influences on personality copyright © 2007 allyn & bacon mayer’s personality: a systems...
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Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Influences on Personality
Theme and Variation on
Topic 3. Theories of Personality
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Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Comparing the Lecture and the Book…
• Chapter 3: Theories of Personality 1. What are Perspectives on
Personality?*2. What is the…Biological
Perspective?3. …the Intrapsychic Perspective?4. …the Sociocultural Perspective?5. …the Temporal-Developmental
Perspective? 6. How Does One Cope with Multiple
Theories?
• Lecture 3: Influences on Personality1. Levels of concepts2. Biological influences3. Psychodynamic influences4. Classic traits (biological)5. Conditional traits
(situational)6. Developmental influences 7. (If time) Integration
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Why Study Theoretical Perspectives?
• They collect together theoretical issues concerning personality that have emerged throughout history
• Understanding them provides a context for what you will encounter.
• Personality psychologists are informed by them
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Three Levels of Psychological Theory• Personality Perspectives – Reflect broad areas of interest
such as:– biological underpinnings– psychological processes
• Personality Theories – Sets of related assumptions about personality such as: – Psychodynamic theory– Humanistic theory
• Micro-Theories – Specific sets of testable hypotheses– People forget threatening information quickly – People’s traits influence their behavior
• All Theoretical Levels are Informed by Empirical Findings
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Major Perspectives
Concepts ofPersonality
BiologicalIntra-
PsychicSocial
Develop-mental
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Major Perspectives and Theories
Concepts ofPersonality
BiologicalIntra-
PsychicSocial
Develop-mental
Psycho-Evolutionary
Bio-Social
Psycho-Dynamic
TraitSocial-
CognitiveCross-
CulturalPsycho-Social
Humanistic-Positive
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
The Biological Perspective
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Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Overview of Biopsychology
• Concerns biological explanations and substrates for psychological phenomena
• Major Theories:– Psychoevolutionary– Biopsychological
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Central Ideas of Evolutionary Theory • Organisms with certain features
better adapt to hostile forces of nature
• Behaviorally, we all face certain questions: Who is my ally? My foe? Who should I marry?
• Individuals who answer those questions best are better adapted.
• Better adaptation more likely survival and reproduction
• Genes controlling better adaptation increase in the gene pool.
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
An Example• Giraffes once had shorter
necks• Giraffes with taller necks
better found food (high-growing leaves)
• They are therefore more likely to reproduce
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Second Example
• Early human’s larger brains led to– Better thinking, communication– greater capacity to acquire
resources
• Larger brains led to greater reproductive success; then – Develop of language– Further selection
• Brains nearly tripled in size
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Central Ideas of Biopsychology
• Genetics Influence the Brain• The Brain Influences Behavior
Through:– Brain Structure– Neurotransmitters– Hormones– Immune Function
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Genetic Influences as Viewed through Twin Studies
Relation-ship
Mono-zygotic twins
Dizygotic twins,
siblings
Cousins, aunts, uncles
Strangers
Genetic Material in Common
100% 50% 25% 0%
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Correlations Between Pairs of Individuals for Four Personality Traits
Trait Mono. Twins reared together
Mono. Twins reared apart
Sibs. Reared together
Sibs. Reared apart
Intell. .86 .72 .47 .24
Extrav. .54 .30 .06 .04
Neurot. .41 .25 .24 .28
Open. .51 .43 .14 .23
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Intrapsychic Perspectives: Psychodynamic and Trait Theory
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Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Psychodynamic Theory
• Views the person as caught between – Biological needs– Requirements of society
• Individual must compromise between the two
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
UnconsciousConscious
Threatening ideasare avoided and become unconscious
Central Psychodynamic Ideas
• Central idea(s):– Parts of personality
• Basic motives• These drive thoughts
and action
– Status of thoughts • Some conscious;• Some unconscious
– Parts dynamically struggle with one another
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Psychodynamic Perspective: Example
• A key insight: People can become self-aware and change
• …The person free associates until unconscious motives are uncovered…
• The person will be mentally healthier by making the unconscious conscious– Irrational behavior (symptoms) will be reduced– Repeated unhelpful patterns will be identified
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Central Ideas of the Trait Approach
• There are consistencies in personal behavior
• These consistencies are important parts of personality – referred to as traits
• Personality is the search for and understanding of traits
• Key figure: Gordon Allport
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Example: The Big Five Traits
NeuroticismExtraversion
Agreeableness
Openness
Conscientiousness
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Traits Can Be Identified Through Factor Analysis
Test items (Are you…?) I II III IV V
Anxious .50 .20 .02 .14 .10
Distressed .60 .10 .02 .10 -.13
Calm -.45 .02 -.04 -.10 -.05
Open-minded .02 .70 .10 -.10 -.07
Strait and narrow .10 -.60 .10 -.10 -.10
Warm-hearted -.10 .04 .80 -.12 .00
Stand-offish .20 .00 -.70 .15 .12
Orderly .12 -.14 .03 .87 .00
Spontaneous .13 -12 .21 -.60 .60
Outgoing -.12 .10 .30 .12 .80
Enjoy solitude .12 .20 -.35 -.05 -.70
Hostile .35 .07 -.50 .15 .05
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Central Social-Cognitive Ideas
• Personality is made up of cognitive structures
• Those cognitive structures are learned and influence how a person thinks
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Social Cognitive Approach
• Conditional Traits• Given X, I am
aggressive • Given Y, I am
cooperative
Conditional Aggression in Children
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Adult Peers
Presence of Adult
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f A
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Child 1Child 2
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Conclusions
• Trait theory focuses on consistent qualities of the individual (traits)
• Social cognitive theory explains how consistency is modulated by context (if-then)
• Many of those consistencies are in an individual’s comfort zone; some are not.
• Psychodynamic theory explains how certain repeated, problematic (uncomfortable) styles, can finally be observed and changed.
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
The Temperal-Development Perspective
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Psycho-Social Stage Theories
• Children and adults’ personality develop according to patterns such as life stages.
• Each stage or pattern involves the achievement of certain goals
• Erik Erikson, for example, described eight stages of growth.
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Humanistic Theory: Central Ideas
• The person is motivated to grow in a healthy fashion
• The person develops toward self-actualization
• Key figures: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Belonging Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Humanistic Perspective
• Example:
…A person given a warm, unconditionally accepting environment, will learn about their real needs and achieve mental health
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Integrating Perspectives
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Problem: Can the Perspectives be Integrated?
• Is one theory correct?– Comparative analyses are challenging– No one theory or perspective seems to stand
out
• Should you commit to one?– The language of a theory can put up artificial
barriers– Commitment to one is limiting
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
The Systems Approach Here
• The different perspectives can be translated into a common language.– Freud’s (conscious portion of the) ego
(psychdynamic)– Allport’s proprium (trait theory)– James’ self as knower (general psychology)– (Multiple authors) self control (social-cognitive)
• All describe a conscious control center of personality.
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
The Systems Approach Here
• The different perspectives share concerns that can be described by some basic topics:– What is personality?– What are its parts?– What is its organization?– How does it develop?
• Theories are then drawn upon to answer questions about these topics, as needed.
Part 1: Exploring Personality Chapter 3: Theories of Personality
Influences on Personality
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
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