Inside EarthInside Earth

Geologists study Earth and the processes that Geologists study Earth and the processes that have shaped Earth over time. They study the have shaped Earth over time. They study the minerals and rocks that make up Earth, minerals and rocks that make up Earth, physical conditions inside Earth, and the forces physical conditions inside Earth, and the forces inside Earth that affect the surfaceinside Earth that affect the surface

Which indirect methods is used by geologists to Which indirect methods is used by geologists to study Earth’s interior?study Earth’s interior?

studying seismic wavesstudying seismic waves

Inside EarthInside Earth Earth’s interior is divided into the crust, the Earth’s interior is divided into the crust, the

mantle, the outer core and the inner core. The mantle, the outer core and the inner core. The crust and the rigid uppermost part of the crust and the rigid uppermost part of the mantle are called the lithosphere.mantle are called the lithosphere.

Most scientists believe the two layers of Earth’s core Most scientists believe the two layers of Earth’s core are made of what?are made of what?

nickel and ironnickel and iron

Let’s name the layers…Let’s name the layers…

MineralsMinerals A mineral is a solid, inorganic material that A mineral is a solid, inorganic material that

forms naturally on or beneath Earth’s surface. forms naturally on or beneath Earth’s surface. A mineral generally has a definite chemical A mineral generally has a definite chemical composition and a crystal structure.composition and a crystal structure.

Some of the properties of minerals include Some of the properties of minerals include hardness, color, luster, density and how the hardness, color, luster, density and how the minerals break apartminerals break apart Remember Mohs Hardness Scale? You find a Remember Mohs Hardness Scale? You find a

mineral that can be scratched by a steel knife, but mineral that can be scratched by a steel knife, but not by a copper penny. What is this mineral’s not by a copper penny. What is this mineral’s hardness on the Mohs scale?hardness on the Mohs scale?

Greater than 3 but less than 6Greater than 3 but less than 6

MineralsMinerals Many minerals form when molten material Many minerals form when molten material

cools and hardens. Other minerals form when cools and hardens. Other minerals form when materials dissolved in water come out of materials dissolved in water come out of solution.solution.

Petroleum (oil) is a naturally occurring substance Petroleum (oil) is a naturally occurring substance from inside Earth. Can petroleum be considered a from inside Earth. Can petroleum be considered a mineral?mineral?

No, petroleum is not a mineral because it is a liquid No, petroleum is not a mineral because it is a liquid and is formed from organic materialand is formed from organic material

The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle How do scientists classify rocks?How do scientists classify rocks?

based on color, texture, composition and how the based on color, texture, composition and how the rocks are formedrocks are formed

The three major groups of rocks are igneous, The three major groups of rocks are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphicsedimentary and metamorphic What type of igneous rocks are there?What type of igneous rocks are there? Extrusive and IntrusiveExtrusive and Intrusive

What type of sedimentary rocks are there?What type of sedimentary rocks are there? Clastic rock, Organic Rock and Chemical RockClastic rock, Organic Rock and Chemical Rock

The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle

Rocks can be formed when magma or lava Rocks can be formed when magma or lava hardens, when sediments are cemented and hardens, when sediments are cemented and compacted together, or when heat and compacted together, or when heat and pressure change rock deep beneath Earth’s pressure change rock deep beneath Earth’s surfacesurface

The series of processes on and beneath Earth’s The series of processes on and beneath Earth’s surface that change rocks from one type to surface that change rocks from one type to another is called the rock cycle.another is called the rock cycle.