infiltration: fitting into a stormwater management plan · 2004-10-01 · infiltration: fitting...
TRANSCRIPT
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Infiltration:Fitting Into A
Stormwater Management Plan
Roger BannermanDNR Water Resources Specialist
John PfenderDNR Water Resources Specialist
Post - Construction Stormwater Management WorkshopNovember - December 2004
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Planning for Infiltration
Roger Bannerman
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0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
JULY, 1995 FLOW
Garfoot CreekSpring Harbor
Flow
(inch
es/d
ay)
July
1
July
15
July
31
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Lincoln Creek,Milwaukee - 1996
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Lincoln Creek, Milwaukee
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Lincoln Creek, Milwaukee
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-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1995 1996 1997 1998
"LAKE MENDOTA" LEVELSNATURAL & DEVELOPED CONDITIONS
Garfoot
Spring Harbor
Lak
e L
evel
(ft.)
Day
Effects on Lakes
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Lake Mendota – Madison Wisconsin
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Lake Mendota - 2000
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Increases in Urban Runoff for LakeMendota from 2000 to 2020
• Amounts of UrbanRunoff for 2000:
5,600,000,000 gallonsor 17,000 acre-feet
• Amounts of UrbanRunoff for 2020:
8,800,000,000 gallonsor 27,500 acre-feet
(Increase of 57%)
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Impacts of Imperviousness on Surface andGroundwater Quantities
-55%-10%RegionalGroundwaterLevels
+485%+ 90%Surface Runoff
Dry Stream-20%Stream Baseflow
IncreaseImperviousnessFrom 2 to 60%
IncreaseImperviousnessFrom 2 to 18%
Type ofResource
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Post Construction Infiltration PerformanceStandards
By design, infiltrate sufficient runoff volume sothat the post-development average annualinfiltration volume shall be a portion of pre-development infiltration volume.
Residential Non-residential 90% (1% Cap) 60% (2% Cap)
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Good Drainage ParadigmGood Drainage Paradigm
The Problem: Conventional Site DesignThe Problem: Conventional Site DesignCollect Collect ConcentrateConcentrateConveyConveyCentralizedCentralizedControlControl
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Conventional Pipe and Pond Centralized Control
“Efficiency”“Efficiency”
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Flow
, Q
Time
Post-Development (Higher Peak,More Volume, and Earlier Peak Time)
Hydrograph Pre/ PostHydrograph Pre/ PostDevelopmentDevelopment
Detention
Pre-development
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Distributed Small-scale Controls
Maintaining Natural Hydrology FunctionsMaintaining Natural Hydrology Functions
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Source Area Infiltration
Rooftop Runoff
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Madison, Wisconsin
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Madison, Wisconsin
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Willy St. COOP -Madison, WI
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Source Area Infiltration
Street Runoff
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Maplewood, Minnesota (near St. Paul)Rain gardens installed by city as part of street replacement project
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Seattle, WA
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Cell B Cell C
Cell A
Bioretention –Lodi, WI; WDOT(John Voorhees)
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Brookfield, WI
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Source Area Infiltration
Parking Lots
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Cross Plains, WI
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Lake Delton, Wisconsin
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Edgewood College,Madison
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J O R D A N C O V E U R B A N W A T E R S H E D P R O J E C TWaterford, Connecticut J. Alexopoulos & J. Clausen
This project is funded in part by the CT DEP through the US EPANonpoint Source grant under § 319 of the Clean Water Act
Joel Stocker Photo
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Site Design
Conservation Design
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Site Design
Low Impact Development
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BMP STUDY AREA
BIORETENTION GARDEN
LOW MOW AREA
BIORETENTION SWALE
Segmented Pavers
BIORETENTION BASIN
CONSERVATION ZONE
J O R D A N C O V E U R B A N W A T E R S H E D P R O J E C TWaterford, Connecticut J. Alexopoulos & J. Clausen
D. Gerwick, Engineering
This project is funded in part by the CT DEP through the US EPANonpoint Source grant under § 319 of the Clean Water Act
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J O R D A N C O V E U R B A N W A T E R S H E D P R O J E C TWaterford, Connecticut J. Alexopoulos & J. Clausen
This project is funded in part by the CT DEP through the US EPANonpoint Source grant under § 319 of the Clean Water Act
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J O R D A N C O V E U R B A N W A T E R S H E D P R O J E C TWaterford, Connecticut J. Alexopoulos & J. Clausen
This project is funded in part by the CT DEP through the US EPANonpoint Source grant under § 319 of the Clean Water Act
BIOBASIN
Stan Zaremba
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TYPICAL HOME LOT
BMP STUDY AREA
LOW MOW AREA
L A W N CONSERVATION ZONE
BMP DRIVEWAY
SUBDIVISION DRIVE
RAINGARDEN
J O R D A N C O V E U R B A N W A T E R S H E D P R O J E C TWaterford, Connecticut J. Alexopoulos & J. Clausen
D. Gerwick, EngineeringThis project is funded in part by the CT DEP through the US EPANonpoint Source grant under § 319 of the Clean Water Act
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Brewery Creek, WI
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St FrancisDevelopment –Cross Plains, WI
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% Annual Runoff Volume by SourceArea for St Francis
16%
6%
8%
4%
40%
12%
5%9%
RoofsPlaygroundDrivewaysSidewalksStreet AreaLawnsOther PerviousOther Impervious
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Elements of Low Impact Design for St.Francis Development
• Rain Gardens• Infiltration Trenches in Street Boulevards• Two Regional Infiltration Basins• Protection of Riparian Buffer
Steve Apfelbaum: Applied Ecological Services
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West Bend, WI
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Implementing Infiltration UnderChapter NR 151
John Pfender
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NR 151 Post-Construction Standards
Infiltration Standard (by design)
• Residential– Infiltrate 90% average annual predevelopment infiltration volume
or– 25% of the 2-year, 24-hour storm
• Non-residential– Infiltrate 60% average annual predevelopment infiltration volume
or– 10% of the 2-year, 24-hour storm
• Exclusions for groundwater protection• Exemptions for practicality reasons
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NR 151 Post-Construction Standards
Infiltration Standard (by design)
• Pre-treat parking lots & roads to protect GW andinfiltration device
• Maximum effective infiltration area to meet volume requirement– Residential: 1% of project site– Non-residential: 2% of project site
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General Applicability of theInfiltration Standard
• This is a post-construction standard– New development
• In general, applies toland disturbances atleast 1 acre in size
• There are some placeswhere post-constructionstandards do not apply
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Exceptions to General Applicability ofPost-Construction Standards
• Notices of Intent prior to October 1, 2004– Includes submittals to DNR or Commerce
• Redevelopment site with no increase in parkinglots or roads
• Post-construction site with less than 10%connected imperviousness ( unless parking lots plusrooftops > 1 acre)
• Agricultural facilities and practices
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• The performance standard applies only to the area ofland disturbance.
• If a site has portions left undisturbed,do not consider these areas when:
– Determining the required infiltration volume– Taking infiltration credit towards the required infiltration
volume
Distinguishing the Development SiteFrom the Property
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Definition:Effective Infiltration Area
Effective infiltration area: The area of theinfiltration system that is used to infiltraterunoff and does not include the area usedfor site access, berms or pretreatment.
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Definition:Infiltration System
“Infiltration system” means a device or practice such as a basin, trench,
rain garden or swale designed specifically toencourage infiltration
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Definition:Infiltration System
“Infiltration system” does not include natural infiltration in pervious surfaces such as lawns,
redirecting of rooftop downspouts onto lawns or
minimal infiltration from practices, such as swales orroad side channels designed for conveyance and
pollutant removal only.
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Maximum requiredEffective Infiltration Area (EIA)
• Maximum portion of the project site that
must be dedicated to EIA
• For residential: 1% of project site– Project site is area of land disturbance
• For non-residential: 2% of site– Project site is only that portion of land disturbance
dedicated to rooftop & parking lot
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Example Calculation of RequiredMaximum EIA: Residential Area
• Property: 40 acres total; 8 acres undisturbed
• Land Disturbance (32 acres total)– Building (roof) 5 acres
– Drive + Sidewalk 2 acres
– Street 5 acres
– Lawn 20 acres
• Maximum Required EIA Calculation– (32 acres) * 0.01 = 0.32 acres or 13,939 sq. ft.
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Example Calculation of RequiredMaximum EIA: Non-residential Area
• Property: 40 acres total; 1 acre undisturbed• Land Disturbance (39 acres total)
– Building roof 11 acres– Feeder Street (new) 4 acres– Parking Lot 22 acres– Sidewalk, utility lanes 1 acre– Landscaped area 1 acre
• Maximum Required EIA Calculation– (33 acres) * 0.02 = 0.66 acres or 28,750 sq. ft.
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Maximum Extent Practicable (MEP)
Definition takes into consideration:• Best available technology• Cost-effectiveness• Natural and historic resource protection• Human safety & welfare• Geographic features• Varies based on standard and site conditions
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Maximum Extent Practicable (MEP)
• Even though a performance standard isnot fully achievable, it must still be met tothe MEP
• Full attainment of a standard is requiredunless there are unique and site-specificcondition(s) that result in MEP being lessthan full attainment
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Additional Factors AffectingMEP for Infiltration
• Site evaluation– NR Conservation Practice Standard 1002
• Maximum Effective Infiltration Area• Major topographic changes not required• Stormwater pumping not required• Infiltrate rooftop runoff first
– Reduces pre-treatment needs
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Pre-Development Curve Numbers
• Standard based on pre-development condition
• CN shall assume “good hydrologic condition” asidentified in TR-55 or equivalent methodology
• Maximum Cropland Curve Numbers are:
Hydrologic Soil Group A B C DRunoff Curve Number 56 70 79 83
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CalculatingWater Quality Volume
• Standard provides two options:
– Average annual infiltration method(60-90% of pre-development)
– Design storm method(10-25% of post-development runoff)
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CalculatingWater Quality Volume
• DNR recommends average annual method
• Average annual method best represents thestate’s water quality needs
• Design event approach is a roughapproximation of the average annual method.Tends to overestimate infiltration needed tomeet state water quality goals
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“Disconnecting”Impervious Areas
• Disconnection: “Sheet flow over perviousarea of sufficient length to significantly reducestormwater volume and pollutants
• Conceptually, “disconnection” turnsimpervious surface into a pervious surface
• Disconnection can be used to help achievethe infiltration goal
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“Disconnecting”Impervious Areas
Disconnection is not considered to be part of aninfiltration system as defined in NR 151.
Therefore ...Disconnection areas are not counted towards
the maximum effective infiltration arearequirement.
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“Disconnecting”Impervious Areas
Interim Guidelines for Residential Roofs
• To consider residential roofs as disconnected, theflow path must:– Be over a pervious area in good condition– Be at least 20’ long
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“Disconnecting”Impervious Areas
Interim Guidelines for Other Surfaces
• Source area flow length may not exceed 75 feet• Source area and pervious area must be graded for
sheet flow• Pervious area must be:
– In good condition, not to exceed 8% slope– Have a flow length at least as long as the contributing
impervious area (but never less than 20 feet)
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Residential RooftopDisconnection
Length: Not less than 20 feet.
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Parking Lot Disconnection
If Parking Lot: 50 feet long (must have sheet flow)
Conveyance
Then grass: At least 50 feet long, sheet flowgood condition, slope not to exceed 8%
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Exclusions
• Based on groundwaterquality protection
• Two categories of exclusions– Based on land uses & source areas:
• Industrial sites; fueling & vehicle maintenance
– Based on site restriction for infiltration devices• proximity to karst features or water supply wells; high
groundwater; contaminated soils; soils with inadequatepollutant attenuation based on depth and % fines
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Using Exclusions
• We do not want to see infiltration of runoff from listedsource areas.
• We do not want to see infiltration devices located atexcluded infiltration sites.
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Using Exclusions
• The rule does not prohibit infiltration from sourceareas or at locations identified in this part of the rule,but infiltration may not be credited towards meetingthe standard.
• Remember: Discharges from all infiltration systemsmust protect groundwater.
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Expectation for GroundwaterProtection
• Minimize pollutants reaching groundwater
• Maintain compliance with PAL
• Discharge from BMP shall remain below ES
• DNR Conservation Practice standards shouldmeet groundwater protection requirements
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Exemptions
• Based on feasibility• Two categories of exemptions
– Based on land uses & source areas:• Small parking areas & access roads; redevelopment
sites; small in-fill sites; roads/arterial roads in specifiedareas
– Based on site restriction for infiltration devices• Measured soil infiltration rate less than 0.6”/hr• Infiltration when soil is frozen
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Using Exemptions
• The rule does not require infiltration from sourceareas or at locations identified in this part of the rule
• A developer may choose to infiltrate exempted runoff.If this water is infiltrated, DNR will give credit towardsthe infiltration goal.
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Using Exemptions
• Exempted source areas do not affect the calculationof the maximum required effective infiltration area(cap)
• Runoff from exempted source areas does not have tobe included in calculating the infiltration goal, butBMP design should take it into account to assure thedevice can safely handle the flow
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Compensation
• If you can’t infiltrate because of a “site-based”exemption or exclusion you must attempt to infiltratean equivalent volume elsewhere, to the maximumextent practicable.
• Examples:– Exemptions: Tight soils (0.6 inches/hour)– Exclusions: High groundwater, shallow bedrock,
percent fines, distance to wells
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Pre-Treatment
• Goals:– Reduce clogging of infiltration BMP– Reduce groundwater contamination
• Pre-treat runoff from:– All parking lots– New roads in non-residential areas
• Not required for roof runoff
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Pre-Treatment
The required level of pre-treatmentis specified in each
DNR Conservation Practice Standard
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Pre-treatment Example
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Design and Construction of aStormwater Infiltration Basin
in Monona, Wisconsin
Bernard Michaud, P.E., P.H.Earth Tech, Madison, WI
for Horizon Construction Group LLC
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Design Criteria for theStormwater Infiltration Basin
• Provide stormwater pretreatment• Provide groundwater protection• Design infiltration rates• Meet City of Monona infiltration volume goal• Avoid groundwater mounding
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Stormwater Pre-treatment
• 80% sediment reduction from 1-yr, 24-hrstorm (2.2” rainfall).
• Standpipe overflows for larger storms.• Rooftop runoff is not filtered.• Filter media:
– 50% torpedo sand,– 25% screened leaf compost, and– 25% sandy loam
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Frost Woods Commons Site Plan
infiltration basin
filter
filter
filter
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Stormwater Filter Cross Section
inflowoverflow
outflowunderdrain
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Filter 3 Completed
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Grasses on Infiltration Basin
native grasses
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Alternative Use of Runoff
• The volume of runoff used foralternative purposes will be creditedtowards the infiltration requirement
• Alternative uses include:– Toilet Flushing– Laundry– Irrigation
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Questions?