INDUSTRY AND URBAN GROWTHChapter 18

Section 1

A New Industrial Revolution

Factors Leading to the Industrial Boom

Westward expansion provided access to vast deposits of coal, iron,

lead, and copper. Pacific Northwest furnished lumber for building

Government policies Congress gave land grants and other subsidies

to railroads and other businesses. kept tariffs high, which made foreign goods

expensive Railroads

Trains carried people and goods west.

Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation

Bessemer process allowed people to make stronger steel at a

lower cost Steel replaced iron as the basic building

material of industry. Oil refining methods

Crude oil refined into lubricants for machines and gasoline to power engines and automobiles

Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation

Electrical power plant Thomas Edison opened first one in 1882

in New York City allowed people to use inventions such as

the light bulb , the phonograph, and the motion picture camera

Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation

Telegraph improved

communication for American Business

Underwater telegraph sped up

communications with Europe

Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation

Telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell in

1876 device that carried human voice

Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation

Typewriter made office work

faster and cheaper

Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation

Automobile • ushered in an era of freer and faster

transportation Assembly line

• introduced by Henry Ford in 1913 to mass produce cars

Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation

Gas powered airplane first tested by the Wright Brothers in

1903 later used by the military during WWI

(World War 1)

Section 2

Big Business and Organized Labor

Corporation businesses owned by investors raised capital by selling stock run by a board of directors limited risk for investors shareholders received share of the

profits

Trust consisted of a group of corporations run

by a board of directors by 1900, dominated many of the

nation’s key industries used Social Darwinism to justify

efforts to limit competition

Let’s think: What is a trust?What is Social Darwinism?

Monopoly a company that controls most or all

business in a particular industry

Let’s think: What are some examples of monopolies in the late 1800s?

Banks huge loans helped industry grow

faster J. Pierpont Morgan: most powerful force

in the American Economy

Andrew Carnegie controlled steel

industry according to

Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth philosophy, the rich had a duty to improve society

Andrew Carnegie Video

John D. Rockefeller used profits from

his first oil refinery to buy other oil companies

formed the Standard Oil Trust , which ended competition in the oil industry

Debate over big business

Lowered the price of goods

Built up the economy

Created jobs

Threat to free enterprise

Business leaders used their wealth to influence politicians

Arguments for: Arguments against:

Let’s think: What is big business? What is free enterprise?

Workplace Conditions

Hours: longPay: lowConditions: often

dangerousemployers not required

to pay compensation for workplace injuries

Goals: safer working conditions, higher wages, shorter hours

Early Unions: Knights of Labor AFL –American

Federation of Labor

Workplace Labor Unions

Let’s think: What were the conditions like for factory

workers? What is a union?

Strikes become Violent 2 major strikes occurred in or near Chicago

The Haymarket Square Riot in 1886 At a rally in support of striking

workers a bomb went off Killed 7 police officers and

numerous rioters 8 men were tried in

connection with the bombing, although we still don’t know who put the bomb there

The Pullman strike in 1894 Pullman made railroad cars Strikers walked off their jobs Rail lines were shut down Federal troops were sent in to

end the strike *The public typically sided with

the owners not the strikers*Child Labor and Unions

Section 3

Cities Grow and Change

Urbanization Urbanization: the rapid growth of

City population Why people were attracted to cities:

industry provided jobs in cities To meet the needs of shoppers,

merchants developed the department store, which sold many kinds of goods in one store

Kinds of leisure activities cities offered: shopping, museums, orchestras, art galleries, theaters, parks, circuses, sporting events.

Expanding Cities Public transportation:

subways, streetcars, elevated trains.

Public transportation gave rise to new living areas called suburbs.

Steel bridges helped speed up growth of suburbs.

New types of buildings: Skyscrapers Tenements

Skyscrapers and Steel BridgesFlat Iron Building: completed 1902

Brooklyn Bridge: completed 1883

Living Patterns Lived in oldest sections at cities’ centers:

poor families Lived away from city centers in row

houses and apartments: middle class Lived in fine homes on outskirts of cities:

the rich

Rich

Poor

Problems of Urban Life Fires endangered

those in overcrowded neighborhoods.

Tenement life was bleak and crowded.

Slum streets were littered with garbage.

Disease was caused by poor sanitation.

Let’s think: What are some of the cons, or negatives, to living in the city?

Many times more than one family would live in a small tenement apartment

Solutions to Problems Provided by cities:

Installed street lights Setup fire, sanitation, and police departments Waged war on disease

Provided by religious groups: Setup hospitals and clinics for the poor Gave food, clothing, and shelter to the homeless

Provided by reformers: Setup settlement houses, where volunteers

helped the poor by teaching immigrants English, sponsoring music and sports for young people, and providing nurseries for children of working mothers

Jane Addams and Hull House Set up Hull House in Chicago Hull House became a safe place for

the poor Taught English to immigrants, opened

day care centers, sponsored music and dance classes, opened the city’s first public play ground, served meals

Jane Addams was the 1st American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

Review 18.1

1. What is an assembly line?2. What was the Bessemer process?3. What are tariffs?

How did they affect the American Economy in the late 1800s?

4. Who was Henry Ford? What did he do?

Review 18.2

1. Who was Andrew Carnegie?2. How did Rockefeller control the oil

industry?3. What is a trust?4. What were some arguments for and

against big business?5. Who were the Knights of Labor? Who

were the American Federation of Labor?

Review 18.31. What is Urbanization?2. What are some problems with urban

life?3. What were some solutions to the

problems of urban life?4. What were the causes and effects of

the rapid growth of cities?5. What leisure activities did people who

lived in the city enjoy?