InsectaInsectaBY: DR.YUNI KILAWATI, S.Pi.,M.Si

Class Insecta1.Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies)2.Order Plecoptera (stoneflies)3.Order Odonata (dragon/damselflies)4.Order Trichoptera (caddisflies)5.Order Megaloptera (alderflies)6.Order Hemiptera (true bugs)7.Order Coleoptera (beetles)8.Order Neuroptera (net-winged)9.Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies)10.Order Diptera (flies and midges)11.Order Collembola (spring tails)

Subphylum Uniramia

1.Order Ephemeroptera1.Order Ephemeroptera(mayflies)(mayflies)

2.Order Plecoptera2.Order Plecoptera(stoneflies)(stoneflies)

3.Order Odonata3.Order Odonata(dragon/damselflies)(dragon/damselflies)

4.Order Trichoptera4.Order Trichoptera(caddisflies)(caddisflies)

5.Order Megaloptera5.Order Megaloptera(alderflies)(alderflies)

6.Order Hemiptera6.Order Hemiptera (true (true bugs)bugs)

7.Order Coleoptera7.Order Coleoptera (beetles)(beetles)

8.Order Neuroptera8.Order Neuroptera (net-winged (net-winged insects)insects)

9.Order Lepidoptera9.Order Lepidoptera(Butterflies)(Butterflies)

10.Order Diptera10.Order Diptera (flies and (flies and midges)midges)

11.Order Collembola11.Order Collembola (spring (spring tails)tails)

There are more kinds of insects than there are all other animal species all together

There are could be 300 million times as many insects as humans on earth.

Insects have a body that is divided into 3 parts (head, thorax and abdomen

External External AnatomyAnatomy

headhead abdomenabdomenthoraxthorax

Adult insects are known for having three major body regions, six legs, one pair of antennae and usually two pair of wings as adults.

3 distinct regions:

1) head: sensory perception, neural integration, food gathering.

2) Thorax: locomotion3) Abdomen: houses visceral organs (digestive, excretory,

reproductive systems)

Head

Important external features:1) Antennae -- contain chemical, olfactory, tactile, and auditory receptors. Can also sense vibrations.2) Compound eyes (vision/movement/color) and dorsal ocelli (light detection). Many insects perceive ultraviolet, blue-green and red wavelengths.3) Specialized mouth parts – food gathering, defense.

Head: Mouthparts

2 general types:1) mandibulate: specialized for biting off and chewing food (most nymphs)2) haustellate: specially adapted for piercing and sucking (e.g. mosquitoes and dipterans).

Two Examples of Two Examples of MouthpartsMouthparts

chewingchewing piercing/suckingpiercing/suckingInsect mouthparts are also highly modified for theinsect. Chewing, biting, or sucking, are a few examples. Mouthparts of an immature insect may differ from those of the same insect in its adult stage.

AntennaeAntennae

June beetleJune beetle

termitetermite

flyflybutterflybutterfly

antant

beetlebeetle

Antennae are used by insects as major sensory devices, especially for smell, and can be adaptive for the insect in many ways.

ThoraxComposed of 3 segments:

1) anterior – prothorax2) middle – mesothorax3) posterior -- metathroax

Legs:

Abdomen

--Generally composed of 11 ‘metameres’--Each metamere composed of:

dorsally – sclerite (tergum)ventrally – sclerite (sternum)laterally – membranous (pleuron)

--Genitalia located on 8-9 segment

Digestive systemMouthPharynxEsophogusCrop (stores food)Gizzard (denticles help macerate food)

StomachPyloric valve

PylorusIntestine (water reabsorption)rectum

foregut

midgut

hindgut

Circulatory System

Open circulatory system:a) Capillaries are absent. Blood flows through hemocoelic spaces (bathes internal organs)b) Insect blood is relatively clear and contains hemocytes (analogous to WBC/ white blood cell ).

Excretory System

--Malpighian tubules (2-150): distal ends free in hemocoel.-- Uric acid in hemolymph combines with potasium bicarbonate to form potassium acid urate.-- PAU taken up by Malpighian tubules, reabsorb Potassium bicarb. – and excrete crystalline uric acid as a dry pellet.

•Sistem pernapasan terdiri dari kantung udara dan tabung yang disebut tracheae.•Udara masuk ke tabung melalui serangkaian bukaan yang disebut spirakel yang ditemukan sepanjang sisi tubuh. •spirakel terbesar biasanya ditemukan pada otot-otot dada di mana lebih besar dari sayap dan kaki membutuhkan lebih banyak oksigen. •spirakel tida tdp di kepala.

spiraclesspiracles trachealtrachealtubestubes

RespiratoryRespiratorySystemSystem

* Insects have 6 legs connected to the chest part.

* Some insects legs are all the same size. Some insects have one pair of legs larger than the other two pairs.* A grasshopper has one pair of legs larger than the other two pairs. These larger legs are used for jumping.

Longer back legs

* Insects eat a lot, so they grow very fast. As they grow, insects may molt and grow new exoskeletons, or they may change completely.

* A huge change in appearance is called metamorphosis.

* There are two kinds of metamorphosis:

______________ and ______________.

LifeLifeCyclesCycles

The many diverse orders of insects have four different types of life cycles. These life cycles are called "metamorphosis" because of the changes of shape that the insects undergo during development.

Without meta

Without MetamorphosisWithout Metamorphosiseggegg adultadultnymphsnymphs

The first type is "without" metamorphosis which the wingless primitive orders such as silverfish (Thysanura) and springtails (Collembola) possess. The young resemble adults except for size.

Incomplete meta

Incomplete MetamorphosisIncomplete Metamorphosis

eggegg naiadsnaiads adultadult

The second type is "incomplete" metamorphosiswhich is found among the aquatic insect orders such as mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and dragonflies (Odonata).

Gradual meta

Gradual MetamorphosisGradual Metamorphosis

eggegg nymphsnymphs adultadult

The third type is "gradual" metamorphosis seen in such orders as the grasshoppers (Orthoptera), termites (Isoptera), thrips (Thysanoptera), and true bugs (Hemiptera). This life cycle starts as an egg, but each growth, or nymphal stage looks similar, except it lacks wings and the reproductive capacity that the adult possesses.

Complete MetamorphosisComplete Metamorphosis

eggegg larvaelarvae pupapupa adultadult

The fourth type is "complete" metamorphosis found in butterflies (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), and bees, wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera). This life cycle has the four stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage is quite distinct.

Metamorphosis

-Subclass Apterygota (ametamorphic)- Subclass Pterygota (2 jenis metamorfosis)

Exopterygotes - sayap  eksternal berkembang  pada tahap akhir nimfa - Mengalami metamorfosis sederhana atau tidak lengkap disebut hemimetabolous.- (mis. odonata, Hemiptera)

Endoterygotes - sayap  internal berkembang selama tahap larva)- m'alami metamorfosis lengkap disebut holometabolous.(mis. Coleoptera, trichoptera, Diptera)

1) Hemimetabolous life cycle: includes 3 developmental stages– egg, nymph and adult. Most larva (except Plecoptera) do not resemble adults.Ephemeroptera (mayflies)Odonata (dragonflies)Orthoptera (grasshoppers)Isoptera (termites)Dermaptera (earwigs)Psocoptera (booklice & barklice)Mallophaga (chewing lice)Anoplura (sucking lice)*Thysanoptera (thrips)Hemiptera (true bugs)Homoptera (cicadas, aphids, etc.)

Metamorphosis

2) Holometabolous life cycle: includes 4 developmental stages– egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Larva do not resemble adults.

Coleoptera (beetles)Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths)Diptera (flies)Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, bees)Siphonaptera (fleas)Strepsiptera (twist-winged parasites)Mecoptera (scorpionflies)Tricoptera (caddisflies)Neuroptera (antlions, lacewings)*Thysanoptera (thrips)

3) Ametabolous life cycle A growth stage of certain insects characterized by an increase in size without distinct external changes.

silverfish, firebrats, and springtails

Metamorphosis

* In complete metamorphosis, insects like butterflies and moths have 4 stages of development.

* The first stage makes an egg.

* During the second stage, the egg hatches and a larva comes out.

* A caterpillar is the larva of an insect that will become a butterfly or a moth.

* During the third stage, a pupa is made.

* A pupa is sometimes wrapped in a cocoon or in a Chrysalis.

* A cocoon is the pupa of a silk. A cocoon is made of moth.

* A chrysalis is the pupa of a buterfly.

* In the last stage, the insect is finally an adult.

* Incomplete metamorphosis happens in grasshoppers, termites, and dragonflies.

* In incomplete metamorphosis, young animals that look like the adult hatch from eggs.

* As the young animals grow, they keep molting, shedding their exoskeletons, and getting larger.

* Most insects live alone. But, some insects are social and cannot survive alone.

* These insects live in colonies or hives.

* A colony is a group of insects living together. The insect do differents job and are very organized

* An amazing example of a colony is a beehive.

* A beehive is very organized colonies of bees.

* All insects must protect themselves.

* Bees and wasps have stingers to protect themselves.

* Many other insects use camouflage.

* Camouflage allows an insect to hide by blending in with their environment

Aquatic Insects

10 aquatic orders:5 have larvae that are almost entirely aquatic

EphemeropteraOdonataPlecopteraTrichopteraMegaloptera

5 are partially aquaticHeteropteraColeopteraDipteraLepidopteraNeuroptera

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