informing biodiversity monitoring & reporting designs
DESCRIPTION
Informing biodiversity monitoring & reporting designs. A coordinated system for biodiversity monitoring Trustworthy biodiversity measures Species occupancy: uses and abuses Solutions for standardising and mobilising data. A coordinated system for biodiversity monitoring. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Informing biodiversity monitoring & reporting designs
• A coordinated system for biodiversity monitoring
• Trustworthy biodiversity measures
• Species occupancy: uses and abuses
• Solutions for standardising and mobilising data
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A coordinated system for biodiversity monitoring
Peter Bellingham
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Multiple reporting obligations
International• Convention on Biological Diversity
National• NZ Biodiversity Strategy….. ‘maintain and
restore a full range of remaining natural habitats and ecosystems to a healthy functioning state’
Internal• Assessing DOC’s performance with respect to
achieving its stated outcomes
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Information on
• Where biodiversity outcomes are being achieved
• How management interventions can be used to improve outcomes
Effective management requires
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Biodiversity monitoring in 2000
Networks of biodiversity information with time-series data
Biased assessments No coordination among sites Mostly in managed sites Can’t report losses & gains nationally
Annual mortality and recruitment rates of all trees
3.5
035 37
Latitude (degrees)
Pirongia OkatainaPureoraKaimanawa
KawekaTararua
Mt Arthur
KokatahiCraigieburn
CaplesGreenstone
MurchisonsWaitutu
39 41 43 45 47
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
Mortalityr = -0.57P13 < 0.05Recruitmentr = -0.61P13 < 0.05
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A national monitoring system
For public conservation lands:
1. National and regional reporting of status and trend in
ecological integrity
2. Evaluating the effectiveness of conservation management
and policy
3. Informing prioritisation for resource allocation
4. An early-warning system
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Evaluating ecological integrity
Indigenous dominance
‘Are the ecological processes natural?’
Species occupancy
‘Are the species present what you would expect naturally?’
Ecosystem representation
‘Are the full range of ecosystems protected somewhere?’
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Biodiversity measuresVegetation1. Distribution and abundance of exotic weeds considered
a threat2. Size-class structure of canopy dominants3. Representation of plant functional types
Animals4. Distribution and abundance of exotic pests considered a
threat5. Assemblages of widespread animal species – Birds
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Sampling framework• 8 x 8 km grid
Standardised field surveys• Vegetation• Mammal pests• Birds
5-year rotating-panel design• Unique subset of locations sampled
each year
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Building trustworthy biodiversity measures
A proof-of-concept using birds
Catriona MacLeod
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Organisation
Citizen scientists
Iwi
Industry
Regional councils
Central government
NZ public
Overseas markets
International policy
Users of monitoring information
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Organisation Identify data needs
Provide data
Citizen scientists Iwi Industry
Regional councils Central government NZ public Overseas markets International policy
Users of monitoring information
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Organisation Identify data needs
Provide data
Process & report data
Use report
Citizen scientists Iwi Industry Regional councils Central government NZ public Overseas markets International policy
Users of monitoring information
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Iwi
NZ Public
Regional councils
DOC
Citizen scientist
Industry
International
Meeting multiple stakeholders’ expectations
Kakapo Kereru Kaka Tui SkylarkKiwi Magpie Rosella
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Iwi
NZ Public
Regional councils
DOC
Citizen scientist
Industry
International
Meeting multiple stakeholders’ expectations
Kakapo Kereru Kaka Tui SkylarkKiwi Magpie Rosella
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Iwi
NZ Public
Regional councils
DOC
Citizen scientist
Industry
International
Meeting multiple stakeholders’ expectations
Kakapo Kereru Kaka Tui SkylarkKiwi Magpie Rosella
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SPATIAL ZONE OF INFERENCE
POW
ER T
O D
ETEC
T CH
ANGE
NationalLocal Specific landscape
Weak
Strong
Data sources and use
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SPATIAL ZONE OF INFERENCE
POW
ER T
O D
ETEC
T CH
ANGE
NZ bird atlases: national scale
NationalLocal Specific landscape
Weak
Strong
Museum collections:
national scale
Data sources and use
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SPATIAL ZONE OF INFERENCE
POW
ER T
O D
ETEC
T CH
ANGE
NZ bird atlases: national scale
National
NatureWatch & eBird: Locations of interest to
observer
Local Specific landscape
Weak
Strong
Historic 5MBC database: Specific study sites
Traditional Ecological
Knowledge: taonga species
Museum collections:
national scale
Data sources and use
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SPATIAL ZONE OF INFERENCE
POW
ER T
O D
ETEC
T CH
ANGE
DOC BMRS Tier 1: Publicconservation
lands
NZ bird atlases: national scale
National
NZ Garden bird survey: Urban landscapes
NatureWatch & eBird: Locations of interest to
observer
Local Specific landscape
Weak
Strong
Historic 5MBC database: Specific study sites
DOC BMRS Tier 2:
Managed sites
Traditional Ecological
Knowledge: taonga species
Museum collections:
national scale
Data sources and use
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Abundance & distribution
Rare or concentrated
Intermediate Widespread & common
Exte
nt o
f kno
wle
dge
Num
bers
, ran
ges a
nd tr
ends
Knowledge development & survey design
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Abundance & distribution
Rare or concentrated
Intermediate Widespread & common
Exte
nt o
f kno
wle
dge
Num
bers
, ran
ges a
nd tr
ends
Knowledge development & survey design
Generic surveys
Atlases
Site & species surveys
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SPATIAL ZONE OF INFERENCE
POW
ER T
O D
ETEC
T CH
ANGE
DOC BMRS Tier 1: Publicconservation
lands
NZ bird atlases: national scale
National
NZ Garden bird survey: Urban landscapes
NatureWatch & eBird: Locations of interest to
observer
Local Specific landscape
Weak
Strong
Historic 5MBC database: Specific study sites
DOC BMRS Tier 2:
Managed sites
Traditional Ecological
Knowledge: taonga species
Museum collections:
national scale
NatureWatch & eBird: Locations of regional
interest
Improving data sources and use
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SPATIAL ZONE OF INFERENCE
POW
ER T
O D
ETEC
T CH
ANGE
DOC BMRS Tier 1: Publicconservation
lands
NZ bird atlases: national scale
National
NZ Garden bird survey: Urban landscapes
NatureWatch & eBird: Locations of interest to
observer
Local Specific landscape
Weak
Strong
Historic 5MBC database: Specific study sites
DOC BMRS Tier 2:
Managed sites
Traditional Ecological
Knowledge: taonga species
Museum collections:
national scale
NatureWatch & eBird: Locations of regional
interest
NatureWatch & eBird: Locations of regional
interest
Improving data sources and use
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Key
step
s for
mon
itorin
g de
sign
1. Knowledge focus2. Action focusWhy?
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Key
step
s for
mon
itorin
g de
sign
1. Knowledge focus2. Action focusWhy?
1. Identify target indicators2. State or dynamic variables?3. Scale you want to inform?
What?
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Key
step
s for
mon
itorin
g de
sign
1. Knowledge focus2. Action focusWhy?
1. Identify target indicators2. State or dynamic variables?3. Scale you want to inform?
What?
1. Study sites2. Sampling effort/site3. Sampling events4. Sampling method
How?
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Key
step
s for
mon
itorin
g de
sign
1. Knowledge focus2. Action focusWhy?
1. Identify target indicators2. State or dynamic variables?3. Scale you want to inform?
What?
1. Study sites2. Sampling effort/site3. Sampling events4. Sampling method
How?
1. Database structure & management2. Data analysis skills 3. Audit results4. Report results
Report
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GOALS & VALUES OF INTEREST
Rese
arch
aim
s
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MECHANISMS TO ENHANCE DATA SOURCES
GOALS & VALUES OF INTEREST
Rese
arch
aim
s
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MECHANISMS TO ENHANCE DATA SOURCES
GOALS & VALUES OF INTEREST
TRUSTED & USEFUL INDIVIDUAL INDICATORS
Rese
arch
aim
s
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MECHANISMS TO ENHANCE DATA SOURCES
GOALS & VALUES OF INTEREST
TRUSTED & USEFUL INDIVIDUAL INDICATORS
EASILY COMMUNICATED AGGREGATED MEASURES
Rese
arch
aim
s
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Process for aggregating
& scaling measures
Trustworthy biodiversity measures to benefit NZ
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Process for building
engagement & trust
Process for aggregating
& scaling measures
Trustworthy biodiversity measures to benefit NZ
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Process for building
engagement & trust
Process for aggregating
& scaling measures
Ways to improve data
sources & reporting
Trustworthy biodiversity measures to benefit NZ
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Critical goals to NZ
Indicator characteristics reflect goals & values
PROCESS FOR AGGREGATING & SCALING MEASURES
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Benefits & limitations of harmonised
reporting
Relative value & contributions of different data
sources
Critical goals to NZ
Indicator characteristics reflect goals & values
PROCESS FOR AGGREGATING & SCALING MEASURES
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Benefits & limitations of harmonised
reporting
Comparable indicators for different
scales & needs
Relative value & contributions of different data
sources
Critical goals to NZ
Indicator characteristics reflect goals & values
PROCESS FOR AGGREGATING & SCALING MEASURES
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Benefits & limitations of harmonised
reporting
Aggregating & scaling measure
for tailored reporting
Comparable indicators for different
scales & needs
Relative value & contributions of different data
sources
Critical goals to NZ
Indicator characteristics reflect goals & values
PROCESS FOR AGGREGATING & SCALING MEASURES
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Aggregating & scaling measure
for tailored reporting
Comparable indicators for different
scales & needs
Relative value & contributions of different data
sources
Critical goals to NZ
Indicator characteristics reflect goals & values
Biodiversity values of interest
Range of monitoring & reporting goals
PROCESS FOR BUILDING ENGAGEMENT & TRUST
PROCESS FOR AGGREGATING & SCALING MEASURES
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Aggregating & scaling measure
for tailored reporting
Comparable indicators for different
scales & needs
Relative value & contributions of different data
sources
Critical goals to NZ
Indicator characteristics reflect goals & values
Data awareness & sharing barriers
Data credibility & understanding criteria
Biodiversity values of interest
Range of monitoring & reporting goals
PROCESS FOR BUILDING ENGAGEMENT & TRUST
PROCESS FOR AGGREGATING & SCALING MEASURES
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Aggregating & scaling measure
for tailored reporting
Comparable indicators for different
scales & needs
Relative value & contributions of different data
sources
Critical goals to NZ
Indicator characteristics reflect goals & values
Individual indicators are useful& trusted
Data awareness & sharing barriers
Data credibility & understanding criteria
Biodiversity values of interest
Range of monitoring & reporting goals
PROCESS FOR BUILDING ENGAGEMENT & TRUST
PROCESS FOR AGGREGATING & SCALING MEASURES
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Aggregating & scaling measure
for tailored reporting
Comparable indicators for different
scales & needs
Relative value & contributions of different data
sources
Critical goals to NZ
Indicator characteristics reflect goals & values
Aggregated measures are easily
communicated & understood
Individual indicators are useful& trusted
Data awareness & sharing barriers
Data credibility & understanding criteria
Biodiversity values of interest
Range of monitoring & reporting goals
PROCESS FOR BUILDING ENGAGEMENT & TRUST
PROCESS FOR AGGREGATING & SCALING MEASURES
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PROCESS FOR BUILDING ENGAGEMENT & TRUST
PROCESS FOR AGGREGATING & SCALING MEASURES
WAYS TO IMPROVE DATA SOURCES & REPORTING
Aggregating & scaling measure
for tailored reporting
Comparable indicators for different
scales & needs
Relative value & contributions of different data
sources
Communication strategies to cross social boundaries
Mechanisms to collaborate on shared goals
Critical goals to NZ
Indicator characteristics reflect goals & values
Aggregated measures are easily communicated
& understood
Individual indicators are useful& trusted
Data awareness & sharing barriers
Data credibility & understanding criteria
Biodiversity values of interest
Range of monitoring & reporting goals
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Aggregating & scaling measure
for tailored reporting
Comparable indicators for different
scales & needs
Cost-effective ways to address gaps & improve data
Relative value & contributions of different data
sources
Communication strategies to cross social boundaries
Mechanisms to collaborate on shared goals
Critical goals to NZ
Indicator characteristics reflect goals & values
Aggregated measures are easily communicated
& understood
Individual indicators are useful& trusted
Data awareness & sharing barriers
Data credibility & understanding criteria
Biodiversity values of interest
Range of monitoring & reporting goals
PROCESS FOR BUILDING ENGAGEMENT & TRUST
PROCESS FOR AGGREGATING & SCALING MEASURES
WAYS TO IMPROVE DATA SOURCES & REPORTING
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Aggregating & scaling measure
for tailored reporting
Ways for stakeholders to identify
‘fit-for-purpose’indicators
Comparable indicators for different
scales & needs
Cost-effective ways to address gaps & improve data
Relative value & contributions of different data
sources
Communication strategies to cross social boundaries
Mechanisms to collaborate on shared goals
Critical goals to NZ
Indicator characteristics reflect goals & values
Aggregated measures are easily communicated
& understood
Individual indicators are useful& trusted
Data awareness & sharing barriers
Data credibility & understanding criteria
Biodiversity values of interest
Range of monitoring & reporting goals
PROCESS FOR BUILDING ENGAGEMENT & TRUST
PROCESS FOR AGGREGATING & SCALING MEASURES
WAYS TO IMPROVE DATA SOURCES & REPORTING
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Benefits & limitations of harmonised
reporting
Aggregating & scaling measure
for tailored reporting
Ways for stakeholders to identify ‘fit-for-purpose’
indicators
Comparable indicators for different
scales & needs
Cost-effective ways to address gaps & improve data
Relative value & contributions of different data
sources
Communication strategies to cross social boundaries
Mechanisms to collaborate on shared goals
Critical goals to NZ
Indicator characteristics reflect goals & values
Aggregated measures are easily communicated
& understood
Individual indicators are useful& trusted
Data awareness & sharing barriers
Data credibility & understanding criteria
Biodiversity values of interest
Range of monitoring & reporting goals
PROCESS FOR BUILDING ENGAGEMENT & TRUST
PROCESS FOR AGGREGATING & SCALING MEASURES
WAYS TO IMPROVE DATA SOURCES & REPORTING
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InternationalNational
Regional
Site/farm
Harmonised system for different needs
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Occupancy: Uses and abuses
Andrew GormleyLandcare Research
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What is occupancy?• Occupancy is a robust measure of distribution of plants
or animals in the landscape• Key indicator of ecological integrity• Metrics:
1. Probability that a site is occupied2. Proportion of area occupied (PAO)
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Presence-only data• Locations of species
– Specimens, sightings etc
Presence dataDate Species Lat Long15/10/13 Kea 43.8 S 172.9 E16/10/13 Kea 43.7 S 172.7 E
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Presence-only data• Locations of species
– Specimens, sightings etc• Draw a shape around points to
indicate its distribution
Presence dataDate Species Lat Long15/10/13 Kea 43.8 S 172.9 E16/10/13 Kea 43.7 S 172.7 E
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Presence-only data• Locations of species
– Specimens, sightings etc• Draw a shape around points to
indicate its distribution• Can determine habitat
suitability
Habitat suitability
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Presence-only data• Locations of species
– Specimens, sightings etc• Draw a shape around points to
indicate its distribution• Can determine habitat
suitability• Subject to sampling bias• No estimate of uncertainty
Didn’t look here
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Presence-absence data• Sample proportion of possible sites• Record where species is present and absent• Occupancy = proportion of sites that are occupied• More reliable estimates of potential distribution
Iratus roseii was at 72 % of sites. Occupancy = 0.72
Presence-Absence Data
Date Species Lat Long Status15/10 I.roseii 43.8 S 172.9 E Present16/10 I.roseii 43.7 S 172.7 E Absent
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Measuring occupancy• Can stratify by land cover or other covariates
I. roseii at 89% of forest and 56% of non-forest sitesForest: Present in 8 out of 9Occ. = 0.89
Pasture:Present in 5 out of 9Occ. = 0.56
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Issue 1: Imperfect detection• Species is present but you miss it
– Detections might be related to habitat/landcover
Forest: Present in 8 Observed in 3
Pasture:Present in 5Observed in 4
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Issue 1: Imperfect detection• Species is present but you miss it
– Sampling and statistical methods available
• Presence-Absence Data w/repeat surveysDate Species Lat Long Survey1 Survey2 Survey315/10/13 Kererū 43.8 S 172.9 E Present Absent Present16/10/13 Kererū 43.7 S 172.7 E Absent Absent Absent
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Issue 2: Data from managed areas only
• Managed areas are not representative of entire region– Low due to hence mgmt. of predators (?)– High due to mgmt. of predators (?)
Pest control No control – not measured
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Issue 3: Different Data Formats• Presence Data
Date Species Lat Long15/10/13 Kererū 43.8 S 172.9 E16/10/13 Kererū 43.7 S 172.7 E
• Presence-Absence DataDate Species Lat Long Status15/10/13 Kererū 43.8 S 172.9 E Present16/10/13 Kererū 43.7 S 172.7 E Absent
• Presence-Absence Data w/repeat surveysDate Species Lat Long Survey1 Survey2 Survey315/10/13 Kererū 43.8 S 172.9 E Present Absent Present16/10/13 Kererū 43.7 S 172.7 E Absent Absent Absent
• Other data– Survey ID– Person– Method– Time– Weather
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Issue 4: Scale of sampling unit
• Occupancy decreases as your sampling unit gets smaller• Issue for pasting together different sources of data.
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Issue 4: Scale of sampling unit
• Occupancy decreases as your sampling unit gets smaller• Issue for pasting together different sources of data.
Present in 2 of 9 plots (22%)
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Issue 4: Scale of sampling unit
• Occupancy decreases as your sampling unit gets smaller• Issue for pasting together different sources of data.
Present in 2 of 9 plots (22%) Present in 7 of 9 plots (78%)
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Issue 4: Scale of sampling unit
• Bird Atlas has 3166 × 10 km2 grid squares– Brown Kiwi in 176: occupancy = 0.06
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Issue 4: Scale of sampling unit
• Bird Atlas has 3166 × 10 km2 grid squares– Brown Kiwi in 176: occupancy = 0.06
• If sampling unit was up to 100 km2 (61 squares)– Brown Kiwi in 26: occupancy = 0.43
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Issue 5: Data Quality
• Species is misidentified• How to assess quality of the record?• Reliability of observers
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Issue 6: What is a presence?
• What constitutes a positive detection?– Specimen?– Sighting?– Sound?
• Other species…– Poo?– Sign?– Remote sensing?
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Level of data storage
Site Species StatusAA144 Bellbird PresentAD156 Bellbird Absent… … …
• Site Summary Data
Tier 1 sampling• Conservation lands• National and regional scales• Grid, random start point
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Level of data storage
Site Station Species StatusAA144 A Bellbird PresentAA144 D Bellbird PresentAA144 M Bellbird PresentAA144 X Bellbird AbsentAA144 P Bellbird Absent
• Summary Data
Site Species StatusAA144 Bellbird PresentAD156 Bellbird Absent… … …
• Site Summary Data
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Level of data storage
• Raw DataSite Station Species StatusAA144 A Bellbird PresentAA144 A Bellbird PresentAA144 A Bellbird PresentAA144 A Bellbird PresentAA144 D Bellbird PresentAA144 M Bellbird PresentAA144 X Bellbird PresentAA144 M Bellbird PresentAA144 P Bellbird Absent
Site Station Species StatusAA144 A Bellbird PresentAA144 D Bellbird PresentAA144 M Bellbird PresentAA144 X Bellbird AbsentAA144 P Bellbird Absent
• Summary Data
Site Species StatusAA144 Bellbird PresentAD156 Bellbird Absent… … …
• Site Summary Data
Have to document how raw data is summarised for analysis
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Distribution vs AbundanceDistribution is better!• Estimating abundance is too
hard and/or expensive– Easier to detect species rather
than count individuals
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Distribution vs AbundanceDistribution is better!• Estimating abundance is too
hard and/or expensive– Easier to detect species rather
than count individuals• Distribution is a good
surrogate for abundance– As a population increases, so
does its distribution
2010
2013
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Distribution vs AbundanceAbundance is better!• Distribution does not provide
enough detail• Abundance may change with
no change in distribution– Species is widespread and then
has localised increases in population
– Species goes into decline but remains widespread
• Distribution will not detect this
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Standardising and mobilising data
Goal: solutions for standardisation and mobilisation- ideally through e-federation of distribution data;
What are the barriers to delivering this?
Nick Spencer
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Misc data
Specimens
Observations
Databases
Services
Federated Bio-data
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Misc data
Specimens
Observations
Databases
Services
Federated Bio-data
GBIF.ORGFree and open access to biodiversity data
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Misc data
Specimens
Observations
Databases
Services
Federated Bio-data
Confederated Bio-data
Federated Networked Bio-data
And/Or
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Misc data
Specimens
Observations
Databases
Services
Federated Bio-data
Confederated Bio-data
Federated Networked Bio-data
And/Or
GBIF.ORGFree and open access to biodiversity data
National Reporting
National Modelling
International Reporting
Evidential Decision Making
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Discovery | Mobilisation | Integration
GBIF.ORGFree and open access to biodiversity data
Botanical Information and Ecology Network
National Vegetation Survey Databank
Barriers
Issues
Consequences
Solutions
Indigenous Vegetation
Tier One MonitoringVegetation Component
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Discovery | Mobilisation | Integration
GBIF.ORGFree and open access to biodiversity data
Botanical Information and Ecology Network
National Vegetation Survey Databank
Barriers
Issues
Consequences
Solutions
Indigenous Vegetation
Tier One MonitoringVegetation Component
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Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
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Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Schemas
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Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Schemas• Incompatible schemas• Constraints• Missing elements
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Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Schemas• Incompatible schemas• Constraints• Missing elements
• Restructuring costs• Risk of incorrectly
combining elements• Risk to implying data are
equivalent
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Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Schemas• Incompatible schemas• Constraints• Missing elements
• Restructuring costs• Risk of incorrectly
combining elements• Risk to implying data are
equivalent
• Standard methods• Standard schema• Be realistic• Don’t underestimate
effort
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Schemas
Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Geographical
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Schemas
Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Geographical• Missing or inaccurate
geo-references
• Cultivated specimens
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Schemas
Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Geographical• Missing or inaccurate
geo-references
• Cultivated specimens
• Unusable data• Distribution and rarity
estimation errors • Effort to resolve issues
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Schemas
Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Geographical• Missing or inaccurate
geo-references
• Cultivated specimens
• Unusable data• Distribution and rarity
estimation errors • Effort to resolve issues
• Geo-ref’s for locations• Rules for misspellings; valid
coordinates; sensible locations; consistency with location narrative; known distributions; collector routes
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Schemas
Geographical
Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Attribution
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Schemas
Geographical
Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Attribution• Tracking data source• Original records• Derived data
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Schemas
Geographical
Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Attribution• Tracking data source• Original records• Derived data
Without source information integrated data is of dubious quality
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Schemas
Geographical
Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Attribution• Tracking data source• Original records• Derived data
Without source information integrated data is of dubious quality
• Collect metadata and method information
• Ensure this remains with the data
• Aggregate from source records
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Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Organism names
Attribution
Schemas
Geographical
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Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Organism names • Misspellings• Taxonomic concepts• Taxonomically
homogenous datasets
Attribution
Schemas
Geographical
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Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Organism names • Misspellings• Taxonomic concepts• Taxonomically
homogenous datasets
• Inflates species richness• Reduces range estimates• Poor decision about
protection or mitigation
Attribution
Schemas
Geographical
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Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Organism names • Misspellings• Taxonomic concepts• Taxonomically
homogenous datasets
• Inflates species richness• Reduces range estimates• Poor decision about
protection or mitigation
• NZOR provides consensus of synonymy, spellings and concepts (but...)
• Must be applied to data to create taxonomically homogenous datasets
Attribution
Schemas
Geographical
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Concepts - Nertera dichondrifolia
Until MacMillan (1995) Nertera dichondrifolia regarded as variable species distributed throughout NZ
N. dichondrifolia ?
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Nertera Spp
After 1995 N. villosa circumscribed; occurs South of latitude 37o
Concept of N. dichondrifolia narrowed; occurs North of latitude 38o
N. villosa
N. dichondrifolia
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Nertera dichondrifolia
Between 37o and 38o latitude uncertainty about which species you have
N. villosa
N. dichondrifolia
?
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Issue Consequence SolutionBarrier
Organism names
Attribution
Schemas
Geographical
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Species Occupancy
Where do species occur?– If data is poor our ability to answer the other questions well is limited
Data challenges Bird Data with Regional Council data holders
Discovery & Mobilisation• Identifying, • Describing, • Data use agreements, • Technology assistance and challenges
Bio-data Services Stack Terrestrial Work Stream 1