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Inkjet Printed Inkjet Printed SensorsSensorsCdlCdl SpecialisticaSpecialistica in in IngegneriaIngegneria Elettrica, Strumentazione Elettronica e Lab.Elettrica, Strumentazione Elettronica e Lab.
IngIng. Salvatore La Malfa. Salvatore La Malfa, 10/11/2009, 10/11/2009de
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IngIng. Salvatore La Malfa. Salvatore La Malfa, 10/11/2009, 10/11/2009
http://www.measurement.dees.unict.it/SLM/index.htmlhttp://www.measurement.dees.unict.it/SLM/index.html
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EngEng. Salvatore La Malfa. Salvatore La Malfa
PhDPhD StudentStudent
D.I.E.E.S.D.I.E.E.S. -- DepartmentDepartment ofof ElectricalElectrical, Electronic and , Electronic and SystemsSystems EngineeringEngineering
UniversityUniversity ofof Catania Catania -- FacultyFaculty ofof EngineeringEngineering
V.le.V.le. A. Doria, 6 A. Doria, 6 -- 95125 Catania, Italy95125 Catania, Italy
Tel: +39Tel: +39--095095--73823417382341
Fax: +39Fax: +39--095095--330793330793
ee--mail: mail: [email protected]@diees.unict.it
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Printed Electronics: Introduction
� Printed electronics is a set of printing methods
used to create electrically functional devices.
� Paper has been often proposed to be used as substrate
but due the rough surface and high humidity absorption
other materials such as plastic, ceramics and silicon has
been applied more widely.
� Several printing processes have been piloted and
printing preferably utilizes common printing equipment
in the graphics arts industry
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in the graphics arts industry
Printed Electronics
Printed Sensors
Inkjet � Wearable electronics (Active clothing)
� Smart Labels (RFID+sensors)
� Disposable devices (biomedical)
� …
Low Costs/Low Performances
Flexible substrates
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Printed vs Conventional Electronics
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Printed Electronics: The “New” Electronics Revolution
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Chemistry
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Printed Electronics: Required Skills
Physics
InksC
H
Before entering the
market various
technological
improvements are still
needed.
Electronics
Engineering
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MEMS & NEMS
Technologies
Inks
Printing
Heads &
Sytems
Substrates
H
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Nearly market-ready devices: Flexible OLED
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SONY Flexible OLED
Organic Field-Effect Transistor (OFET) is a field effect
transistor using an organic semiconductor in its channel.
Challenges:
� High Costs
� Limited lifetime
Flexible displays make possible a new set
of interesting applications.
This technology is nearly ready for the
market.
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Nearly market-ready devices: Printed RFID
Start-up company PolyIC has an ambitious goal. It plans to replace today’s ubiquitous barcodes on
merchandise with electronic chips made of plastic.
Barcodes are on all products todayBarcodes are on all products today, but the only significant data they contain
is price. To identify products individually (for example, by expiration date or
other information) what’s needed are so-called intelligent labels that use RFID intelligent labels that use RFID
(radio frequency identification) technology. These radio chips, which are
affixed to products, are opening up new possibilities in delivery, inventory
management and labeling, especially because they can be read from a
distance.
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� PolyIC: Printed RFID
Start-up company PolyIC has an ambitious goal. It plans to replace today’s ubiquitous barcodes on
merchandise with electronic chips made of plastic.
These radio chips, which are affixed to products, are opening up new new
possibilities possibilities in delivery, inventory management and labeling,
especially because they can be read from a distance.
In theory, this means a company could identify all the products it has in stock identify all the products it has in stock
at the push of a buttonat the push of a button—and determine their exact location.
Another conceivable application for this technology is the automatic checkautomatic check--
Università Degli Studi di Catania
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out lineout line, where customers would simply move their shopping carts past a
radio scanner that automatically registers everything in the wagon.
RFID is a relatively old technology…the innovation of printed RFID tags
is only in their low production costs!
Silicon based (high performance) RFID tags cost 1€ or more each. Even
with great effort, a silicona silicon--based RFID chip will never cost less than based RFID chip will never cost less than
five to ten cents per unitfive to ten cents per unit, even over the long term!
PolyIC ultimate goal is extremely low-cost mass-production of all-printed RFID tags
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
�Printed RFID Applications
Some PolyIC RFID Applications
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Overview of Graphic Art Printing systems
Why inkjet printing?• + Digital non-impact
printing method, additive
• + All kinds of substrates• Rigid or flexible
substrates
• Rough or smooth
surfaces, 3D surfaces
• + Accurate, high
resolution, high speed
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resolution, high speed
• + Possibility for mass
customization
• + Low material
consumption
• + Easy to integrate with
existing production lines
• + Inks for all kinds of
applications• Printing inks
• Functional inks
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Inkjet printing methods
• Continuos Printing
• Thermal DOD
• Piezoelectric DOD
• Acoustic DOD
• E-jet DOD
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Thermal Bubble vs Piezoelectric Printheads
Thermal bubble - Used by manufacturers such as
Canon and Hewlett Packard, this method is
commonly referred to as bubble jet. In a thermal
inkjet printer, tiny resistors create heat, and this
heat vaporizes ink to create a bubble. As the
bubble expands, some of the ink is pushed out of
a nozzle onto the paper. When the bubble "pops"
(collapses), a vacuum is created. This pulls more
ink into the print head from the cartridge. A
typical bubble jet print head has 300 or 600 tiny
nozzles, and all of them can fire a droplet
Piezoelectric - Patented by Epson, this
technology uses piezo crystals. A crystal is
located at the back of the ink reservoir of
each nozzle. The crystal receives a tiny electric
charge that causes it to vibrate. When the
crystal vibrates inward, it forces a tiny amount
of ink out of the nozzle. When it vibrates out,
it pulls some more ink into the reservoir to
replace the ink sprayed out.
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simultaneously.
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Piezoelectric Printheads
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� Less complex system, no recirculation
� More energy to produce a droplet
� Typical rate: tens of kHz
� Smaller drop size, higher placement
accuracy
� Low-end printer market
water: 0.89 mPa•s
xylene: 0.93 mPa•s
ethanol: 1.07 mPa•s
mercury: 1.53 mPa•s
olive oil: 81.x mPa•s
Acceptable range: 0.5-40 mPa•s
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Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Inkjet Bend Sensor
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Silver ink Printed conducting lines
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
�Screen Printing
+ Many commercial inks are available
+ High throughput
+ Thick layers can be easily obtained
+ Many different materials can be
easiliy printed even with high viscosity
- Requires high costs masks.
- Ink waste.
Screen Printing: a contact printing system
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Keywell Table Sliding Screen Printing Machinewww.keywell-printer.com
- Ink waste.
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Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Graveur PolyIC RFID printing system for mass production
Graveur PolyIC RFID printing system for mass production
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Inkjet Printing Systems
Everyday desktop printer (ie Epson)
Dimatix DMP 2800
Printing systems designed
or optimized for the
application
� Precision and accuracy
� Throughput / speed and
productivity
� Maintenance and
reliability
Electronic fluids formulated
to meet application
standards
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www.dimatix.com
Microdrop inkjet systemwww.microdrop.de
Litrex M-Series inkjet systemwww.litrex.com
standards
Ink jet print engine
engineered for the
application
� Drop volume, velocity,
and placement control
� Robust and resistant to
electronic fluids
� High and precise drop
throw rate
� Wide range of substrates
and surface properties
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� All printed Electronic Circuits
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All printed electronic circuits!
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Printed Electronics: Inks
INKSINKSTo design printed electronics, one needs a number of different materials that have
completely different features, but need to be adjusted to each other. The most important
materials are:
�� ConductorsConductors: electrical conducting polymers for structures of electrodes
�� SemiconductorsSemiconductors: electrical semi conducting polymers for transistors and diodes
�� DielectricsDielectrics: electrical insulating polymers to divide between semi-conducting and conducting layers
�� FunctionalFunctional: a polymer whose properties are function of some physical quantities of interest
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�� FunctionalFunctional: a polymer whose properties are function of some physical quantities of interest
Conductive Conductive
PolymersPolymers
Metal Metal ParticleParticle
InksInksConductors
There are only few commercially available inks suitable for inkjet printing!
� Often custom inks formulation are required!
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Conductive Polymers Vs Metal Particle Inks
Features Conductive Polymers Metal particle inks
Price 400 €\kg 5000 – 10000 €\kg
Conductive Conductive
PolymersPolymers
Metal Metal
ParticleParticle InksInks
VSVS
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Conductivity Low (10 S/cm typical) High (> 10 kS/cm)
Cure temperature Low (50 – 100 °C) High (300 – 500 °C)
Preprocessing Dilution/Filtering None
Adhesion Medium-Low Very good
Compatibility Good performances even
with common desktop
printer printheads
Only dedicated Piezoelectric
Printheads
Availability Few general purpose
dispersions
Many different commercial inks
application specific
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Metal Particle inks
Price: 5000 – 10000 €/kg
Cabot - CCI 300http://www.cabot-corp.com/
A functioning
950 MHz RFID
tag with
Spectra SE128
printed
antenna
Inkjet printed test pattern
demonstrated on variety of substrates��Paper, PET, PEN
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antenna��Paper, PET, PEN
��FR4, polyimide,
��Display glass, ITO coated glass, Si
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Conductive polymers: PEDOT:PSS
PEDOT:PSS or Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate)
is a polymer mixture of two ionomers. One component in this mixture is made up of
sodium polystyrene sulfonate which is a sulfonated polystyrene. Part of the sulfonyl
groups are deprotonated and carry a negative charge. The other component poly(3,4-
ethylenedioxythiophene) or PEDOT is a conjugated polymer and carries positive charges
and is based on polythiophene. Together the charged macromolecules form a
macromolecular salt.
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Conductive polymers: PEDOT:PSS
PEDOT:PSS or Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate)
is a polymer mixture of two ionomers. One component in this mixture is made up of
sodium polystyrene sulfonate which is a sulfonated polystyrene. Part of the sulfonyl
groups are deprotonated and carry a negative charge. The other component poly(3,4-
ethylenedioxythiophene) or PEDOT is a conjugated polymer and carries positive charges
and is based on polythiophene. Together the charged macromolecules form a
macromolecular salt.
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Conductive polymers: PEDOT:PSS
The PEDOT:PSS in “our” language!� It is an organic polymer that conduces electricity
� It is commercially available as a dispersion in water (typically at 1-3% wt. solids)
(Sigma Aldrich/H.C. Starck/Bayer/AGFA etc.)
� It is compatible with inkjet printing after simple pre-processing (dilution/filtering)
Baytron P from Bayer main Characteristics:
Solid content 1.2 – 1.4 %
Viscosity 60 – 100 mPa*s
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Viscosity 60 – 100 mPa*s (olive oil = 81 mPa*s) � It probably needs to be diluted (20 mPa*s)
pH-value 1.5 – 2.5
Conductivity max 10 S/cm (depending on the type of coating formulation)
Density at 20 °C 1.003 g/cm^3
Mean particle size approx. 80 nm (filtering to avoid nozzles clogging)
Surf. tension at 20 °C 71 mN/m (that will determine the adhesion)
3cm
0.2cm0.1mm
RPEDOT:PSS = 150 Ω RCOPPER = 0.25 μΩ
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Conductive polymers: PANI
PANI or Polyaniline
is a conducting polymer. Although it was discovered over 150 years ago, only recently has
polyaniline captured the attention of the scientific community due to the discovery of its
high electrical conductivity
Sigma Aldrich (650013) – PANI main properties
Concentration: 2-3 wt % (dispersion in xylene)
Particle size: < 400 nm
Conductivity: 10-20 S/cm (film)
Viscosity: 3 mPa*s
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Viscosity: 3 mPa*s
Density: 0.9 g/ml @ 25 °C
It has an acid/base doping response that allows polyaniline to be used in chemical vapor
sensors.
We will use it as a functional polymer! (gas sensors)
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� Research Activity Scheduling
timeline
SOTA Analysis
Focus on
materials &
Technologies
Preliminary
Sensor design &
Realization
Metrological
Characterization
Your work (2-3 months)
Divulgation
now
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experimental testsDivulgation
For our startstart--upup activities, we will mainly focus on:
• Printing system: Common bubble-jet inkjet printer (i.e. HP) + Screen Printing
• Inks: Conductive Polymers (PEDOT:PSS + PANI)
• Substrate: Flexible (Paper/PET/Silicon – depending on required cure temperatures)
State Of The Art: Let’s look at some interesting papers…
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� SOTA Review 1/3
All-polymer capacitor fabricated with inkjet printing techniqueYi Liu, Tianhong Cui *, Kody Varahramyan
Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, 911 Hergot Avenue, P.O. Box 10137, Ruston, LA 71272, USA
Received 17 November 2002; received in revised form 28 January 2003; accepted 31 January 2003
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Printer: Epson Stylus color 480 SXU
Plates: PEDOT:PSS (Bayer - Baytron P)
Dielectric: PBPDA-PD from Aldrich (PI
after heating)
R = 17 MΩ
C = 50 pF
τ = 0.85 ms
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Printed Electronics :Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics :Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� SOTA Review 2/3
Printer: Microdrop
Ink: PEDOT:PSS (Clevios PH 500)
Inkjet Printing of MicrosensorsHussein Al-Chami, Student Member, IEEE and Edmond Cretu, Member, IEEE
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Printed Electronics: Inkjet Printed SensorsPrinted Electronics: Inkjet Printed Sensors
Eng. Salvatore La Malfa
� SOTA Review 3/3
Fabrication of chemical sensors using inkjet printing and application to gas detection Karl Crowley, Aoife Morrin, Malcolm R. Smyth, Anthony J. Killard
Sensors and Separations Group, School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Process: Screen printing for the electrodes and inkjet
(Dimatix) for the PANI
Ink: Silver nanoparticles (Acheson) + custom prepared PANI ink
Evolution of
inkjet printed
droplet of
nanoPANI
solution over
time.