inheritance (b) dna, genes and chromosomses. learning intention identify factors that are due to...
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Inheritance (B)Inheritance (B)
DNA, Genes DNA, Genes
and Chromosomsesand Chromosomses
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Learning Intention
• Identify factors that are due to genes and those due to environmental influences.
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The study of inherited characteristics and
of those factors that determine or affect
inheritance.
Genetics
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Meet our Mr Men And our Little Misses
Now lets meet their children!
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Who do you think are his parents? Write the answers in your book.
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Who do you think are her parents? Write the answers in your book.
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Who do you think are his parents? Write the answers in your book.
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Who do you think are his parents? Write the answers in your book.
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Who do you think are her parents? Write the answers in your book.
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Who do you think are her parents? Write the answers in your book.
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What did we learn from this?
• Children inherit features from their parents
• If two parents have a certain characteristic then their child may show it even more (e.g. Mr Small + Little Miss Tiny = Mr Very Small!)
• Some things such as glasses, scars and muscles we get from our environment, they are not inherited.
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Nucleus• The nucleus carries
genetic information which controls the characteristics of the organism.
• The structures which carry this information are called chromosomes.
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Chromosomes• The gene is the unit of inheritance, and each
chromosome may have several thousand genes.
• We inherit particular chromosomes through the egg of our mother and sperm of our father.
• The genes on those chromosomes carry the code that determines our physical characteristics.
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Physical Characteristics• Some physical characteristics, like eye
colour, are controlled by genes.
• Other physical characteristics are controlled by the environment.
• Can you think of a physical characteristic that isn’t controlled by genes?
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Learning Intention• Define the term genotype and
phenotype.
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Phenotypes• Each characteristic may display several
possible traits or versions. e.g. hair colour can be brown, black or red
• Each of these is called a PHENOTYPEPHENOTYPE
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Phenotype• Leaf shape in plants, coat colour in
guinea pigs, wing type in fruit flies and eye colour in humans are all examples of physical characteristics.
• These physical characteristics make up the organisms phenotype.
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Genotype• The phenotype (physical
appearance) that you have is controlled by the genes that you inherit from your parents.
• The combination of genes that you have is called your genotype.
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Genes• We have two copies of every chromosome,
this means we have two copies of every gene.
Chromosome 1
Chromosome 1
1st gene for eye colour
2nd gene for eye colour
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Alleles• The different forms of a gene are called
alleles.• For example the gene that controls eye colour
has different alleles blue, green or brown.
Blue form eye gene
Green form eye
gene
Brown form eye
gene
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Alleles• If you inherit a blue allele from
your mum and a brown allele from your dad then you will have brown eyes.
• This is because some alleles are DOMINANT over others.
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Dominant or recessive• Alleles can be dominant or recessive.
• Alleles which show up in the appearance of an organism are said to be dominant.
• Alleles which do not show up in the appearance of an organism are said to be recessive.
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Dominant or recessive?Allele for white fur
Allele for brown fur
Which allele is dominant white fur or brown fur?
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Dominant or recessive?
Which allele is dominant green body or yellow body?
Allele for green body
Allele for yellow body
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Learning Intention• Be able to solve simple genetic
problems.
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Some definitions• Genes:
• Phenotype:
• Genotype:
Sections of DNA in a chromosome that control an inherited characteristic, such as, hair colour, flower colour, height, etc.
The observable characteristics (appearance) of an organism.
The complete set of genes possessed by an organism.
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Alleles• When describing an allele, we give it a
letter.
• If it is dominant it gets a capital letter and if it is recessive it gets lower case of the same letter.
• e.g. in pea plants tall is dominant over dwarf, and so the tall allele is given the letter T and the dwarf allele is given t.
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Alleles
BB bb
This mouse has two dominant brown alleles
This mouse has two recessive white alleles
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Alleles
• The genotype of the organism is the alleles it carries for that particular characteristic.
• The genotype for this fly is Rr, this tells us that it has one red eye allele and one white eye allele.
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Alleles• TT is a genotype and the plant will be tall.
• Tt is a genotype and the plant will be tall as T is dominant over t.
• tt is a genotype and the plant will be dwarf.
• What the plant actually looks like is called the phenotype.
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Monohybrid cross• A monohybrid cross is
the study of the inheritance of one characteristic.
• Monohybrid crosses were first carried out by a monk called Gregor Mendel who worked on pea plants.
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Mendel’s Pea Plant CrossesTall plant
Dwarf plant
ParentX
Offspring ALL Tall
F1X
F2
Tall DwarfTallTall
Phenotypic Ratio
3 Tall:1 Dwarf
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X
X
parents (P)
second filial generation (F2)
members of F1 self-pollinated
F2 phenotypic ratio
first filial generation (F1)
3 tall : 1 dwarf
all tall
true breeding dwarf strain
true breeding tall strain
This type of experimental cross is called a monohybrid cross as it follows the inheritance of only one characteristic at a time.
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Gregor Mendel
X
rrRR
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XP
F1
rrRR
Rr Rr Rr
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F1 F1XX
F2
Red 3 White 1
Rr Rr
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Punnet square• Punnet squares allow us to figure out the
genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring in the F2.
XF1
Bb Bb
??
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XF1
Bb BbB b
B BB Bb
b Bb bb
F2 genotype – BB, Bb, Bb, bb
F2 phenotype – 3 brown mice and one white mouse
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F1
F2 genotype –
F2 phenotype –
X
Rr Rr
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Ratio• In a cross where the 2 parents are
true-breeding, the expected phenotype ratio in the F2 generation is:
3:1
RecessiveDominant
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Build a baby• Head: R= purple , r=yellow
• Body: B= blue, b=green
• Arms: A=orange , a =purple
• Legs: H=yellow, h=blue
• Eyes: E=pink , e=orange
• Nose: N = Green , n=yellow
• Mouth: P= pink p= purple
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Build a baby
• What body colour is dominant, what letter is this represented by?
• Now take your baby and find it a partner.
• If they were to have babies of their own in the future, what colour of eyes might they have?
• Now do the same for body colour and arm colour.