatory tariffs of 25% on US

goods worth an equivalent $34 billion, including soybean, automobiles, and marine products such as lobsters.

Body:

There is now a changing trend in the approaches to the Trade wars:

It appears that the background battle between American and Chinese intelligence agencies for hegemony over

sensitive data is yet another frontier in the ongoing US-China trade war.

Big Tech Companies and Data:



https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/opinion-a-battle-over-data-is-the-new-front-in-the-us-china-trade-war-1552328491385.html

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o NSA realizes that it has other tools at its command, including access to detailed location data for the

billions of people worldwide who use Big Tech platforms.

o Big Tech companies are all US based and that is where their data resides.

o Despite Apple Inc’s capitulation last year to the Chinese government, where it promised to keep data

from Chinese iCloud users in China, other firms have exited the Chinese market.

o Besides, being a US company, it is entirely possible that Apple keeps a mirror of its China users’ data in

a database that resides in the US.

o The fact that these data are available to US intelligence agencies on their own native soil allows them

the comfort that they can always access such data should they want or need to.

Ghidra and Data:

o The NSA has released a powerful open-source reverse-engineering hacking tool called Ghidra into the

public domain.

o Ghidra reduces programming code down to the level of “Assembler” language, which is an expression

of programming code down to the level of machine level instructions into the binary 1s and 0s that are

understood by computer chips.

o Ghidra’s release levels the playing field and has been welcomed by many.

o However, not all experts are convinced that this is a selfless gesture, because they believe that the

Ghidra code may well have “back doors” into computer systems and telecommunications networks.

Hegemony of USA:

o the NSA and its sister agencies are making sure that non-US governments will not have an easy time if

they seek to access similar back doors to user data.

o NSA told that China’s Huawei and ZTE were not to be trusted because they could allow China’s

government a back door into communications infrastructure, thereby giving Chinese intelligence

agencies broad access into personal data and other sensitive information.

o Huawei now faces a ban on its equipment in the US as legislation passed last year restricted its

equipment in the US.

o Huawei’s chief financial officer Meng Wanzhou, the daughter of founder Ren Zhengfei, faces potential

extradition from Canada to the US over charges of Iran sanction violations.

Conclusion:

As the experts proclaim, Data is the new oil and the future trade wars will be fought over the data. The ease of

crippling another nation without any collateral damage makes Cyber-war a lucrative option for many countries. With

the US-China trade war currently reducing on a direct front is changing its form into a data war.

Discuss the objectives and features of recently approved Global Trademark System by Government of

India, What are its significance and benefits for India? Elaborate.(250 words) The hindubuisnessline Why this question: The question is in the context of the recent decision of the cabinet – of approving the proposal for India‟s Accession to

the Nice, Vienna and Locarno Agreements, that would harmonize the classification systems for examination of trademark

and design applications, in line with the systems followed globally.

Key demand of the question The answer should bring out the benefits of such a decision, as to how the accession is expected to instill confidence in

foreign investors in relation to protection of IPs in India. How the accession will facilitate in exercising rights in

decision-making processes regarding review and revision of the classifications under the agreement among others.



https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/cabinet-approves-proposal-to-align-with-global-trademark-system/article26524419.ece

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Directive word

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive, you have to debate on paper by going through the details of the issues



Introduction: Explain briefly the context of these agreements and highlight the significance.

Body: The answer must cover the following aspects:

The aims and objectives of the agreements .

Significance and benefits for India: Accession to the Nice, Vienna and Locarno Agreements will help the Intellectual

Property Office in India to harmonise the classification systems for examinational of trademark and design applications,

in line with the classification systems followed globally. It would give an opportunity to include Indian designs,

figurative elements and goods in the international classification systems. The accession is expected to instil confidence in

foreign investors in relation to protection of IPs in India. The accession would also facilitate in exercising rights in

decision making processes regarding review and revision of the classifications under the agreement.

Way forward.

Conclusion: Conclude with optimism and the benefits it would bring to India.

Introduction:

A trademark is a recognizable sign, design, or expression which identifies products or services of a particular source

from those of others. Trademark registration can be obtained for a business name, distinctive catch phrases, taglines or

captions. In India, Trademarks Act 1999 governs it.

The Cabinet recently approved the proposal for India’s Accession to the Nice, Vienna and Locarno Agreements, that

would harmonise the classification systems for examination of trademark and design applications, in line with the

systems followed globally.

Body:

Aims and objectives of the agreements:

Nice Agreement

o The Nice Agreement establishes the international classification of goods and services for the

registration of trademarks and service marks. It was formed in the year 1957 and is classified on the

basis of a multilateral treaty governed by WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization).

The Vienna Agreement

o The Vienna Agreement establishes a classification for marks that include figurative elements. The

agreement was formed in the year 1973 and later amended in 1985.

The Locarno Agreement

o The Locarno Agreement establishes a classification for industrial designs. It was formulated in 1968 and

later amended in 1979.

All three agreements are administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization.

Significance and benefits for India:



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Accession to the Nice, Vienna and Locarno Agreements will help the Intellectual Property Office in India to

harmonise the classification systems for examinational of trademark and design applications, in line with the

classification systems followed globally.

It would give an opportunity to include Indian designs, figurative elements and goods in the international

classification systems.

The accession is expected to instil confidence in foreign investors in relation to protection of IPs in India.

The accession will also facilitate in exercising rights in decision-making processes regarding review and

revision of the classifications under the agreement.

These distinctive signs seek to stimulate, ensure healthy competition, and protect consumers by helping them

to make informed choices among various goods and services.

The three agreements:

o Create a Union, which has an Assembly. Every State that is a member of the Union is a member of the

Assembly.

o Among the most important tasks of the Assembly is the adoption of the biennial program and budget

of the Union.

o Set up a Committee of Experts in which all members of the Union are represented. The main task of the

Committee is the periodical revision of the Classification.

Conclusion:

The accession is part of the government’s commitment to strengthen the Indian Intellectual property regime. It is in

line with the objectives of National Intellectual Property Rights Policy 2016.

“Balkanizing the world by raising barriers would convert unequal prosperity to collective poverty.”

Discuss in the light of Brexit Issue?(250 words) Livemint Why this question: The article is by ex RBI Governor Raghuram G. Rajan, He analyses the affects of possible BREXIT outcome by

articulating multiple factors associated to it.

Key demand of the question: The question expects us to shed some light on the complications surrounding Brexit, the implication of the deal on India

countries across the world and evaluate how it will affect the prosperity -poverty equation.


Introduction: Brief upon the Brexit issue.

Body: Discuss the following aspects :

Explain in short Why the clamor for Brexit? – Economic reasons, Immigration issues,Sovereignty Issue etc.

What will be the impact of Brexit? – economic, geopolitical etc.

Factors that would create disbalance and lead to unequal prosperity getting converted to collective poverty. (take cues

from the article to justify this point well)

Conclusion: Conclude with what needs to be done to overcome the situation (the article best explains it, take cues again from the

article).

Introduction:

Despite 2 years of Brexit vote, Britain remains as divided as ever, over the issue of leaving the EU. Demonstrations

demanding a reconsideration of the issue and a new referendum have been aplenty on the streets of U.K. Contrarily;

there have also been mobilisations by pro-leave lobby albeit in smaller numbers as things are already moving in their

favour



https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/opinion-of-brexiteers-and-the-risks-of-adversarial-nationalism-1553626838846.html

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Body:

The clamour for Brexit:

Economic reasons: The primary contention was that economically, Britain loses more than what it gains.

o The first issue being that of membership fees paid – about 340 pounds per year per household

o Secondly, it was said that EU’s policies were too protectionist and did not favour competitiveness to

the extent that would be beneficial for the British economy

o Post the Sovereign Debt Crisis, EU introduced Fiscal Compact and tighter control on national budgets.

Britain was not comfortable with these ideas

o Germany’s proposal to impose taxes on financial transactions (Tobin Tax) also did not find favour with

London, which is an important financial hub

Immigration issues:

o Half of British legal migrants come from EU. There is this feeling that they have a negative impact on UK

born workers. Adding credence to local fears was the fact that since 1997, 3/4th of jobs created are

taken up by EU immigrants

o EU’s obligation on its members to accommodate more refugees also did not find favour with UK.

Especially at a time when the refugee influx in Europe is at an all time high in light of multiple crisis in

Middle East and Africa

o There is also this perception that immigrants pose a threat to national security

Sovereignty Issue:

o EU is a transformative idea in many senses. One of the things that it leads to is the weakening of

national sovereignty.

o EU has been pushing for creation of an Ever Closer Union which would accord greater decision making

powers to European Parliament, while, limiting the authority of British Parliament.

Impacts on UK:

Economic:

o EU is a large market. 45% of British exports are directed towards EU. EU is the largest market for UK’s

exports and one of the major sources of UK’s imports. Except Germany and Sweden, UK has a positive

Balance of Trade with all other countries of EU. Post Brexit, access to EU markets would suffer for UK

o Britain has emerged as a major financial hub. Post Brexit, the financial/services sector in UK would take

a hit. We have already seen the London Exchange soaring down post Brexit

o Immigrants to EU are better educated and skilled and offset the demograpaphic disadvantage. That

advantage will be lost for UK

Geopolitical:

o It raises questions over the future of Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their desire to stay in UK was

preconditioned on UK remaining a part of EU.

o The Scots have already started demanding for a referendum on Scotland’s future in UK. Even in

Northern Ireland violence erupted post the Brexit vote

o In an interconnected world, being a part of multilateral organizations is key to influence policy matters.

o No country can do it alone in a rapidly changing international environment.



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o Similarly UK would lose some of its leverage now that it has voted for Brexit. Pursuit of sovereignty in

purist terms in an interconnected world is a utopian idea

Factors that would create misbalance and lead to unequal prosperity getting converted to collective poverty:

As markets expand across political borders, participants prefer a common governance structure that eliminates

annoying regulatory differences and transaction costs.

As inter-regional trade and capital flows increased, demands for seamless regional borders and harmonized

national regulation became louder. National governments, therefore, increased their powers and functions at

the expense of regions and local communities.

As fglobalization accelerated in recent decades, national governments acceded to international agreements

and treaties that limited their sovereign powers. They have also ceded some powers to international bodies

Disempowerment of the local communities causes further collateral damage. When opportunity leaves

economically marginal communities, despair and social dysfunction typically set in. The number of broken

families increases, as do rates of substance abuse and crime.

Far from being a source of pride and social cohesion, the community becomes a repository of collective sorrow,

if not shame. And its members look to alternative sources of identity and social solidarity, including

nationalism.

Populist nationalist leaders pledge to make their country “great again” by ridding it of the constraints imposed

by international agreements.

As they grab power back from the international arena, such leaders are tempted to resist the further

devolution of power and funding to regions and communities.

Instead, populist nationalists could turn more dangerously against the international system, presenting their

supporters with a continuous parade of external villains to blame for their plight.

Way forward:

As growth slows and their populations age, developed countries will need both export markets and some

immigration—the first to support demand, and the second to pay for the pensions and health care of ageing

populations.

In this age of artificial intelligence, companies and traders can surely handle some national regulatory

differences.

We must bring the powers back to the country level, provided global markets remain open

Local engagement and solutions, aided by national governments, are required as people are more adapted to

globalization and technological changes.

Political parties could play a constructive role in restoring powers, funding, and often health to many

communities.

Rebuilding a strong sense of positive community identity would likely make adversarial nationalism less

appealing.

Conclusion:

To the extent that it weakens support for virulent nationalism, devolution may make the world a little more

prosperous—and a lot safer.



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Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian

Diaspora.

What do you understand by Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)? Critically analyze its significance

in India-US trade? (250 words) The hindu

Why this question: The article is in the backdrop of the Trump’s declaration of the end of preferential trade terms for India under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) programme. The article provides for more details on the same. Key demand of the question: The answer should discuss the following – What is Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) , its objectives, historical context with respect to Indo-US economic relations, did it benefit India in the past and what will be the consequences of it on India due to this move. Directive word Critically analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement. Structure of the answer Introduction: Discuss the context of GSP in Indo – US economic relations. Body: Discussion of the answer should capture the following points : How the withdrawal of the GSP benefit is expected to adversely affect exports from India. What is the objective of GSP? Who are the beneficiaries under GSP? Which are the product groups covered under GSP? What is the difference between GSP and the usual trade arrangement under WTO? What is the new Trump administration’s approach on GSP? Impact of GSP withdrawal on India. Conclusion – Conclude with the impact that the removal of GSP indicate a tough trade position by the US; especially for countries like India who benefited much from the scheme.

Introduction:

Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is a preferential tariff system extended by developed countries (also known

as preference giving countries or donor countries) to developing countries (also known as preference receiving

countries or beneficiary countries). It involves reduced MFN Tariffs or duty-free entry of eligible products exported by

beneficiary countries to the markets of donor countries. GSP has been given on non-reciprocal basis yet the US has

linked it with market access and tariff reduction which is against the basic tenets of GSP.

Example: The USA’s GSP sets zero tariffs for certain goods from a set of 121 developing countries to foster their trade

and economic development. The GSP programme accounts for some $5.6 billion of India’s exports to the U.S.in 2017,

making India the largest GSP beneficiary. The Indian government confirmed that the United States has given a 60-day

withdrawal notice to India on the GSP benefits, which amount to duty reduction of $190 million per annum.

Body:

The objective of GSP:

The objective of GSP was to give development support to poor countries by promoting exports from them into

the developed countries.



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According to the USTR, GSP promotes sustainable development in beneficiary countries by helping these

countries to increase and diversify their trade with the United States.

GSP provide opportunities for many of the world’s poorest countries to use trade to grow their economies and

climb out of poverty.

GSP also boosts American competitiveness by reducing costs of imported inputs used by U.S. companies to

manufacture goods in the United States.

The product groups covered under GSP:

The products covered under GSP are mainly agricultural products including animal husbandry, meat and

fisheries and handicraft products.

Chemicals, gems and jewellery, engineering and textiles are among the Indian industrial sectors that benefit

from the GSP.

Other products which are generally the specialized products of the developing countries.

Benefits of GSP to India:

Indian exporters benefit indirectly – through the benefit that accrues to the importer by way of reduced tariff

or duty free entry of eligible Indian products

Reduction or removal of import duty on an Indian product makes it more competitive to the importer – other

things (e.g. quality) being equal.

This tariff preference helps new exporters to penetrate a market and established exporters to increase their

market share and to improve upon the profit margins, in the donor country.

Reasons for GSP withdrawal on India:

S. President has announced that he intends to end preferential trade terms for India under the Generalized

System of Preferences (GSP) programme.

The reason attributed to it is that India has not assured the United States that it will provide equitable and

reasonable access to the markets of India.

According to the US Trade Representative, India has implemented a wide array of trade barriers that create

serious negative effects on United States commerce.

India had failed to take the necessary steps to meet the GSP criterion, despite intensive engagement, it said.

India’s new e-commerce rules — which have impacted American companies like Amazon and Walmart

(majority owner of Flipkart), price controls on medical devices (cardiac stents), tariffs on ICT products like smart

watches and high-end mobile phones and lack of greater market access for the U.S. dairy industry are among

the issues that have caused trade friction between the two countries.

Impact of GSP withdrawal on India:

India exports nearly 50 products of the 94 products on which GSP benefits are stopped.

In total India exports nearly 1,937 products to the US under GSP. According to the Washington Post, 90 percent

of Indian/Brazilian exports to America face normal US tariffs and hence will remain unaffected from the exit

of the GSP program.

Removal of GSP indicates a tough trade position by the US; especially for countries like India who benefited

much from the scheme. The US was insisting India to reduce its trade surplus.

India is the 11th largest trade surplus country for the US and India enjoyed an annual trade surplus of $ 21 bn in

2017-18.



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The US decision to withdraw duty benefits under its Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) programme will

have a marginal impact on few domestic sectors such as processed food, leather, plastic, and engineering

goods, exporters body FIEO.

India is predominantly exporting intermediate and semi-manufactured goods to the US under the GSP, the

same has helped in cost-effectiveness and price-competitiveness of American downstream industry.

The GSP withdrawal will also impact the competitiveness of many manufacturing sectors and will hit the

consumers at the same time.

Conclusion:

The issue of Indian tariffs being high has been raised from time to time. It is pertinent that India’s tariffs are within its

bound rates under WTO commitments, and are on the average well below these bound rates. India’s trade-weighted

average tariffs are 7.6 per cent, which is comparable with the most open developing economies and some developed

economies.

The recognition of the disputed area of Golan Heights would mark a major shift in US policy. Critically

analyse.(250 words) Indianexpress Why this question: The question is in the recent move of US President Trump backing Israeli sovereignty over Golan Heights, a long-

disputed piece of territory. Thus the recognition of the disputed area would mark a major shift in US policy, thus it

becomes important for us to understand the nitty-gritties of the situation from geopolitical angle.

Key demand of the question: The answer must revolve around the significance of Golan heights, Israel had captured much of the Golan from Syria in

a 1967 war and annexed it, this move was not endorsed internationally. And amidst such a situation the marked policy

shift of US around the Israeli Prime Minister‟s re-election campaign calls for evaluation of the significance.

Directive word: Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by




Introduction: Begin with quoting the locational facts of Golan heights.

Body: Draw a map of the location, if possible mark some relevant information showing geo-political significance of the region.

Then move onto discussing strategic importance of Golan heights. Presently 2/3rd area of Golan Heights is under the

control of Israel. Remaining part is under control of Syria.

Importance of Golan Heights: It provides strategic significance to Israel as Damascus (Capital of Syria) is clearly

visible from Golan Heights. The Soil of Golan Heights is so fertile that it is useful to cultivate Vine yards and Orchards.

Then discuss the policy shift and its implication on the overall equation of geopolitics in the region.

Conclusion: Conclude with possible consequences and realignment of global powers.

Introduction:

The Golan Heights, a rocky plateau in south-western Syria, has a political and strategic significance which belies its

size. Israel seized the Golan Heights from Syria in the closing stages of the 1967 Six-Day War. Most of the Syrian Arab

inhabitants fled the area during the conflict. An armistice line was established and the region came under Israeli

military control. Almost immediately Israel began to settle the Golan.

US President Donald Trump said recently it was time to back Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights.

Body:



https://indianexpress.com/article/world/donald-trump-time-for-us-to-recognize-israeli-sovereignty-over-golan-5637376/

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The recognition of the disputed area of Golan Heights would mark a major shift in US policy.

Southern Syria and the capital Damascus, about 60 km (40 miles) north, are clearly visible from the top of the

Heights.

The heights give Israel an excellent vantage point for monitoring Syrian movements. The topography provides a

natural buffer against any military thrust from Syria.

The area is also a key source of water for an arid region. Rainwater from the Golan’s catchment feeds into the

Jordan River. The area provides a third of Israel’s water supply.

The land is fertile, and the volcanic soil is used to cultivate vineyards and orchards and raise cattle. The Golan is

also home to Israel’s only ski resort.

Challenges posed by the recognition:

Combined with last year’s Jerusalem declaration, the decision could encourage Israel to begin annexing

territory in the West Bank. This would permanently extinguish any remaining possibility for a two-state

solution.

United Nations Resolution 242 passed immediately after 1967 war and unanimously to endorse a “land for

peace” agreement that would exchange Arab peace and recognition of Israel for a return of occupied territory.

Neither side wanted to act first. As a result of the diplomatic stalemate, Israel continued the occupations and

began building Jewish settlements on the newly controlled lands.

Syrians in the occupied Golan face calculated Israeli efforts to restrict their building and land use, destroy their

enterprises, cleanse their Arab culture, manipulate their Syrian identity, and suffocate their freedom of

movement

The decision(to formally recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital and to relocate the American embassy to the

contested city) reversed decades of consistent U.S. policy that encouraged negotiations as the avenue to

resolving territorial disputes, including on the status of Jerusalem.

Palestinian leaders have since refused to meet with American officials, meaning that their voices will be notably

excluded from Trump’s Middle East Peace Plan.



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Russian President may use this as a pretext to justify Russia’s annexation of Crimea. China is already claiming

South China Sea. Their actions may be emboldened.

It may also encourage Pakistan to take similar action in PoK region in India

Conclusion:

Thus, the shift in American policy would harm the Middle Eastern peace and put an end to the two-state solution. It

also goes against the rule-based order of the world threatening world harmony. The possible changes in the geopolitics

make it imperative for India to deal more diplomatically with the Middle East nations.

Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.

Discuss in brief the composition and objectives of United Nations Environment Assembly also bring out

the recent initiatives taken by UNEA to set global Green agenda.(250 words) Reference Why this question: The Fourth Environment Assembly of the United Nations was held in Nairobi recently, with special focus on the theme of

“Innovative solutions for environmental challenges and sustainable consumption and production”. In this context it

becomes necessary for us to ponder on the topic from the point of GS paper III.

Key demand of the question: The question is to be answered in three sections viz. the structure and composition of the UNEA, Its objectives and then

the recent initiatives taken by it.




Introduction: Explain Briefly the significance of such institutions.

Body: Discuss the composition of the UNEA; world‟s highest-level decision-making body on the environment. How it addresses

the critical environmental challenges facing the world today. Its salient features, mode of working etc.

Then move on to explain the importance of the “Blueprint for change” adopted by the Environment ministers of more

than 170 countries under United Nations Environment Assembly recently. The agenda of the meet included – Innovative

solutions and sustainable consumption and production patterns to get high priorities to combat increasing pollution,

rapid global warming and depletion of resources. improved national resource management strategies with integrated

full lifecycle approaches and analysis to achieve resource-efficient and low-carbon economies etc.

Conclusion: Conclude with importance of the institution and its significance in managing the global environment.

Introduction:

The United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) is the world’s highest-level decision-making body on the

environment. It addresses the critical environmental challenges facing the world today. Understanding these challenges

and preserving and rehabilitating our environment is at the heart of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Body:

Composition of UNEA:

The Environment Assembly sets the global environmental agenda in cooperation with UN institutions and

Multilateral Environmental Agreements.

The meetings of the Assembly are governed by its Rules of Procedure.



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The Assembly is led by a Bureau and its President. The UN Environment Assembly Bureau assists the President

in the general conduct of business of the UN Environment Assembly. The Bureau is composed of ten Ministers

of the Environment for a term of two years, and follows geographical rotations.

The Assembly is the governing body of the UN Environment Programme (UN Environment) and the successor of

its Governing Council, which was composed of 58 member States. The UN Environment Assembly, with a

universal membership, is now composed of 193 Member States.

It gathers ministers of environment in Nairobi, Kenya every 2 years.

The Committee of Permanent Representatives is the inter-sessional intergovernmental body of the Assembly.

The Committee is led by accredited Permanent Representatives to the UN Environment Programme, which

account for 118 members.

The Committee of Permanent Representatives was formally established as a subsidiary organ of the Governing

Council (now the UN Environment Assembly) in May 1985. The Committee meets on a quarterly basis led by a

five-member Bureau elected for a period of two years.

Objectives of UNEA:

Under the overall theme Innovative solutions for environmental challenges and sustainable consumption and

production, the 2019 UN Environment Assembly will address the following three focus areas:

Environmental challenges related to poverty and natural resources management, including sustainable food

systems, food security and halting biodiversity loss;

Life-cycle approaches to resource efficiency, energy, chemicals and waste management;

Innovative sustainable business development at a time of rapid technological change.

Improve national resource management strategies with integrated full lifecycle approaches and analysis to

achieve resource-efficient and low-carbon economies

Address the damage to our ecosystems caused by the unsustainable use and disposal of plastic products,

including by significantly reducing single-use plastic products by 2030

Work with the private sector to find affordable and environmentally friendly products

The above objectives would be done by:

Encouraging resilient farming practices

Managing natural resources sustainably to tackle poverty

Promote the use and sharing of environmental data

Significantly reduce single-use plastic

Conclusion:

The 2019 UN Environment Assembly will contribute towards a holistic, inclusive, and participatory approach to

development that is underpinned by human rights and recognizes the inter-linkages and integrated nature of the 2030

Agenda and the Sustainable Development.

Discuss the significance of resolution for sustainable nitrogen management led by India in the United

Nations Environment Assembly. (250 words) Reference why this question:



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In a significant first, India piloted resolutions on two important global environment issues relating to Single-use Plastics

and Sustainable Nitrogen management at the fourth session of United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) which

was held in Nairobi recently. Thus the question is important to ponder upon from the exam point of view.

Key demand of the question: The global nitrogen use efficiency is low, resulting in pollution by reactive nitrogen which threatens human health, eco

system services, and contributes to climate change and stratospheric ozone depletion. Thus the answer must appreciate

the significance of such a step by providing facts to justify the need for sustainable carbon management.




Introduction: Introduce by appreciating India‟s initiative to lead such an initiative and that too on a global platform.

Body: In brief discuss the following points :

What do you understand by Sustainable Nitrogen management?

Discuss the salient features of Resolution on Sustainable Nitrogen Management – recognizes the multiple pollution

threats resulting from anthropogenic reactive nitrogen, acknowledges the benefits of nitrogen, notes the initiatives like

the Global Partnership on Nutrient Management (GPNM), International Nitrogen Management System as a science

support system for policy development across the nitrogen cycle and the initiatives taken by South Asia Cooperative

Environment Programme (SACEP) etc.

Indian scenario; efforts India is taking in this direction.

Conclusion: Conclude with significance of such a step and way forward.

Introduction:

Nitrogen is found in all living organisms. In fact, it is like carbon and is indispensable for survival of life on Earth. The

resolution for sustainable nitrogen management in the United Nations Environment Assembly-4, which for the first

time was led by India, has made experts believe that it can help establish an international coordination for

nitrogen similar to what exists for carbon.

Body:

Rationale behind the Resolution on Sustainable Nitrogen Management:

Nitrogen is essential to all life on Earth as it forms an important component of life-building and propagating

biochemical molecules like proteins. But overuse in agriculture in the form of fertilisers and other fields have made this

important element more bane than boon. This is why many scientists have called nitrogen the “new carbon”.

Situation in India:

India is under the grip of nitrogen pollution, finds the country’s first assessment on the impacts of the nutrient.

The nitrogen (N) being used for agricultural purposes is rampant but also increasing emissions from the

transport boom in the country.

India consumes 17 Mt (million tonnes) of nitrogen fertiliser annually as per the data of the Fertiliser Association

of India.

67 per cent remains in the soil and seeps into the surrounding environment causing a cascade of environmental

and health impacts.

India as a country was using and emitting huge amount of nitrogen, and its related toxic components.

The India Nitrogen Assessment found that nitrates not only affected surface water but also polluted

groundwater sources.

Nitrogen in the form nitrous oxide (N2O) is also a greenhouse gas (GHG) and a fast rising contributor to global

climate change.



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The salient features of Resolution on Sustainable Nitrogen Management:

The resolution titled, ‘Sustainable Nitrogen Management’ , recognizes the multiple pollution threats resulting

from anthropogenic reactive nitrogen, with adverse effects on the terrestrial, freshwater and marine

environments and contributing to air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and highlights ways to

better manage nitrogen.

The resolution supports exploring options for better management of the global nitrogen cycle to achieve the

SDGs, including through the “sharing of assessment methodologies, relevant best practices and guidance

documents and emerging technologies for recovery and recycling of nitrogen and other such nutrients.”

The resolution recognised the threats of pollution due to human emissions of reactive nitrogen on “the

terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments”.

It also acknowledged the benefits of nitrogen use for food and energy production.

It noted that global use of reactive nitrogen is extremely inefficient as 80 per cent of all nitrogen used is lost to

the environment creating a cascade of impacts, from pollution affecting human health and ecosystem services

to green house gas emissions which lead to climate change and also ozone depletion.

The UNEA resolution did recognise the various initiatives taken by organisations around the world on nitrogen

pollution including the South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme(SACEP) and the International Nitrogen

Management System.

The member states will “report on the progress achieved in the implementation of this resolution in UNEA-6.”

Steps taken in India to curb Nitrogen pollution:

Indian government might have inadvertently taken certain steps like mandating neem-coated urea

production which can abate a crisis.

Neem-coated urea releases nitrogen at a slower pace giving plants time to absorb it, hence leading to an

optimal usage.

Reducing the use of nitrogen fertilisers and increasing that of recycled manures offers the prospect for Indian

farmers to produce food more securely and profitably, while saving the government a huge amount of money.

One of the most prominent ways of doing this is so-called ‘precision agriculture’, which uses hi-tech

approaches to apply just the right amount of nitrogen at just the right time for the plant’s needs.

Way forward:

The establishment of “an intergovernmental coordination mechanism on nitrogen policies, based primarily on

existing networks and platforms and consider the case for developing an integrated nitrogen policy”.

A coordinated effort from various UN organisations like the Food and Agricultural Organization for better

management of the nitrogen cycle on the planet.

This would mean sharing of methodologies, practices and technologies for recycle and recovery of nitrogen and

other such nutrients to ensure the Sustainable Development Goals are met.

Global bodies should coordinate on data sharing and calculating the benefits of successful nitrogen

management.

member countries must take all the necessary national and regional initiatives to support this global initiative

to prevent further accumulation of reactive nitrogen compounds that damage our health, biodiversity and

climate

Conclusion:



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The International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) which has been at the forefront on the subject of nitrogen pollution

welcomed the UNEA4 resolution for Sustainable Nitrogen Management. It further “appreciated the Indian leadership

and South Asian unity for global action on this very important global topic.”



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