Innovation in Medical Electronic Devices and Technologies

Authors:Dr. Shashidhar H L,

Professor and KRP, Dept of Telecommunication,PESITAkshaya Srivatsa,

UG student, Dept of Telecommunication, PESITLokesh V,

Strategic Planning Initiative (IPM), L&T Limited

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Agenda•Introduction•History of Medical Electronic devices

Physiological Monitors Blood Pressure Measurements and Devices Electrocardiographs Temperature measurement devices

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Introduction• Medical equipment is designed to aid in the diagnosis,

monitoring or treatment of medical conditions. • Biomedical Equipment Technician or BMET knows how to

operate on the equipments.• Classification:

Diagnostic equipment, such as ultrasound, MRI.Therapeutic Equipment such as medical laser, infusion

pumps.Medical monitors allow medical staff to measure a

patient's medical state.Medical laboratory equipment like DNA analysis.

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Physiological Monitors• These are devices that constantly monitor certain vital

parameters of the human body such as pulse rate, heart beat etc.

• 1950’s: Himmelstein and Scheiner invented the Cardiotachoschope • The Cardiotachoscope

CRT view for ECG waveform. Alarm for high and low heart rates - Cardiophones. Heart rate indicator.

• With time, devices started integrating like : Defibrillator & Monitor with Integrated Non-invasive Pacing.

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Physiological Monitors (Continued)•Earliest Vendors:

Electrodyne: PM-65 (1956) was a cardioscope with a pacemaker Levinthal Electronics: “Duo Trace Cardioscope” (1956) Dallons: Cardioscope (1957)

• 1960’s:Centralized Monitors: Connecting different beds in a star network

• Bigger screens: 17’’ CRT• Cardioscopes became modular and hence flexible.• Nixie tubes were now replaced by LED’s.

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• 1970’s: Advent of digital electronics and microprocessors• Arrhythmia Analysis: Conditions in which the electrical activity of

the heart is irregular.• Interfacing to computer for Arrhythmia Analysis.• Microprocessors enabled numeric LED, bar graph display, heart

rate information on the CRT.• “Memory Monitors”: Briefly store several seconds of recorded

data. Electrodyne: First to release memory monitors in 1972. Spacelabs: First to release monitors based on microprocessors in 1974.

Physiological Monitors (Continued)

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• 1980’s: Colour displays came into existence.• Monitor networking became more sophisticated.• Bed-to-bed and inter-bed viewing became possible.• Hot swapping: Add and remove components without shutdown.• Concept of patient data management.

• 1990’s: Portable, lighter and smaller in size monitors• Interface to a computer.• Real time data feed via the Internet.

Physiological Monitors (Continued)

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Some Physiological Monitors

Electrodyne PM-65 Dallons Duo Trace Oscilloscope Burdick Memory Monitor

Spacelabs PC Express

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Blood Pressure Measurement and Monitors

• 1733: First recorded blood pressure measurement by Reverend Stephen Hales

• 1847: Carl Ludwig’s Kymograph used catheters to inserted into artery for blood pressure measurement.

Kymograph

• U shaped Manometer tube connected to a brass pipe inserted into the artery• 1855: First non invasive method which used inflatable cuffs•1896: The first sphygmomanometer was invented Sphygmomanometer

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• Korotoff Sounds: The characteristic sounds made by arteries due to systolic and diastolic blood pressures.

• Many modern sphygmomanometer still use Mercury but now have been replaced by auscultatory sphygmomanometers.

• Blood Pressure Monitoring▫ Invasive Catheterisation Method: As developed by Reverend

Stephen Hales▫ Manual & Automated Auscultatory Method: Based on Korotff

Sounds▫ Oscillometric Method: Measurement of oscillations caused by

arterial pressure pulses.▫ Ambulatory Monitoring: Used to measure BP over the entire day.

Blood Pressure Measurement and Monitors (Continued)

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Electrocardiographs• 1856: Kollicker and Mueller discovered the electrical activity of the

heart when a frog sciatic nerve preparation fell onto an isolated frog heart and both muscles contracted synchronously.

• Augustus Waller came with the first systematic approach from electrical point of view.

Cambridge VS4Cambridge Simplescribe

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• Willem Einthoven: Invented the string Galvanometer based ECG device which won him a Nobel prize in Medicine.

• Einthoven assigned the letters P, Q, R, S and T to the various deflections, and described the electrocardiographic features of a number of cardiovascular disorders.

Electrocardiographs (Continued)

Willem Einthoven ECG

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Temperature• 1592: Galileo’s invented the first thermometer.• 1714: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invented both Mercury and

Alcohol Thermometers.

• 1800’s: Lord Kelvin postulated the existence of absolute zero• T J Seebeck proved the thermocouple effect• Invention of BiMets and semi-conductor devices such as

thermistors, IC sensors, non-contact sensors etc• Smallest measurement is now 0.0001o C

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• The report generated is based on the information from Papers, patents and market trends

• In-depth study in technology, statistical information and innovation has lead to the technological advancements in medical electronics.

• The number of patents filed have only increased year by year showing the growing trends in in medical electronics.

• In today’s world, the companies key strength is measured through the patents that they file as they ▫ Potray the companies strength.▫ Bigger monetary returns.▫ Protect their innovations.

Conclusion

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Thank You

Any Questions??

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