insect biogeography in the south-western sea of korea with comments on the insect fauna of kwanmae...

Entomological Research

38

(2008) 165–173

© 2008 The AuthorsJournal compilation © 2008 The Entomological Society of Korea and Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd

Blackwell Publishing Ltd

RESEARCH PAPER

Insect biogeography in the south-western Sea of Korea with comments on the insect fauna of Kwanmae Island

Sung-Jin LEE

1

, Jin-Dong YEO

2

and Hyunchur SHIN

3

1 Research Institute of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea2 Division of Invertebrates, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea3 Department of Biology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea

Correspondence

Hyunchur Shin, Department of Biology, Division of Life Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea. Email: [email protected]

Received 11 October 2007; accepted 22 January 2008.

doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5967.2008.00155.x

Abstract

The insect species richness of each island in the south-western Sea of Korea wasconsidered on the background of the equilibrium theory. The species number ofinsects on Kwanmae Island in the present study (140 species) was much highercompared with a previous survey. Based on a literature survey of island biotasurveys published in the 1980s, of 47 islands, the lowest species number (12species) was on Kwanmae Island, and the most diverse insect fauna (254 species)was on Baekryong Island. The mean species number of surveyed islands wasapproximately 54 (53.96 with a standard deviation of 46.95). The median speciesnumber was 38 with a skew of +2.56. Insects, including the orders Odonanta,Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera,occurred on 32 of the 47 surveyed islands, and had an occurrence rate of more than0.68. This indicates that these insects are distributed widely on the islands in thesouth-western Sea of Korea. The species number showed a significant linearrelationship with both area of an island and its distance from the mainland(

P

< 0.05), with an extremely low determinant coefficient (r

2

= 0.13 for area

vs

species number and r

2

= 0.28 for distance

vs

species number). Other factors testedin the study failed to show a significant relationship with species number. Amultiple-regression model established using area and distance as independentvariables showed significant relationship with species number, with a relativelyhigher determinant coefficient (r

2

= 0.70,

P

< 0.05). We present possibleexplanations to explain the difference between estimated and observed speciesnumber in Kwanmae Island.

Key words:

biogeography, insect fauna, Kwanmae Island, multiple regression,

Neofinetia falcata

.

Introduction

Islands have played a prominent role in zoogeographicstudies, because islands are isolated entities and they can beconsidered as units in terms of degree of isolation by distancefrom other islands or source areas, age, altitude, size, varietyof environments, wind and current directions, and otheraspects. In particular, their isolation implies genetic separationof populations and the likelihood of evolutionary divergencefrom parent populations (Gressitt 1974).

The equilibrium model of island species richness(MacArthur & Wilson 1963, 1967) shows that isolation andarea are important factors in determining the species diversityof islands, controlled by a balance between immigration rateand extinction rate. According to the model, the immigrationcurve has a distance-dependent slope, showing that theimmigration rate for distant islands is low. The extinctioncurve is area dependent, showing a steeper slope on smallerislands. Both rates are controlled by the number of speciespresent on an island. Thus, the immigration rate can be equal

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to the extinction rate at a particular number of species, whichmeans an equilibrium in the number of species on a givenisland. From these points of the theory, it can be interred thatsmall and distant islands possess lower species richness.

In the present study, the insect species richness of eachisland in the south-western Sea of Korea was considered onthe background of the equilibrium theory. In addition, theinsect fauna of Kwanmae Island, which has been known asthe only natural habitat of

Neofinetia falcata

in Korea, ispresented, and shows the necessity of a detailed survey of theisland’s fauna.

Materials and methods

Literature survey of the islands in the south-

western Sea of Korea

All of the reports on the biota of Korean islands (Kim & Lee1979; Kim & Chang 1981; Kim & Chang 1982; Kim 1983;Nam 1983; Kim & Chang 1984; Yoon & Nam 1985; Ra

et al.

1986; Kim & Yoo 1987), published from the late 1970s to thelate 1980s from Korean Association for the Conservation ofNature and Korean National Council for the Conservationof Nature, were examined to evaluate the insect speciesrichness of each island in the south-western Sea of Korea.Little recent information on insect fauna was available forthat area, because limited surveys on island fauna werecarried out after 1990. Islands and coastal areas have beeninvestigated as part of a survey of Korean nature supervisedby the Ministry of the Environment recently. However, thosesurveys focused on dune areas only, so information on insectfauna of whole islands is still rare. Most surveys analyzed inthis study were conducted during June to August each year,and thus, no seasonal difference effects on the fauna of eachisland are presented.

Field survey of Kwanmae Island

In the case of Kwanmae Island, we conducted investigationsthree times from 2003 to 2004 by a qualitative samplingmethod. Sampling in the daytime was carried out at randomusing mainly a sweeping net (diameter, 500 mm; mesh,0.5 mm; length, 1 m), and target sampling using an insect net(diameter, 400 mm; mesh, 1 mm; length, 2 m) was also appliedfor capturing the active flying insects, such as butterflies,dragonflies, bees, and so on. For the nocturnal insects, lightsampling was carried out using a Mercury Vapor CollectingLight (175 watt; BioQuip, Rancho Dominguez, CA, USA).

Environmental factors

Data on several environmental factors, including size of thehuman population, temperature, annual precipitation, distance

from the mainland and area were collected from the KoreaTourism Organization (KTO) and the Korea MeteorologicalAdministration (KMA) to account for the relationship withspecies richness on each island. The shortest distancebetween each island and the mainland was measured using a1:50 000 map. The area of each island was referred fromprevious studies during the 1980s. When the area was notindicated in a previous study, we searched for it from thedatabase on the KTO webpage (http://www.visitkorea.or.kr).

Results and discussion

Insect fauna on Kwanmae Island

During the study period, the insects captured from KwanmaeIsland comprised 140 species, in 61 families and 12 orders(Appendix 1). In the comparison at the level of order,Lepidoptera occupied 33% (47 species) of the total speciesnumber of the insect community (Fig. 1). Of the Lepidopteranspecies, only 10 were butterflies; the other 37 species weremoths, collected by light trap. There were 32 coleopteranspecies, occupying 23% of the species number. Hymenopteraoccupied 16% of the total species number (22 species). Theother orders occupied less than 10% of the total speciesnumber. In particular, there were less than 7% of aquaticinsects, such as Ephemeroptera, Odonata, and some aquaticHemiptera (e.g. water strider). The low species diversity ofaquatic insects would be due to a scarcity of freshwater, suchas streams and ponds.

Hemipteran insects were not abundant because most of thesampling area was pine forest. Of the coleopteran species,

Figure 1 Proportional composition of the number of species perinsect order on Kwanmae Island. Other orders include Ephemeroptera,Blattaria, Mantodea, Homoptera and Neuroptera.

http://www.visitkorea.or.kr

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nocturnal and predaceous species were abundant, and aphodiidswere also abundant, especially in the vicinity of cattle feces.Parasitic Ichneumonids and predaceous Hymenoptera,including scolioids, pompilids, eumenids and sphecids, wereabundant among the Hymenoptera. Most of the dipteraninsects in the sampling area were Stratiomyiids or Syrphids.The Lepidopteran community in the sampling area wasmainly composed of moths; there were relatively fewerbutterflies. Some insects that occurred on Kwanmae Islandare restricted in distribution in Korea. Distribution of

Pseudocneorhinus soheuksandoensis

Han et Yoon is restrictedto the islands in the south-eastern Sea of Korea (Han 2000).

Graphium sarpedon

(Linne) occurs in the forests of indecid-uous latifoliate trees on Jeju Island, Ulleung Island andislands in the south Sea of Korea. This species occurs at thehighest latitude of the Temperate Zone of the genus

Graphium

.The species number in the present study was much higher

compared with a previous survey: Kim (1983) identified 12species on Kwanmae Island during a survey of islands inJodo-myon, but we collected a total of 140 species in thisstudy. This large difference might be caused by the length ofthe sampling period. In the previous survey, the samplingperiod for all islands in Jodo-myon was limited to 4–7 days,

and sampling on Kwanmae Island was conducted over a shorttime-frame. In addition, just one sampling was carried outduring daytime in 1983. The tremendous difference in spe-cies number indicates that seasonal sampling using diversemethodology is required to estimate a meaningful number ofoccurring species, even in small and rather enclosed areassuch as Kwanmae Island.

Insect diversity of islands in the south-western Sea

of Korea

Based on previous results, of 47 islands, the lowest speciesnumber of insects (12 species) was shown for KwanmaeIsland, and the most diverse insect fauna (254 species) wasshown for Baekryong Island (Fig. 2). The mean speciesnumber for the islands surveyed was approximately 54(53.96 with a standard deviation of 46.95). The medianspecies number was 38, with a skew of +2.56. These statisticsshow that the mean species number for the 47 islands wasinfluenced strongly by the maximum number.

Insects, including the orders Odonanta, Orthoptera,Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera andDiptera, occurred on 32 of the 47 surveyed islands, with an

Figure 2 The number of species occurringon each island. Abbreviations are as follows.HG, Hoenggan Island; NW, Nohwa Island;BG, Bogil Island; SA, Soan Island; JK, JagaeIsland; CS, Chongsan Island; KM, KomoonIsland; BD, Baek Island; DS, Daesambu Island;DH, Daeheuksan Island; DJ, Dajang Island;YS, Youngsan Island; HT, Hatae Island; SH,Soheuksan Island; BR, Baekryong Island; DC,Docho Island; BK, Bigeum Island; WE, WooeIsland; CB, Chilbal Island; SM, Sonmi Island; TU,Tokjuk Island; SY, Soya Island; MK, MoongapIsland; KU, Kulup Island; SK, Songap Island;BA, Baeka Island; WD, Wool Island; SN,Sanhanakwol Island; TK, Taekakssi Island; SE,Songei Island; AM, Anma Island; TS, TaesokmanIsland; OE, Oeyon Island; OD, O Island;HK, Hoenggyon Island; HD, Hwang Island;TC, Taechong Island; KS, Kwansa Island; SC,Sangcho Island; JH, Jookhang Island; DK,Dokgeo Island; KW, Kwanmae Island; CD,Chongdeung Island; SS, Sosungnam Island;NO, Nolok Island; KR, Kalmok Island; HC,Hacho Island.

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occurrence rate of more than 0.68 (Fig. 3). This indicates thatthese insects are distributed widely in the islands in thesouth-western Sea of Korea. Coleopteran and hymenopteraninsects occurred on all surveyed islands.

Regarding mean species number per order, Coleoptera hadthe highest number (15.32), followed by Lepidoptera(10.89), Hymenoptera (8.89), Diptera (6.56) and Hemiptera(6.42). Other orders showed lower species number (lessthan 5). The order Odonata was the most unique in terms ofdistribution pattern and species number: species diversity/species number was low, but the distribution range acrossislands was wide.

Insect diversity and environmental factors

According to the island biogeography theory by MacArthurand Wilson (1963, 1967), the species number of geographicallyisolated islands is dependent on immigration and emigrationrates, determined from the area of the island and its distancefrom the mainland. Based on this theory, the greatest numberof species could be expected on the biggest and nearestislands, and species numbers would be reduced on smallerand more distant islands.

The number of species occurring on each island had asignificant linear relationship with both area of the island andits distance from the mainland (Fig. 4a,b;

P

< 0.05). However,an extremely low coefficient in each linear model (r

2

= 0.13for area

vs

species number, and r

2

= 0.28 for distance

vs

species number) indicated that each linear model could notexplain all of the data, and that species number for eachisland might be estimated by a more complex model withmore than two independent variables.

Based on the theory of MacArthur and Wilson, speciesnumber was expected to increase with increasing area of an

island, and decrease with its distance from the mainland. Inthis study, however, species number and distance showed apositive relationship. This could be caused by influence fromother environmental factors. The results of regression analysisdid not show an effect of other environmental factors, includingtemperature in August, annual precipitation and humanpopulation, on species number. The temperature in Augustranged from 25 to 27

°

C on each island (Fig. 4c), but differencesbetween islands were not distinct because many islands aregrouped in an archipelago in the south-western Sea of Korea.Annual precipitation varied on the islands, ranging from 760to 1720 mm (Fig. 4d). Although precipitation is an importantclimatic event that limits the activity of insects, there was nosignificant relationship between annual precipitation andspecies number in this study. Species number had a positiverelationship with human population on each island (Fig. 4e),but the determinant coefficient of this relationship was verylow (r

2

= 0.09). This low determinant coefficient might becaused mainly from data distribution: most of the datawere clustered in the range of 0–500 for the independentvariable, human population. This result means that more datamight be required to have confidence in the relationshipbetween insect species number and human population onthe islands.

From the results of the regression analysis between insectspecies number and some variables, two variables, area anddistance from the mainland, had a significant relationshipwith species number, with a relatively higher determinantcoefficient. Thus, these two variables could be includedtogether as independent variables in a multiple-regressionmodel to estimate species number on the islands:

Insect species number on the island = 1.047 · Distance + 1.187 · Area (r

2

= 0.70,

P

< 0.05) (1)

Figure 3 The ocurrence rate of each insecttaxa among 47 islands.



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This model showed a relatively higher determinantcoefficient (r

2

= 0.70) than simple linear models includingeach variable separately (Fig. 4a,b), and this means thatspecies number could be controlled from the functions ofarea and distance. The estimated species numbers are shownin Figure 5. The difference in species number between

estimated values and values observed from previous studieswas not significant statistically (by paired

t

-test;

P

> 0.10).Islands can be divided into two groups: continental

(connected to a continent) and oceanic (not connected to acontinent) (Gressitt 1974). Although many studies haveshown that island area has a significant positive correlation to

Figure 4 Regression analysis between species number and environmental factors: (a) area; (b) distance from the mainland; (c) meantemperature in August; (d) annual precipitation; and (e) human population.

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species richness, negative relationships between degree ofisolation of an island and species richness were significant ina few studies, especially for oceanic islands. For continentalislands, isolation seems to have had a minor role in islandfauna, especially in insect fauna, because of insects’ highdispersal ability. Because many insects can fly, they candisperse actively under their own power, sometimes to aremarkable degree (Brundin 1966; Carlquist 1966; Holzapfel& Harrell 1968; Holzapfel

et al

. 1970). However, beingrelatively buoyant, they often disperse partly by active flightand partly or largely by the effect of wind. Even winglessinsects and other arthropods are often transported by aircurrents. They may be also carried by sea currents or variousanimals including migratory birds and humans.

For Kwanmae Island, the estimated species number (about21) was much lower than the observed value in our study(140). This means an increment of insect diversity on thisisland since the previous survey, because the multiple-regression model was established using data from previoussurveys during the 1980s. However, there was no apparentevidence that this increment of diversity was induced from an

environmental change favorable to insects on this island.Possible explanations for the much greater species numberare: (i) some of the islands comprise an archipelago, and thelargest island had a mainland effect; (ii) the increase ofhuman beings and transit could provide more input pathwaysfor insects; (iii) visitors and tourists could transport newinsects to the islands; (iv) the islands in the south-western Seaof Korea could be influenced geographically from othermainlands, such as China and Japan; (v) the insect diversityof Kwanmae Island had previously been underestimatedbecause of insufficiency of survey data; and (vi) islands in thesouth-western Sea of Korea are continental islands, whichare connected to the Korean peninsula.

Not only Kwanmae Island but other islands in this study arepossibly undervalued in insect diversity owing to insufficientsurvey. Most surveys were highly limited in sampling periodand method. No island has been surveyed twice or more sincethe 1980s, except Kwanmae Island and several islandslocated in the vicinity of the mainland. Sampling time on anisland was limited to several hours for most of the surveys,and in terms of sampling method, light trap was not carried

Figure 5 Estimated species number oneach island using multiple regression model(Eqn 1). Abbreviations are as follows. HG,Hoenggan Island; NW, Nohwa Island; BG,Bogil Island; SA, Soan Island; JK, JagaeIsland; CS, Chongsan Island; KM, KomoonIsland; BD, Baek Island; DS, DaesambuIsland; DH, Daeheuksan Island; DJ, DajangIsland; YS, Youngsan Island; HT, Hatae Island;SH, Soheuksan Island; BR, Baekryong Island;DC, Docho Island; BK, Bigeum Island; WE,Wooe Island; CB, Chilbal Island; SM, SonmiIsland; TU, Tokjuk Island; SY, Soya Island;MK, Moongap Island; KU, Kulup Island; SK,Songap Island; BA, Baeka Island; WD, WoolIsland; SN, Sanhanakwol Island; TK, TaekakssiIsland; SE, Songei Island; AM, Anma Island;TS, Taesokman Island; OE, Oeyon Island; OD,O Island; HK, Hoenggyon Island; HD, HwangIsland; TC, Taechong Island; KS, Kwansa Island;SC, Sangcho Island; JH, Jookhang Island;DK, Dokgeo Island; KW, Kwanmae Island; CD,Chongdeung Island; SS, Sosungnam Island;NO, Nolok Island; KR, Kalmok Island; HC,Hacho Island.



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out for most surveys. In the case of the recent surveys onKwanmae Island, 50 species were collected in 2003, and 73species and 17 species were added to the fauna list in 2004and 2005, respectively. Of the 140 species, approximately25% were nocturnal. These results show that insufficientsurvey would result in underestimation of insect diversityon an island. Thus, a more comprehensive model for therelationship between insect diversity and environmental factorscannot not be induced in Korea until faunistic and ecologicalstudies are carried out more thoroughly and more frequently.

Acknowledgments

This work is a product of the “Eco-Technopia 21” ResearchProject of the Ministry of Environment of Korea, Project No.052-031-015, titled “Conservation of an endangered

Neofinetiafalcata in

and

ex situ

, and development of cooperative modelwithin local working group”.

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: 293–321.Han KD (2000) Systematics of subfamily Entiminae (Curculionidae,

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: 159–176. (In Korean.)Kim JI, Chang KS (1981) [On the summer seasonal insect from

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: 161–184. (In Korean.)Kim JI, Chang KS (1984) [Insect fauna from Komundo Is.,

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: 159–180. (In Korean.)Kim JI, Lee JW (1979) [The insects fauna of the islands from

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No. 16: 79–87 (in Korean).Kim JI, Yoo HJ (1987) [Summer seasonal fauna of the insect from

the Island Paegnyong-do of the province Kyonggi-do, Korea.]


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: 213–235 (in Korean).MacArthur RH, Wilson EO (1963) An equilibrium theory of

insular zoogeography.

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: 373–387.MacArthur RH, Wilson EO (1967)

The Theory of Island Bio-geography

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Appendix 1

Insect fauna on Kwanmae Island surveyed during the study period(2003–2005): 140 species, 61 families, 12 orders

Order EphemeropteraFamily Baetidae

001.

Cloeon dipterum

LinnaeousOrder Odonata

Family Coenagrionidae002.

Cercion

sp. 1Family Aeshnidae

003.

Anax parthenope julius

BrauerFamily Libellulidae

004.

Orthetrum albistylum

(Selys)005.

Pantala flavescens

(Fabricius)006.

Sympetrum kunckeli

(Selys)007.

Sympetrum infuscatum

(Selys)008.

Sympetrum kunckeli

(Selys)009.

Ortherum albistylum speciosum

(Uhler)Order Blattaria

Family Blattellidae010.

Blattella nipponica

AsahinaOrder Mantodea

Family Mantidae011. Mantidae sp. 1

Order OrthopteraFamily Tettigonidae

012.

Conocephalus gladiatus

(Redtenbacher)013.

Ruspolia lineosa

(Walker)014. Tettigoniidae sp. 1

Family Gryllidae015.

Teleogryllus emma

(Ohmachi et Matsumura)016. Gryllidae sp. 1

Family Pyrgomorphidae017.

Atractomorpha lata

(Motschulsky)Family Tetrigidae

018.

Tetrix japonica

(Bolivar)Family Acrididae

019.

Acrida cineria cineria

(Thunberg)020.

Gastrimargus marmoratus

(Thunberg)021. Locusta migratoria (Linne)022. Oedaleus infernalis Saussure

Order HemipteraFamily Gerridae

023. Aquarius paludum (Fabricius)Family Coreidae

024. Cletus schmidti Kiritshenko025. Coreidae sp.1

Family Rhopalidae026. Stictopleurus crassicornis (Linne)

Family Miridae027. Lygocoris limbatus (Fallen)028. Miridae sp. 1

Family Pentatomidae029. Eysarcoris aeneus (Scopoli)

Order HomopteraFamily Cicadellidae

030. Bothrogonia japonica Ishihara

Family Aphrophoridae031. Aphrophoridae sp. 1

Order NeuropteraFamily Ascalaphidae

032. Hybris subjacens (Walker)Order Coleoptera

Family Cicindelidae033. Cicindela elisae koreanica Mandl

Family Harpalidae034. Harpalidae sp. 1035. Harpalidae sp. 2036. Harpalidae sp. 3037. Harpalidae sp. 4

Family Dytiscidae038. Hydaticus grammicus Germar

Family Staphylinidae039. Phucobius simulator Sharp040. Staphylinidae sp. 1

Family Scarabaeidae041. Onthophagus lenzii Harold

Family Aphodiidae042. Aphodius sp. 1

Family Melolonthidae043. Maladera gibbiventris (Brenske)044. Melolontha incana (Motschulsky)

Family Rutelidae045. Bifurcanomala aulax (Wiedermann)046. Mimela splendens (Gryllenhal)

Family Cetoniidae047. Protaetia sp.1

Family Elateridae048. Pectocera fortunei Candeze049. Elateridae sp. 1050. Elateridae sp. 2

Family Languriidae051. Anadastus praeustus (Crotch)

Family Coccinellidae052. Coccinella septempunctata Ohta053. Propylea japonica (Thunberg)054. Coccinellidae sp. 1055. Coccinellidae sp. 2

Family Chrysomelidae056. Aulacophora indica (Gmelin)057. Chrysolina aurichalcea (Mannerheim)058. Physosmaragdina nigrifrons (Hope)059. Cassida pallidicollis Boheman060. Cassida piperata Hope061. Lema diversa Baly062. Thlaspida lewisii (Baly)

Family Attelabidae063. Euops lespedezae koreanus Voss

Family Curculionidae064. Pseudocneorhinus soheuksandoensis Han et Yoon

Order HymenopteraFamily Braconidae

065. Braconidae sp. 1

Appendix 1 Continued


Entomological Research 38 (2008) 165–173 173© 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2008 The Entomological Society of Korea and Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd

Family Ichneumonidae066. Ichneumonidae sp. 1067. Ichneumonidae sp. 2068. Ichneumonidae sp. 3

Family Scolidae069. Campsomeris prismatica Smith

Family Pompilidae070. Pompilidae sp. 1

Family Eumenidae071. Eumenes architectus Smith072. Eumenes micado Cameron073. Eumenes punctatus Saussure074. Eumenes sp. 1075. Eumenes sp. 2

Family Vespidae076. Polistes jadwigae Dalla Torre077. Polistes snelleni Saussure

Family Sphecidae078. Cerceris pedetes Kohl

Family Formicidae079. Formica japonica Motschulsky080. Formica sanguinea Emery081. Pristomyrmex pungens Mayr082. Formicidae sp. 1083. Formicidae sp. 2084. Formicidae sp. 3085. Formicidae sp. 4

Family Apidae086. Apidae sp. 1

Order DipteraFamily Stratiomyidae

087. Ptecticus tenebrifer (Walker)Family Syrphidae

088. Eristalis cerealis Fabricius089. Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer)090. Metasyrphus nitens (Zetterstedt)091. Sphaerophoria menthastri (Linne)

Family Calliphoridae092. Calliphoridae sp. 1093. Calliphoridae sp. 2

Order LepidopteraFamily Psychidae

094. Eumeta japonica HeylertsFamily Scythrididae

095. Scythris sinensis (Felder et Rogenhofer)Family Pyralidae

096. Glyphodes pryeri Butler097. Herpetogramma luctuosalis (Guenee)098. Syllepta pallidinotalis (Hampson)099. Phycitinae sp. 1

Family Drepanidae100. Agnidra scabiosa (Butler)

Family Geometridae101. Callabraxas compositata (Guenee)102. Jankowskia fuscaria (Leech)103. Satoblephara parvularia (Leech)

Family Sphingidae104. Ampelophaga rubiginosa Bremer et Grey105. Deilephila elpenor (Linnaeus)106. Macroglossum saga (Butler)107. Macroglossum pyrrhosticta Butler108. Parum colligata (Walker)109. Rhagastis mongoliana (Butler)110. Theretra japonica (Boisduval)111. Theretra nessus (Drury)

Family Notodontidae112. Uropyia meticulodina (Oberthür)

Family Arctiidae113. Eilema minor Okano114. Miltochrista aberrans Butler115. Spilarctia seriatopunctata Motschulsky116. Spilarctia subcarnea Walker

Family Noctuidae117. Acronicta pulverosa (Hampson)118. Atrachea nitens (Butler)119. Cosmia camptostigma (Menetries)120. Ctenoplusia agnata (Staudinger)121. Cymatophoropsis unca (Houlbert)122. Daddala lucilla (Butler)123. Hypena trigonalis (Guenee)124. Hypersypnoides submarginata (Walker)125. Protodeltote pygarga (Hufnagel)126. Pyrrhidivalva sordida (Butler)127. Sarcopolia illoba (Butler)128. Simplicia rectalis (Eversman)129. Spirama helicina (Hübner)

Family Agaristidae130. Sarbanissa subflava (Moore)

Family Hesperiidae131. Daimio tethys (Menetries)132. Parnara guttata (Bremer et Grey)133. Hesperiidae sp. 1

Family Papilionidae134. Graphium sarpedon (Linne)135. Papilio xuthus Linnaeus

Family Pieridae136. Eurema hecabe (Linne)

Family Lycaenidae137. Everes argiades (Pallas)138. Pseudozizeeria maha (Kollar)

Family Nymphalidae139. Polygonia c-aureum (Linne)140. Limenitis helmanni Lederer

Appendix 1 ContinuedAppendix 1 Continued

insect biogeography in the south-western sea of korea with comments on the insect fauna of kwanmae...

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