I f iInformation behavior researchbehavior researchStudies, Models & TheoriesStudies, Models & Theories

陳啟亮 國立台灣師範大學圖書資訊學研究所Charles Chen (XXC) xxc.chen@gmail.com2009/12/8

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Theori ing hierarchTheorizing hierarchy Dervin, 1997 Bates, 2005 Case, 2007

OntologyPerspectives

& methodology

Pa

Meta-theory

gy

Perspective & Paradigm

AxiologyEpistemologymethodology aradigm

MethodologyGrand theory

Theory Theory TheoryMiddle theory

Grounded theory

Studies Model Model

Observations

• Bates, M. J. (2005). An introduction to metatheories, theories, and models. In Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today.C D O (2007) L ki f i f ti A f h i f ti ki d d b h i E ld G P b Ltd• Case, D. O. (2007). Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior: Emerald Group Pub Ltd.

• Dervin, B. (1997). Given a context by any other name: Methodological tools for taming the unruly beast. Information seeking in context, 13-38.

O t lOntology本體論存在論

the nature of reality

A i l

(fra Meta-theory後設理論

Axiology價值論

the nature of value

E i t lParadigam

ewor

Epistemology認識論

how we know

gm 研究範

rk, appr

Methodology方法論

how we find out

S i tifi th

範式

roach) Theory理論

Scientific theory 科學理論

Principle 原則理論

Proposition / hypothesis 命題/假說

Model 模型

Studies / Observations 研究/觀察Studies / Observations 研究/觀察

"不計科學名, 寧務研究實”"We Don't Have to Be a Science But We Have to Do Research”

--賴鼎銘(1991)--賴鼎銘(1991)

•Case (2006). Information Behavior.

•Case (2007) Looking for information: A survey of research on•Case (2007). Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior

•Pettigrew K E Fidel R &Bruce H (2001) Conceptual

研究

•Pettigrew, K. E., Fidel, R., &Bruce, H. (2001). Conceptual frameworks in information behavior

研究 STUDIES

ARIST IB Re ie 的歷史ARIST IB Review 的歷史• 1966-1978

– 1966 (Menzel), 1967 (Herner & Herner), 1968 (Paisley), 1969 (Allen), 1970 (Lipetz), 1971 (Crane) 1972 (Lin & Garvey)1971 (Crane), 1972 (Lin & Garvey),

– 1974 (Martyn), 1978 (Crawford)

1986 1990• 1986, 1990– 1986 (Dervin & Nilan), 1990 (Hewins)

• 2001, 2002– 2001 (Pettigrew, Fidel, and Bruce): IB conceptual models– 2001 (King & Tenopir): scholarly literature2001 (King & Tenopir): scholarly literature– 2001 (Wang): methods– 2001 (Cool): situation

2002 (Solomon): context– 2002 (Solomon): context– 2002 (Case) Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking,

needs, and behavior

C t l f k f t diConceptual framework of studies

Pettigrew, et al. (2001)認知取向

Case (2002, 2006, 2007)• by Occupation:• 認知取向

Cognitive approaches

• 社會取向

• by Occupation: occupations are the most common entry point

– Scientists, Engineers, and Scholars– Managers

J li t L Oth *• 社會取向Social approaches

• 多元取向

– Journalists, Lawyers, Others *• by Role

– Citizen– Consumer

Multifaceted approaches– Consumer– Patient– Student– Others: Hobbyists

• By Demographic or Social Group– Age– Racial

Socioeconomic– Socioeconomic– Gender– Others

C D O (2006) I f ti B h i i A l R i f I f ti S i d T h l (ARIST) 40• Case, D. O. (2006). Information Behavior. in Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST), 40• Case, D. O. (2007). Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior: Emerald Group Pub Ltd.• Pettigrew, K. E., Fidel, R., &Bruce, H. (2001). Conceptual frameworks in information behavior. in Annual Review of Information Science and

Technology (ARIST), 35, 43-78.

Cogniti e approachesCognitive approaches• History

– 1968： Taylor (1968) 的模型是關於「使用者不完整的世界圖像」，即對資訊的需求 意義與價值乃立基於個人的認知觀點。即對資訊的需求、意義與價值乃立基於個人的認知觀點。

– 1986： Dervin ＆ Nilan (1986) 鼓吹並揚棄系統取向• 何謂認知何謂認知

– Belkin: 人類(或資訊處理機制)在接受/感知或生產時，如何運作(或互動)知識、信念、等等

• Scope (Pettigrew et al 2001)• Scope (Pettigrew, et.al., 2001)– 關於個人如何應用他自我世界的觀點或模型，處理資訊的需求、搜尋、給出、與使用的研究

– Include: 此觀點關注於認知與情感的資訊行為動機，– Exclude:

• 與情境無關的。即，此觀點不討論資訊行為的情境與情境無關的 即 此觀點不討論資訊行為的情境• 與社會認知(social cognitive)研究不同

Ellis’s (1989) information seeking model

Social approachesSocial approaches

• History從 年代初期慢慢興起 並變得越來越重要–從1990年代初期慢慢興起，並變得越來越重要

– Chatman (80s-) 開始研究貧窮勞工階級的資訊Chatman (80s ) 開始研究貧窮勞工階級的資訊行為

何謂社會取向• 何謂社會取向–資訊的意義與價值，與其社會脈絡相關資訊的意義與價值 與其社會脈絡相關–偏向以自然探究, 人類學或社會學的方法進行研究研究

Chatman's 資訊貧困Chatman s 資訊貧困Information poverty

• 資訊尋求程序中的自我保護行為Key concepts: self-protective behaviors invoked during the information seeking process y p p g g p

–守密(隱蔽自我) secrecy –欺瞞(自我扮演) deception風險評估 risk taking–風險評估 risk-taking

–情境相關性 situational relevance

6 項命題 propositions6 項命題 propositions:– 缺乏資訊覺察使他們遠離能幫助他們的資訊

The information poor perceive themselves to be devoid of the sources that might help them

資訊貧困與社會階級有關– 資訊貧困與社會階級有關Information poverty is partially associated with class distinction

– 對社會規範的自我保護行為導致資訊貧困對社會規範的自我保護行為導致資訊貧困Information poverty is determined by self-protective behaviors, which are used in response to social norms.

– 守密與欺瞞是因對他人的不信任感，而有的自我保護機制Both secrecy and deception are self protecting mechanisms due to a sense of mistrust regarding the interest or abilityBoth secrecy and deception are self-protecting mechanisms due to a sense of mistrust regarding the interest or ability of others to provide useful information.

– 因為權衡利害，通常不會冒險揭露自我感覺A decision to risk exposure about our true feeling is often not taken due to a perception that negative consequencesA decision to risk exposure about our true feeling is often not taken due to a perception that negative consequences outweigh benefits

– 貧困者選擇性地接受新知識，此選擇取決於新資訊與日常生活的相關性活的相關性New knowledge will be selectively introduced into the information world of poor people. A condition that influences this process is the relevance of that information in response to everyday problems and concerns.

M ltifaceted approachesMultifaceted approaches

• 由於了解到人類資訊行為的複雜性，越來越多研究者認為需要以多元觀點進行研究，越多研究者認為需要以多元觀點進行研究，而非只考慮認知的與社會的一種觀點– Rosenbaum **– Johnson *Johnson – Bystrom & Jarvelm *

S ld **– Sonnenwald **– Leckie et al. *– Cognitive Work Analysis, CWA **

"這類模型很少能發展到與特定理論命題建立關聯：只能說是處在一個前

理論的階段，而所描繪的關係或者能有助於往後的探索或檢驗”"rarely do such models advance to the stage of specifying relationships among theoretical propositions: rather

they are at a pre-theoretical stage, but may suggest relationships that might be fruitful to explore or test.

-- Wilson (1999: 250)( )

模型Case, D. (2007). Looking for information.

模型 MODELS

3 Criterions3 Criterions

1. 該模型能就相關變數描繪並闡明行為序列，而非僅僅指出事件的順序而非僅僅指出事件的順序The model attempts to depict and explain a sequence of behavior by referring to relevant variables, rather than merely indicates a sequence of events.

2. 該模型需涵蓋資訊需求與來源The model indicates something about information needs and sources. (Ellis & Kuhlthau)

3. 為通用的行為模型，而非特定職業或身份General models

7 models7 models

• Wilson, 1981K ik l 1983• Krikelas, 1983

• Leckie et al., 1996,• Bystrom & Jarvelin,

19951995• Savolainen, 1995• Johnson, 1997• Wilson 1996• Wilson, 1996

Wilson, 1981

Krikelas, 1983

Leckie et al., 1996

Bystrom & Jarvelin, 1995

Savolainen, 1995

Johnson, 1997

Wilson, 1996

理論理論 THEORY

TheorTheory• Theories are explanations (Case, 2007)• Theories are statements that try to explain relationships• Theories are statements that try to explain relationships

among various phenomena (Baker, 1999; Mullins & Mullins 1973)Mullins 1973)

• A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world (WordNet)natural world (WordNet)

• A theory, in the general sense of the word, is an analytic structure designed to explain a set of observationsstructure designed to explain a set of observations (wikipedia)

• 最小努力原則(語言學)Zipf's Principle of lease effortZipf s Principle of lease effort

• 使用與滿足(大眾傳播)Uses & gratificationUses & gratification

• 意義建構Sense-making

• 建構主義 (語言、心理、社會)Constructionism

• 遊戲與娛樂理論(大眾傳播, 心理學)( , )Stephenson's Play theory & Entertainment theory

Other theoriesOther theories

Cont’dCont’d

Ta lor's IUE (1991)Taylor's IUE (1991)

• 以使用者為中心，處理其社會脈絡中的資訊It f th t d f i f ti i it i l t t d li itl l th t th t fIt focuses on the study of information in its social contexts and explicitly places the user at the center of its conceptual framework

• IUE 的四元素

People人

人口統計，已決定的社會特性：經濟上的社會定位、產業社會學的政治與文化結構

P bl 由結構對使用者的認知 資訊需求所起的決定性作用Problems問題

由結構對使用者的認知、資訊需求所起的決定性作用

Resolution 對問題類型列出可行性解決方案的前提Resolution方案前提

對問題類型列出可行性解決方案的前提

Settings場所特徵

環境的物質與場所的社會脈絡場所特徵

Rosenba m (1996)Rosenbaum (1996)• 系統導向的資訊行為研究過於受限於既有系統框架• 但使用者導向的資訊行為研究又過於流於個人主義，缺乏對社但使用者導向的資訊行為研究又過於流於個人主義 缺乏對社會結構面向的解釋力

• 以Taylor的IUE為基礎，並參考Giddens的結構化理論，以建立以Taylor的IUE為基礎 並參考Giddens的結構化理論 以建立一整合的資訊行為研究的理論性框架

Taylor IUE Rosembaum IUE Giddens l l tpeople role actor

problem problematic situation (structure of problem) setting resource structuresetting resource structure resolution resolution (tool, 便利工具)

Sonnen ald 資訊視域 (1999)Sonnenwald: 資訊視域 (1999)• 要素：人類的資訊行為由個人(individuals)、社會網路(social network)、情境

(situation)與脈絡(context)所形成，但也影響這些因素。資訊行為 處於 特定情境與脈絡的個體或系統 能感知 映• 資訊行為：處於一特定情境與脈絡的個體或系統，能感知(perceive)、反映(

reflect)、或評估(evaluate)週遭的變化。資訊行為是在反映與評估間建構而起的；特別是關於反映或評估知識的缺乏。並由對知識缺乏的感；知作為起點，開始一資訊(搜尋)行為的序列。

• 資訊視域：當個人決定要進行搜尋行為時，他會在他的資訊視域(information horizon)中尋找資訊。horizon)中尋找資訊。

• 協同合作：人類資訊搜尋行為，理論上，可以視為一種個體與其資訊資源間的協同合作。

• 解決方案效益：因為資訊視域是由各種資訊資源所組成，各自擁有部分的知識，因此可以將資訊視域概念化為密集空間(densely populated spaces)。在密集解決方案空間中，假定有許多解決方案，而資訊搜尋spaces) 在密集解決方案空間中 假定有許多解決方案 而資訊搜尋問題由決定其中最有效率的路徑展開。

C iti W k A l i (1990)Cognitive Work Analysis (1990)