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Influx Viruses

The Illegal Muslims in Arakan

By U Shw zan and Dr. Aye Chan

Published by Arakanes in United States

P-O-Box 484

Planetarium Station

NYC, NY 10024-0484

Name of Book Influx Virus - The Illegal Muslims in Arakan

Publisher Arakanese in United States

P-O-Box 484

Planetarium Station

NYC, NY 10024-0484

Distribution Arakanese in United States

P-O-Box 484

Planetarium Station

NYC, NY 10024-0484

Design and Layout Myint Myint Than

Number of Books Produced 1,000

Year of Published August, 2005

ISBN 0-9728698-4-0

CONTENTS

Forward

English Section

Study of Muslim infiltration into Rakhine State Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

Migration of Mohammedans before and during Mrauk-U periods ------------- 6

So much Muslim influence as alleged by Muslim writers and European and Foreign scholars ---------------

-------------------------------------------------------- 6

Rakhine under Burmese rule --------------------------------------------------------- 8

Rakhine under Burmese rule –Infiltration of Bengali Muslims ----------------- 8

Rakhine Division after independence --------------------------------------------- 12

Rakhine Division during Revolutionary Council period-------------------------14

Rakhne state during the period of successive peoples' councils --------------- 14

Reference ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

The Development of Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

Mass Migration in the Colonial Period (1826 - 1948)--------------------------- 22

Communal Violence ----------------------------------------------------------------- 26

Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37

Appendix I – British Burma Census of 1872 -------------------------------------39

Appendix II – The Statement Showing the Distribution of People According to their Birth Places – British

Burma Census of 1881 (Arakan Division)---- 40

Bibliography -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42

Burmese Section

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Comparative statements between Rakhine Scholars and Sir Arthur Phayre Showing Ancient Dynasties

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Forward

There is a new trend concerning the so-called Rohingya. This trend, fashioned by some Islamic

radicals after Burma's independence, his been problematic, and a grave concern for (a) the Arakanese, (b)

the people of Burma and (c) historians and scholars. A proper understanding of the importance and nature

of illegal Muslim immigrant flow is crucial to comprehensively address the imperative issue of

development contest. Rohingya movements have been accompanied by certain dangers and challenges,

particularly for the Arakan State and beyond. In response to this problematic challenge, this book was

written by leading historians who focused on the central importance of origin, growth and historical

development of and the unproductive adventures of, illegal Bengali Muslims who desperately needed to

be recognized as having a racial distinct identity in Burma.

These collective contributions resulted in a comprehensive analysis of illegal Muslim immigrant

issues within the development contest. With contributions from two leading Arakanese intellectuals, this

work provides readers not only with exclusive historical facts but also coherent conclusions. Their

presentations adequately cover the interlocking themes of illegal Muslim immigrants who irreverently

claim themselves as Rohingyas in Burma, and that claim's impact in the region. Also covered is how these

claims affect historical write-ups by governments, international organizations, academics, researchers,

and practitioners, write-ups, which often go awry.

U Shwe Zan, who published a member of books on Arakan, has extensive experiences in

immigrant issues as a result of his long-term service as immigration officer in Arakan State. He examines

the historical facts with an insightful and innovative analysis about Muslim infiltration into Arakan State.

With ample background documentation, Professor Dr. Aye Chan provides an all-inclusive analysis of

illegal Bengali problems by re-examining the ethnicity of the so-called Rohingyas, and tracing their

history back to the earliest presence of their ancestors in Arakan. Both of their clued-up ventures offers a

wealth of information, data, advice, and issues to consider, along with a means to address them, based on

experiences and historical analysis relating to unlawful migration flows in Arakan. Their extensive works

leave no stoned unturned in their efforts to give comprehensive historical analysis of illegal Bengali

Muslims who cogently drum up popular support in advancing the demand for legitimacy of their racial

identity in Burma.

I hope this collective contribution will give both a broader understanding of so-called Rohingya

issues and practical measures to address challenges of the future. I extend my heartfelt gratitude to both

contributors whose scholastic works are credibly expected to give appropriate answers to all, particularly

to moderate Muslim who cherish peaceful co-existence in Burma.

Dr. Ashin Nayaka Visiting Scholar

Department of History

Columbia University, New York

Study of Muslim infiltration

Into

Rakhine State

By U Shwe Zan

Introduction

1. The term “Rohingya” is unknown to the people of Rakhine in pre-war days. Because there is no such

indigenous race in Myanmar or particularly in Rakhine. So, the question does not arise to define the

meaning of “Rohingya” as a race.

2. So also, after the exodus of 1992, the minister of Foregin Affairs of state Law and order Restoration

Council Government issued the following statement in the conference of February 92: “Although there

are 135 national races living in Myanmar today, the so called the Rohingya people is not one of them.

Historically, there has never been a Rohinger race in Myanmar. People of Muslim faith from the adjacent

country illegally entered into Myanmar Naingan particular the Rakhine State.” Who ever they might be

the central authority the legal definition is that they are considered only as “alien” or “guest citizens”.

3. But Muslim writers like Ba Tha tried to publicize about Rohingya by writing some make shift stories of

the earlier settlement in Rakhine land as Arabs, Moors and Persians. Those shipwrecked people near

Ramree Island were supposed to be rescued and let them settled around Wethali area in round about AD

788, the founding date of Wethali. Those Muslim writers tried to refer the dating and writings of R.B

Smart, the author of British Gazetteer of Akyab District Gazetteer Vol. (A) 1921, as an authority.

4. We noticed that, AD 788 (8th century) was the date firstly recongnized by Lieutenant General Sir

Arthur P. Phayre, a well known Brain Child of the British administration who published a Historical

Book, entitled “History of Burma”, in which he mentioned and claimed the ascension date of king

Candathuria, founder of 3rd

Dhanyawady as 146 AD and ending date of that period as 788 AD which was

also a starting date of Wethali.5. Generally speaking, we have so far, noted two kinds of Dynastic records

in our Ancient History, especially from the later part of second Dhanyawady up to the end of Wethali.

The first one is the dynastic list mentioned in the Rakhine chronicles and the other is the records inscribed

in the western face of Shitethaung pillar or Ananda Candra Inscription pillar.

6. We have many sound proofs and concrete-supporting evidences about the existence of Wethali

Dynasty mentioned in the inscription pillar of Shitethaung which definitely disapproved the separate

existence of Wethali Dynasty mentioned in Chronicle side. Hence, it is sure and justified to claim that the

two lists of Wethali mentioned in two different sides are not separate ones, but one and the same single

Wethali with a few difference of names which was clearly supported by Theinkan main twon, an eighth

century verse composed by Saw Prai Nyo alias Thuwunna Devi, a poet Queen of Dhamma Candra (a)

Theinga Candra of Wethali.

7. According to Dr. Sircar’s tentative assignment, the starting date of wethali (Table II) is 370 AD which

is only difference of 6 years (starting from later part of 2nd

Dhanyawady to our calculation using Vikram

Sambat calendar dates) i.e. Asokan base dating system as 364 AD in chronicle side which is a negligible

figures compared to thousand years of life span. Moreover it is not reasonable and proper to accept the

starting date of Wethali as AD 788 or 8th century and it is also not justifiable to accept two Wethali theory

which will only upset the actually existed Wethali but also spoiled the whole show of the successive

periods of Lemro dynasty.

8. In fact, beginning of Wethali as AD 788 or 8th century is happened because of wrong or miscalculation

of dating by Sir Arthur P. Phayer and other European scholars including R.B smart and Historians. The

comparative statement between Phayer and Rakhine scholars are attached here. Please see annexure (1).

The following is a good example of their mistakes. Dr. Forchhammer, a renowned German Archeaologist,

collected an unreliable kawza dates 150 as founding date of Wethali and he tried to convert this era into

Christian era by adding a conversion factor 638 untimely and creating the result 788 and AD 788 which

they also claimed as ending date of 3rd

Dhanyawady and simultaneously became the starting or founding

date of Wethali which is entirely unacceptable and wrong doings of historical recording and dating.

9. Therefore, it is clear to say that the ending date of 3rd

Dhanyawady and starting date of Wethali is

definitely in 4th century AD.

10. We understand from Myanmar Encyclopedia or (Swe Sone Kyan) vol. 9 that the date of birth of

Prophet Mohamed was AD 571 (6th century). According to Muslim writers. It seemed to say that Muslim

setters like shipwrecked survivors of Persians, Moors and Arabs arrived to Rakhine Wethali about 200

years ahead of the Mohamed’s birth which is entirely absurdity. It shows that Muslim writers were so

much preoccupied interest to be claimed the Buddhist Rakhine land as a Muslim state.

11. However. As we all know. Rakhine people professed Buddhist since the life time of Guatama Buddha.

Guatama Buddha visited Dhanyawady in 123 Mahar era or BC 517 (Vikram Sambat dating) or BC 544

(Kaliyug dating) i.e. 6th century BC and preached the King Candathuria. The founder of third

Dhanyawady. At the same time, with the consent of Lord Buddha. The King cast a Bronze Image of

Buddha’s exact likeness. Which was popularly known as Mahamuni. (Now rested in Mandalay). In other

sense Rakhine professed Buddhism about 14 centuries ahead of supposed to be Muslim early settlers like.

Professed Buddhism about 14 centuries ahead of supposed to be Muslim early settlers like Persians,

Moors and Arabs to the Rakhine land.

12. Again, A highly delegated Buddhist mission by Emperor Asoka arrived to Rakhine Dhanyawady

during the reign of Thuria Sekka, 6th in the line of Candathuria dynasty in the year between R.E 214-234.

From that time onwards Rakhine people became a strong believers of Htayrawada Buddhism up till now.

Rakhine people began to practice Buddhist civilization and culture by doing noviciating ceremony to

there son and also entering monk hood after attaining the age of maturity since then. By combined effort,

Asokas’s Buddhist mission and King Thuria Sekka built many stuppas, cetias and temples and ordination

halls enshrining with Buddha relics, which were brought by the same mission, throughout length and

breadth of Rakhine land. Kyauk Ro Daw ceti of Thelagiri Hill and U rite Taung ceti were some of the

good examples. Moreover, King Thuria Sekka cast Buddha images with the same stock of noble metals

used by his forefather’s king Candathuria during the casting of Mahamuni. We can worship Sandamuni

Image, cast by Thuria sekka, which is now rested on the precinct of Bandoola Monastery in Mrauk-U.

Migration of Mohammedans before and during Mrauk-U periods.

13. Unlike in India, there were no Mohammedan conquest to Rakhine up to date. But there were some

settlement of Mohammedan we noticed in Rakhine land before and during Mrauk-U periods. Firstly a few

shipwrecked people of Arabs, Moors and Persians were supposed to be settled around Wethali in 8th

century AD.

14. Secondly, during the end of Laungret period, some followers of Jelludin Muhammed Shah (Sultan of

Gaur) who helped king Mon to regain the Rakhine throne (Laungret) in AD 1428. They were in return

allowed to settle around Laungret area.

15. Third occasion we noticed was, after the expedition of Min Ba Gri (AD 1531- 1556) to 12 Bengal

provinces, the king brought back some Muslim prisoners and they were allowed to settle in Mrauk-U

area.

16. Fourth occasion we noticed was. During the reign of Sandathudamma Raza. Shah Shuja, the Governor

of Mogul Bengal, after defeat in the battle between two heirs of Mogul Emperor Aurunzab took refuge in

Mrauk-U, together with his family and folowers in AD 1661. After sometimes in Mrauk-U, Shah Shuja

and followers planned to wage a revolt against Sandathudamma Raza and attempted to capture the

Mrauk-U Palace. In no time the revolt was crushed by Sandathudamma Raza and all the family of the

Shah Shuja were executed. However some of the archers of Shah Shuja were asorbed into the

Sandathudama’s army and allowed them to serve as archers. Most of the followers of Shah Shuja were

dispersed and allowed them to settle in Ramree. Kyauk Ni Maw. Thandwe (Shwe Kyaung byin) and

Thinganet village in present Sittwe Township. Since they belonged to the former Archer groups of Shah

Shuja army they were called Kaman in the Arab language. When time advanced they were later called as

KAMAN.

So much Muslim influence as alleged by Muslim writers and European and Foreign scholars.

17. Some Muslim writers alleged that since most of the Rakhine Kings were the possessors of Muslim

titles, they were definitely the Muslim rulers and they also issued coins bearing with Persian and Arabic

inscription endorsed with Muslim titles which were supposed to be the evidences of the Muslim influence

in Rakine.

18. It is entirely wrong and false statements made by Muslim writers and Europeans.

19. Mrauk-U which remained the capital of Rakhine for 355 years was founded by King Mong Saw Mon

alias Narameithla in 1430 AD (RE 792).This capital city was housed by 48 kinds during nearly three and

half centuries of glory and power. Kings Thamada (1780-1785) of Mrauk-U dynasty was the last ruler.

20. Among the 10 out of 12 kings of Mrauk-U first period built pagodas. Two kings who did not built

pagodas were king Ba Saw Nyo, son of Mong Khari and king Gazapati, son of Mong Raza 5th and 9

th king

of that period who reigned Mrauk-U 2 years each. Again out of nine kings who ruled the 2nd

period of

Mrauk-U, except Mong Sanai who ruled only for 20 days, built pagodas. During that 2nd

period of Mrauk-

U. 12 Bengal provinces were under the control of Rakhine kings and relation between Rakhine kings and

Mogul kings were friendly in those days.

21. Historically speaking 16th and 17

th centuries were the most prosperous tmes of Mrauk-U dynasty.

22. In early days of 16th century, Mong Ba Gri was compelled to 12 Bengal Provinces because there need

to suppress the revolt against Rakhine king by some Muslim elements. However, Humayun the 2nd

Mogul

king, son of the 1st Mogul ruler Babur cordially welcome Mong Ba Gri and he offered his daughter

Pensital and honored the Rakhine King Mong Ba Gri with Muslim title Zapun Shah (Some said Zaw

Bauk Shah). Moreover they made a border agreement between Rakhine and Mogul. In this way Mong Ba

Gri’s Successors Mong Phaloung, Mong Raza Gri and Mong Kha Mong were also similarly honored by

successive Mogul kings with respective Muslim titles as Sicanda Shah, Selimn Shah and Hussein Shah.

23. Mogul kings honored those titles to the Buddhist Rakhine king as a token of friendship but not as a

religious influences as wrought by the said Muslim writers and European Scholars.

24. All the rest of the kings belonging to Mrauk-U. Third Period were Buddhist kings, but only 22nd

king

Narapadigri, 24th king Sanda Thudamma Raza, Ogabala, 25

th king and 41

st king Nara Abbaya Raza built

Pagodas. The rest of the kings belonging to third periods were weaker kings and moreover it was a

declining days of Rakhine.

Rakhine under Burmese rule

25.Rakhine lost her sovereignty in the year AD 1785. During the Burmese rule Rakhine State was divided

into to parts and each part was ruled by an each Burmese Governor. During the 4 Governors rule, people

hesitate to pay high taxes and some dissatisfied people tried to revolt against the rulers. About 9 times of

revolts were noticed and in that such unsettled period, many people of Rakhine managed to escape from

their native land and most of the people intended to settle in British India especially in East Bengal and

Cittagong Hill tracts, In this circumstances British authority constructed some new towns namely

Awagyun and Cox’s Bazaar and let the Rakhine evacuees to settle in this new places. After 40 years of

Burmese Rule., First Anglo Burmese war broke out. Burmese lost the war after two years of battle. In

accordance with the Rantapo treaty, Rakhine and Tanin Thayi were annexed by British in 1826 AD. A

new town of Sittwe was constructed in 1827 AD and became a new Head Quarter of Rakhine Division.

26. Many Rakhine, who took refuge in India, began to return to their homeland immediately after the

annexation. Most of them began to settle in Sttwe, Kyaukpyu and Thandwe and some people managed to

settle in their original native places. The population of Rakhine state by that time was only hundred

thousands.

Rakhine under British rule Infiltration of Bengali Muslims

27. The main objective of the British Capitalists were to exploit their utmost the resources of Rakhine

land. Commercial trading of agricultural products were also their aim. Due to the scarcity of agricultural

labourers, British trading companies tried to recruit the general labourers from Chitagong during the

ploughing and harvesting seasons.

28. After the opening of Suez Canal in 1869 AD, rice trading was very much popular because of attractive

prices. In these circumstances, British companies tried to expand the paddy growing agriculture as much

as possible, they recruited more seasonal laborers from Chittagong and an open door policy was existed.

At first, most of the seasonal laborers returned to their country, after the closing seasons. But later on

many of the seasonal laborers failed to return to Chittagong and they started settlement in Rakhine

especially in Maungdaw, Buthidaung, Rathedaung and Sittwe Townships.

29. In the later part of 19th century (1874 AD), British Rulers chartered about 42 land grants to the virgin

lands of Rakhine, out of which 15 were granted in Maungdaw Township and 9 in Buthidaung Township.

One of the condition out lined in the charter was, the holders of these land grants should be persons who

lived outside the chartered area. That was also one of the reasons why Bengali Muslim population became

stronger in these areas.

30. British authority tried to enact new labor laws but it effected not much because British companies

began to use the tender system in recruiting seasonal laborers indirectly thought the brokers. By that way

the infiltration of Bengali Muslimnever stooped. About 15000 of Bengali Muslim migrated yearly in to

Rakhine land were observed. For easy transportation of those Bengali laborers British Authority allowed t

open some British Navigation emptiness companies in 1880. The two famous Navigation companies were

British India stem Navigation Company and Asiatic Steam Navigation Company. In order to expedite the

carrying of the Chittaonian laborers, those navigation companies were subsidized by the British

authorities so as to carry with cheap rate to the said laborers. British Authorities also opened a railroad

between Buthidaung and Maungdaw that means in order to get easy communication between Naaf and

Maya rivers.

31. If we analyze the incoming and returning of the Bengali population during 1980 and 1984. We can

observe the following dates-

year(a) No. of Bengali in coming to

Rakhine (b)

No. of Settlers (c)

1. 1880-81 40000 18000

2. 1883-84 83000 43000

3. 1927 40000 35000

32. The Bengali Muslim settlers started their livelihood in Rakhine as petty brokers. Crew members of

small launchers, canoe peddlers, and agriculture laborers. Small agriculturist etc.

33. Due to the ‘open door’ policy of British Colonialists, the population of Sittwe District increasing

rapidly year by in between 1832 to 1911. The following are the statistics of Sittwe District population: -

Year (a) Populations

109645

130034

201677

227231

276617

359706

466305

481666

527943

34. Among the population of Sittwe District, the population density of Maungdaw townships was the

highest. Average increasing rate of township werew 21% and density of Maungdaw was 130 per square

mile. It was so happened because Maugdaw Township was lying quite close to the Chittagong District

where majority people living their Mohammedam population.

35. The following are the statistics shown by religion in the years of 1872, 1901 and 1911.

Religion 1872 1901 1911

Hindu 2655 14455 14454

Mohammedan 28255 154837 178647

Rakhine Buddhist 171612 239649 209432

Hill dwellers 38577 35482 34020

36. The rapid increasing of Mohammedan population was happened because of the open door policy of

British India, where Rakhine was included under their rule.

37. In 1935, although Burma was separated from India, she still remained in the British Empire and

infiltration of Bengali Muslims were still going strong. Many Bengali Muslim were absorbed in the

Government services from peon to the Head of office. We could find many Bengali Muslims in non-

government jobs and also found in many other well income trading and industrials organization too.

38. When Japanese advanced to Myanmar in 1942, most of the Indians, who settled in our country, started

to evacuate to their country of origin India by two routes. One was Pyay-Taungoke route and the other

was via Mon Ywa-Kalewa route. The estimated amount of evacuees were about 4 hundred thousands.

39. According to 1942 census, the populations of Bengali Muslims were 124452. When we add the

Muslims evacuees from Burma proper, it accumulated to a considerable amount of the original Muslim

population in that area. As a result, Muslim Population became strong hold in Buthidaung and Maungdow

area.

40. In this tense situation, British administrations were deteriorated day by day. In such condition, the

communal riots broke out between unsatisfied Rakhine and Kala (Bengali Muslims). Aggressive Muslims

started to flame and distracted the many villages belonging to Rakhine in Buthidaung and Maungdaw

Township. Many Rakhine villages were taken over by Muslim populations and they settled there during

the 2nd

world war. In 1941 there were left the 2nd

world war.

41. After all, Muslim population became majority in Buthidaung and Maungdaw Township after the 2nd

World war. In this circumstances Muslims started to demand separate Muslim State and simultaneously,

underground movements of “Mujahids”began in 1947.

42. At the same time, armed Mujahid insurgents started to flame and destroyed rest of the Rakhine

villages. The Rakhines were drove out from their native villages and they took over those villages where

they tried to substitute with Bengali Muslims in place of Rakhines. That was the unlawful way of action

done by Mujahid insurgents in those areas.

43. As a result Rakhine population became minority and only a handful of Rakhine villages can be see in

Buthidaung and Maungdaw area.

44. During the 120years of British rule (i.e. between 1827 and 1947) British adopted the divide and rule

policy as well as open door policy and also encouraged the Chittagongnians to enter freely into the

Rakhine land especially in Buthidaung and Maungdaw Townships. As a result the population increased to

100% in 20 years. That means the population recorded on 1921 census was 60480 where as in 1941

census, the population came up to 124452.

{Of course, these are the bad legacy of British Colonialism.}

Rakhine Division after independence

45. In 1954, AFPFL government suppressed the Mujahids insurgency and Mujahids were compelled to

surrender in the same year. Their leader Kasim was escaped to East Pakistan and later he was captured

and imprisoned by the East Pakistan authority.

46. As Muslim problems in Rakhine were gradually cropped up the became grave the serious Rakhine

nationals formed a new political organization in the name of “Arakan National Unity Organization”

(ANUO) and stood in the election against AFPFL. In this situation in order to won in the

parliamentary elections some unfaithful AFPFL organizers, organized the Muslim people by some

illegal means. They tried to encourage the Bengali Muslim illegal entry from East Pakistan and even supported them to become a citizen of Myanmar. In this way Muslim population became

accumulated also. As mentioned above, the Bengali Muslim population in 1941 was 124452 became

187792 in 1956. That means the total increase of those populations in 15 years we noticed was 50%.

47. Since infiltration of Bengali Muslim came from bad to worse and situation became grave and serious

ANUO members made a resolution in 1959 conference to deter the illegal immigrants effective as

immediate as possible.

48. At this time political situation in Myanmar became tense and major political league AFPFL split up

into factions as “orginal AFPFL” and clean AFPFL, 17 parliamentary members of ANUO and Muslim

parliamentary members of Buthidaung and Maungdaw sided to clean AFPFL faction in parliament and

new clean AFPFL government was declared.

49. U Nu and clean AFPFL leaders accepted the “Rohingya” as one of the indigenous races of Rakhine

and they were even allowed to broadcast their voice in BBS programmed in mix language. In 1960, the

Muslim community of Buthidaung and Maungdaw began to organize a political front called “Rohinger

political front”. Heir mandates were the right of free worship, the right of free traveling through out,

Rakhine and Myanmar, the right of free settlement in Rakhine and Myanmar and to stop the suppression

and torturous activities upon them.

50 In such moment Muslim writers like Ba Tha wrote about the existence of Rohingers with make-shift

stories. Ba Tha defined the world Rohingya as one of the indigenous races of Rakhine. They were the

descendents of shipwrecked people of Persians, Moors and Arabs who settle around about AD 788 which

was said to be the founding date of Wethali as recorded by R.B.Smart, the author of Akyab District

Gazetteer (vol.A) published in 1921. Those shipwrecked people intermixed with natives became the

origin of Rohinger was his make-shirt story. He also called the combined descendents of the followers of

Jalludin Muhammed Shah in King Mong Saw Mon period, followers of Shah Shuja in Sandathudamma

Raza period and descendents of early Muslim settlers in Buthidaung and Maungdaw as Rohingyas. He

also alleged the Mrauk-U kings who possessed Muslim titles as Muslim Rulers in Rakhine (already

explained about this matter). In fact almost all of the 48 kings of Mrauk-U were Rakhine Buddhissts as

explained above. So also, the reasons of issuing coins inscribed with Persians and Arabic language was

also explained already.

51. We have many magnificent monuments and pagodas as the massive Shitethaung, the colossal

Htukkant Thein, richly decorated central pillar of Anndaw Thein. Auspicious Leymyathna pagoda,

colored plaque Laungbwan-brauk pagoda, conical structures of victory pagodas like Ratana Manaung,

Maungala Manaung, Sekkya Manaung and Loka Manaung and countless other are the evidenced of

Mrauk-U rich heritage. If Mrauk-U was ruled by Muslim kings as alleged by Ba Tha, the Muslim writer,

we cannot hardly be witnessed those kinds of Buddhist structures today because in India, when Muslim

conquest was occurred in Buddhist and Hindu land of India, Muslim conquerors drastically took action

against them and tried to wipeout the Buddhism and Hinduism by means of destroying the Buddhist

structures as well as Hindu structures and they daringly massacred the Buddhist and Hindu monks and at

the same time Buddhist and Hindu believers were forced to convert into Mohammedan religion was the

usual practice of the Muslim conquerors. (Even today Talibans of Afghanistan destroyed almost all of the

Buddhist heritages of Buddha Images and structures in Afghanistan is the good example of their

practiced).

52. If Mrauk-U was ruled by Muslim rulers, the same fate would be happened undoubtedly. But even

today the heritages of Buddhist monuments are still intact in Mrauk-U. Therefore, we can surly say that

Mrauk-U was never ruled by Muslim Rulers and it also shows that Ba Tha’s writings are merely false and

make-shift stories which only lead to arouse the political instigation’s to Muslim communities.

53. Afterwards, illegal movements of Muslim organization were appeared under the name of Rohingya

Solidarity Organization (R.S.O), Arakan Islamic Front (AR.I.F), Rohinger Patriotic Front (R.P.F),

Rohingya Liberation Organizations (R.L.C) and Ithedal Mazahadin of Arakan (I.M.A).

Rakhine Division during Revolutionary Council period

54. During the Revolutionary Council period, government authorities had made a necessary plan to take

action against the illegal immigrants. Moreover one of the important steps taken by Revolutionary

Council was that Buthidaung and Maungdaw Townships became a special District of frontier areas. The

following operations were carried out by immigration department personals in RAkhine Divisions. They

are:

Kyeekan operation

Shwekyee operation and

Sa Bai operation

Rakhine state during the period of successive peoples’ councils.

55. Under the guidance of Commander of Western Command. Rakhine State Socialist programmed Party

and Rakhine State Peoples’ Council, a major operation was carried out by a strong force of Immigration

personals in Sittwe Township and Maundaw Frontier District. The main objective was to check up in

detail of illegal immigrantss and took necessary action according to the Immigration laws. The operation

was nemed as “King Dragon operation” That operation was carried out in full swing in February 1978,

particularly in Sittwe, Buthidaung and Maungdaw Townships. Unlike the former operation. Detail

checking were carried out in ward-by-ward and village-by-village basis. Similar Muslim dwellers were

very much afraid to face the checking, many of the Muslims, in order to avoid the immigration personals

and their checking, started to flee to the neighboring country not from the said township but many guilty

conscious Muslims also from other township like, Rathedaung, Pauktaw. Mrauk-U and Minbya. The

following are the records that evade the immigration checking and fled to the Bangladesh.

S.N. Townships Escaped Muslim populations No. of households

1. Buthidaung 35546 6294

2. Maungdaw 85705 12522

3. Sittwe

Rathedaung

Pauktaw

Kyauktaw

Mrauk-U

Minbya

156630

2595

Total 277931 21411

56. In honor to express the good will between two neighboring countries Myanmar and Bangladesh,

Revolutionary Government of Myanmar accepted the repatriation programme of Bengali Muslim

refugees by means of a special operation project “Hintha” The following are the details of refugees

forwarded by Bangladesh authorities to Myanmer Government:

57.

Type of proposed returnees No. of household Proposed figure to be repatriated

(a) Holders of identity cards and

dependents

21351

129480

(b) Holder of certain kind of

documentary evidence and

dependents

3091

15772

(c) without documentary evidence

and dependents

4617

18718

Total 29059 163950

58. But in accordance with the Hintha project, the number of Households and actual repatriated

figures were 31508 and 186986. The difference we observed between the two lists mentioned above

were (+) 2449 Household and (+) 23036 persons.

59. After the completion of Hintha project. The population of Muslims we noticed are as follows.

In 1977-78 the Bengali Muslim population were 222860, where as in 1981-82 populations of Bengali

Muslims became 243867 and increased Bengali population we observed within 4 years were 21007 which

clearly shows that there were still infiltration of illegal immigrants in Maungdaw Township.

60. We have come across in Myanmar History that existing Pyu race during the Tharekhittara period

disappeared or faded out under the growing population of Bamar and other races starting from Bagan

period and onwards. In the same way, early Muslim settlers before and during Mrauk-U periods extinct

today under the Bengali Muslim who infiltrated from the adjacent country Bangladesh starting from

British colonial days up to the present day.

61. Therefore, it is totally unjustified to consider the idea of their demand as Muslim state because those

Muslims who lived in Maungdaw, Buthidaung, Sittwe and in other township can only be considered as

“aliens”.

U Shwe Zan

References

(1) Junior History of India by Banerji

(2) ajrmufOD;vrf;nGef- &cdkifjynfe,fjynfol@aumifpDjyKpkonf// (3) jynfe,fjzpfpOfordkif;- &cdkifjynfe,fjynfol@aumifpDjyKpkonf// yxrwGJ- ordkif;u¾

(4) jynfe,fjzpfpOfordkif;- &cdkifjynfe,fjynfol@aumifpDjyKpkonf// pwkwWwGJ- vlr_a&;u¾

(5) Burma gazetteer by Mr. R. B. Smart Akyab District, Vol A

(6) Burma gazetteer by S. Grantham Akyab District Vol. B-No. 1 (7) Burma gazetteer by W.B Tydd Sandoway District, Vol. A (8) An Introduction to the political economy of Burma by J. S. Funivall

(9) &cdkifjynfe,ftwGif; edkifiHjcm;om;b*FgvDvlrsdK;rsm; pdkif;jyif;v$rf;rdk;r_ tEW&m,frSwm;qD; umuG,fa&;ESifhywfoufI wifjycsuf// (10) &cdkifwdkif;-vl0ifr_=uD;=uyfa&;.wifjycsuf (11) Roewangyas in Arakan by Ba Tha, Article in "The Guardian", May 1960

(12) Phamphlets of (a) Rohingya Patriotic Front

(b) Rohingya Solidarity Organization (13) jrefrmedkifiHe,fpyfa'orsm;Y jzpfay:avh&Sdonfh ta&;tcif;rsm;udk rdrdESifhwzufedkifiH rsm;rS a'oqdkif&mtm%mydkiftcsif;csif; nSd@ESdKif;ajz&Sif;=ujcif;udpP// (jynfxJa&;0ef=uD;Xme-1975) (14) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;ta&;ESifh ywfoufI awmfvSefa&;aumifpD. tjrifESifhcH,lcsuf- jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD (15) The Indian Constitution- Asurvey- by S. K. Lahiri & B. N. Banergee

(16) The British Common Wealth- the Development of its Laws & Constitution Pakistan- by Alan Gled

Hill

(17) World Constitutions- full view at a glance- By S. L. Laeley

(18) 1947 jynfaxmifpkjrefrmedkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'// (19) 1948 jynfaxmifpkjrefrmedkifiHom;tjzpf (a&G;cs,fa&;) tufOya'// (20) 1949 jynfaxmifpkjrefrmedkifiHom;jzpfr_ tufOya'// (21) 1949 jynfaxmifpkjrefrmedkifiHtwGif; aexdkifolrsm; rSwfyHkwifa&;Oya'// (22) The Registration of oreigners Act.

(23) awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ausnmcsufrsm;ESifh trdef@rsm;// (24) ygvDrefqdkif&m rSwfwrf;rsm;// (25) History of Burma- by Lieutanant General Sir Arthur P.Phayre (1883)

(26) ar"ynmarmfuGef;vuFm- ar"ynmtrwf/ a0omvDacwf (27) a&S;acwf&cdkifordkif;udk avhvmqef;ppfcsuf 1998/ OD;a&$ZH/ OD;armifausmf (29) &cdkif'*Fg;/ 1979/ OD;pHomatmif// (30) "n0wDacwf&mZ0ifordkif;ESifh tcsdK@aomokawoDwdk@ tawG;tjrif OD;atmifomOD;// (31) The golden Mrauk-U, An ancient capital of Rakhine- U Shwe Zan

(32) ajrmufOD;acwf'*Fg; odk@r[kwf '*Fg;uajymaom ajrmufOD;acwfordkif;- OD;a&$ZH (ajrmufOD; acwfordkif;udk qef;ppfavhvmcsufrS aumufE_wfcsuf// at'D 2000) (33) "n0wDacwfonf '¾m&DyHkjyifr[kwfyg- aqmif;yg;- OD;armifausmf- 1996// (34) a0omvDacwf ya[Vdykp>mESifh tajzaqmif;yg;- OD;a&$ZH- 1996// (35) tmeENpajEN/ &Spf&mpk&cdkifa0omvDrif;- OD;pHomatmif (36) Some Jurifications about Wethali, a single Rakhine Dynasty existing between Fourth and Ninth

Century by U Shwe Zan

(37) "n0wDacwf/ &cdkifacwfOD; (ouU&mZf 2001)/ OD;a&$ZH// (38) acwfokawoDrsm;u "n0wDESifh a0omvDacwfrsm;udk a&;om;wifjy&mwGif toHk;jyK ae=uaom ouU&mZfrsm; (ouU&mZf 2000)- OD;a&$ZH (39) The Arakani governors and their coins by Vasant Chowdhury (Calcutta)

(40) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; twGJtrSwf (9) (41) Some interesting coins of Anauk Barung and Sitagaung mong by Aung Zan- &cdkifr*~Zif;- 22

(42) "Review of the most ancient Rakhine" 1966 by U Shwe Nyo Tin (ICS Retd.)

------- ------- -------- --------

The Development of a Muslim Enclave

In

Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma

(Myanmar)

By Dr. Aye Chan

I. Introduction

Who are the Rohingyas? Burma gained independence from Great Britain in 1948 and this issue is

a problem that Burma has had to grapple with since that time. The people who call themselves Rohingyas

are the Muslims of Mayu Frontier area, present-day Buthidaung and Maungdaw Townships of Arakan

(Rakhine) State, an isolated province in the western part of the country across Naaf River as boundary

from Bangladesh. Arakan had been an independent kingdom before it was conquered by the Burmese in

1784. Rohingya historians have written many treatises in which they claim for themselves an indigenous

status that is traceable within Arakan State for more than a thousand years. Although it is not accepted as

a fact in academia, a few volumes purporting to be history but mainly composed of fictitious stories,

myths and legends have been published formerly in Burma and later in the 1 The present paper was

written for distribution and discussion at a seminar in Japan. During the seminar, there was a debate

between the author and Professor Kei Nemoto concerning the existence of the Rohingya people in

Rakhine (Arakan). Nemoto, in a paper written in Japanese, agreed with the Rohingya historians that the

Rohingyas have lived in Rakhine since the eigth century A. D. The author contests the vailidity of these

claims. The present paper was also read at the 70th Conference of Southeast Asian historians of Japan,

held at the University of Kobe, on 4 to 5 February 2003. United States, Japan and Bangladesh. These, in

turn, have filtered into the international media through international organizations, including reports to the

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (Ba Tha 1960: 33-36; Razzaq and Haque 1995: 15).2

In light of this, it is important to reexamine the ethnicity of the ‘Rohingyas’ and to trace their

history back to the earliest presence of their ancestors in Arakan. And history tells us that we do not have

to go back very far. In the early 1950s that a few Bengali Muslim intellectuals of the northwestern part of

Arakan began to use the term “Rohingya” to call themselves. They were indeed the direct descendants of

immigrants from the Chittagong District of East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh), who had migrated into

Arakan after the province was ceded to British India under the terms of the Treaty of Yandabo, an event

that concluded the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826). Most of these migrants settled down in the

Mayu Frontier Area, near what is now Burma’s border with modern Bangladesh. Actually, they were

called “Chittagonians” in the British colonial records.

The Muslims in the Arakan State can be divided into four different groups, namely the Chittagonian

Bengalis in the Mayu Frontier; the descendents of the Muslim Comm- unity of Arakan in the Mrauk-U

period (1430-1784), presently living in the Mrauk-U and Kyauktaw townships; the decendents of Muslim

mercenaries in Ramree Island known to the Arakanese as Kaman; and the Muslims from the Myedu area

of Central Burma, left behind by the Burmese invaders in Sandoway District after the conquest of

Arakan in 1784.

II. Mass Migration in the Colonial Period (1826-1948)

As stated above, the term “Rohingya” came into use in the 1950s by the educated Bengali residents

from the Mayu Frontier Area and cannot be found in any historical source in any language before then.

The creators of that term might have been from the

second or third generations of the Bengali immigrants from the Chittagong District in modern

Bangladesh; however, this does not mean that there was no Muslim community in Arakan before the state

was absorbed into British India.

When King Min Saw Mon, the founder of Mrauk-U Dynasty (1430-1784) regained the throne with

the military assistance of the Sultan of Bengal, after twenty-four years of exile in Bengal, his Bengali

retinues were allowed to settle down in the outskirts of Mrauk-U, where they built the well-known

Santikan mosque. These were the earliest Muslim settlers and their community in Arakan did not seem to

be large in number. In the middle of the seventeenth century the Muslim community grew because of the

assignment of Bengali slaves in variety of the workforces in the country. The Portuguese and Arakanese

raids of Benga (Bengal) for captives and loot became a conventional practice of the kingdom since the

early sixteenth century. The Moghal historian Shiahabuddin Talish noted that only the Portuguese pirates

sold their captives and that the Arakanese employed all of their prisoners in agriculture and other kinds of

services (Talish 1907:422). Furthermore there seem to have been a small group of Muslim gentry at the

court. Some of them might have served the king as Bengali, Persian and Arabic scribes. Because the

Mrauk-U kings, though of being Buddhist, adopted some Islamic fashions such as the maintaing of silver

coins that bore their Muslim titles in Persian and occasionally appearing in Muslim costumes in the style

of the Sultan of Bengal. Accordingly there were Muslim servants at the court helping the king perform

these Islamic conventions (Charney 1999: 146). Arthur Phayre, the first deputy commissioner of Arakan,

after the British annexation, reported about the indigenous races of Akyab District and the Muslim

descendents from the Arakanese days as:

The inhabitants are, In the Plains – 1. Ro-khoing-tha (Arakanese)-2. Ko-la (Indian) – 3. Dôm(Low

Caste Hindu).

IntheHills – 1. Khyoung-tha – 2.Kumé or Kwémwé – 3. Khyang – 4. Doing–nuk, Mroong, and other

tribes… While the Arakanese held these possessions in Bengal, they appear to have sent numbers of the

inhabitants into Arakan as slaves, whence arose the present Ko-la population of the country (Phayre 1836:

680 – 681).

During the four decades of Burmese rule (1784-1824), because of ruthless oppression, many

Arakanese fled to British Bengal. According to a record of British East India Company, there were about

thirty-five thousand Arakanese who had fled to Chittagong District in British India to seek protection in

1799 (Asiatic Annual Register 1799: 61; Charney 1999: 265). The following report by Francis Buchanan

provides a vivid picture of the atrocities committed by the Burmese invaders in Arakan:

Puran says that, in one day soon after the conquest of Arakanthe Burmans put 40,000 men to

Death: that wherever they found a pretty Woman, they took her after killing the husband; and the young

Girls they took without any consideration of their parents, and thus deprived these poor people of the

property, by which in Eastern India the aged most commonly support their infirmities. Puran seems to be

terribly afraid, that the Government of Bengal will be forced to give up to the Burmans all the refugees

from Arakan (Buchanan 1992: 82).3

A considerable portion of Arakanese population was deported by Burmese conquerors to Central

Burma. When the British occupied Arakan, the country was a scarcely populated area. Formerly high-

yield paddy fields of the fertile Kaladan and Lemro River Valleys germinated nothing but wild plants for

manyyears (Charney 1999: 279). Thus, the British policy was to encourage the Bengali inhabitants from

the adjacent areas tomigrate into fertile valleys in Arakan as agriculturalists. As the British East India

Company extended the administration of Bengal to Arakan, there was no international boundary between

the two countries and no restriction was imposed on the emigration. A superintendent, later an assistant

commissioner, directly responsible to the Commissioner of Bengal, was sent in 1828 for the

administration of Arakan Division, which was divided into three districts respectively: Akyab, Kyaukpyu,

and Sandoway with an assistant commissioner in each district (Furnivall 1957:29).

The migrations were mostly motivated by the search of professional opportunity. During the

Burmese occupation there was a breakdown of the indigenous labor force both in size and structure.

Arthur Phayre reported that in the 1830s the wages in Arakan compared with those of Bengal were very

high. Therefore many hundreds, indeed thousands of coolies came from the Chittagong District by land

and by sea, to seek labor and high wages (Phayre 1836:696). R.B. Smart, the deputy assistant

commissioner of Akyab, wrote about the ‘flood’ of immigrants from Chittagong District as follows:

Since 1879, immigration has taken place on a much larger scale, and the descendants of the slaves

are resident for the most part in the Kyauktaw and Myohaung (Mrauk-U) townships. Maungdaw

Township has been overrun by Chittagonian immigrants. Buthidaung is not far behind and new arrivals

will be found in almost every part of the district (Smart 1957: 89).

At first most of them came to Arakan as seasonal agricultural laborers and went home after the

harvest was done. R. B. Smart estimated the number at about twenty-five thousand during the crop-

reaping season alone. He added that about the same number came to assist in plowing operations, to work

at the mills and in the carrying trades. A total of fifty thousand immigrants coming annually were

probably not far from the mark (Smart 1957: 99).

Moreover, hunger for land was the prime motive for the migration of most of the Chittagonians.

The British judicial records tell us of an increase in the first decade of the twentieth century in lawsuits of

litigation for the possession of land. The Akyab District Magistrate reported in 1913 that in Buthidaung

Subdivision, the Chittagonian immigrants stand to native Arakanese in the proportion of two to one, but

six sevenths of the litigation for land in the court was initiated by the Chittagonians (Smart 1957: 163).

Another colonial record delivers about a striking account of thesettlements of the Bengali immigrants

from Chittagong District as:

“Though we are in Arakan, we passed many villages occupied by Muslim settlers or descendents

of the settlers, and many of them Chittagonians” (Walker 1891(I): 15).

The colonial administration of India regarded the Bengalis as amenable subjects while finding

the indigenous Arakanese too defiant, rising in rebellion twice in 1830s. The British policy was also

favorable for the settlement of Bengali agricultural

communities in Arakan. A colonial record says:

Bengalis are a frugal race, who can pay without difficulty a tax that would press very heavily on

the Arakanese….(They are) not addicted like the Arakanese to gambling, and opium smoking, and their

competition is gradually ousting theArakanese ( Report of the Settlement Operation in the Akyab District

1887-1888: 21).

The flow of Chittagonian labor provided the main impetus to the economic development in

Arakan within a few decades along with the opening of regular commercial shipping lines between

Chittagong and Akyab. The arable land expanded to four and a half times between 1830 and 1852 and

Akyab became one of the major rice exporting cities in the world.

Indeed, during a century of colonial rule, the Chittagonian immigrants became the numerically

dominant ethnic group in the Mayu Frontier. The following census assessment shows the increase of

population of the various ethnic/religious groups inhabiting Akyab District according to the census

reports of 1871, 1901 and 1911. There was an increase of 155 percent in the population in the district.

According to the reports, even in an interior township Kyauktaw, the Chittagonian population increased

from 13,987 in 1891 to 19, 360 in 1911, or about seventy-seven percent in twenty years. At the same time

the increase of the Arakanese population including the absorption of the hill tribes and the returning

refugees from Bengal was only

22.03 percent.

The Assessment of the Census Reports for 1871, 1901, and 1911

Races 1871 1901 1911

Mahomedan 58,255 154,887 178,647

Burmese 4,632 35,751 92,185

Arakanese 171,612 230,649 209,432

Shan 334 80 59

Hill Tribes 38,577 35,489 34,020

Others 606 1,355 1,146

Total 276,671 481,666 529,943

It should be noted that all the Chittagonians and all the Muslims are categorized as Mohamedan in the

census reports.There was an increase of 206.67 percent in Mahomedan population in the Akyab District

and it was clear that only a few numbers of the transient agricultural laborers went home after the plowing

and harvesting seasons and most of them remained in Arakan, making their homes (Smart 1957:83).4 The

heyday of the migration was in the second half of the nineteenth century after opening of the Suez Canal,

for the British colonialists needed more labor to produce rice which was in growing demand in the

international market. In the 1921 Census, many Muslims in Arakan were listed as Indians (Bennison

1931: 213).

III. Communal Violence

Moshe Yegar suggests that during the colonial period the anti-Indian riots broke out in Burma

because of the resentment against unhindered Indian settlements particularly in Arakan, Tenasserim and

Lower Burma (Yegar 1992:29-31). But those riots that took place in Rangoon and other major cities in

1926 and 1938 never had had any effects on the peoples of Arakan. A peaceful coexistence was possible

for the two different religious/ethnic groups in the Mayu Frontier till the beginning of the World War II.

At the beginning of colonial era the establishment of bureaucratic administration by the British repealed

the traditional patron-client relationship in the Arakanese villages. The elected village headman had little

influence on the elected village council. As John F. Cady wrote, the government policy of forbidding the

village headman to take part in the activities related to the nationalist movements weakened the position

of the headman as the leader of village community, and as well as his connection with the Buddhist

monastery because most of the Buddhist monks were vigorously active in the movements (Cady 1958:

172-273). On the other hand British administration to a certain extent gave the Muslim village

communities religious and cultural autonomy. Maung Nyo, a kyunok(headman of the village tract) of

Maungdaw Township recorded4 See Appendix I. According to the 1872 Census Muslims had already

formed 26.1 per cent of the population of Akyab, the capital city of Arakan Division. Also see Appendix

II. According to the 1881 Census 68,809 people of the population of Arakan Division that numbered

276,877 were born in Bengal. How the new comers from the Chittagong District set up their village

communities in the frontier area. They occupied the villages deserted by the Arakanese during the

Burmese rule and established purely Muslim village communities. The village committee authorized by

the Village Amendment Act of 1924 paved the way for the Imam (moulovi) and the trusteeship

committee members of the village mosque to be elected to the village council. They were also allowed to

act as the village magistrates and shariah was somewhat in effect in the Muslim villages (Charter

1938:34-38). At least the Islamic court of village had the jurisdiction over familial problems such as

marriage, inheritance and divorce. There was no internal sense of unrighteousness and presence of

nonbelievers in their community, and accordingly they believe no internecine struggle was for the time

being necessary.

However, the ethnic violence between Arakanese Buddhists and those Muslim Chittagonians

brought a great deal of bloodshed to Arakan during the World War II and after 1948, in the opening

decade of independent Burma. Some people of the Mayu Frontier in their early seventies and eighties

have still not forgotten the atrocities they suffered in 1942 and 1943 during the short period of anarchy

between the British evacuation and the Japanese occupation of the area. In this vacuum there was an

outburst of the tension of ethnic and religious cleavage that had been simmering for a century. One of the

underlying causes of the communal violence was the Zamindary System brought by the British from

Bengal. By this system the British administrators

granted the Bengali landowners thousands of acres of arable land on ninety-year-leases. The Arakanese

peasants who fled the Burmese rule and came home after British annexation were deprived of the land

that they formerly owned through inheritance. Nor did the Bengali zamindars (landowners) want the

Arakanese as tenants on their land. Thousands of Bengali peasants from Chittagong District were brought

to cultivate the soil (Report of the Settlement Operations in the Akyab District 1887-1888: 2, 21).

Most of the Bengali immigrants were influenced by the Farai-di movement in Bengal that

propagated the ideology of the Wahhabis of Arabia, which advocated settling ikhwan or brethren in

agricultural communities near to the places of water resources. The peasants, according to the teaching,

besides cultivating the land should be ready for waging a holy war upon the call by their lords (Rahman

1979: 200-204). In the Maungdaw Township alone, there were, in the 1910s, fifteen Bengali Zamindars

who brought thousands of Chittagonian tenants and established Agricultural Muslim communities,

building mosques with Islamic schools affiliated to them. However, all these villages occupied by the

Bengalis continued to be called by Arakanese names in the British records (Grantham and Lat 1956: 41-

43, 48-51). For the convenience of Chittagonians seasonal laborers the Arakan Flotilla Company

constructed a railway between Buthidaung and Maungdaw in 1914. Their plan was to connect Chittagong

by railway with Buthidaung, from where the Arakan Flotilla steamers were ferrying to Akyab and other

towns in central and southern Arakan.

In the period of the independence movement in Burma in 1920s and 1930s the Muslims from the

Mayu Frontier were more concerned with the progress of Muslim League in India, although some

prominent Burmese Muslims such as M.A. Rashid and U Razak played an important role in the

leadership of the Burmese nationalist movement. In 1931, the Simon Commission was appointed by the

British Parliament to enquire the opinion of Burmese people for the constitutional reforms and on the

matter of whether Burma should be separated from Indian Empire. The spokeman of the Muslim League

advocated for fair share of government jobs, ten percent representation in all public bodies, and especially

in Arakan the equal treatment for Muslims seeking agricultural and business loans (Cady 1958: 294).

In education, the Chittagonians were left behind the Arakanese throughout the colonial period.

According to the census of 1901 only 4.5 percent of the Bengali Muslims were found to be literate while

the percentage for the Arakanese was 25.5. Smart reported that it was due to the ignorance of the

advantages of the education among the Chittagonian agriculturists. Especially Buthidaung and Maungdaw

were reported to be most backward townships because the large Muslim population in that area mostly

agriculturalists showed little interest in education. In 1894 there were nine Urdur schools with 375

students in the whole district. The British provincial administration appointed a deputy inspector for

Muslim schools and in 1902 the number of schools rose to seventy-two and the students increased to

1,474 (Smart 1957: 207-209). Consequently, more Arakanese and Hindu Indians were involved in the

ancillary services of the colonial administration. Towards the middle of twentieth century a new educated

and politically conscious younger generation had superseded the older, inactive ones. Before the

beginning of the Second World War a political party, Jami-a-tul Ulema-e Islam was founded under the

guidance of the Islamic scholars. Islam became the ideological basis of the party (Khin Gyi Pyaw 1960:

99).

Regarding the beginning of the ethnic violence in Arakan, Moshe Yegar wrote that when the

British administration was withdrawn to India in 1942 the Arakanese hoodlums began to attack the

Muslim villages in southern Arakan and the Muslims fled to the north where they took vengeance on the

Arakanese in Buthidaung and Maungdaw townships (Yegar 1972:67). However, an Arakanese record

says:

When the British administration collapsed by the Japanese occupation, the village headman of

Rak-chaung village in Myebon Township and his two younger brothers were killed by the kula (Muslim)

villagers. Although the headman was an Arakanese, some of the villagers were kulas. The two Arakanese

young men, Thein Gyaw Aung and Kyaw Ya, organized a group and attacked the kula villages and some

inhabitants were killed (Rakhine State People’s Council 1986:36).

It is certain that hundreds of Muslim inhabitants of Southern Arakan fled northward, and that

there were some cases of robbing the Indian refugees on the Padaung-Taungup pass over the Arakan

Yoma mountain ranges after the retreat of the British from the Pegu Division and southern Arakan. But

the news of killing, robbery and rape was exaggerated when it reached Burma India border (Ba Maw

1968: 78). The British left all these areas to the mercy of both Burmese and Arakanese dacoits. However,

N.R. Chakravati, an Indian scholar, gives a brief account of the flights of Indian refugees from the war

zone in the Irrawady valley across the Arakan Yoma.

Most of the estimated 900,000 Indians living in Burma attempted to walk over to India…100,000

died at the time… Practically all Indians except those who were not physically fit or were utterly helpless,

began to move from place to place in search of safety and protection until they could reach India

(Chakravarti 1971: 170).

The estimated number of Chakravarti includes all the Indian refugees from the whole Burma

proper excluding Arakan. The number of Chittagonian refugees put by Yegar was close to twentytwo

thousand (Yegar 1972: 98). However, the leaders of ANC (Arakan National Congress), formed in 1939

and that later becoming the Arakan branch of Anti-Fascist Organization (AFO) formed a de-facto

government, before the Japanese troops and Burma Independence Army (BIA) reached there. The ANC

announced that anybody or any organization looting or killing the refugees would be brought before the

justice and would be severely punished (New Burma Daily 1942: May 28). The Japanese air force

attacked Akyab on 23 March 1942 and the British moved their administrative headquarter to India on

March 30. The administration by martial law began in Akyab District on 13 April 1942 and with this

racial tension burst to the surface, giving way to the public disorder (Owen 1946: 26).

For all the bloody communal violence experienced by the Arakanese Buddhists in the Western

frontier, I feel strongly that it is reasonable to blame the British colonial administration for arming the

Chittagonians in the Mayu Frontier as the Volunteer Force. The V Force, as it is called by the British

Army, was formed in 1942 soon after the Japanese operations threatened the British position in India. Its

principal role was to undertake guerrilla operations against Japanese, to collect information of the

enemy’s movements and to act as interpreters. But the British Army Liaison Officer, Anthony Irwin

wrote that the participation of the local V Forces in the skirmishes with the Japanese in Arakan was

discredited by the British commanders (Irwin 1946: 7-8, 16).

The volunteers, instead of fighting the Japanese, destroyed Buddhist monasteries and Pagodas and

burnt down the houses in the Arakanese villages. They first killed U Kyaw Khine, the deputy

commissioner of Akyab District, left behind by the British government to maintain law and order in the

frontier area; they then massacred thousands of Arakanese civilians in the towns and villages. A record of

the Secretary of British governor of Burma in exile dated 4 February 1943 reads:

I have been told harrowing tales of cruelty and suffering inflicted on the Arakanese villages in the

Ratheedaung area. Most of the villages on the West bank of the Mayu River have been burnt and

destroyed by the Chittagonian V forces…. The enemy never came to these villages. They had the

misfortune of being in the way of our advancing patrols. Hundreds of villagers are said to be hiding in the

hills… It will be the Arakanese who will be ousted from their ancestral land and if they cannot be won

over in time, then there can be no hope of their salvation (British Library, London, India Office Records

R/8/9GS. 4243).

After the Japanese occupation of Akyab (Sittwe), Bo Yan Aung, the member of the Thirty

Comrades and commander of a BIA column, set up the administrative body in Akyab District and

attempted to cease the violence in the frontier area. Bo Yan Aung

discussed the matter with both Arakanese and Muslim leaders. He sent his two lieutenants, Bo Yan

Naung and Bo Myo Nyunt to Maungdaw to negotiate with the radical Muslim leaders. They tried to

persuade the Muslims to join in anti-imperialist and nationalist movement. But both of them were killed

in Maungdaw and Bo Yan Aung was called back to Rangoon by the BIA headquarters (Rakhine State

People’s Council 1986: 40-42).

For most of the Chittagonians it was a religious issue that would necessarily lead to the creation of

a Dah-rul-Islam, or at least to being united with their brethren in the west. It also aimed at the extirpation

of the Arakanese or being forced them to migrate to the south where there were overwhelming majority of

Arakanese Buddhists. The events during the war contributed the Chittagonians’ fervent sense of

alienation from the heterogeneous community of the Arakan. Anthony Irwin called the whole area a “No

Man’s Land” during the three years of Japanese occupation (Irwin 1946:27). Irwin explained how the

ethnic violence divided the Arakan State between Arakanese and Chittagonians:

As the area then occupied by us was almost entirely Mussulman Country … (from) that we drew

most of our “Scouts” and Agents. The Arakan before the war had been occupied over its entire lenghth by

both Mussulman and Maugh (Arakanese). Then in 1941 the two sects set to and fought. The result of this

war was roughly that the Maugh took over the southern half of the country and the Mussulman the North.

Whilst it lasted it was a pretty bloody affairs…My present gun boy a Mussulman who lived near to

Buthidaung, claims to have killed two hundred Maughs (Arakanese) (Irwin 1946: 21).

In the words of the historian, Clive J. Christie, the “ethnic cleansing in British controlled areas,

particularly around the town of Maungdaw,” was occurring till the arrival of Japanese troops to the

eastern bank of Naaf River (Christie 1996: 165). The British forces began to take offensive in the warfare

against the Japanese in northern Arakan in December 1944. The Arakanese troops of AFO maintained

law and order in the areas from which Japanese forces withdrew. Of course there were some prominent

Arakanese guerrilla leaders who cooperated with the Japanese during the war. British Battalion 65

occupied Akyab, the capital city of Arakan on 12 December 1944. As soon as Akyab was captured the

British Army began arresting the Arakanese guerrilla leaders. U Ni, a leader of AFO in Akyab was

accused of one hundred and fifty-two criminal offenses and sentenced to forty-two years in prison.

Another leader, U Inga was condemned to death by hanging five times, as well as forty-two-year

imprisonment. Consequently many guerrilla fighters escaped into hideouts in the forests (Myanmaralin

Daily 25 September 1945). On the contrary, Anthony Irwin praised the Chittagonian V Forces as

follows:

It is these minorities that have most helped us in throughout the three years of constant fighting and

occupation and it is these minorities who are most likely to be forgotten in the rush of Government. They

must not be. It is the duty of all of us, for whom they fought, to see this (Irwin 1946: 86).

During the early post-war years both Arakanese and Bengali Muslims in the Mayu Frontier looked

at each other with distrust. As the British Labor Government promised independence for Burma, some

Muslims were haunted by the specter of their future living under the infidel rule in the place where the

baneful Arakanese are also living. In 1946 a delegation was sent by the Jami-atul Ulema-e Islam to

Karachi to discuss with the leaders of the Muslim League the possibility of incorporation of Buthidaung,

Maungdaw and Ratheedaung townships into Pakistan, but the British ignored their proposal to detach the

frontier area to award it to Pakistan. The failure of their attempts ended in an armed revolt, with some

Muslims, declaring a holy war on the new republic. The rebels called themselves “Mujahid.” A guerrilla

army of 2700 fighters was organized (Khin Gyi Pyaw 1960: 99; The Nation Daily 1953: April16).

In fact the Arakanese were well on their way to rebellion. Under the leadership of two prominent

and politically active Buddhist monks, U Pinnyathiha and U Seinda, a guerrilla force of four hundred to

five hundred men was raised and assisted the Japanese in occupying the northern Arakan. U Pinnyathiha

even announced that the Japanese government had agreed to his proposal for a separate Arakanese unit of

Burma Independence Army. Later his force was known as the Arakan Defense Force,

under the command of Kra Hla Aung, the protégé of U Pinnyathiha. Later two monks became leaders of

Arakan Branch of AFO (Anti-Fascist Organization), turning their guns on the Japanese. At the middle of

1944 they were supported by the British with certain amount of arms to fight the Japanese. Brigadier

Richard Gordon Prescott, Deputy Director of Civil Affairs reported to the governor:

As result of arming certain members of AFO under the leadership of U Pinnyathiha and Kra Hla Aung,

the AFO (in Arakan) are endeavoring to set up a parallel government to that of the British Administration

and in fact repeating their modus operandi at the time of Japanese invasion of Arakan (British Library,

London, India Office Record M/2500).

In the meantime the AFO changed its name to AFPFL (Anti-Fascist and People’s Freedom

League) with U Aung San, the ultimate hero of the Burmese independence movement, as its leader. When

the AFPFL accepted the proposal of the governor of Burma to join the Executive Council, U Pinnyathiha

remained as the AFPFL leader in Arakan while U Seinda was actively preparing a revolt. U Sein Da’s

group was acting as a local government, controlling a number of villages in the Myebon township of

Kyaukpyu District and Minbya township of Akyab District. The fact of the matter was that U Seinda was

persuaded by the radical communists of Thakhin Soe’s faction of the Communist Party of Burma to

choose the way to independence by violence (British Library, London, India Office Records M/4/2500).

When the Aung San-Attlee Agreement was signed, U Seinda denounced it publicly. An All

Arakan Conference was held in Myebon on 1 April 1947 and about ten thousand people from all parties

in Arakan attended. U Aung San was openly assailed to his face as an opportunist by some people

attending the conference, using rebellious slogans (British Library, London, India Office Records

M/4/PRO: WO 203/5262). U Seinda with the communists behind him moved forward to the rebellion.

Actually, Thakhin Soe’s Red Flag Communists took advantage of the misunderstanding between U

Seinda and AFPFL. It was in fact an ideological struggle in the AFPFL, the national united front of

Burma that was under the leadership of the charismatic leader U Aung San. On the other side some

Arakanese intellectuals led by U Hla Tun Pru, a Barrister-at-Law, held a meeting in Rangoon and

demanded the formation of “Arakanistan” for the Arakanese people (British Library, London, India

Office Records, M/4/2503). All these movements of the Arakanese might have alarmed Muslims from the

Mayu Frontier. In the wake of independence most of the educated Muslims felt an overwhelming sense of

collective identity based on Islam as their religion and the cultural and ethnic difference of their

community from the Burmese and Arakanese Buddhists. At the same time the Arakanese became more

and more concerned with their racial security and ethnic survival in view of the increasingly predominant

Muslim population in their frontier.

The ethnic conflict in the rural areas of the Mayu frontier revived soon after Burma celebrated

independence on 4 January 1948. Rising in the guise of Jihad, many Muslim clerics (Moulovis) playing a

leading role, in the countryside and remote areas gave way to banditary, arson and rapes. Moshe Yeagar

wrote that one of the major reasons of Mujahid rebellion was that the Muslims who fled Japanese

occupation were not allowed to resettle in their villages (Yegar 1972:98). In fact, there were more than

two hundred Arakanese villages in Buthidaung and Maungdaw townships before the war began. In the

post-war years only sixty villages were favorable for the Arakanese resettlement. Out of these sixty, forty-

four villages were raided by the Mujahids in the first couple of years of independence. Thousands of

Arakanese villagers sought refuge in the towns and many of their villages were occupied by the

Chittagonian Bengalis (Rakhine State People’s Council 1986:58-60).

The Mujahid uprising began two years before the independence was declared. In March 1946 the

Muslim Liberation Organization (MLO) was formed with Zaffar Kawal, a native of Chittagong District,

as the leader. A conference was held in May 1948 in Garabyin Village north to Maungdaw and the name

of the organization was changed to “Mujahid Party.” Some Chittagonian Bengalis from nearby villages

brought the weapons they had collected during the wartime to the mosques in Fakir Bazaar Village and

Shahbi Bazaar Village (Department of Defense Service Archives, Rangoon, DR 491 (56)). Jaffar Kawal

became the commander in chief and his lieutenant was Abdul Husein, formerly a corporal from the

Akyab District police force (Department of Defense Service Archives, Rangoon, DR 1016). The Mujahid

Party sent a letter written in Urdur and dated 9 June 1948 to the government of Union of Burma through

the sub-divisional officer of Maungdaw Township. Their demands are as follows (Department of Defence

Service Archives, Rangoon: CD 1016/10/11):

The area between the West Bank of Kaladan River and the east bank of Naaf River must be recognized as

the National Home of the Muslims in Burma.

(2) The Muslims in Arakan must be accepted as the nationalities of Burma.

(3) The Mujahid Party must be granted a legal status as a political organization.

(4) The Urdur Language must be acknowledged as the national language of the Muslims in Arakan and be

taught in the schools in the Muslim areas.

(5) The refugees from the Kyauktaw and Myohaung (Mrauk-U) Townships must be resettled in their

villages at the expense of the state.

(6) The Muslims under detention by the Emergency Security Act must be unconditionally released.

(7) A general amnesty must be granted for the members of the Mujahid Party.

Calling themselves “the Muslims of Arakan” and “the Urdur” as their national language indicated

their inclination towards the sense of collective identity that the Muslims of Indian subcontinent showed

before the partition of India into two independent states. When the demands were ignored the Mujahids

destroyed all the Arakanese villages in the northern part of Maungdaw Township. On 19 July 1948 they

attacked Ngapruchaung and near by Villages in Maungdaw Township and some

villagers and Buddhist monks were kidnapped for ransoms (Department of Defense Service Archives,

Rangoon: CD 1016/10/11). On 15 and 16 June 1951 All Arakan Muslim Conference was held in

Alethangyaw Village, and “The Charter of the Constitutional Demands of the Arakani Muslims” was

published. It calls for “the balance of power between the Muslims and the Maghs (Arakanese), two major

races of Arakan.” The demand of the charter reads:

North Arakan should be immediately formed a free Muslim State as equal constituent Member of

the Union of Burma like the Shan State, the Karenni State, the Chin Hills, and the Kachin Zone with its

own Militia, Police and Security Forces under the General Command of the Union (Department of the

Defense Service Archives, Rangoon: DR 1016/10/13).

Here it is again noticeable that in the charter these peoples are mentioned as the Muslims of

Arakan. The word “Rohingya” was first pronounced by the Mr Abdul Gaffar, an MP from Buthidaung, in

his article “The Sudeten Muslims,” published in the Guardian Daily on 20 August 1951.

However, the new democracy in the independent Burma induced some Muslim leaders to remain

loyal to the state. The free and fair elections were held and four Muslims were elected to the legislature

from Buthidaung and Maungdaw townships. Meanwhile the Mujahid insurgency threw the frontier area

into turmoil for a decade. During his campaign for the 1960 elections, Burmese Prime Minister U Nu who

succeeded U Aung San after the independence hero was assassinated, promised the statehood for

Arakanese and Mon peoples. When he came to the office after a landslide victory the plans for the

formation of the Arakan and Mon states were affected. Naturally the Muslim members of parliament from

Buthidaung and Maungdaw Townships denounced the plan and called for the establishment of a

Rohingya State.

General Ne Win took power in a coup d’etat in 1962, and almost all the Rohingya movement

went underground. The first step of Ne Win’s Burmese Way to Socialism was the nationalization of the

private enterprises in 1964. The plan was clearly aimed at the transfer of private assets owned by the

Indian and Chinese entrepreneurs into state ownership in the form of the public corporations. Most of the

Indian and Pakistani businesspeople, living in the major cities of Burma, left Burma. In the two years

following the decision to nationalize the retail trade, some 100,000 Indians and some twelve thousand

Pakistanis left Burma for their homeland. The flow of Indians returning to India as a result of these

policies began in 1964 (Donison 1970: 199-200). But the Muslim agriculturists from Northern Arakan,

most of them, holding the national registration cards issued by the Department of National Registration in

the post-war decade, were not concerned with the event and remained in the frontier areas till the

Citizenship Law of 1982 was enforced in 1987.

In 1973, Ne Win’s Revolutionary Council sought public opinion for drafting anew constitution.

The Muslims from the Mayu Frontier submitted a proposal to the Constitution Commission for the

creation of separate Muslim State or at least a division for them (Kyaw Zan Tha 1995:6). Their proposal

was again turned down. When elections were held under the 1974 Constitution the Bengali Muslims from

the Mayu Frontier Area were denied the right to elect their representatives to the “Pyithu Hlut-taw”

(People’s Congress). After the end of the Independence War in Bangladesh some arms and ammunitions

flowed into the hands of the young Muslim leaders from Mayu Frontier. On 15 July 1972 a congress of

all Rohingya parties was held at the Bangladeshi border to call for the “Rohingya National Liberation”

(Mya Win 1992: 3).

Burma’s successive military regimes persisted in the same policy of denying Burmese citizenship

to most Bengalis, especially in the frontier area. They stubbornly grasped the 1982 Citizenship Law that

allowed only the ethnic groups who had lived in Burma before the First Anglo-Burmese War began in

1824 as the citizens of the country. By this law those Muslims had been treated as aliens in the land they

have inhabited for more than a century. According to the 1983 census report all Muslims in Arakan

constituted 24.3 percent and they all were categorized as Bangladeshi, while the Arakanese Buddhists

formed 67.8 percent of the population of the Arakan (Rakhine) State (Immigration and Manpower

Department 1987:I-14).

In the abortive 1988 Democracy Uprising, those Muslims again became active, hoisting the

Rohingya banner. Subsequently when the military junta allowed the registration of the political parties

they asked for their parties to be recognized under the name “Rohingya.” Their demand was turned down

and some of them changed tactics and formed a party, the National Democratic Party for Human rights

(NDPHR) that won in four constituencies in 1990 elections as eleven candidates of the Arakan League for

Democracy (ALD) were elected to the legislature. However, the Elections Commission abolished both the

ALD and the NDPHR in 1991. Some of the party members went underground and into exile. Recently,

the main objectives of the movement of some groups have been to gain the recognition of their ethnic

entity in the Union of Burma and to obtain the equal status enjoyed by other ethnic groups. But some

elements have adopted the radical idea of founding a separate Muslim state. The following are the

Rohingya organizations currently active on the Burma-Bangladesh border (Mya Win 1992: 3):

1. RSO (Rohingya Solidarity Organization)

2. ARIF (Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front)

3. RPF (Rohingya Patriotic Front)

4. RLO (Rohingya Liberation Organization)

5. IMA (Itihadul Mozahadin of Arakan)

IV. Conclusion

After Burma gained independence, a concentration of nearly ninety percent of the area’s

population, the distinguishing characteristics of their own culture and the Islamic faith formed an ethnic

and religious minority group in the western fringe of the republic. For successive generations their

ethnicity and Islam have been practically not distinguishable. At the beginning they adopted the policy of

irredentism in favor of joining East Pakistan with the slogan, “Pakistan Jindabad,” (Victory to Pakistan).

This policy faded away when they could not gain support from the government of Pakistan. Later they

began to call for the establishment of an autonomous region instead. Pakistan’s attitude toward the

Muslims in Arakan was different from the Islamabad’s policy toward Kashmiris. During the

Independence War in Bangladesh most of the Muslims in Arakan supported West Pakistan. After

Bangladesh gained independence Dhaka followed the policy of disowning those Chittagonians.

Consequently they had to insist firmly on their identity as Rohingyas. Their leaders began to complain

that the term “Chittagonian Bengali” had arbitrarily been applied to them. But the majority of the ethnic

group, being illiterate agriculturalists in the rural areas, still prefers their identity as Bengali Muslims.

Although they have showed the collective political interest for more than five decades since

Burma gained independence, their political and cultural rights have not so far been recognized and

guaranteed. On the contrary the demand for the recognition of their rights sounds a direct challenge to the

right of autonomy and the myth of survival for the Arakanese majority in their homeland. A symbiotic

coexistence has so far been inconceivable because of the political climate of mistrust and fear between the

two races and the policy of the military junta. The Muslims from the other parts of Arakan kept

themselves aloof from the Rohingya cause as well. Thus the cause of Rohingyas finds a little support

outside their own community, and their claims of an earlier historical tie to Burma are insupportable.

Dr. Aye Chan Appendix I

British Burma Census of 1872

(Akyab Town)

Group Male Female Total

Hindu 1,884 28 1,911

Mohomendan 3,516 1,502 5,018

Buddhist 5,892 5,627 11,519

Christian 216 109 325

Others 387 70 457

Grand Total 11,895 7,335 19,230

(Department of Revenue, Agriculture and Commerce 1875, 42)

Appendix II

The Statement Showing the Distribution of People According to

their Birth Places British Burma Census of 1881 (Arakan Division)

Birth Place Male Female Total

Akyab Dist. 144,746 132,131 276,877

Bassein 721 518 1,239

Hanthawaddy 178 157 335

Henzada 230 232 471

Kyauk Pyu 79,487 79,180 158,667

Mergui 3 2 5

Moulmein town 24 23 47

North Arakan 7,138 6,853 13,991

Prome 805 628 1,433

Rangoon Town 112 75 187

Sandoway 27,410 27,363 54,773

Shway Gyin 1 4 5

Tavoy 17 1 18

Tharawaddy 4 9 13

Thayetmyo 704 599 1,303

Thone Gwa 6 5 11

Toungoo 9 3 12

Assam 8 8

Bengal 49,374 19,435 68,809

Bombay 5 3 8

Central 2 1 3

Diu 27 27

Goa 5 5

Madras 1,823 31 1,854

Nepal 49 10 59

N-Western Provices 246 14 260

Oudh 2 2

Punjab 63 6 69

Afganistan 4 4

Arabia 3 3

(1881-British Burma Census. Appendix LXXVIII)

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(16) Yeagar, Moshe.1972. The Muslims of Burma: A Study of Minority Group. Wiesbaden.

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Gazetteer Voll:ll and Burma Gazetteer Akyab District Vol(A) by R.B Smart . pmom; udk &nfnGef;udk;um;I pwifa&;om;=uonfudk awG@&ygonf? 1960 ckESpf arvxkwf The

Guardian Burma's National Magazine wGif jrefrmedkifiHom; rlqvifpma&;olwOD;u "Roewengyas

in Arakan" acgif;pOfjzifh aqmif;yg;wapmif a&;om;&mwGifvnf; "about 788 A.D Mahataing

Chandra ascended the throne of Wethali founded a new city on the state of the old Ramawady and died

after a reign of twenty two years. During this reign several merchant ships were wrecked on Ramree

Island and the crews, said to have been Muslin called Arabs or Moors, were sent to Arakan proper that is,

Wethali and settled in villages."

10?10?10?10? 4if;pma&;olu qufvufa&;om;onfrSm "They intermarried and intermixed with the

indigenous races who claimed their religion and become Muslims." They built Mosques and started

missionary works. Islam became powerful in Arakan since then".

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(av;rsufESmbk&m;yHkxnfh&ef-------)

36?36?36?36? ajrmufOD;acwfordkif;udk qef;ppfavhvm=unfhygv#if (txufuqdkcJhonfhtwdkif;) ajrmufOD;acwf a&$a&mifv$rf;aomtcsdeftcg (16 ESifh 17 &mpkacwf) tdENd,r*dkwdk@ wefcdk;tm %m=uD;xGm;csdefESif@ acwfjydKifjzpfa=umif; avhvmawG@&Sd&ygonf? 37?37?37?37? r*dkrif;om;o#m;o#L*sm &cdkifjynfodk@ 0ifa&mufckdv_HcJhaom c&pfouU&mZf (1661)odk@r a&mufrD a&Shydkif;Y/ &ckdifESifht*dkwdk@ qufqHa&;taetxm;udk jyef=unfhv#if a'vDjrdK@@Y c&pf ouU&mZf (1494) rS (1500) txd/ xD;eef;pdkufcJhaom bmbm (Babur) onf/ r*dkedkifiHudk a&ShOD; pGmwnfaxmifI/ xdkrif;vGefjyD;aemuf om;awmf=uD; &_rmvGef (Humayun)onf crnf;awmf. t&dkuft&mudk (1530) rS (1556) txd qufcHpdk;pHcJha=umifh/ &ckdifjynfY (1531) rS (1553) ck txd pdk;pHcJhaom &ckdifbk&ifrif;=uD;ESifh rif;jydKifjzpfa=umif;awG@&onf?

38?38?38?38? rif;Am=uD;eef;wufjyD;I (1532) ck/ edk0ifbmvqef;pcsdefodk@ a&mufaomtcg a0omvD acwfOD;uyif &cdkifydkifeufe,fajrjzpfaom 'uUmESifhrl&Sd'gb'f (Mushidabad) jrdK@rsm;odk@ wpp0if um tydkifpD;&ef=udK;pm;aeaom t[mar'ifukvm;vlrsdK;rsm;tm; ESdrfeif;&rnfh tajctaeay: aygufvmjcif;a=umifh rif;Am=uD;onftvHk;t&if;ESifh csDwufcJh&onf? tcuftcJr&SdbJ atmif jrifpGm ESdrfeif;edkifcJhygonf? ,if;tcsdef r*dkbk&if&_rm,Gefonf rl&Sd'gb'f(Mushidabad) jrdK@. ajrmufydkif; rdkif(80) cef@uGma0;aom *g0gjynfi,fudk vufatmufcHtjzpfjzifh odrf;ydkufum ,if;rSmyif&Sdaeygonf? ,if;uJhodk@aomtajctaerSm *g0gjynfudkodrf;ydkufrnfqdkygv#if tvG,f wuljzpfedkifao;onf[k rif;Am=uD;od.? odk@aomfvnf; rif;Am=uD;onf udk,fydkife,fajr wn_d@ wxGmudkr#vnf; rusL;ausmfrapmfum;apvdkouJhodk@/ ol@ydkifeufe,fajrwn_d@wxGmudkr#vnf; rusL;ausmfrapmfum;tyf/ rdrdtiftm;=uD;onf[lI tiftm;enf;aomwzufom;udk rw&m; rzdESdyftyf/ &efp&Snfwwfonf[k rdef@awmfrljyD;v#if *g0godk@csDwufwdkufcdkufcJhjcif;rjyKcJhyg?

(e,l;a'vDjrd k@&Sd r*dkbk&if&lrm,Gef.tkyf*lyHk )

39? xdkr#omr[kwf rif;Am=uD;onf r*dkbk&if&lrm,GefESifh wdkif;jynfe,ferdwf tydkif;tjcm;udk owfrSwfum r[mrdwfzGJ@cJhygonf? Zabmufo#m; (Zabauk Shah) [laombGJ@onf r*dkbk&if u rif;Am=uD;um; r[mrdwftjzpfjzifh qufuyfaombGJ@jzpfI yefpD (Pebsi) onf rif;bm=uD; ESifh vufqufaom &lrm,Gef.orD;awmfjzpf.? yefpDw,f (Pensital) [lIvnf;ac:.? &cdkif &mZ0ifY “yJoDwm”yJoDwm”yJoDwm”yJoDwm” rif;oRD;[kwGif.? rif;Am}uD;eef;wufI (2) ESpfajrmuf c&pfouU&mZf (1533) ckrSpI rif;&mZm}uD;.om;awmf rif;carmif;ewf&Gmvm;onfh (1622) ckxd ESpfaygif; (90)wdkifatmiftqufrjywfbJ/ &cdkifESifhr*dkr[mrdwfjzpfcJh=uygonf? ,if;a=umifh rif;zavmif; tm; pDuif'go#m; ( Siecunda Shah)/ rif;&mZm=uD;tm; aqmfvdrfo#m; (Selimn

Shah )/ rif;c armif;tm; [lpdefo#m; (Hussein Shah) / [laombGJ@udk r*dkwdk@ r[mrdwftaeESifh ay;quf=u a=umif; awG@&onf? (ppfwaumif;rif;'*Fg;ESifh rif;bifocF,m '*Fg;yHk) (ppfwaumif;rif;) (rif;bifoifc,m)

40?40?40?40? c&pfouU&mZf (13)&mpktpydkif;avmufuyif r[mar'ifukvm;vlrsdK;wdk@onf **Fgjrpf. ta&Shbufjzpfaom &cdkife,fajr(b*Fge,f)xJodk@ trSwfrxifpdrfh0ifae=uygonf? oD&dok"rR&m Zm(1622-1638) vufxufodk@ a&mufaomtcg pdrfh0ifusL;ausmfolwdk@.

tiftm;rSm rsm;pGm awmifhwif;vmcJhjyD;jzpfojzifh tuGufaumif;vmonfESifhwjydKifeuf b*Fgwe,fvHk;ukdodrf;ydkuf &ef }udK;pm;vm=uawmhonf? usL;ausmfolwdk@.aemuf0,f r*dkbk&if o#m;*s[ef &Sdaeonf? xdk@a}umifh oD&dok"rR&mZmESifh o#m;*s[efwdk@. qufqHr_tajctaerSm wif;rmvmjyD;v#if ppfrufjzpfyGm;edkifaom tajctaeodk@yif qdkufa&mufcJhygonf? ,if;a=umifhvnf; oD&dok"rR &mZmY crnf;awmf/ bdk;awmf/ ab;awmfwdk@ vufxufrSmuJhodk@ ukvm;bGJ@udkrawG@&jcif;jzpfyg onf? &cdkif r*dkr[mrdwfb0onf TtcsdefrSpI tqHk;owfcJha=umif;awG@&ygonf? 41?41?41?41? Tonfwkd@rSmum; &ckdifbk&ifukvm;bGJ@ukd okH;pGJvmjcif;. ta=umif;tcsuftvuf Zpfjrpfyifjzpfayonf? ukvm;bGJ@ukd &ckdifbJG@trnfjzifhwGJI '*gF;cwfESdyf&mwGif a&;xdk;xm;aom bk&ifrif;zavmif;/ rif;&mZm}uD;ESifh rif;carmif; wkd@rSm &cdkiforkdif;wGif tvGefxif&Sm;I/ oD&d ok"rR&mZmrif;vufxufa&mufaomtcgwGif '*Fg;cyfESdyf&mY &cdkifbGJ@ESifh &cdkifpmwpfzuf yg&Sef; em*&Dpm wpfzufukd okH;pGJcyfESdyfao;aomfvnf; ukvm;bGJ@ryg&Sdawmhyg? oD&dok"rR&mZmrif; rSpI aemufykdif;rif;rsm;rSm ukvm;bGJ@rsm;vnf;r&Sdawmhovkd '*Fg;cwfESdyf&mwGifvnf; ukvm; pmukd vk;H0rawG h&awmhyg?

rif;zavmif;/rif;&mZm}uD;/ oD&dok"rR&mZm '*Fg;rsm;ykH

42?42?42?42? ajrmufOD;'kwd,acwf rif;zavmif;vufxufupI &ckdifydkif b*Fg(12)cGifY ppfwaumif;jrdK@ pm;omrubJ/ b*Fg(12)cGifukd tkyfcsLyfonfh taemufbk&ifrsm;vnf; cef@xm;a=umif;awG@vm &onf? taemufbk&ifrsm;&Hk;pkduf&mae&mrSm rla&S'gbwfjzpfonf? taemufbk&iftrnf pmwrf;xkd;I &ckdifpmwpfbuf/ yg&Sef;ESifh tma&AD (Arabic) wbuf a&;xkd;I aiG'*Fg;rsm;xkwf vkyfa=umif;awG@&onf? xdktxJwGif uGsEkfyfwkd@awG@xm;aom plVpjEN'*Fg;[k ,lqxm;cJh=uaom plVr[m&mZm'*Fg;ESifh rif;xD;'*Fg;[k,lqxm;cJhaom OD;&D;awmf r[meENb, pma&;xkd;yg '*Fg;rSmvnf; ajrmufOD;'kwd,acwf rif;&mZm}uD; vufxuf taemufbk&ifrsm;xkwfa0aom '*Fg;jzpfaea}umif; tdENd,elkdifiH umvuUwm;jrdK@ (Calcutta) rS(Mr.Vasant Chowdhury) . (The Arakani Governers and Their Coins) acgif;pOfyg pmwrf;t& odvm&onf? Tonf rSm uGsEkfyfwkd@ ,cifuvufcHxm;cJhjcif;ukd acszsufvkdufjcif;yifjzpfygonf? taemufbk&if rsm;xkwfa0aom '*Fg;pm&if;ukd pmrsufESm (59)wGif&_yg? 43?43?43?43? &cdkifjynftwGif;okd@ rlqvifrsm;jzpfaom r*kdrsm; xdk;azguf0ifa&mufjcif; rjyKEldif&mY tcsufwpfcsufrSm b*Fvm;jynfe,ftwGif; t*Fvdyfwkd@ 0ifa&mufcJhjcif; jzpfygonf?

t*Fvdyf rsm;tm; r*kdbk&ifwkd@u b*Fvm;jynfe,frSarmif;xkwfvdkufjyD;onfhaemuf at'D (1690) ckESpf wGif t*Fvdyfwdk@u umvuUwm;jrdK@ukd 0,f,lcJhjyD;aemuf cHwyfjrdK@tjzpf wnfaqmufum tckdiftrm aevmcJhygonf? at'D(1756)ckESpfwGif r*kdwkd@u umvuUwm;cHwyfjrdK@ukd odrf;,l jyD;aemuf zrf;qD;&rdaom t*FvdyfvlrsKd;wkd@tm; usOf;usyfao;i,faom tcef;wGif csOfaESmifcJh aoma=umifh aoqHk;ukefcJhonfhjzpf&yf (Black

Hotel Tragedy) ukd ta=umif;jyKvsuf b*Fvm; ukd t*Fvdyfwkd@u odrf;ykdufcJhygonf? ,if; odrf;ykdufvkdufjcif;a=umifh r*kdrsm;ESifh qufqH&ef ta=umif;enf;yg;cJhjyD; t*Fvdyfrsm;ESifhqufqH&ef jzpfvmonf? 44?44?44?44? at'D (1760) ckESpfwGif &ckdifwkd@u t*Fvdyfykdifb*Fvm;a'otwGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufI uGsef rsm;ukd zrf;qD;aeygonf[k ta=umif;jyum &ckdifukd t*Fvdyfu vma&muf wdkufckduf&ef pDpOfcJhonftxd t*Fvdyf-&ckdifqufqHa&;rSm wif;rmaecJhygonf? (ajrmufOD;acwfaemufykdif; umvrsm;Y &ckdifjynfe,fwGif eef;vkr_/ ykefuefr_/ jynfyrSxdyg;r_/ rjidrfoufr_rsm;ukd t}udrf}udrf tzefzef awG@=uHK&onfukd awG@&Sdvm&ygonf? xkdokd@jzpfaeonfh tcsdefrSm jrefrmtrR&yl& wyfwkd@onf ppfra=ujimbJ &cdkifjynfokd@csDwufvmum (45)&uf =umwkdufyGJtjyD; ajrmufOD; jrdK@awmf usqk;HcJhonfwGif &cdkifbk&ifbk&ifacwfrSm ed*kH;csKyfcJhygawmhonf? 45//45//45//45// &cdkifbk&ifrsm;acwf &ckdifjynfwGif vlOD;a&pm&if;rnfodk@&Sdonfukd rod&ojzifh EkdifiHjcm;om; rlqvifOD;a& rnfr#&Sda=umif; raz:jyEkdifaomfvnf; renf;tyg;om&Sda=umif; a&S;a[mif;AvD ta&twGufu az:jyv#uf&Sdygonf// txufwGifazmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; &ckdifjynftwGif;&Sdonfh rlqvifrsm;rSm &ckdifurf;&kd;wef;a'owGif aomifwifum tajcpkdufaexkdif=uaom oabFysuf/ avysufwkd@rS oabFmom;rsm;ESifh tquftEG,frsm;/ &ckdifbk&if rif;aejynfawmftwGif;rS rif;r_ xrf;rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; aexkdif=uolrsm;ESSifh &ckdifbk&ifrsm; ppfatmifEkdif&mrS zrf;qD;ac: aqmifvm=uonfh ppfokH@yef;rsm; uGsefrsm;tjzpf ac:aqmifvmolrsm;om jzpfonfukd awG@&Sd& ygonf// &ckdifrsm;onf ppfwaumif;a'oESifh **Fgjrpfurf;a'ojzpfaom b*Fvm;jynfe,fukd pkd;rkd;tkyfcsKyfxm;EkdifcJhI xkda'o&Sd rlqvifOD;a&ukd xnfhwGufjcif;jzifh &ckdifjynfwGif rlqvif OD;a&onf oabmomjzpfa=umif; awG@&SSdEkdifygonf// at'D(17)&mpk tapmykdif;wGif &ckdifyifr a&wyf=uD;ukd ppfwaumif;a'owGif xm;&Sdonf[laom taxmuftxm;rsm;u Ttcsuf ukd az:nGef;v#uf&Sdygonf// 46//46//46//46// &cdkifjynfukd jrefrmbk&ifonf at'D (1785) ckESpfrS at'D (1825) ckESpftxd ESpfaygif;(40) =um a'oav;ckcGJjyD; jrdK@0efrif;rsm;cefhtyfum tkyfcsKyfcJhojzifh Tumvukd av;jrdK@0efacwf[k ac:wGifcJhygonf// jrefrmbk&iftkyfcsKyfpOfumvtwGif; usqkH;oGm;onfh

&ckdifxD;eef;ukd jyefvnf &,lvkdI &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;u x=uGyefuefjcif;rsm;&SdouJhokd@ jrdK@0efrif;. tcGeftaumuf=uD;rm;r_/ vlrsm;r=umc% awmif;cJhjcif;rsm;&cJhojzifh yefuefx=uGjcif;(9)=udrfcef@ &SdcJhygonf// Tykefuef x=uGr_rsm;ukd ESdrfeif;cJhjcif;wdk@a=umifh &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm; tvkH;t&if;jzifh wzufEkdifiHokd@ ckdv_HoGm;cJh =uygonf// okd@jzpfygI av;jrdK@0efacwfwGif &ckdifjynftwGif; vlOD;a&avsmhenf;oGm;onfukdawG@ &Sd&ygonf// (ajrmufOD;jrd k@&Sd &cdkifbk&ifeef;awmf&ma[mif; jrif;uGif;wck)

2.Comparative Statement between Rahine Scholars and Sir Arthur Phayre Showing Ancient

Dynasties and different Periodisations

RAKHINE SCHOLARS SIR ARTHUR P.PHAYRE (A) (B)

SN Dynasties Christian

Eras Rakhine

Eras Span Rulers Christian

Eras Rakhine

Eras Span Rulers

1. Dhannywady Marayu-Dannya

BC 3287- BC 2666-BC

824 1842 54

Kanrazagri -

Danaya BC 824 –

AD(0) 824 23

Ralamaryu -

Danaya AD (1 ) – AD

146 146 5

Sandathuria -

Danaya -AD 346 3651 110 AD 146 –

AD 788 642 25

2. Wethali AD 364 –

AD 793 429 25 AD 788 150-

AD 793 –

AD 794 155 - 156 1 -

Sambwak AD 794 –

AD 818 156 - 180 24 1 -AD 1018 -380 230 12

3. Pyinsa AD 818 –

AD 1103 180 - 465 285 AD 1018 –

AD 1103 380 – 465 85 15

4. Parain AD 1103 –

AD 1142 465 - 504 39 AD 1103 –

AD 1167 465 – 529 64 8

5. Khraik AD 1142 –

AD 1151 504 - 513 9 AD 1167 –

AD 1180 529 – 542 13 4

6. Second Sambwak AD 1151 –

AD 1161 513 - 523 10

7. Nareinsara AD 1161 –

AD 1250 523 - 612 89

8. Second Pyinsa AD 1180 –

AD 1237 542 – 599 57 16

9. Laungrat AD 1250 612 AD 1237 –

AD 1404 599 – 766 167 17

AD 1430 -792 180 61 AD 1404 –

AD 1430 766 – 792 26 1

10. Mrauk-U AD 1430 –

AD 1784 792 - 1146 354 48 AD 1430 –

AD 1784 792 - 1146 354 48

5071 245 4450 218

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&cdkiftaemufbk&ifrsm; xkwfa0cJhaom '*Fg;ESifh ouU&mZf&cdkiftaemufbk&ifrsm; xkwfa0cJhaom '*Fg;ESifh ouU&mZf&cdkiftaemufbk&ifrsm; xkwfa0cJhaom '*Fg;ESifh ouU&mZf&cdkiftaemufbk&ifrsm; xkwfa0cJhaom '*Fg;ESifh ouU&mZf

pOf taem ufb k& if '*Fg;ygtrn f aw mfq ufyHk xkw fvkyfo nfhESpf

rSw fcsuf acgif;b u f yef;b uf

1 // rif;apm v S oD& doD& d taem ufb k& if

953 rif;w & m ;=uD; o wdk;taem ufb k& if

rif;zav m if;. om ;awmf

au m Zm 953 at'D 1591

yx rqHk;ao m tatm ufbk& if

2 // rif;n dk tDpv efo #m 959 e& "dywdo wdk; taem ufb 0&Sif

rif;zav m if;. o m ;aw mf

au m Zm 957 at'D 1597

3 // oD[ ywd plv w ef [ Dvufv fo #m

960ck& m "dyw d OD;& D;aw mf r[ moD[ ok&

rif;& m Zm =uD;. OD;av ;

au m Zm 960 at'D 1598

u syfj yn fh'*Fg; OD;& D;aw mf eENb , '*Fg;[ k ,Qif, lq cJhao m '*Fg;

plv w ef [ Dvufv fo #m

plVr[ m &m *sm ig;rl;o m ; '*Fg;plVpaj EN'*Fg;[ k ,Qif, lq cJhao m '*Fg;

4 // csm u& m bm a'

oD& doD& d plv refo #m

973 q ifj zL &Sifo wdk; q lv ref

rif;& m Zm =uD;. om ;

au m Zm 973 at'D 1611

rif;& m Zm =uD;. o m ; rif;ref= u D; '*Fg;j zpfedkif/ / rif;ref= u D;u dk ay: wl*Dwdk@u t,fv ref*sm [k ac: = uo nf/ /

5 // taem ufb k& ifrif;& J

ppfw aum if;plv w ef 1038 AD

ppfw aum if;rif; oD& dok"rR& m Zm ESifh nDtpfu dkw 0rf;uGJ

au m Zm 1000 at'D 1638

ppfw aum if;wGifx kwfv kyfo nf/ /

6// olykefrif;& J ylZm zgo #m ppfw aum if; rif;& Jau smfx if

at'D 1638 r*dkydkifeu ftw Gif;x kwfv kyfo nf/ /

7 // oD& daZ, saemf& xm

ppfw aum if;&m Zm

100 ppfw aum if; oD& daZ, saemf&x m

rod at'D 1638 e& ywdrif;= u D; eef;o uftw Gif;

8 // rif;& Jo D[ol eDZrfo #m rif;& Jo D[ol rod at'D 1645 b k& ifowdk;rif;w & m ;oufw rf;tw Gif;

9// rif;& o cFy0g ppfw aum if; ylb m & pfo #m

rif;& Jo cFy0g pENo k"rR& m Zm . nDtpfu dk0rf;u GJaw mfpyf

at'D 1652 aem ufq kH;ao m ppfw aum if;taemu fbk& if ,Qifrif ;Ag= u D;'*Fg;

tykdif;tykdif;tykdif;tykdif; (2)(2)(2)(2)

t*Fvdyfvufatmuf&ckdifjynft*Fvdyfvufatmuf&ckdifjynft*Fvdyfvufatmuf&ckdifjynft*Fvdyfvufatmuf&ckdifjynf 18 &mpkaESmif;ykdif;18 &mpkaESmif;ykdif;18 &mpkaESmif;ykdif;18 &mpkaESmif;ykdif; 47//47//47//47// t*Fvdyfrsm;onf tdENd,edkifiHwGif (17) &mpktapmykdif;rSpwifI ukefukl;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; vkyfukdifonfh ta&ShtdENd,ukr%Djzifhxkd;azguf0ifa&mufum c&pfouU&mZf (1765) ckESpfwGif r*kdtifyg,mykdif bk&if&Sm;tmvrfxHrS b*Fvm;/ bD[mESifh atm&pPjynfe,fwkd@ukd tkyfcsKyfcGifh &&SdonfwGif tdENd,wEkdifiHvkH;ukd pkd;rkd;oGm;ygawmhonf// Tokd@pkd;rkd;jyD;aemuf jrefrmbk&ifu &ckdifukd ppfra=ujimbJ 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufodrf;ykdufvkdufaoma=umifh t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmwkd@rSm xdyfwkduf&ifqkdif&rnfh tajctaeay:aygufvmawmhonf// 19 &mpktpykdif;19 &mpktpykdif;19 &mpktpykdif;19 &mpktpykdif; 48//48//48//48// jrefrmESifht*Fvdyfwkd@onf e,fajrcsif;xdawG@ae&ojzifh r=umc% tjiif;yGm;rlrsm;/ tcsif; yGm;r_rsm; jzpfcJhygonf// jrefrmbk&iftm;yefuefcJhaom &ckdifhawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ukd t*Fvdyf wkd@u ckdvkH@cGifhay;cJhum yif;0gwGifjrdK@wnfI xm;cJhygonf// jrefrmbufu t*Fvdyfwkd@tm; yef uefol(3)OD;tm; zrf;qD;v$Jajymif;&ef awmif;qkdcJhonfukd t*Fvdyfwdk@u vkdufav#mh vkyfaqmif ay;cJhygonf// aemufykdif; t*Fvdyf-jrefrmwkd@. qufqHa&;rSm wif;rmvmcJhygonf// Todk@&Sdae pOf ta&ShtdENd,ukrR%DESifh opfxkwfvkyfr_udpPrsm;wGif jrefrmbufrS zrf;qD;ta&;,lr_rsm; a=umifh at'D (1824) wGif t*Fvdyfwdk@u jrefrmukd ppfa=ujimwkdufckdufr_rsm;jyKvkyfvmcJhonf// (2)ESpf=um ppfyGJjzpfyGm;jyD;aemuf at'D (1826)

ck/ azazmf0g&Dv(24) &ufaehwGif &EWykdppfjidrf; csrf;a&;pmcsKyf csKyfqkdcJhum jrefrmEkdifiH. &ckdifjynfESifhweoF&Durf;ajrmifa'owkd@ukd t*Fvdyfwkd@ tm;ay;tyfcJh&ygonf// t*Fvdyfwkd@u xkda'orsm;ukd tdENdd,. tpdwftykdif;tjzpf oGwfoGif; um tkyfcsKyfjcif;jyKcJhonfukd cH&ygonf// t*FvdyfvufatmuftdENd,A[kdtpkd;&tkyfcsKyfr_atmufokd@a&muf&Sdjcif;t*FvdyfvufatmuftdENd,A[kdtpkd;&tkyfcsKyfr_atmufokd@a&muf&Sdjcif;t*FvdyfvufatmuftdENd,A[kdtpkd;&tkyfcsKyfr_atmufokd@a&muf&Sdjcif;t*FvdyfvufatmuftdENd,A[kdtpkd;&tkyfcsKyfr_atmufokd@a&muf&Sdjcif; 19 &mpktv,fykdif;19 &mpktv,fykdif;19 &mpktv,fykdif;19 &mpktv,fykdif; 49?49?49?49? at'D (1858) ck/ ekd0ifbm (1) &ufaehwGif tdENd,ekdifiHukdta&ShtdENd,ukr%D. tkyfcsKyfr_ atmufrS t*Fvdyftpkd;&.tkyfcsKyfr_atmufokd@ v$Jajymif;&,la=umif; t*Fvdyftpkd;&ua=ujim cJhygonf? okd@jzpfI tdENd,ekdifiH. tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf oGwfoGif;owfrSwfjcif;cH&onfh &ckdif jynfESifh weoFm&Durf;ajrmifa'owdk@onfvnf; t*Fvdyftpkd;&tkyfcsKyfr_vufatmufokd@ a&muf&SdcJhygonf? tdENd,ekdifiH. A[kdtpkd;&&kH;pkduf&mjrdK@rSm xdkpOfujrefrmekdifiHESifh uyfv#uf&Sd aom b*Fvm;jynfe,f&Sd umvuUwm;jrdK@ jzpfonfukdawG h&ygonf? ppfawGjrdK@ukdwnfaxmifjcif;ppfawGjrdK@ukdwnfaxmifjcif;ppfawGjrdK@ukdwnfaxmifjcif;ppfawGjrdK@ukdwnfaxmifjcif; 50?50?50?50? t*Fvdyfwkd@onf &ckdifjynfukdodrf;ykdufjyD;onfhaemuf c&pfouU&mZf(1827) ckESpfwGif ppf awGjrdK@ukd wnfaxmifumtkyfcsKyfcJhygonf? ppfab;'%fa=umifh ppfwaumif;/ b*Fvm;ponf wkd@ukd ajy;0ifckdvH_cJh=uaom &ckdifrsm;onf ppfawGjrdK@uJhodk@ wnfaxmifpjrdK@rsm;okd@4if;/ rdrdwkd@ ae&if;a'orsm;okd@4if;/ jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmcJh=uygonf? (1831) ckESpfvlOD;a&pm&if;rsm;t& ppfawG/ oHwGJESifh ausmufjzLc&kdifwkd@wGif vlOD;a&rSm wodef;ausmfcef@om&SdcJhygonf? pl;tufwl;ajrmif; azgufvkyfjcif;ESpl;tufwl;ajrmif; azgufvkyfjcif;ESpl;tufwl;ajrmif; azgufvkyfjcif;ESpl;tufwl;ajrmif; azgufvkyfjcif;ESifhtwl t*Fvdyfrsm;onfifhtwl t*Fvdyfrsm;onfifhtwl t*Fvdyfrsm;onfifhtwl t*Fvdyfrsm;onf &ckdifjynftwGif;okd@ &ckdifjynftwGif;okd@ &ckdifjynftwGif;okd@ &ckdifjynftwGif;okd@ b*FgvDukvm;rsm;ukd ac:,lr_pwifjcif;b*FgvDukvm;rsm;ukd ac:,lr_pwifjcif;b*FgvDukvm;rsm;ukd ac:,lr_pwifjcif;b*FgvDukvm;rsm;ukd ac:,lr_pwifjcif; 51?51?51?51? t*Fvdyfrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tjrwfxkwfa&;twGuf jrefrmekdifiHokd@0if&mufvmonf jzpf&m &Sdonfhajrrsm;wGif pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyf&ef wdkif;&if;om;rsm;.vkyftm;jzifh tm;&wif;wdrfjcif;r&Sd awmhojzifh tdENd,ekdifiHrSv,form;/ tvkyform;rsm;ukd&,lzdk@ pDpOfaqmif&Gufvmygonf?(1869) ckESpfwGif pl;tufwl;ajrmif;azgufvkyfvdkufonftwl urBmhqefrsm; aumif;rGefvmo jzifh t*Fvdyfrsm;onf &ckdifjynftwGif;okd@ ppfwaumif;b*Fvm;wkd@rS b*FvD-rlqvifrsm;ukd enf;trsKd;rsdK;jzifh ac:,lvkyfukdifjcif;jyKcJhygonf?

19 &mpkaESmif;ykdif;19 &mpkaESmif;ykdif;19 &mpkaESmif;ykdif;19 &mpkaESmif;ykdif; 52?52?52?52? t*Fvdyfrsm;onf(1874)ckESpfwGif tdENd,ekdifiHom;ukvm;rsm;tm; v,form;rsm; tjzpf ac:,lae&mcsxm;&ef pDpOfcJhygonf? Ttaxmuftxm;rsm;t& xdkpOfu ajrvGwfajr &kdif;rsm;ukd *&efay;&mY pnf;urf;csufw&yfrSm *&ef&&Sdolonf *&efajra'o.jyifywGif aexdkif oljzpfap&rnf[laom tcsufjzpfygonf? *&ef(24)ckxkwfay;cJh&mY armifawmjrdK@e,fwGif *&ef(15)ckESifh bl;oD;awmifjrdK@e,fwGif *&ef(9)ck jzpfa=umif;awG@&Sd&ygonf?okd@jzpfIvnf; 4if;jrdK@ e,frsm;wGif b*FvDrlqvifrsm; tpkdiftcJESifhtajcpkduf aexdkifedkififcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? tvkyform;tufOya'w&yfjyXmef;jcif;tvkyform;tufOya'w&yfjyXmef;jcif;tvkyform;tufOya'w&yfjyXmef;jcif;tvkyform;tufOya'w&yfjyXmef;jcif; 53? 53? 53? 53? edkifiHjcm;om;ukvm;rsm;onf v,form;rsm;tjzpfaexkdif=uovkd v,f,mtvkyform; rsm;tjzpf vma&mufvkyfukdifjyD; ajcpdkufaexdkif=uoluaexdkif/ tdENd,ekdifiHokd@vkyfief;&moD ukefqHk;csdefwGif jyefolujyef=ua=umif;awG@&Sd&ojzifh t*Fvdyfrsm;onf (1876) ckESpfwGif tvkyf orm;tufOya'w&yfukd jyXgef;vmcJhjyefygonf? TtufOya't& tdENd,ekdifiHom;tvkyf orm;rsm;ukd&,ljcif;xuf jyifyuefx&kdufwmwkd@rSwqifh &,ljcif;u vG,fulojzifh v,f,m ydkif&SifESifh t*Fvdyfvufa0cHt&if;&Sifwkd@u vG,fulaomenf;ukdtok;HjyK=uojzifh xkdtvkyf orm;tufOya'rSm t"dyg,fr&SdjzpfcJhygonf?

b*FvDukvm;rsm;ukd o,f,l&eft*Fvdyfwkd hu oabFmukr%Drsm;zGifhvSpfjcb*FvDukvm;rsm;ukd o,f,l&eft*Fvdyfwkd hu oabFmukr%Drsm;zGifhvSpfjcb*FvDukvm;rsm;ukd o,f,l&eft*Fvdyfwkd hu oabFmukr%Drsm;zGifhvSpfjcb*FvDukvm;rsm;ukd o,f,l&eft*Fvdyfwkd hu oabFmukr%Drsm;zGifhvSpfjcif;if;if;if; 54?54?54?54? xkdtvkyform;tufOya'jyXgef;onfh (1876)ckESpfwGif tufOya't&r[kwfbJ tvGwf oabm jrefrmekdifiHtwGif;okd@0ifa&mufvmol ekdifiHjcm;om;ukvm;OD;a&rSm(15000)ausmfcefh&Sd a=umif;ESifh/ aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGifvnf; 0ifa&mufvmolESpfpOf(15000)ausmfcef@&Sdonf[k qkdyg onf? (British India Steam Navigation Company) ac: t*Fvdyfydkif oabFmukr%Du tdENd,ekdifiHrS jrefrmekdifiHokd@tqkdyg tdENd,edkifiHom;ukvm;tvkyform;rsm;ukd wOD;wnf;o,f ykd@vkyfukdifv#uf&Sd&mrS(1880)ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifaom(Asiatic Steam Navigation Company)

ac: t&if;&SifoabFmukr%Du 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifvmojzifh oabFmcrsm;av#mh csjcif;jyKv#uf tjydKiftqdkifvkyfukdifvm=ua=umif; t*Fvdyfwkd@taeESifh tvkyform;rsm;rsm; &&SdjyD; jrefjrefqefqef pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyfa&mif;csvdkonfjzpfaoma=umifh oabFmukr%Drsm;tm; axmufyHha=u;ay;onfh tpDtpOfukdtokH;jyKvmcJha=uif; awG h&Sd&ygonf?

b*FgvDukvm;rsm; &cdkifokd@a&muf&Sdvmonfh OD;a&b*FgvDukvm;rsm; &cdkifokd@a&muf&Sdvmonfh OD;a&b*FgvDukvm;rsm; &cdkifokd@a&muf&Sdvmonfh OD;a&b*FgvDukvm;rsm; &cdkifokd@a&muf&Sdvmonfh OD;a&

55?55?55?55? (1880-81) ckESpfwGif eldifiHjcm;om; tvkyform;(40000)ausmf jrefrmedkifiHtwGif; 0if a&mufvmcJhonfh aemufESpfukefqkH;onfhtcg (18000)om tdENd,eldifiHokd@ jyef=ua=umif;/ (1883-84) ckESpfwGif 0ifa&mufvmol tvkyform;OD;a& (83000)txd&SdcJhjyD; (43000)rSm jrefrmeldifiHwGifaexdkifcJh=ua=umif; az:jyxm;ygonf? t*Fvdyfwdk@u ukvm;tvkyform;OD;a& rsm;pGm0ifa&mufae=uojzifh oabFmukr%Drsm;tm;ay;aeonfh axmufyHha=u;ukd &yfqkdif; vdkufaomfvnf; jrefrmekdifiHtwGif; txl;tm;jzifh &cdkifjynfbufokd@ 0ifa&mufvm=uaom b*FgvDrlqvifOD;a&rSm t&Sdefrav#mhoGm;bJ wkd;wufvmcJhygonf? (1927) ckESpfwGif 0ifa&muf vmolukvm;tvkyform;OD;a&rSm (40000)&SdcJhonfhteuf (25000)ausmfrSm tdENd,eldifiHodk@ jyefoGm;jcif;rjyKawmha=umif;ESifh 4if;wkd@onf yGJpm;ti,fpm;rsm;/ avSoabFmom;rsm;/ v,fvkyfol/ v,fulvDponfjzifh vkyfukdifae=ua=umif; awG h&Sd&ygonf? ppfysKd;a&;ESifhvkyfief;twGuf wESpf (2) }udrf b*FvDukvm;rsm;ukd ac:,ljcif;ppfysKd;a&;ESifhvkyfief;twGuf wESpf (2) }udrf b*FvDukvm;rsm;ukd ac:,ljcif;ppfysKd;a&;ESifhvkyfief;twGuf wESpf (2) }udrf b*FvDukvm;rsm;ukd ac:,ljcif;ppfysKd;a&;ESifhvkyfief;twGuf wESpf (2) }udrf b*FvDukvm;rsm;ukd ac:,ljcif; 56?56?56?56? t*Fvdyftpkd;&. pkdufysKd;a&;ESifhqufpyfv#uf&Sdaomvkyfief;rsm; wkd;csJ@a&; ay:vpDrsm;wGif vdktyfcsuft& b*Fvm;jynfe,frS eldifiHjcm;om;rlqvifrsm; vma&muf=u&mY &moDtvkduf ulvDvkyfolrsm;rSm pyg;pkdufysKd;csdefwGifwcsdef/ pyg;&dwfodrf;csdefwGifwcsdef trsm;tjym;ESpfpOf vma&mufavh&Sd=ujyD;/ tcsKd@onf &ckdifjynfwGif ajcpkdufaexdkifv#uf &SdESifhjyD;aom b*FgvD rlqvifrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f&,lum b*Fvm;okd@ rjyefawmhbJ qufvufaexdkif=uygonf?Todk@0ifvmolrsm;rSm &cdkifjynftwGif; vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmEldifcGifh&Sda=umif;ESifh vma&muf&m Yvnf; p&dwfukefusr_enf;jcif;/ tcsdefr=ubJa&mufekdifjcif;/ vG,fulr_&Sdjcif;/ ponfwkd@a=umifh b*FvDrlqviftrsm;tjym; vma&mufjcif;jzpfa=umif; az: jyxm;ygonf?

bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmukd qufoG,f&ef &xm;vrf;azgufvkyfjcif;bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmukd qufoG,f&ef &xm;vrf;azgufvkyfjcif;bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmukd qufoG,f&ef &xm;vrf;azgufvkyfjcif;bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmukd qufoG,f&ef &xm;vrf;azgufvkyfjcif; 57?57?57?57? t*Fvdyfwkd@onf 4if;wdk@vkdtyfaomtvkyform;rsm;ukd aps;aygaygESifhvkdtyfovkd&&Sd&ef armfawmfoabFmrsm;ukd pDpOfajy;qGJay;cJhygonf? ,if;oabFmrsm;rSmvnf; t*FvefeldifiHrS xkwfvkyfa&mif;csaom armfawmfbabFmrsm;jzpf=uonf? 4if;tjyif rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyf &efpDrHcJhaom ar,kjrpfay:&Sd bl;oD;awmifESifhewfjrpf(eyf-zfa&Ag) ay:&Sdarmif;awmukd quf oG,fonfh a&aEG;aiG@okH; &xm;i,fajy;qGJcJha=umif; az: jyxm;onfukdvnf; awG@&Sd&ygonf?

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59?59?59?59? b*Fvm;jynfe,fbufrS r[mar'ifbmom0ifb*FgvDvlrsKd;wkd@ &cdkifjynftwGif;okd@ wHcg; r&Sd 'g;r&Sd 0ifa&mufvm=uykHukd vlOD;a& tajcjypm&if;rsm;t& atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonfukd awG@&Sd&ygonf? ppfawGc&kdif vlOD;a&pm&if;

ckESpf vlOD;a&

1832 109645

1842 130034

1852 201677

1862 227231

1872 276617 1881 359706

1891 416305

1901 481666

1911 529943

armifawmjrdK@e,f. vlOD;a&odyfonf;qarmifawmjrdK@e,f. vlOD;a&odyfonf;qarmifawmjrdK@e,f. vlOD;a&odyfonf;qarmifawmjrdK@e,f. vlOD;a&odyfonf;q

60?60?60?60? (1901)ckESpfrSpI wkd;wufvmaomvlOD;a&ukdjrdK@e,ftvkduf =unfhv#if armifawmjrdK@e,f wGif (21µ)wkd;wufa=umif;ESifh armifawmjrdK@e,f. vlOD;a&odyfonf;qrSm pwk&ef; wrkdifv#if vlOD;a&(130)&Sda=umif; azmfjyxm;ygonf? armifawmjrdK@e,frSm ppfwaumif;e,fajrESifh uyf v#uf&Sdaoma=umifh ppfwaumif;om; r[mar'ifbmomukd;uG,foltrsm;pkaexkdif=ujcif; jzpfygonf?

bmomtvkdufuGJjym;aom armif;awmjrdK@e,f vlOD;a&bmomtvkdufuGJjym;aom armif;awmjrdK@e,f vlOD;a&bmomtvkdufuGJjym;aom armif;awmjrdK@e,f vlOD;a&bmomtvkdufuGJjym;aom armif;awmjrdK@e,f vlOD;a&

bmom 1871 1901 1911

[dENL 2655 14455 14454

r[mar'if 58255 154887 17864

&cdkif- Ak'<bmom 171612 239649 209432

awmifay:om;rsm; 38577 35489 34020

r[mar'ifbmomudk;uG,folb*FvDOD;a&rSm tpOfwpdkufwdk;wufcJhonfudk awG@&ygonf// jrefrmEldifiHonf jAdwdo#vufatmufcH jynfe,fwckjzpjrefrmEldifiHonf jAdwdo#vufatmufcH jynfe,fwckjzpjrefrmEldifiHonf jAdwdo#vufatmufcH jynfe,fwckjzpjrefrmEldifiHonf jAdwdo#vufatmufcH jynfe,fwckjzpfjcif;fjcif;fjcif;fjcif; 63?63?63?63? ukvm;rsm;twm;tqD;r&Sd 0ifa&mufvmeldifjcif;rSm jrefrmEldifiHonf tdENd,eldifiH. jynf e,fwckjzpfaeojzifhjzpf&m/ tdENd,rS jrefrmeldifiHcGJxGuf&efukd aqmif&GufcJh=uygonf? (1931) ckESpf t*Fvdyftpkd;&ESifh ndSE_dif;aqG;aEG;oabmwlnDcsuft& (1932)ck/ eld0ifbmvwGif jrefrmeldifiHY a&G;aumufyGJjyKvkyfjyD;/ jrefrmeldifiHY a&G;aumufwifajrSufjcif;cH&ol Oya'jyK aumifpD0if (31) OD;u cGJxGufa&;ukdaxmufcHcJhjyD; (14) OD;u uef@uGufcJhygonf? okd@jzpfI cGJxGufa&;u teldif&&SdcJhygonf? 1935 ckESpfwGif jrefrmeldifiHonf 1935 ckESpfwGif jrefrmeldifiHonf 1935 ckESpfwGif jrefrmeldifiHonf 1935 ckESpfwGif jrefrmeldifiHonf tdENd,eldifiHrS cGJxGufcJhjcif;tdENd,eldifiHrS cGJxGufcJhjcif;tdENd,eldifiHrS cGJxGufcJhjcif;tdENd,eldifiHrS cGJxGufcJhjcif; 64//64//64//64// jrefrmeldifiHukd oD;jcm;jynfe,ftjzpf tkyfcsKyf&ef(1935)ckESpfwGif tufOya'jyXgef;ay;cJhyg onf?jrefrmedkifiHonf tdENd,eldifiHrScGJxGufeldifcJhaomfvnf; jAdwdo#vufatmufcH EldifiHtjzpf qufvufwnf&Sdaeojzifh tdENd,eldifiHom;rsm;rSmae&m&v#ufyif&Sdygonf? wzufeldifiHrS ukvm;rsm;0if&mufqJwzufeldifiHrS ukvm;rsm;0if&mufqJwzufeldifiHrS ukvm;rsm;0if&mufqJwzufeldifiHrS ukvm;rsm;0if&mufqJ 65?65?65?65? okd@jzpfonftwkdif; ukvm;rsm;0ifa&mufr_rSmvnf; &SdjrJyifjzpfygonf? jrefrmeldifiH&Sd vkyfief;wkdif;rSmvkdyif 4if;wkd@ vkyfukdifv#uf&Sd.? tpkd;&Xgersm;wGif &kH;rif;aprSonf Xmet=uD; tuJtxd ae&mrsm;wGif&SdouJhokd@ jyifyvkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; vufvkyfvufpm; ulvDrSonf vkyfief;&Sif=uD;txd jzpfv#uf&Sd=uygonf? 66?66?66?66? TtpD&ifcHpm.wifjycsuft& jrefrmESifhtdENd, xdkESpfeldifiHtpdk;&wkd@u vl0ifr_=uD;=uyf a&;twGuf aqG;aEG;}ujyD;/ “apm b*sF ykdif” oabmwlnDcsufw&yfukd xkwfjyefEldifcJhygonf? vl0ifr_=uD;=uyfa&;bkwftzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;jcif;vl0ifr_=uD;=uyfa&;bkwftzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;jcif;vl0ifr_=uD;=uyfa&;bkwftzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;jcif;vl0ifr_=uD;=uyfa&;bkwftzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;jcif; 20 &mpktv,fykdif;20 &mpktv,fykdif;20 &mpktv,fykdif;20 &mpktv,fykdif; 67?67?67?67? (1941)ckESpfwGif jrefrmeldifiHwGif (7) ESpfwqufwnf; aexdkifolrsm;tm; tcGifhxl;cH vl0ifr_&oltjzpf vufrSwfrsm;xkwfay;jcif;ukd vkyfukdifeldifcJhpOf

'kwd,urBmhppfjzpfvmonfwGif tdENd,eldifiHom;rsm; 0ifa&mufr_ukduef@owf&ef vkyfukdifaeaomvkyfief;rsm; &yfqkdif;oGm;cJhyg onf? 68?68?68?68? (1942)ckESpf jrefrmeldifiHwGif;okd@ *syefppfwyfrsm; 0ifvmonfhtcg tdENd,eldifiHom; tajrmuftrsm;onf tdENd,jynfokd@xGufajy;=uygonf? ukef;a=umif;oGm;olrsm;rSm jynfjrdK@rS wqifh &ckdif&kd;rukdjzwfausmfoGm;olrsm;&Sdovkd rkH&Gm-uav;0bufrS oGm;olrsm;&SdcJh=uygonf?xdkokd hxGufajy;oGm;oltaygif;rSm (400000) cef@ &Sda=umif; azmfjyxm;ygonf? bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@wGif a&muf&Sdvmaom r[mar'ibl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@wGif a&muf&Sdvmaom r[mar'ibl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@wGif a&muf&Sdvmaom r[mar'ibl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@wGif a&muf&Sdvmaom r[mar'ifbmom0ifrsm;. fbmom0ifrsm;. fbmom0ifrsm;. fbmom0ifrsm;. tpkdiftcJESifhukvm;/ &ckdiftxdu&k%f;tpkdiftcJESifhukvm;/ &ckdiftxdu&k%f;tpkdiftcJESifhukvm;/ &ckdiftxdu&k%f;tpkdiftcJESifhukvm;/ &ckdiftxdu&k%f; 69?69?69?69? tdENd,eldifiH. b*Fvm;jynfe,f(,cktcg b*Fvm;a'h&SfeldifiH)ESifh teD;qkH;jzpfonfh &ckdifjynf e,fbuf&Sd bl;oD;awmifjrdK@e,fwdk@wGif r[mar'ifbmomukd;uG,faom b*FgvDvlrsLd;rsm; tpkdiftcJESifhrnfr#&Sdaeoenf; qkdv#if (1942)ckESpf oef;acgifpm&if;t& (124452) OD;&Sda=umif; azmfjyxm;ygonf? Tokd@&SdjyD; vlrsm;ESifh&ckdif&kd;r ukdjzwfausmfvmaom tdENd,ppfajy;rsm;ESifh aygif;qkHrd=uaomtcg txl;rsm;jym;vmonfuwpfa=umif;/ t*Fvdyfrsm;qkwfcGgoGm;onfESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;ysufjym;aeonfuwpfa=umif;wdk@a=umifh rcHr&yfeldifjzpfaeaom &ckdifvlrsKd;tcsKd@wkd@ ESifhukvm;wkd@ wkdufckdufowfjzwf=u&mrS pwifjyD; ukvm;-&ckdiftxdu&k%f; wpfckay:ayguf vmcJhonf? ukvm;trsm;pk&Sdaom bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@e,ftwGif;wGif &ckdif&Gmrsm; rD;&_H@zsufqD;jcif;cH&jyD; vlrsm;ygowfjzwfcH&a=umif; od&Sd&ygonf? 'kwd,urBmhppfrwkdifrSD bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@e,frsm;wGif'kwd,urBmhppfrwkdifrSD bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@e,frsm;wGif'kwd,urBmhppfrwkdifrSD bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@e,frsm;wGif'kwd,urBmhppfrwkdifrSD bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@e,frsm;wGif &Sdaeaom &Sdaeaom &Sdaeaom &Sdaeaom &ckdifaus;&Gmrsm;&ckdifaus;&Gmrsm;&ckdifaus;&Gmrsm;&ckdifaus;&Gmrsm; 70?70?70?70? 'kwd,urBmhppf=uD;rjzpfrSDumvu bl;oD;awmifESifh armif;awmjrdK@e,ftwGif;&Sd wnf&SdcJh aom &cdkifaus;&Gmtrsm;tjym;onf b*FvDvlrsKd;rlqvifrsm; tajcpkdufaexdkifjyD;/ 0g;jrdKoGm; ojzifhysufjym;=uonfhtxJ aemufxyfukvm;/ &cdkif t"du&k%f;jzpf=uonfhtcg usef&Sd ao;aom &ckdif&Gmrsm;yg zsufqD;cHcJh&ygojzifh xkda'ow0kdufwGif b*Fvm;rlqvifrsm; vGrf;rdk; edlifaomtaexm;okd@ a&muf&SdcJhygonf? (1941)ckESpfu armifawmjrdK@e,fwGif &ckdifaus;&Gm(129)&Gm &SdcJh&m ppfab;'%fESifh ukvm; &cdkift"du&k%f;a=umifh &ckdifvlrsKd;aus;&Gm (68)&Gmom usef&Sda=umif; awG h&Sd&ygonf? 1943 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif jrefrmeldifiHukd *syefu vGwfvyfa&;ay1943 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif jrefrmeldifiHukd *syefu vGwfvyfa&;ay1943 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif jrefrmeldifiHukd *syefu vGwfvyfa&;ay1943 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif jrefrmeldifiHukd *syefu vGwfvyfa&;ay;a=umif;;a=umif;;a=umif;;a=umif; a=ujimjcif;a=ujimjcif;a=ujimjcif;a=ujimjcif;

71?71?71?71? *syefrsm;onf (1942)ckESpf rkd;rusrDav;vtwGif; jrefrmeldifiHukd odrf;,ljyD;aemuf (1943) ckESpf/ =o*kwfvwGif jrefrmeldifiHukd *syefuvGwfvyfa&;ay;a=umif;a=ujimcJhygonf? 'kdarowif; wpfckwGifaz:jycsufY a'gufwmAarmf. *syeftpdk;&onf vkyfief;&yfrsm; atmifjrifpGmaqmif &GufEldifcJh&mwGif jAdwdo#vufatmufcH tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;wkd@ jy\emukdvnf; ukdifwG,fajz&Sif; eldifcJh a=umif;yg&SdonfukdawG@&Sd&m ukvm;rsm;jy\emrSm jrefrmEldifiHwGif rnfrsta&;}uD;ae a=umif; az:nGef;onfh oabmjzpfygonf? 1945 ck1945 ck1945 ck1945 ck ZEN0g&DvwGif ppfawGjrdK@ukd t*Fvdyfwkd hu jyefvnfodrf;,ljcif;ZEN0g&DvwGif ppfawGjrdK@ukd t*Fvdyfwkd hu jyefvnfodrf;,ljcif;ZEN0g&DvwGif ppfawGjrdK@ukd t*Fvdyfwkd hu jyefvnfodrf;,ljcif;ZEN0g&DvwGif ppfawGjrdK@ukd t*Fvdyfwkd hu jyefvnfodrf;,ljcif; 72?72?72?72? (1942)ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif tdENd,eldifiHwGif&Sdaeaom jAdwdo#ppfom;rsm;u &ckdifjynf e,fokd@ 0ifa&muf&ef}udK;pm;cJhaomfvnf; *syefrsm;. wdkufcdkufrSka=umifh jyefvnfqkwfcGgcJh=u &ygonf? (1944)ckESpf aEGumvwGif jAdwdo#ppfwyfrsm;onf 'kwd,t}udrf 0ifa&mufwkduf ckdufjyef&m *syefrsm;u wzef4if;wkd@tm; jzwfawmufxm;cJhEldifaomfvnf; jAddwdo#r[m rdwfwyfrsm; av,Ofrsm;u tm;omrSla=umifh 4if;wkd@ wyfrsm;ujyefvnfwkdufckdufEldifa=umif; ESifh {jyDvtxd wkdufyGJrsm;wGif *syefppfom;(5000)cef@ usqkH;cJha=umif;/ xkd@aemuf (1945)ckESpf ZEM0g&DvwGif ppfawGukdpwifwufa&mufjyD; &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif;rS *syefrsm;ukd wkdufxkwfEldif cJhygonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; b*FgvDrlqvifrsm;'kwd,urBmppftwGif; b*FgvDrlqvifrsm;'kwd,urBmppftwGif; b*FgvDrlqvifrsm;'kwd,urBmppftwGif; b*FgvDrlqvifrsm; tjcpdtjcpdtjcpdtjcpdkufaexkdifr_rsm;kufaexkdifr_rsm;kufaexkdifr_rsm;kufaexkdifr_rsm; jzpfcsifwkdijzpfcsifwkdijzpfcsifwkdijzpfcsifwkdif; jzpfaecJhjcif;f; jzpfaecJhjcif;f; jzpfaecJhjcif;f; jzpfaecJhjcif; 73?73?73?73? jAdwdo#rsm;onf &cdkifjynfESifhe,fcsif;pyfv#uf&Sdaom b*Fvm;jynfe,fukd ajcukyf,lI wkdufcJh&m b*FvDrlqvifrsm;ukdtokH;jyK&onfhtwkdif; 4if;wkd@tm; tcGifhta&;ay;cJh&ygonf? &cdkifjynftwGif; jAdwdo#ppfwyfrsm;ESifh *syefwyfrsm;onf (1943) ckESpf 'DZifbmv wkdufyGJrSpI (1945)ck ppfawGukd wufa&mufodrf;cJhonftxd wkdufyJGrsm;jzpfcJh=uojzifh twnfwus tkyfcsKyfa&;r&SdbJ jzpfaeI b*FgvDrlqvifrsm; tajcpkdufaexdkifr_rsm;rSm jzpfcsifwkdif;jzpfaecJhyg onf?

'kwd,urBmppf=uD; jyD;qkH'kwd,urBmppf=uD; jyD;qkH'kwd,urBmppf=uD; jyD;qkH'kwd,urBmppf=uD; jyD;qkH;oGm;csdefwGif ppfajy;'kuQonfrsm;tm; bl;oD;awmifESifh ;oGm;csdefwGif ppfajy;'kuQonfrsm;tm; bl;oD;awmifESifh ;oGm;csdefwGif ppfajy;'kuQonfrsm;tm; bl;oD;awmifESifh ;oGm;csdefwGif ppfajy;'kuQonfrsm;tm; bl;oD;awmifESifh armif;awmwGif jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;?armif;awmwGif jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;?armif;awmwGif jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;?armif;awmwGif jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;? 74?74?74?74? 'kwd,urBmhppf=uD; jyD;qkH;oGm;jyD;aemuf t*Fvdyfrsm;onf ppfajy;'kuQonfrsm;[k qkfdum tdENd,eldifiHom;rsm;ukd jrefrmeldifiHokd@ jyefvnf0ifa&mufcGifhjyKjcif;ESifhtwl &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif; wGif b*FvDrlqvifrsm;ukd ae&mcsxm;ay;ovkd &ckdifvlrsKd;tcsKd@ukdvnf; bl;oD;awmifESifh armif;awmjrdK@e,ftwGif;wGif jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;cJhygonf?

eldifiHjcm;a&;0ef=uD;Xge vufatmufwGif vl0ifr_=uD;=uyfa&;Xgeukd eldifiHjcm;a&;0ef=uD;Xge vufatmufwGif vl0ifr_=uD;=uyfa&;Xgeukd eldifiHjcm;a&;0ef=uD;Xge vufatmufwGif vl0ifr_=uD;=uyfa&;Xgeukd eldifiHjcm;a&;0ef=uD;Xge vufatmufwGif vl0ifr_=uD;=uyfa&;Xgeukd jyefvnfzGJ@pnfjyefvnfzGJ@pnfjyefvnfzGJ@pnfjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;jcif;;jcif;;jcif;;jcif; 75?75?75?75? tdENd,eldifiHom;rsm; twm;tqD;r&Sdjcif;/ jrefrmedkifiHtwGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufvmrnfh tEW&m,fudk [ef@wm;umuG,f&eftwGuf 'kwd,urBmppf=uD;tjyD; (1945)ckESpfwGif edkifiHjcm; a&;0ef=uD;vufatmufY vl0ifrl=uD;=uyfa&;Xmeudk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;cJhygonf? xdk@aemuf (1647)ckESpf ZGefv(14)&ufae@wGif vl0ifrl=uD;=uyfa&; (vwfwavm jyXmef;csufrsm;) tuf Oya'udk jyXmef;aqmif&GufcJhygonf? 1947 ckESpf vl0ifrl=uD;=uyfa&; vwfwavm Oya'jyXmef;jcif;1947 ckESpf vl0ifrl=uD;=uyfa&; vwfwavm Oya'jyXmef;jcif;1947 ckESpf vl0ifrl=uD;=uyfa&; vwfwavm Oya'jyXmef;jcif;1947 ckESpf vl0ifrl=uD;=uyfa&; vwfwavm Oya'jyXmef;jcif; 76?76?76?76? 1947 vl0ifrl=uD;=uyfa&; vwfwavmjyXmef;csufrsm; tufOya't& jynfwGif;0ifa&muf aexdkifcGifhvufrSwf-odk@wnf;r[kwf enf;vrf;wuscGifhjyKxm;aom edkifiHul;vufrSwfrygbJ rnfonfh edkifiHjcm;om;rS jrefrmedkifiHodk@r0if&? jrefrmedkifiHwGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufvdkaom edkifiHjcm; om;wdkif;onf enf;vrf;wusxkwfay;xm;aom ADZm odk@r[kwf cGifhjyKvufrSwf &&Sd&ygrnf? ADZm odk@r[kwf cGifhjyKvufrSwftrsdK;tpm;(9)rsdK;cefh &Sdonfhteuf &moDtvdkuf 0ifcGifh vufrSwfrsdK;rSm &cdkifjynfe,ftwGif;odkk@ 0ifa&mufonfhb*FvDvlrsdK; tajrmuftrsm;u toHk;jyK=ujyD; rsm;aomtm;jzifh jrefrmedkifiHtwGif; tajcpdkufaexdkif&ef romrmaomenf;rsm; toHk;jyKaexdkif=ua=umif; od&Sd&ygonf? rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;ol ukvm;qdk;tzGJ@ ay:aygufvmjcif;rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;ol ukvm;qdk;tzGJ@ ay:aygufvmjcif;rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;ol ukvm;qdk;tzGJ@ ay:aygufvmjcif;rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;ol ukvm;qdk;tzGJ@ ay:aygufvmjcif; 77?77?77?77? &cdkifjynftwGif;&Sd e,fpyfa'orsm;jzpfonfh bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@e,fwdk@wGif acwftqufqufu 0ifa&mufaexdkif=ua=umif; b*FgvDrlqvifvlrsdK;wdk@onf tpdkiftcJESifh &Sdae&m 4if;wdk@wGif yif&if;a'o rlqvifedkifiHudk tm;udk;w}uD;jzifh &cdkifjynfwGif rlqvif e,fajroD;jcm; owfrSwfay;&ef[laom 1947 ckESpfwGif vufeufqGJudkifum rl*sm[pfaomif; usef;ol ukvm;qdk;tzGJ@ ay:aygufvmcJhonf? ukvm;qdk;rsm; bl;oD;awmif/ armif;awukvm;qdk;rsm; bl;oD;awmif/ armif;awukvm;qdk;rsm; bl;oD;awmif/ armif;awukvm;qdk;rsm; bl;oD;awmif/ armif;awm&Sd &ckdifaus;&Gmrsm;udkrD;&_H@zsufqD;I edkifiHjcm;om; m&Sd &ckdifaus;&Gmrsm;udkrD;&_H@zsufqD;I edkifiHjcm;om; m&Sd &ckdifaus;&Gmrsm;udkrD;&_H@zsufqD;I edkifiHjcm;om; m&Sd &ckdifaus;&Gmrsm;udkrD;&_H@zsufqD;I edkifiHjcm;om; b*FgvDrlqvifukvm;rsm;udk ac:,lIae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;b*FgvDrlqvifukvm;rsm;udk ac:,lIae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;b*FgvDrlqvifukvm;rsm;udk ac:,lIae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;b*FgvDrlqvifukvm;rsm;udk ac:,lIae&mcsxm;ay;jcif; 78?78?78?78? aomif;usef;olrl*sm[pftzGJ@onf usOf;ajrmif;aomvlrsdK;a&;tjrifudkqGJudkifjyD; &cdkifvlrsdK; rsm;aexdkifaom &Gmrsm;udkrD;&_HzsufqD;um ekdifiHjcm;om; b*FgvDrlqvifrsm;udk ac:,lI ae&m csxm;ay;cJhojzifh bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@e,frsm;wGif &cddkifvlrsdK;wdk@. aus;&Gmrsm; tenf;i,fom usef&Sdawmhonfhtajctaeodk h a&muf&Sd hcJhonfudk awG h&ygonf? b*FgvDrlqvifrsm; edkifiHawmftay:wGif opPmrJhjcif;b*FgvDrlqvifrsm; edkifiHawmftay:wGif opPmrJhjcif;b*FgvDrlqvifrsm; edkifiHawmftay:wGif opPmrJhjcif;b*FgvDrlqvifrsm; edkifiHawmftay:wGif opPmrJhjcif;

79?79?79?79? b*FgvDrlqvifrsm;onf jrefrmedkif. e,fajray:wGif aexdkif&onfhaus;Zl;udk raxmuf xm;bJ edkifiHawmftay:opPmrJhpGm vufeuftm;udk;jzifhaqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzpf&m 4if;wdk@tm; edkifiHom;tjzpf vufcHtodtrSwfjyKzdk@rSm tEW&m,f=uD;a=umif;ay:vGifvSsuf &Sdygonf? 4if;wdk@ onf bmoma&;tpGJtvrf;=uD;jyD; usOf;ajrmif;aomvlrsdK;a&;tjrif &Sd}uolrsm; jzpfonfh tavsSmuf 4if;wdk@. yif&if;edkifiHtay:rSmom opPmcHjcif;/ oHa,mZOf=uD;rm;jcif;rsm;om &Sdae =uonfrSm ,HkrSm;zG,f&mr&Sdyga=umif; od&Sdedkifygonf? t*Fvdyftpdk;& &cdkifudktkyfpdk;pOfumt*Fvdyftpdk;& &cdkifudktkyfpdk;pOfumt*Fvdyftpdk;& &cdkifudktkyfpdk;pOfumt*Fvdyftpdk;& &cdkifudktkyfpdk;pOfumvY bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@e,frsm;wGif vY bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@e,frsm;wGif vY bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@e,frsm;wGif vY bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@e,frsm;wGif r[mar'ifbmom0if b*FgvDvlrsr[mar'ifbmom0if b*FgvDvlrsr[mar'ifbmom0if b*FgvDvlrsr[mar'ifbmom0if b*FgvDvlrsdK;dK;dK;dK; wdk;wufjrifhrm;vmjcif;?wdk;wufjrifhrm;vmjcif;?wdk;wufjrifhrm;vmjcif;?wdk;wufjrifhrm;vmjcif;? 80?80?80?80? t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf &cdkifjynfudk (1827)ckESpfrS (1948) ckESpftxd ESpfaygif;(120)ausmf=um tkyfpdk;cJhygonf? ,if;umvtwGif; 4if;wdk@ tusdK;pD;yGm;udkom =unfhjyD; b*FgvDrlqvifrsm; 0ifa&mufr_udk tm;ay;cJhygonf? odk@jzpfIvnf; edkifiHjcm;om; b*FgvDrlqvifrsm;onf &cdkifjynf&Sd bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@e,frsm;wGif trsm;tjym;tajcpdkufaexdkifum tcdkif trm jzpfvSsuf&Sdaeygonf? vlOD;a&pm&if;qdkvsSif armif;awmjrdK@e,fwGif (1921)ckESpfu r[m ar'ifbmom0if b*FgvDvlrsdK;(60430)&SdcJh&m 1941 ckESpfwGif(124452) txdwdk;wuf rsm;jym; vmcJhygonf? 81?81?81?81? 1941 ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpftxd ppfjzpfaeaom umvjzpfonfh tm;avSsmfpGm w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;a&;twGuf xda&mufpGmraqmif&GufedkifonfESifhtwl tajcpdkufaexdkifvSsuf&SdjyD;jzpfaom b*FgvDrlqvifrsm;udktajcjyKum aemufxyf0ifa&mufvm=uonfh edkifiHjcm;om; b*FgvDrlq vifrsm; rnfrSsrsm;jym;vmonfudk aemufydkif;aumuf,lcJhaom vlOD;a&pm&if;rsm;u oufao cHvSsuf&Sdaeygonf?

udkvdkeD0g' jAdwdosS tarGqdk;udkvdkeD0g' jAdwdosS tarGqdk;udkvdkeD0g' jAdwdosS tarGqdk;udkvdkeD0g' jAdwdosS tarGqdk; 82828282???? Tonfwdk hrSm jAdwdosSudkvdkeD0g'wGif tarGqdk;=uD;jzpfaom w&m;vufvGwf 0ifa&muf vmae=uaom b*FgvDrlqvifrsm; udpPyifjzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;aeygonf?

tydkif; (3)tydkif; (3)tydkif; (3)tydkif; (3) z/ q/ y/ v acwf &cdkifwdkif;z/ q/ y/ v acwf &cdkifwdkif;z/ q/ y/ v acwf &cdkifwdkif;z/ q/ y/ v acwf &cdkifwdkif; 83?83?83?83? &cdkifwdkif;twGif;Y zqyvESifh ,SOfjydKifta&G;cH&ol &cdkiftrsdK;om; trwf 17 OD;&SdcJh&m 4if;wdk@u vGwfvyfaom &cdkifygvDreftkyfpk [lIpkpnf;um jynfaxmifpktwGif;wGif &cdkifjynf e,f&&Sda&;udk a=uG;a=umfaqmif&GufcJhygonf?

84?84?84?84? b*FgvDrlqvifrsm;onf rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;olrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ tm%m& zqyv tzGJ@onf tm%mqufvuf wnf&Sda&;udkom=unfhjyD; tcGifha&;ay; pnf;&kH;vkyfudkifjcif;rsm; udkvnf; tcGifhaumif;,lum &cdkifwdkif;twGif;odk@ 4if;wdk@ 0ifa&mufcJhjcif;rsm;onf avsmhenf; oGm;onfr&SdbJ wdk;IomvmcJhygonf? 85?85?85?85? 1954 ckESpf rSwfwrf;t&od&Sd&onfrSm vlOD;a&tqrwefrsm;jym;onfh ta&hSygudpPwef edkifiHwGif 0wfa&;/ pm;a&;/ aea&; =uyfwnf;ojzifh jrefrmedkifiHtwGif;odk@ w&m;r0ifcdk;0ifvm =ua=umif; &cdkifwdkif;twGif;. e,fpyfa'owGif vlOD;a&rSmwdk;wufrsm;jym;aeonf[k az:jy xm;ygonf? 86?86?86?86? ppfawGrSmyif 'DZifbm/ ZEM0g&D/ azaz:0g&D/ rwfv wdk@onf qefpyg;vkyfudkifonfh tcsdef jzpfojzifh edkifiHjcm;om; ulvDtajrmuftrsm; 0ifa&mufvmaom tcsdefjzpfa=umif;/ Ttcsdef wGif vlwOD;pDtwGuf ygrpfxkwfay;jcif;rsdK;r[kwfawmhbJ wpfapmifjzifhvl 30 twGuf xkwf ay;um trnfrsm;yif rygawmhonfh tajctaersdK;jzifh 0ifa&mufvmcJh=ua}umif;/ xdk@tjyif ygupPweftpdk;&u ta&;,lojzifh ppfwaumif;wGif cdk;qdk;ayaw wdkufcdkufwwfaom vlrdkuf rsm;onf ppfawGay:odk@ xGufajy;a&muf&Sdvm=ujyD; azmufxGif;cdk;rlrsm;udkyif usL;vGef=uonf udk awG h&Sd&a=umif; azmfjyxm;ygonf? 87?87?87?87? Tonfudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh 1954 ckESpfwdkifatmif wzufedkifiHrS b*FvDrlqvifrsm;onf tvG,fwulyif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif=ujyD; yif&if;edkifiHodk@jyefoGm;olu jyefoGm;=uouJhodk@ &cdkifwdkif;twGif;wGifyif tajcpdkufaexdkifzdk@ vkyfolwdk@u tcuftcJr&Sdvkyfudkifedkif=ua=umif; awG h&Sd&ygonf? 88?88?88?88? ,if;taxmuftxm;rSwfwrf;wGif vl0ifrl=uD;=uyfa&;Xmeudk 1941 ckESpfu pwifI wnfaxmifcJh&um ppftwGif;uvkyfief;rsm;wdrfjrKyfcJhjyD; t*Fvdyfjyef0ifvmonfh 1946 ckESpf urSvkyfief;rsm; jyefvnfvkyfudkifedkifjcif;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;&onfhtcsdefwGif wdkif;&if;om;0efxrf; rsm;udk tcsdefwdkoifwef;ay;I wm0efay;cJh&ojzifh csGwf,Gif;r_rsm;&Sdyga=umif;/ vl0r_}uD;=uyf a&;Xmeudk axmifhaphatmif aqmif&Gufvkyfudkifedkifzdk@twGuf wdk;csJ@zGJ@pnf;vdkaomfvnf; tajc tae&yf&yfa=umifh wdk;csJ hrvkyfudkifedkifa=umif; azmfjyxm;onfudkawG h&ygonf? 89? 89? 89? 89? vl0ifr_=uD;=uyfa&;Xme. tm;enf;csufrsm;&Sdonfhtjyif wdkif;&if;om;ajrydkif&Sif/ qefpuf ydkif&SifESifh vkyfief;&Sifwdk@uvnf; vkyfcaps;aygaygESifh&onfh b*FvDrlqvifrsm;udk vufcHtm; ay;jcif;vnf;yg0ifa=umif;/ tm%m&edkifiHa&;ygwD=uD;jzpfonfh zqyv uvnf; jydKifqdkifwuf vmonfh &cdkifedkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk wefjyefwdkufcdkufedkif&eftwGuf b*FvDrlqvifrsm;udk jrefrmedkifiHom;tjzpfvufcHum pnf;&kH;aqmif&GufcJhjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfcJhyga=umif;/ rSwfwrf;rsm; t& xdkpOfu

ygvDreftrwfjzpfol rpPwm plvweftmrwf qdkoltm; ygvDreftwGif;0ef&mxl; udkyif ay;tyfcJha=umif;awG@&Sd&ygonf? 90?90?90?90? rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;olrsm; qdk;,kwfyHkudkazmfjy&mY 4if;wdk@onf txl;tm;jzifh bl;oD; awmifESifharmif;awmjrdK@e,frsm;wGif aexdkif=uonfh &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;udkomru jrefrmedkifiH om; ukvm;rsm;udkyg wdkufcdkufarmif;xkwfjyD; wzufedkifiHrS b*FvDrlqvifrsm;udk ae&mcsxm; yga=umif; wdkif;&if;om;&cdkifrsm;ESifh jrefrmukvm;rsm;rSm ppfawG ponfh awmifbufydkif;odk@ xGufajy;vm=u&a=umif; a&S;tcg ol}uD;ydkif &Gmaygif; 200 avmuf&Sd&m &cdkifwdkif;&if;om; 60000 ausmfavmufrSm ,cktcg awmifydkif;wGifom tenf;i,f&Sdawmha=umif;ESifh bl;oD; awmifjrdK@e,fqdkvsSif 95 &mckdifE_ef;rSm r[mar'ifbmom udk;uG,folrsm;jzpfaea=umif; azmfjy xm;ygonf? 91?91?91?91? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmedkifiHtpdk;&taeESifh (1950-51)ckESpfrS pwifI aomif;usef;olrsm;udk wdkufcdkufvmcJh&m 1954 ckESpfwGif jydKvJapcJha=umif; jrefrmekdifiHtpdk;&. rSefuefaom &yfwnfcsufESifh rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;olrsm;. rrSefuefaomvkyf&yfrsm;a=umifh 4if;wdk@. acgif; aqmifqdkolu ukvm; umpif;tm; ta&S@ygupPweftpdk;&u zrf;pD;jyD; ppfwaumif;jrdK@axmif wGif tusOf;csxm;a=umif; awG h&Sd&ygonf? 92?92?92?92? &ckdifjynfe,fwGif tm%m& z-q-y-v tzGJ@udk ,SOfjydKifta&G;cHcJh&aom &cdkiftrsdK;om; rsm;u &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;tzGJ@ &-w-n udkzGJ@pnf;um a&G;aumufyGJudk 0if a&mufcJhygonf? z-q-y-v tzGJ@onf rdrdwdk@ tm%m&&SdwnfjrJa&;twGuf a&G;aumuf yGJwGif tedkif&&ef[laom tusdK;wckwnf;udkom=unfhjyD; b*FgvDrlqviftm; wdk;wufrsm;jym; vma&ef tcGifhta&;ay; pnf;vHk;aqmif&GufcJhygonf? 93?93?93?93? &cdkifwdkif;twGif; edkifiHom;/ edkifiHjcm;om;[lI cGJjcm;r&atmif a&maxG;,Sufwif jzpfae aom b*FgvDrlqvifrsm;onf bl;oD;awmifESifharmif;awma'ow0dkufwGif tm%m& z-q-y-v tpdk;&. tumtuG,fudk,lum wbufedkifiHrS edkifiHjcm;om;rlqvifrsm;udk tcGifhta&; &ovdk ed'gef;ydkif;wGifazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; cdk;oGif;0ifa&mufapcJhygonf? armifawmjrdK@e,f vlOD; a&pm&if;udk=unfhvsSif (1941)ckESpf/ t*Fvdyfvufxufu b*FvDrlqvifOD;a&(124452) &SdcJh&m rS vGwfvyfa&;&cJhjyD;aemuf (1956)ckESpfwGif b*FgvDrlqvifOD;a&rSm(187792)txd wdk;wuf rsm;jym;vmonfudk awG h&ygonf? wenf;qdk&vsSif rlv&Sdonfh b*FgvD rlqvifOD;a&. (50µ) txd wq,fhig;ESpftwGif; wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmonfudk awG h&ygonf? 94?94?94?94? z-q-y-v tpdk;&vufxufu wbufedkifiHrS&moDtvdkuftvkyform;rsm;udk tpkvdkuf tjyHKvdkuf ygrpfjzifh 0ifcGifhjyKcJhjcif;udk 1958 ckESpfu tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufwGif

&yfpJvdkufyg onf? vl0ifr_=uD;=uyfa&; tpD&ifcHpmwckwGif 1958 ckESpfu aemufqHk;0ifa&mufvmcJhaom &moDvdkuftvkyform; (63)OD;wdk@tm; 4if;wdk@ yif&if;edkifiHodk@ jyefvnfydk@aqmifa&;udpPwGif edkifiHul;vufrSwftwGuf t=uyftwnf;jzpfaeI aESmifhaES;&a=umif;azmfjyxm;ygonf? Tonfudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh &moDtvdkuf ESpfpOf0ifa&mufavh&Sfdaom b*FgvDrlqvif tvkyf orm;rsm;onf yif&if;edkifiHodk@rjyefbJ aewwf=uonfqdkaomtcsufESifh ,ckuJhodk@vufvkyf vufpm; tvkyform;rsm;udkyif ,if;edkifiHujyefvnfvufcH&ef 0efav;wwfavh&Sdonf[laom tcsufwdk@rSm odomxif&Sm;yga=umifh awG@&Sdyga=umif;awG@&Sd&ygonf? 95?95?95?95? &cdkifwdkif;twGif;odk@ b*FgvDrlqvifrsm;. xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufr_rSm pdk;&drfzG,f&myif jzpfvm ojzifh (1995) ck rwfvtwGif; usif;yonfh &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;nD;nGwfa&;tzGJ@. yOPrt=udrf a&mufnDvmcHrS “ppfawG/ bl;oD;awmif/ armif;awmjrdK@e,f&Sd wdkif;&if;om;trnfcH rlqvif tcsdK@. vufatmufcHtultnDay;r_wdk@a=umifh ta&ShygupPwef trsdK;om;tajrmuftrsm; &cdkifwdkif;twGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufaejcif;udkxda&mufpGmwm;jrpfay;&ef[laom qHk;jzwfcsufw&yf udkcsrSwfay;cJhygonf? 96?96?96?96? tm%m&&Sda&;wckwnf;ukd=unfhjyD; t=udwfte,frJqG,fpnf;&kH;=uaom z-q-y-v ESpfjcrf;cGJrS eldifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf eldifiHom;jzpfESifhjyD;ol rlqvifrsm;.tcGifhta&; awmif;qkdr_rsm;ukd cyfvG,fvG,fyif vufcH=uonfukdawG@&ygonf? wdkif;&if;om;trnfcH b*FvDrlqvifrsm;u 4if;wkd@onf &kd[if*sm rsm;jzpf=uonf[laom tokH;tE_ef; tac:ta0: ukdaz:xkwfokH;pGJ=uv#uf jrefrmheldifiHa&;acgif;aqmmifrsm;u vufcHonftxdjzpfapcJhygonf? (1960) ckESpf aemufykdif; y-x-p tpkd;&vufxufwGif wkdif;&if;om;bmomtpDtpOfY &kd[if *smbmomtoHvGifhcsuf[lIyif xkwfay;cJha=umif; rSwfrdbl;ygonf? 97? (1947)ckESpfwGif b*FvDrlqvifrsm;u rl*sm[pfvufeufukdifaomif;usef;r_ pwifcJhjyD; aemuf (1954)ckESpfwGif ,if; rl*sm[pf aomif;usef;r_rSm tpkd;&.ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_a=umihf csKyfjidrf;aysmufuG,fcJhygonf? b*FvDrlqvifrsm;onf (1960)ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif 4if;wkd@ tcGifhta&;&jyefojzifh &kd[if*smrsKd;cspfwyfOD;(Rohinger

Patriotic Front) [laomtzGJ@tpnf; trnfjzifh &cdkifwkdif;&Sd rlqvifrsm;. vGwfvyfpGmukd;uG,fcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmaexdkifcGifh/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_jzifh ESdyfpufnSOf;yrf;r_rsm;ukd umuG,f&efponfh &nf&Gnfcsufrsm;&Sda=umif;jzifh zGJ@ pnf;um &kd[if*sm v_yf&Sm;r_pwifcJha=umif; awG h&Sd&ygonf?

98?98?98?98? ed'gef;ykdif;wGifazmfjycJhaom &kd[if*smtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS xkwfa0aom pmwrf;rsm;t& &ckdif a'ookd@ pwifa&muf&Sd=uaom r[mar'ifbmom0ifrsm;rSm yg&Sm;/ tm&yfEldifiHwkd@rS oabFm jzifh c&D;oGm;vm,if; b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftwGif; oabFmepfjrKyf&mrS &ckdifurf;ajcodk@ a&muf&Sdvmaom oabFmom;rsm;jzpf=uygonf? 4if;wkd@onf a'ocHwkdif;&if;om; trsKd;orD; rsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifjyKum tajcpkdufaexdkif=u&mrS aygufzGm;vmolwdk@ jzpfyga=umif;/ 4if;wkd@ukd (Rohant) &kd[ef[k ac:wGifa=umif;ESifh ,if;pum;vkH; (Rohon)rSm tm&yfpum;vkH;rS qufpyf ay:vmonf[k qkd=uyga=umif;/ 4if; &kd[efrsm;ESifh b*FgvDrlqvifrsm; tdrfaxmifjyK=uum &kd[ef*sm qkdolrsm; aygufyGm;vmonf[k wifjyajymqkd=uyga=umif;? 99?99?99?99? jrefrmEldifiHom; rlqvifpma&;q&mwOD;url a&S;a&S;tcgu rlqvifrsm;onf &ckdifjynfodk@ yxrOD;pGm yifv,furf;ajczufrS pwif0ifa&mufcJh=ujyD; aeufykdif;wGif ukef;ykdif;awmif=um; vrf;rsm;rS0ifa&mufcJh=ua=umif;/ 0ifa&mufvm=uol rlqvifrsm;onf tm&yfESSifh ukvm; vlrsKd;ppfom;rsKd;EG,fpkrsm; jzpf=ua=umif;/ 4if;wkd@ txJwGifukefonfrsm;/ bmoma&;qkdif&m yk*~Kdvfrsm;/ ppfom;rsm;ESifh ppfajy;'kuQonfrsm;yg0if=ua=umif;/ xkdpOfu &ckdifvlrsKd;bk&ifrsm;u vufcHjyD;tajcpkduf aexkdifcGifhjyKcJha=umif;/ &ckdifjynf&Sd rlqvifrsm;onf tm&yfrsKd;EG,frS qif;oufvmolrsm;jzpf=ujyD; 4if;wkd@tm; “&kd;0efnSmvlrsKd;”[k ac:a0:orkwfa=umif;/ ,if; pum;vkH;.t"dy`g,frSm oem;nSmwm/ oufnSmcH&ol tcGifhta&;ay;cH&ol[lI jzpfyga}umif;/ (1666)ckESpf &ckdif-r*kd ppfyGJtjyD;umvY &ckdifjynfajrmufykdif;a'orsm;wGif yxefppfom;rsm;u b*FgvDrlqvifrsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifjyKum tajcpkdufaexkdifvmcJh&mrS aygufzGm;qif;ouf vmol rsm;ukd “&kd;0efnSm” vlrsKd;rsm;[k ac:a0:orkwfa=umif;/ 4if;wkd@onf aemufykdif;wGif wjznf; jznf; ESpfumv=umanmif;vmonfESifhtr# tm&yfEG,fzGm;wdk@ESifhvnf; a&maxG;vm=ujyD; xdk tm&yfEG,fzGm;rsm; aysmufuG,foGm;onf[k a&;om;xm;ygonf? (TudpPrSm ,kwWdrwefonfhta}umif;ukd ed'gef;ykdif;wGif az:jycJhjyD;jzpfygonf?)

100?100?100?100? &cdkifvlrsKd;tcsKd@. tqkdrSm “&kd[if*sm” onf jrefrmvkd “ &Gma[mif;om;”[kac:a=umif;/ &kd[if*sm-rlqvifbmom0if vlrsKd;rsm;rSm ZmwdrsKd;&kd;tm;jzifh EldifiHjcm;om;rsm;omjzpfa=umif; &cdkifvlrsKd; &Sifbk&ifrsm;vufxufu ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,f,if; a&muf&Sdvm=uaom tm&yf ESifh yxefukefonfrsm;. tquftEG,fjzpf=ua=umif;/ tqkdyg trsKd;orD;/ trsKdom;wkd@ESifh &cdkifbk&if rif;apmrGefukd tultnDay;&ef a&mufvm=uaom 0gvDcefacgif;aqmifaom a*:&D yxefppfom;rsm;ESifh a&mESmxdrf;jrm;vufxyfI &cdkifbk&if eef;wGif;cpm;=uaom tEG,fyGm; rsm;jzpf=ua=umif;/ 4if;wkd@onf tm&yf/ yg&Sm; ESifh tl&'l a&mpyfaom pum;rsm;ajymqdk=u a=umif;

&ckdifpum;ESifh b*FvDpum;ukdvnf; ajymqkd=uygonf[k a&;om;xm;a=umif;awG@&Sd &ygonf? 101?101?101?101? &cdkiftrsm;pkurl &dk[if*sm[laom oHk;pGJac:a0:r_udk vufcHonfh oabmr&Sdyga=umif;/ ordkif;a&;&m taxmuftxm;rsm;t& &cdkifjynfe,fodk@ a&muf&Sdvm=uaom r[mar'if bmom0ifrsm;rSm ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_jyK&if; a&muf&Sdvm=uonfh tm&SESifhyg&Sm;tEG,frsm; ppfwdkufcdkuf&if;a&muf&Sdvm=uonfh yxef;tquftEG,frsm;ESifh &cdkifbk&ifrsm;u ppfwdkuf&if; ppfoHk@yef;tjzpf zrf;qD;&rdolwdk@ESifh &cdkifbk&ifrsm;udk ay:wl*DvlrsdK;rsm; qufoonfh aus;usGef jzpfol b*FvDrlqvifwdk@omjzpfa=umif; ta=umif;w&yf&yfa=umifh tajcpdkufaexdkif=uonfh r[mar'ifbmom0ifwdk@onf wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;EG,fpkwGif yg0if=uolrsm;r[kwf=ubJ edkifiHjcm;rS a&muf&Sdvm=uum &cdkifbk&ifrsm;u ajrmufOD;jrdK@e,fESifh ausmufawmfjrdK@e,fwdk@wGif ae&mcs xm;ay;cJha=umif; ,ckacwfwdkif 4if;wdk@aexdkifaom &Gmrsm;udk a'ocHwdk@u “&cdkifaus;&Gm” [lI ac:a0:oHk;pGJ=ua=umif;/ jAdwdo#e,fcsJ@vufxufwGif 0ifa&mufaexdkif=uaom b*FvD rlqvifaus;&Gmudk “taemuf ukvm;&Gm” [lI owfowfrSwfrSwf ac:a0:orkwf=ua=umif;/ a&S;&cdkifbk&ifrsm;vufxufu tajcpdkufaexdkifcJh=uaom r[mar'ifbmom0ifwdk@onf &cdkif vlrsdK;ESifhudk;uG,faombmom/ omoema&;wGifom uGJjym;jcm;em;jyD; pum;tajymtqdk/ t vkyftudkif/ qufqHr_ ponfwdk@wGif &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;ESifhwlnDyga=umif;/ oHwGJc&dkifESifh ausmufjzL c&dkifodk@a&muf&Sdtajccsaexdkif=uaom urefrsm;/ tm&yfukefonfrsm;/ b*FvDvlrsdK; aus;usGefrsm;onf &GmwnfaqmufyHkutp &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;r&SdbJ wlnDyg a=umif;/ touf=uD;oltcsdK honf &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;uJhodk h aq;rSifrsm;xdk;onfudkawG@&yga=umif;/ trsdK;orD;rsm;rSmvnf; tdrfwGif;ykef;avhr&Sda=umif;/ ajrmufOD;jrdK@e,fESifh ausmufawmfjrdK@e,f&Sd “&cdkifukvm;&Gm”rsm;wGifvnf; &GmwnfaqmufyHk/ tdrfwnfaqmufyHkrsm; wlnD=uonfudk awG@&ygonf[k a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf? 102?102?102?102? &dk[if*smESifhywfoufI a&;om;azmfjycsufrsm;udk=unfhv#if &cdkifbk&ifrsm;vufxufu a&muf&SdtajcpdkufaexdkifcJh=uaom r[mar'ifbmom0ifrsm;jzpf=uonfh yg&Sm;ESifhtm&yf vlrsdK; oabFmukefonfrsm;/ yxef;vlrsdK;ppfom;EG,fpkrsm;ESifh b*FvDrlqvifvlrsdK; ppfoHk@yef; ESifhaus;usGeftqufrsm;jzpfa=umif;/ jAdwdo#e,fcsJ@vufxuf 0ifa&muftajcpdkufaexdkifcJh =uaom b*FgvDrlqvifrsm;ESifh aemufydkif;0ifa&mufvmolrsm;rSm txift&Sm;uGJjym;aeyg a=umif;udk awG@&Sd&ygonf? 103?103?103?103? &dk[if*smv_yf&Sm;r_udk zefwD;jyKvkyfaeolrsm;u &cdkifjynfwGif r[mar'ifbmom0ifrsm;u wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;jzpf=uonfh &cdkif/ csif; ponfwdk@xuf

OD;pGma&muf&Sdaeoa,mif vkyf =uHa&;om;jcif;rsdK; a&S;&cdkkifbk&ifrsm;vufxufu a&muf&SdtajcpdkufaexdkifcJholrsm;ESifh 4if;wdk@ b*FvDrlqvifrsm;udk a&maxG;jyD; &dk[if*smrsm;jzpf=uygonf[laom a&;om;jcif;rsdK;jzifh tpPvmrfedkifiHrsm;ESifh edkifiHwumZmwfcHkay:wGif tcGifhoifhwdkif; a&;om;ajymqdkr_rsm; jyKvkyf v#uf&Sdonfudk awG h&ygonf? 104?104?104?104? txufyga&;om;csufrsm;t& xdkuJhodk@ac:qdkedkifolrsm;rSm jAdwdo#e,fcsJ@acwf rwdkifrDu &cdkifjynftwGif;odk@ ta}umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umihf a&muf&SdvmjyD; tajcpdkufaexdkifcJh=uaom r[mar'ifbmomudk;uG,fol ukvm;rsm;omjzpfygonf? (1872)ckESpf pm&if;rsm;t& 4if;wdk@ vlOD;a&rSm ppfawGc&dkifwGif (58255)OD;om jzpfygonf? 4if; r[mar'ifbmom0ifOD;a&udk tajccHjyD; wESpfv#if (2µ) vlOD;a& wdk;wufonf[k xm;I wGufcsufygv#if (1983)ckESpf txd ESpfaygif; (100)ausmfwGif &SdrnfhvlOD;a&rSm (58255š229327) jzpfygonf? ,ckjzpfaeonfrSm ppfawGtygt0if(9)jrdK@e,fwGif b*FvDrlqvifOD;a&onf (529369)OD;odk@ a&muf&Sdum wdk; wufrsm;jym;v#ufjzpfaeygonf? &Sdoifhonfh vlOD;a& (1)odef; (8)aomif;ausmf xuf ydkrdkae aomvlOD;a& (3)odef;ausmfrSm jAdwdo#e,fcs@Jacwfu 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;ESifh aemufydkif; w&m; r0if cdk;0ifvm=uolrsm;jzpfa=umif; a&;om;csufudk awG h&Sd&ygonf? 105?105?105?105? &cdkifjynfwGif bdk;/ bGm;/ bD/ bif vufxufrSpI tpOfwpdkufESpf&Snfvrsm; tajcpdkuf aexdkifvmcJhr_a=umifh jrefrmedkifiHom;jzpfvm=uonfh &dk[if*smac:onfjzpfap/ ukvm;ac:onf jzpfap/ xdkolrsm;onf yif&if;edkifiH&Sd=uonfh edkifiHjcm;om;tEG,frsm;rS qif;oufvmolrsm;jzpf =uojzifh 4if;wdk@onf jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;r[kwf=uonfudk txl;oufaoxlp&mrvdk a=umif;awG h&ygonf? 111106?06?06?06? Todk@ r_rrSefajymqdkvkyf=uHa&;om;r_wdk@a=umifh4if;/ jrefrmedkifiHESifh ygupPwefESpfedkifiH wdk h. qufqHa&;onf aumif;rGefajyvnfr_&SdjyD; jrefrmedkifiH.&nf&G,fcsufrsm;onf rSefuefojzifh4if;/ &dk[if*smv_yf&Sm;r_rSm tpPvmrfedkifiHrsm;avmuESifh edkifiHwumZmwfcHkwGif axmufcHtm;ay;r_ r&Sdoavmufjzpfum a&aowGifarsmaeonfh tajctaetqifh avmufom &SdonfudkawG@&yg onf?

tydkif; (4)tydkif; (4)tydkif; (4)tydkif; (4) awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfawmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfawmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfawmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwf 107?107?107?107? &cdkifwdkif;twGif;&Sdaom b*FvDrlqvifrsm;ESifh aemufxyfw&m;r0ifcdk;0ifvmolrsm; a&m axG;um b*FvDrlqvifvlrsdK;OD;a&rSm wdk;Iomvmaeonfudk awG@&Sd&ygawmhonf?

108?108?108?108? Tjzpf&yfukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&ef&nf&G,fI (1966)ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvrSpI 'DZifbm vtxd tv,fykdif;wdkif;ppfXmcsKyfwkdif;rSL;. uGyfuJr_jzifh b*FvDrlqvifrsm;ukd ppfaq;pm&if; aumuf,ljcif;/ rSwfykHwifjcif;rsm;jyKvkyf&ef ppfaq;a&;rsm;jyKvkyfcJhygonf? (u)(u)(u)(u)“usD;uef;ppfqifa&;”t& ppfawG/ ajrykH/ ausmufawmf/ ykÀm;uGsef;/ oHwGJESifh awmifukwf jrdK@e,frsm;twGif; pdrfh0ifa&muf&Sdvmaom b*FvDrlqvif (1307)OD;wkd@tm; ppfaq;pm&if; aumuf,ljyD; armif;awmjrdK@e,f twGif;okd@jyefvnf ykd@ay;cJhygonf? (c)(c)(c)(c) “a&$usD;ppfqifa&;”t& armif;awmc&kdifcGJtwGif;&Sd =udrfacsmif;jrdK@e,fcGJ/ armif;awmjrdK@ e,fcGJESifh tv,foHausmfjrdK@e,fcGJrsm;&Sd aus;&Gmtkyfpk (23)ckwGif b*Fvm;rlqvif(53674)OD; wkd@ukd ppfaq;pm&if; aumuf,lcJhygonf// 109?109?109?109? Tokd@ppfqifa&;rsm;jyKvkyfcJhojzifh ppfqifa&;umvtwGif; rw&m;ckd;0ifvmr_rsm; &yfwef@oGm;cJhovkd&SdcJhaomfvnf; aemufykdif;wGif b*gFvDrlqvifrsm; ckd;0ifvmr_rsm;&SdjrJwkdif;&Sd aeojzifh (1969)ckESpf azaz:0g&DvwGif tv,fykdif;ppfXmecsKyfwkdif;rSL;. uGyfuJr_jzifhyif rGefjrwf ppfqifa&;ukd jyKvkyfcJh&jyefonf// Tppfqifa&;t& ppfawGc&kdifESifh ausmufjzLc&kdiftwGif; EkdifiHjcm;om; b*FvDrlqvifrsm; rw&m;ckdf;0ifvmr_ukdpDppfjcif;/ rSwfykHwifjcif;ESifh vlOD;a&p&if; rsm; aumuf,lr_ukd jyKvkyfcJhonfukdf awG@&ygonf// 110?110?110?110? (1971)ckESpfwGif ta&ShygupPwefESifh taemufygupPwefwkd@ yÉduQjzpfyGm;r_a=umifh ta&Sh ygupPwefrS ppfajy;'kuQonf waomif;ausmfcefhonf bl;oD;awmifESifh armif;awmjrdK@rsm;okd@ 0ifa&mufckdv_HcJh=uonf// ,if;udpPukd aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf A[kdvkHjcKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfr_aumfr wDu aumfrwDw&yfzGJ@pnf;um 0ifa&mufvmaom ppfajy;'kuQonfrsm;tm; rSwfykHwifI rSwfykHwifu'fjym;rsm; xkwfay;jcif; ,if;wkd@ ,laqmifvmaom EkdifiHjcm;aiGrsm;ukd pm&if;jyKpkI acwWxdef;odrf;xm;jcif;/ ,if;'kuQonfrsm;tm; rdrdwkdf@ae&if;a'ookd@ jyefvnfxGufcGma&; twGuf vkdtyfonfrsm;ukd !SdE_dif;aqmif&Gufay;jcif; ponfwkd@ukd awG@&ygonf// 111?111?111?111? 'kwd,urBmppf=uD;jzpfonfrSpI ajyif;vJjyifqifr_trsKd;rsKd;jzifh wnfjidrfr_r&SdcJhaom jrefrm EkdifiH.tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfa=umifh 0efxrf;tzGJ@pGrf;aqmifrSm jrifhrm;jcif;r&Sdonfukd awG@&Sd&ygonf// odk@jzpfygIvnf; vl0if=uD;=uyfa&;Xmeonf w&m;r0ifckd;0ifvmol EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;tm; wm;qD; ta&;,l&mwGif rEkdifreif;jzpfaeojzifh (1974)ckESpf azaz:0g&DvrSpI ppfbufqkdif&m wkd@. OD;aqmifr_jzifh ppfqifa&;w&yfukd jyKvkyfcJhygonf// 112?112?112?112? Tppfqifa&;ukd “pyg,fppfqifa&;” [lItrnfay;um &ckdifwkdif;twGif;&Sd b*FvDrlq vifwckwnf;ukdom OD;wnfjcif;r[kwfbJ csif;0daoowkdif;/ ucsifjynfe,fESifh &Srf;jynfe,f rsm;okd@ w&m;r0ifckd;0ifvmol EkdifiHjcm;om; tm;vkH;ukd ppfaq;zrf;qD;ta&;,l&ef

aqmif&Guf jcif;jzpfojzifh rlqvifrsm;u 4if;wkd@tm; EkdifiHa&;zdESdyfygonf [laom pGyfpGJcsufrsm;ukd ajymqkd&ef tcGifhtvrf;enf;aprnf jzpfygonf// 113?113?113?113? ppfqifa&;wkd@rnfonf uefowfxm;aom tcsdeftwGif; vkyfief;rsm;ukd jyD;pD;atmif aqmif&Guf&onfjzpf&m aqmif&Gufvkyfukdifolwkd@onf trdef@tm%mukd tokH;jyK=ujyD; ukdif wG,faqmif&Guf&mY cyf=urf=urf; vkyfwwfavh&Sdygonf// &ckdifwkdif;twGif;&Sd w&m;r0ifa&muf vmol b*FvDrlqvifrsm;onf Tppfqifa&;udk a=umufvef@onfu wa=umif; rdrdwkd@ rlvaexkdifcJh=uaom b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiH&Sd t&yfa'orsm;okd@ tcsdK@ jyefvnfxGufajy;oGm;=u onfukd awG@&ygonf// 114?114?114?114? pyg,fppfqifa&;t& ppfaq;ta&;,lr_rsm; tajctaerSm (1974)ckESpf 'DZifbmvtxd &ckdifwkdif;twGif;okd@ w&m;r0ifckd;0ifvmol b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiHom;(977)OD;/ EkdifiHjcm;rSwfykHwif tufOya'usL;vGefazmufzsufol(663)OD;ESifh EkdifiHjcm;om;[k oHo,&Sdol(18254)OD;ukd ppf aq;awG@&Sd&ojzifh ta&;,lr_jyKvkyfcJhygonf// 115?115?115?115? Tokd@ &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif; ppfqqifa&;t&Sdeft[kefjzifh zrf;qD;ta&;,lr_ukd a=umuf&$H xdwfvefh=uaom b*FvDrlqvifwcsKd@onf rdom;pktvkduf tkd;tdrfrsm;ukd pGef@vGwfjyD; b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiHbufokd@ xGufajy;oGm;=uygonf// xkd@okd@xGufajy;OD;a&rSm(1975)ckESpf pkHprf; ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@. tpD&ifcHpmt& armif;awmjrdK@e,frS(1415)OD;/ bl;oD;awmifjrdK@e,frS(550) OD;ESifh &aohawmifjrdK@e,frS(935)OD;/ pkpkaygif;(2900)jzpfa=umif;ESifh (1974)ckESpf 'DZifbmvrS pI 4if;wkd@. qENtav#muf b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiHbufokd@ ajymif;a&$hoGm;a=umif; ppfaq;a&; tpD &ifcHpmwGif az:jyxm;onfukd awG@&ygonf// 116?116?116?116? tpD&ifcHpmwGifajymif;a&$hoGm;olrsm;onf rlqvifbmom0ifb*FgvD trsKd;tEG,frsm; jzpfjyD;/ ukd,fykdifv,f,mvkyfukdifpm;aomufolrsm;/ v,f,mtiSm;vkyfukdifolrsm;/ aps;onf rsm;/ usbef;vkyfukdifpm;olrsm;/ tajctaerJhrsm; ponfjzifh tv$maygif;pkHyg0ifjyD; atmuf azmfjyyg ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh ajymif;a&$hoGm;=ujcif;jzpfa=umif; azmfjyxm;ygonf? (u) jrefrmeldifiHtwGif;Y w&m;Oya'rsm;ukd usL;vGefjyD; ta&;,lcH&rnfukdpdk;ojzifh xGufajy; wdrf;a&Smifjcif;/ (c) tpkd;&ESifhpyg;pmcsKyfcsKyfqkdjyD; xGuf&Sdvmaompyg;ukd wzufEldifiHokd@ ckd;xkwfa&mif;cs vdkufojzifhwm0efrausjzpfum a&Smifwdrf;xGufcGgoGm;jcif;/ (*) aus;&Gmom;rlqvif tcsif;csif;wOD;.v,f,m/ uGsJ/ EGm;rsm;ukd wOD;urw&m;&,lvkd ojzifh vH_aqmfr_rsm;/ r[kwfrrSefowif;rsm; vGifhr_rsm;a=umifh xGufajy;oGm;jcif;/

(C) taemufygudpPwefwGif tvkyftukdifaygrsm;I tvkyform;trsm;tjym;vkdtyfojzifh 4if;wkd@ aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;u pmtm;jzifh4if;/ vl=uHKrSwqifh4if;/ a&;om;rSm=um;ojzifh b*Fvm;a'h&SfeldifiHrS wqifhoGm;&eftwGuf xGufajy;oGm;jcif;/ (i) b*Fvm;a'h&SfeldifiHokd@ a&muf&Sdvmolrsm;tm;vkH; u,fq,fa&;ypPnf;rsm; a0iSa=umif;ESifh pcef;rsm;zGifhvSpfapmifha&Smufxm;a=umif; owif;rsm;jzpfay:ojzifhxGufajy;oGm;jcif;/ (p) pyg,f txl;pDppfa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifhawG@&SdjyD; 4if;wkd@ rw&m;usL;ausmfaexkdifr_jzpf&yf rSefrsm; ay:aygufta&;,lcH&rnfpkd;I tajctaerJholrsm; xGufajy;oGm;jcif; ponf wkd hjzpf=uygonf? 107?107?107?107? b*Fvm;a'h&SfeldifiHzufokd@ xGufajy;vmolrsm;ESifhywfoufjyD; b*Fvm;a'h&SfeldifiH/ eldifiHjcm; a&;0ef}uD;XmerS 'uUm;jrdK@&Sd jrefrmoH&kH; ,m,DwmefcHtm; ac:,lawG@qkHv#uf jrefrmeldifiHrS rlqviftrsKd;tEG,fwkd@onf b*Fvm;a'h&SfeldifiHzufokd@/ tvkH;t&if;ESifh0ifa&mufv#uf&Sda=umif;/ ppfffwaumif;wGif (1500)ESifh *sufqkd;jrdK@wGif (405)OD;&Sdaev#uf/ ae@pOf (300) rS (500) OD;txd e,fpyfjzwfausmf&ef pkdif;jyif;aeojzifh pkd;&drfruif;&Sdae&a=umif; bFvm;a'h&SfeldifiHtaejzifh jrefrme,fjcm;wGif at;csrf;onfhtajctaeukd vkdvm;ojzifh ESpfedkifiHjy\em ray:ayguf&av atmif jrefrmtm%mykdifrsm;. tultnDukd &,lay;apvkda}umif; rlqvifrsm;qufvuf 0ifa&mufaernfqkdygu b*Fvm;a'h&SfekdifiHtwGufjy\emrsm;ESifh &ifqkdif&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif tcsdK@tiftm;pkrsm;. v_H@aqmfr_rsm;a=umifh EldifiHa&;jy\emjzpfay:vmum b*Fvm;a'hEldifiH taejzifh rvkyfvkdaomwefjyefta&;,lr_wdk@ukd rvkyfrjzpfonfhtajctaeESifh &ifqkdif&rnfh tvm;tvmukd pkd;&drfa=umif;jzifh ajym=um;a=umif; az:jyxm;onfukd awG h&Sd&ygonf? 118?118?118?118? TudpPESifhywfoufI &efukefjrdK@ b*Fvm;a'h&SfeldifiH oHtrwf=uD;uvnf; eldifiHjcm;a&; 0ef}uFD;Xme/ 'kwd,0ef}uD;tm; vm&mufawG@qkHv#uf jrefrmeldifiHzufrS rlqviftawmfrsm;rsm;/ b*Fvm;a'heldifiHzufokd@ 0ifa&mufv#uf&Sd&m ppfwaumif;wGif (100)ausmfcef@ESifh ppfwaumif; awmifwef;a'owGif (400) rS (500) cef@ukdawG@&Sd&a=umif;/ 4if;wdk@rSm qif;&J'kuQa&mufaeI ckdv_H&mrJhjzpfaea=umif;/ ESpfeldifiHt=um; cspf=unfpGm aexkdif&efESifhjy\em&Sdygu ESpfOD;ESpfzuf nSdE_dif;ajz&Sif;&ef ESpfeldifiHorRw=uD;rsm; qkH;jzwfxm;=ujyD;jzpf&m TudpPwGifvnf; ajz&Sif;eldif vdrfhrnf[k,kH=unfa=umif;/ vltajrmuftjrm; b*Fvm;a'h&SfeldifiHtwGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufjcif;jzifh b*Fvm;a'h&SfEldifiHtpkd;&twGuf jy\emrsm;ay:aygufeldifonfhtjyif/ tcsKd@tiftm;pkrsm;u TudpPukd [kd;av;wausmfjzpfatmif v_H@aqmftcGifhaumif;,lrnfh tvm;tvmrsm;ukd

ajym=um;ygonf? b*Fvm;a'h&SfedkifiH oHtrwf=uD;u atmufykdif;tqifhwGif ueOD;aqG;aEG;I vkdtyfygu txuftqifhwGif aqmif&Gufeldifyga=umif;ESifh aemufxyfvlrsm; pdrfh0ifr vmeldifatmif [ef@wm;ay;yg&efESifh 0ifa&mufvmcJhjyD;olrsm;tm; jyefvnfae&mcsxm; ay;&ef ajym=um;a=umif; awG@&Sd&ygonf? 119?119?119?119? b*Fvm;a'h&SfEldifiH owif;pmrsm;wGif a*smf&_djrdK@odk@ jrefrmrlqvifrsm; ckdv_Hvmjcif;/ jrefrm edlifiHwGiftjrJaexkdifaom jrefrmeldifiHom; b*FvDrlqvifrsm;tm; jrefrmeldifiHrS ESifxkwfqJ ponfh owif;acgif;pOfrsm;jzifh a&;om;az:jyxm;onfukdawG@&Sd &ygonf? xGufajy;vmol vlOD;a&ESifhywfoufI b*Fvm;a'h&SfeldifiH/ aumhpfbZm;a'oudk jzwfoef;v#uf a*smf&_djrdK@odk@ jrefrmrlqvifuav;/ vl}uD; (400)cef@ a&muf&Sdvma=umif; jzifh4if;/ jrefrmeldifiHrS ajy;0ifvm olrsm;rSm(1200) &Sdrnfjzpfa}umif;ESifh aumhpfbZm;wGif 0ifa&mufckdv_Hv#uf tkd;tdrfrJhjzpfum vrf;ray:wGif av#mufoGm;v#uf&Sda=umif; ,if;0ifa&mufckdv_Hvmolrsm;twGuf bmwfcgvDjrdK@ wGif 'kuQonfpcef;ESpfckzGifhvSpfum ckdv_Hol(1000) cefh vufcHxm;onf[k4if;/ az:jyxm;onf ukd awG h&Sd&ygonf? 120?120?120?120? ,if;owif;pmrsm;wGif jrefrmrlqvifrsm;xGufajy;vm=uonfhta=umif;rSm Ak'<bm om0if &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;u nSif;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;/ rlqvifrsm;ykdif tdk;tdrfv,fajrypPnf;rsm;ukd t"rRodrf;,lonfukd jrefrmtpkd;&u vufykduf=unfhaejcif;/ jrefrmtpkd;&taeESifhvnf; rlq vifrsm;ykdif ypPnf;rsm;ukd jynfolykdifjyKvkyfjcif; ponfwdk@a=umifhjzpfonf[k az: jyyg&Sdygonf? 121?121?121?121? ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh jrefrmeldifiHzufrS b*Fvm;a'h&SfeldifiHzufokd@ xGufajy;ckdv_H=uaom rlqvifbmom0if/ b*FvDrsKd;EG,fpkwkd@ukd bef;jyjyD; Tokd@ckdv_Hvm =ujcif;rsm;onf rlqvifbmomukd ESdyfuGyfjcif;jzpfonfh oabmrsKd;a&muf&Sdap&ef r[kwf rrSef owif;jzef@v#uf rlqvifeldifiHrsm;rS aiGa}u;/ vufeuftultnD&,l&ef aqmif&Gufol rsm;rSm &efukefwuUokdvf ausmif;xGuf rlqvifi,frsm; jzpf=uonfukd awG h&ygonf? 122?122?122?122? &ckdifwkdif;twGif; vufeufukdifwkdufcJhaom rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;olrsm;tzGJ@onf (1954)ckESpfwGif jydKuGJoGm;jyD;aemuf (1961 )ckESpfwGif tjyD;owfcsKyfjidrf;oGm;cJhygonf? (1962)ckESpf awmfvSefa&;tpkd;&wufvmjyD;aemuf rlqvifausmif;om;vli,fwkd@onf jrefrmjynf taemufzuf&Sd &ckdifjynftm; ESpfjcrf;cGJum rlqvifEldifiH wnfaxmif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh (1964)ckESpfrSpI v_yf&Sm;vm=uum (1971)ckESpfwGif &kd[if*smrsKd;cspfwyfOD; trnfjzifhaqmif &GufcJhygonf? ,if;wyfOD;acgif;aqmif *szm[mbpfqkdolonf awmfvSef a&;tpkd;&wufpu &efukefwuUokdvf&kd[if*sm ausmif;om;wyfzGJ@acgif;aqmif wpfOD;jzpf onf[k qkdyga=umif;/ tjcm;rlqvifvli,facgif;aqmifwkd@rSm &efukefwuUokdvfausmif;xGuf

a'gufwmwifarmif/ rkd[mruftvD (ac: ) armifodef;atmif/ bDuGrf;bGJ h&ESifh Ek&ftdpPvef/ &efukefwuUokdvfrS bDat bDt,fvfbGJ@&olwkd@ jzpfa=umif;awG@&Sd&ygonf? 124?124?124?124? eldifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_taeESifh &kd[if*sm[laom tokH;tE_ef;ukd (1971)ckESpfrS pwifonf ukd awG@&yga=umif;/ b*Fvm;a'h&SfeldifiHonf jrefrmeldifiHESifh cspf=unfpGmqufqHvkdojzifh4if;/ b*Fvm;a'h&SfEldifiH. jynfwGif;a&;t&4if;/ (1974)ckESpfwGif &kd[if*smrsKd;cspfwyfOD;tzGJ@tm; b*Fvm;a'h&Sf tpkd;&xHwGif vufeufcsapcJhojzifh tqkdyg &kd[if*smrsKd;cspfwyfOD;tzGJ. v_yf&Sm;r_ csKyfjidrf;oGm;a=umif; awG@&Sd&ygonf?

tcef;tcef;tcef;tcef; (5)(5)(5)(5)

jynfol haumifpDrsm;acwfjynfol haumifpDrsm;acwfjynfol haumifpDrsm;acwfjynfol haumifpDrsm;acwf 124?124?124?124? e,fpyfa'owGif b*FvDrlqvifrsm; ckd;0ifr_tEN&,fukd jrefjrefxufxuf ukdifwG,frvkyf ukdifeldifv#if tcsdef=umvmonfESifhtr# =uD;xGm;vmv#uf&Sdonfukd b*FvDrlqvifbmom0if trsm;qkH;&Sdonfh armif;awmjrdK@e,f vlOD;a&ukd=unfh&_v#ifod&Sdeldifygonf? e,fcsJ@jAdwdo#acwf tpOD;ykdif; (1921)ckESpfu armif;awmjrdK@e,fwGif b*FvDrlqvifbmom0ifOD;a&rSm (68035) om&SdcJh&mrS e,fcsJ@jAdwdo#acwftqkH;ykdif;(1941)ckESpfwGif (124452)OD;txd ESpfqcefh wkd;yGm; vmcJhyga=umif; vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;aemuf eldifiHa&;acwfwGif (1958)ckESpf b*FgvDrlqvifOD;a&rSm armif;awmjrdK@e,fwGif(187792)OD;jzpfcJh&mrS awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&acwf. (1971)ckESpfwGif (205777)OD; jzpfvmyga=uif;/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'opfjyXmef;jyD;aemuf jynfol@ aumifpDrsm;acwfwGif (1975-76) ckESpfY (212070) OD;jzpfonfukd awG h&Sd&ygonf? 125?125?125?125? az:jyygarmif;awmjrdK@e,f&Sd b*FvDrlqvifbmom0ifOD;a& udef;*%ef;rsm;ukd okH;oyf =unfh&_v#if jAdwdo#acwfESifhvGwfvyfa&;&jyD;aemuf eldifiHa&;tpkd;&acwfrsm;u wkd;wufvm aomvlOD;a&rSm rsm;jym;cJhaomfvnf; awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&acwftykdif;wGif e,ferdwfpnf;rsOf; rsm;ukd owfrSwfeldifcJhjyD; (1966)ckESpfrSpI ppfqifa&;rsm;jzifh eldifiHwGif;okd@ ckd;0ifvmol eldifiHjcm; om;rsm;tm; zrf;qD;az:xkwfta&;,lcJhonfrsm;a=umifh/ armifawmjrdK@e,f vlOD;a&wkd;yGm; r_E_ef;rSm avsmhenf;oGm;onfudkawG@&Sd &yga}umif;/ okd@aomfvnf; ESpfpOf&SdjyD; rlqvifOD;a&xuf wdk;aeonfukd (1977-78)ckESpf vlOD;a&pm&if;t& armifawmjrdK@e,fwGif b*FvDrlqvif (222860) jzpfaeonfu jyqkdv#uf&Sdyga=umif;/ tvm;wlyif b*FvDrlqvifOD;a&rsm;aom jrdK@ e,frsm;rSm

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,lae=uonfomru edkifiHom;rsm; jzpfatmiftjyif rJay;edkifcGifh&atmifvnf; zefwD;ay;=u onfudk awG@&ygonf// &dk[if*sm[l aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmjyD; rlqvif edkifiHxlaxmif&ef pdkif;jyif;a=uG;a=umfvm =uonftxd jzpfvmygawmhonf// 11// awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&wufvmjyD; aemufydkif;rSmrl ukvm;rsm;udk rw&m;oGif;,lr_ &yfwef@ oGm;avonf// rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;r_rSmvnf; ed*Hk;csKyfcJhavonf// odk@aomf "&dk[if*sm" awm cdktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf trnftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh ay:aygufvmonfudk awG@&onf// 12// awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&vufxufESifh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDvufxufrSpI bl;oD; awmif/ armif;awmudk e,fjcm;ao c&dkiftjzpf owfrSwfcJhjyD; b*FgvDukvm;rsm; t0if txGuf udk =uyfrwfcJhonfomru vl0ifr_=uD;=uyfa&;ESifhywfoufaom ppfqifa&;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf udk awG@&ygonf// (1977)ckESpfwGif e*g;rif;pDrHcsufudk taumiftxnf az:&m wGif ppfawG/ &aohawmif/ bl;oD;awmif/ armif;awmjrdK@e,frsm;rS ukvm;tajrmuftjrm; wdk@onf wzuf b*Fvm;a'h&SfedkifiHodk@ xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifoGm;=uonfudk awG@&ygonf// wzufedkifiHwGif 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;zGJ@I vufcHxm;onfudkvnf;awG@&ygonf// 13// jrefrmedkifiHESifhb*Fvm;a'h&Sf ESpfedkifiHcspf=unfr_udk ta=umif;jyKI xdkxGufajy;oGm;=u aom b*FgvDrlqvifukvm;rsm;udk [oFmpDrHcsufjzifh jyefvnfvufcHcJhonfudk awG@&yg onf// jyef0if vmaom b*FgvDukvm;rsm;rSm &cdkifjynfe,frSxGufoGm;onfhta&twGuf xuf rsm;vmonf udk awG@&ygonf// 14// TuJhodk@jzpfvmonfh ta=umif;&if;tcsufwcsufrSm t"dutm;jzifh csrSwfxm;onfh Oya'rsm;. aysmhuGuf[muGufrsm;a=umifhvnf; trSefyifjzpfygonf// xdk@a=umifh zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'topfa&;qGJ&mwGif TuJhodk@aom vl0ifvlxGufudpPudk4if;/ a&muf&SdESifhjyD;jzpf aom wzufedkifiHom;rsm; odk@r[kwf {nfhedkifiHom;rsm;udk Oya't&rnfuJhodk@ xdef;csKyfoifh onfh edkifiHom;jyKr_tufOya'rsm;udkvnf; cdkifrmatmifjyKvkyfoifhygonf// {nfhedkifiHom;rsm; rJay;ydkifcGifhESifh ywfoufI rnfuJhodk@uef@owfaqmif&Gufoifhonfudkvnf; txl;tav; xm;I 0dkif;0ef;pOf;pm;&ef tcsdefwefjyD[k ,lqrdyga=umif;//

usrf;um;pm&if;usrf;um;pm&if;usrf;um;pm&if;usrf;um;pm&if; (1) Junior History of India by Banerji

(2) ajrmufOD;vrf;nGef- &cdkifjynfe,fjynfol@aumifpDjyKpkonf// (3) jynfe,fjzpfpOfordkif;- &cdkifjynfe,fjynfol@aumifpDjyKpkonf// yxrwGJ- ordkif;u¾

(4) jynfe,fjzpfpOfordkif;- &cdkifjynfe,fjynfol@aumifpDjyKpkonf// pwkwWwGJ- vlr_a&;u¾

(5) Burma gazetteer by Mr. R. B. Smart Akyab District, Vol A

(6) Burma gazetteer by S. Grantham Akyab District Vol. B-No. 1 (7) Burma gazetteer by W.B Tydd Sandoway District, Vol. A (8) An Introduction to the political economy of Burma by J. S. Funivall

(9) cdkifjynfe,ftwGif; edkifiHjcm;om;b*FgvDvlrsdK;rsm; pdkif;jyif;v$rf;rdk;r_ tEW&m,frS wm;qD;umuG,fa&;ESifhywfoufI wifjycsuf// (10) &cdkifwdkif;-vl0ifr_=uD;=uyfa&;.wifjycsuf (11) Roewangyas in Arakan by Ba Tha, Article in "The Guardian", May 1960

(12) Phamphlets of (a) Rohingya Patriotic Front

(b) Rohingya Solidarity Organization (13) jrefrmedkifiHe,fpyfa'orsm;Y jzpfay:avh&Sdonfh ta&;tcif;rsm;udk rdrdESifhwzufedkifiHrsm;rS a'oqdkif&mtm%mydkiftcsif;csif; nSd@ESdKif;ajz&Sif;=ujcif;udpP// (jynfxJa&;0ef=uD;Xme-1975) (14) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;ta&;ESifh ywfoufI awmfvSefa&;aumifpD. tjrifESifhcH,lcsuf- jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD (15) The Indian Constitution- Asurvey- by S. K. Lahiri & B. N. Banergee

(16) The British Common Wealth- The Development of its Laws & Constitution Pakistan- by Alan Gled

Hill

(17) World Constitutions- full view at a glance- By S. L. Laeley (18) 1947 jynfaxmifpkjrefrmedkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'// (19) 1948 jynfaxmifpkjrefrmedkifiHom;tjzpf (a&G;cs,fa&;) tufOya'// (20) 1949 jynfaxmifpkjrefrmedkifiHom;jzpfr_ tufOya'// (21) 1949 jynfaxmifpkjrefrmedkifiHtwGif; aexdkifolrsm; rSwfyHkwifa&;Oya'// (22) The Registration of Foreigners Act.

(23) awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ausnmcsufrsm;ESifh trdef@rsm;// (24) ygvDrefqdkif&m rSwfwrf;rsm;// (25) History of Burma- by Lieutanant General Sir Arthur P.Phayre (1883)

(26) ar"ynmarmfuGef;vuFm- ar"ynmtrwf/ a0omvDacwf (27) a&S;acwf&cdkifordkif;udk avhvmqef;ppfcsuf 1998/ OD;a&$ZH/ OD;armifausmf (29) &cdkif'*Fg;/ 1979/ OD;pHomatmif// (30) "n0wDacwf&mZ0ifordkif;ESifh tcsdK@aomokawoDwdk@ tawG;tjrif OD;atmifomOD;// (31) The golden Mrauk-U, An ancient capital of Rakhine- U Shwe Zan

(32) ajrmufOD;acwf'*Fg; odk@r[kwf '*Fg;uajymaom ajrmufOD;acwfordkif;- OD;a&$ZH (ajrmufOD;acwfordkif;udk qef;ppfavhvmcsufrS aumufE_wfcsuf// at'D 2000) (33) "n0wDacwfonf '¾m&DyHkjyifr[kwfyg- aqmif;yg;- OD;armifausmf- 1996// (34) a0omvDacwf ya[Vdykp>mESifh tajzaqmif;yg;- OD;a&$ZH- 1996// (35) tmeENpajEN/ &Spf&mpk&cdkifa0omvDrif;- OD;pHomatmif (36) Some Jurifications about Wethali, a single Rakhine Dynasty existing between Fourth and Ninth

Century by U Shwe Zan

(37) "n0wDacwf/ &cdkifacwfOD; (ouU&mZf 2001)/ OD;a&$ZH// (38) acwfokawoDrsm;u "n0wDESifh a0omvDacwfrsm;udk a&;om;wifjy&mwGif toHk;jyKae=uaom ouU&mZfrsm; (ouU&mZf 2000)- OD;a&$ZH (39) The Arakani governors and their coins by Vasant Chowdhury (Calcutta)

(40) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; twGJtrSwf (9) (41) Some interesting coins of Anauk Barung and Sitagaung mong by Aung Zan- &cdkifr*~Zif;- 22

(42) "Review of the most ancient Rakhine" 1966 by U Shwe Nyo Tin (ICS Retd.)

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