THE TECTONIC PLATES

Figure 2.29

EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

PART 2: Informing Community Stakeholders About Global Earthquake

Disaster Situations

The Process of Becoming an Informed Community Stakeholder

is Like Learning How to Fly a Plane Using A Flight Simulator

so: SIMULATE GLOBAL

EARTHQUAKE SITUATIONS UNTIL THEY BECOME YOUR REALITY

YOUR YOUR COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY

YOUR YOUR COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY

DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

•HAZARD MAPS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE

• PPREPAREDNESS• PROTECTION•EARLY WARNING•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS

RESILIENCY POLICIESRESILIENCY POLICIES

• PREPAREDNESS (BE READY FOR ANYTHING)

• PROTECTION (BUILD TO WITHSTAND)

• SCENARIOS

(KNOW WHAT TO EXPECT)

• PREPAREDNESS (BE READY FOR ANYTHING)

• PROTECTION (BUILD TO WITHSTAND)

• SCENARIOS

(KNOW WHAT TO EXPECT)

RESILIENCY POLICIESRESILIENCY POLICIES

• EMERGENCY RESPONSE (SAVE LIVES & PROTECT PROPERTY)

• RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION (RESTORE & NORM-ALIZE SERVICES)

• EMERGENCY RESPONSE (SAVE LIVES & PROTECT PROPERTY)

• RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION (RESTORE & NORM-ALIZE SERVICES)

AN INFORMED COMMUNITY STAKE HOLDER

AN INFORMED COMMUNITY STAKE HOLDER

MAKES GOOD DECISIONS BASED ON THE BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE ON GLOBAL EARTH-QUAKE REALITIES

MAKES GOOD DECISIONS BASED ON THE BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE ON GLOBAL EARTH-QUAKE REALITIES

BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE

TOOLS FOR ENACTING AND IMPLEMENTING POLICIES ON

PREPAREDNESS, PROTECTION, SCENARIOS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, and RECOVERY & RECONSTRUCTION

BOOK OF

BOOK OF

KNOWLEDGE

KNOWLEDGE

- Perspectives

- Perspectives

On Science, Policy,

On Science, Policy,

And EM HI-ED

And EM HI-ED

• OCCURRENCE (PLATE TECTONICS, LOCATION, FAULTING, SEISMICITY, …)

Earthquakes occur as the result of global interactions between and within tectonic plates in the lithosphere that are slowly moving past each other as the result of stresses created by heat flow from deep inside the Earth.

THE TECTONIC PLATES

Figure 2.29

Schematic Diagram of the Schematic Diagram of the Faulting MechanismFaulting Mechanism

Schematic Diagram of the Schematic Diagram of the Faulting MechanismFaulting Mechanism

NORTHNORTHNORTHNORTHWESTWESTWESTWEST

Schematic Diagram of the Schematic Diagram of the Faulting MechanismFaulting Mechanism

Schematic Diagram of the Schematic Diagram of the Faulting MechanismFaulting Mechanism

NORTHNORTHNORTHNORTHWESTWESTWESTWEST

SITUATION: SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE

SITUATION: SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE

OCCURRENCE

The Seismicity Record Contains Information on WHERE, HOW BIG, HOW DEEP, and HOW OFTEN

SEISMICITY: EUROPE

SEISMICITY: USASEISMICITY: USA

SEISMICITY: MID-AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BASIN

•PHYSICAL EFFFECTS (TSUNAMIS, GROUND SHAKING, GROUND FAILURE, …)

REGIONAL DEFORMATION

EARTHQUAKE

TSUNAMI

VIBRATION

FAULT RUPTURE

FOUNDATION FAILURE

AMPLIFICATION

LIQUEFACTION

LANDSLIDE

AFTERSHOCKS

SEICHE

DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS

SITUATION: A TSUNAMISITUATION: A TSUNAMI

• TSUNAMIS OCCUR MOST FREQUENTLY IN THE CIRCUM-PACIFIC REGION

• OTHER LOCATIONS INCLUDE: INDIAN OCEAN, HAWAII, CARIBBEAN, PUERTO RICO, VIRGIN ISLANDS, GUAM, WESTERN USA, AND MEDITERRANEAN

• TSUNAMIS OCCUR MOST FREQUENTLY IN THE CIRCUM-PACIFIC REGION

• OTHER LOCATIONS INCLUDE: INDIAN OCEAN, HAWAII, CARIBBEAN, PUERTO RICO, VIRGIN ISLANDS, GUAM, WESTERN USA, AND MEDITERRANEAN

SIZE (VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL WAVE RUNUP) OF A TSUNAMISIZE (VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL WAVE RUNUP) OF A TSUNAMI

• TSUNAMIS TRAVEL AT 800 KM/ HOUR, SLOWING TO 50-500 KM/HR AS SHORE IS REACHED

• WAVE HEIGHTS CAN REACH 30 M OR MORE

• WAVES CAN TRAVEL 2 KM OR MORE INLAND

• TSUNAMIS TRAVEL AT 800 KM/ HOUR, SLOWING TO 50-500 KM/HR AS SHORE IS REACHED

• WAVE HEIGHTS CAN REACH 30 M OR MORE

• WAVES CAN TRAVEL 2 KM OR MORE INLAND

SITUATION: STRONG GROUND SHAKING

Ground Shaking records Indicate The Strength, Duration, And

Dominant Frequencies of Ground Shaking

PROBABILISTIC GROUND SHAKING MAP

PROBABILISTIC GROUND SHAKING MAP

• SPATIAL VARIATION OF THE SEVERITY OF GROUND SHAKING EXPECTED DURING A SPECIFIC EXPOSURE TIME

• SPATIAL VARIATION OF THE SEVERITY OF GROUND SHAKING EXPECTED DURING A SPECIFIC EXPOSURE TIME

SITUATION: GROUND FAILURE:LIQUEFACTION

SITUATION: GROUND FAILURE:LIQUEFACTION

SITUATION: GROUND FAILURE: LANDSLIDE

SITUATION: GROUND FAILURE: LANDSLIDE

• SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS (DAMAGE, LOSS OF FUNCTION, COLLAPSE, LOSS OF LIFE, LOSS OF HABITAT, LOSS OF JOBS, LOSS OF CONFIDENCE, LOSS OF ECONOMIC LOSSES, …)

SITUATION: URBAN DAMAGE

The Kocaeli(Turkey) Earthquakeof 17 August 1999

SITUATION: INTERIOR LOSS OF FUNCTION

SITUATION: FAILURE OF URM BUILDING

SITUATION: COLLAPSE OF HIGH-RISE APARTMENT UNIT

SITUATION: DAMAGE TO HOUSING UNITS

SITUATION: 56 MILLION DAMAGED BUILDINGS

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF HOSPITAL

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF HOSPITAL

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF SCHOOL

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION HANSHIN EXPRESSWAY

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION: ELEVATED EXPRESSWAY

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF AIRPORT

SITUATION: DISRUPTION OF TRANSPORTATION ROUTES

SITUATION: DISRUPTION OF TRANSPORTATION ROUTES

SITUATION: DAM FAILURE SITUATION: DAM FAILURE

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION TO UTILITY CORRIDOR

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION TO UTILITY CORRIDOR

SITUATION: RADIOACTIVITY LEAK

SITUATION: DEATH TOLL REACHED 220,OOO+

SITUATIONl: 88,000 DEAD

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION IN PORT AREA

SITUATION: RELEASE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALSSITUATION: RELEASE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

SITUATION: OIL REFINERY FIRESITUATION: OIL REFINERY FIRE

SITUATION: LOSS OF POWER AND LOSS OF FIREFIGHTING CAPABILITY SITUATION: LOSS OF POWER AND

LOSS OF FIREFIGHTING CAPABILITY

SITUATION: LOSS OF FIRE FIGHTING CAPABILITY

SITUATION: EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES

SITUATION: NEED FOR TEMPORARY SHELTER

SITUATION: NEED FOR TEMPORARY SHELTER

SITUATION: LOSS OF BUSINESS SITUATION: LOSS OF BUSINESS

SITUATION: LOSS OF 40 PERCENT OF GDP

HIGH VELOCITY OF INCOMING WAVES

TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS

DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP AND RUNOFF

VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS

FLOODING

INADEQUATE WARNING SYSTEMS

PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

SITUATION: $309 BILLION LOSS FROM TSUNAMI WAVES

SITUATION: NEED FOR FOOD AND WATER

SITUATION: NEED FOR FOOD AND WATER

SITUATION: LOSS OF REFINERY SERVICES