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  • 7/25/2019 Industrial Wastewater Treatment 2006

    1/139

    &

    2006

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    . , ... 1

    3

    1 ........................................................................................................... 41.1 ... 41.2 .. 51.3 61.4 . 81.5 . 8

    2 . 112.1 112.2 122.3 132.4 .. 162.5 ......... 16

    3 . 17

    4 19

    4.1 194.2 224.3 . 34

    5 .. 375.1 ... 375.2 ... 375.3 .. 39

    5.4 ........ 405.5 ... 405.6 ... 415.7 . 415.8 . 415.9 ................................................................. 45

    5.10 .. 45

    6 . 46

    6.1 , 46

    6.2

    .. 50

    7 . 52

    7.1 527.2 . 547.3 557.4 577.5 . 597.6 607.7 (, , ..) . 637.8 ... 637.9 ... 67

    7.10 ... 687.11 . 69

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    . , ... 2

    7.12 .. 697.13 ... 707.14 ... 747.15 ... 78

    8

    ... 808.1 808.2 828.3 .. 848.4 848.5 () .. 84

    9 889.1

    ..88

    9.2 ... 899.3 899.4 89

    9.5 ... 949.6 . 949.7 . 979.8 ... 999.9

    .. 102

    10 . 10410.1 ... 10410.2 . 10410.3 . 10510.4 . 10710.5 ... 109

    10.6 .. 10910.7 . 11010.8 11110.9 .. 114

    10.10 .. 11410.11 11610.12 .. 11710.13 11810.14

    .... 122

    11 ... 12411.1 .. 124

    11.2 .. 12411.3 .. 12511.4 .. 12911.5 ... 12911.6 . 12911.7 .. 13011.8 .. 131

    .. 133

    ........................... 138

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    . , ... 3

    ,

    ,

    , ,

    ().

    ,

    , .

    ,

    , , ,

    , , ,

    , ,

    , , , ,

    , ..

    ,

    ' 9

    .

    , .

    . ()

    .

    , 2006

    ...

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    . , ... 4

    1.

    1.1

    , ( 1.1.1). .

    , , , , , , ... , . , ,, , ... ( 91/271/ 21.05.1991). , . .

    1.1.1.

    , . . , , . , (, ,

    ) , . .

    BIOMHXANIKA

    , ...

    .

    .

    BIOMHXANIKA

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    . , ... 5

    () , , (, ). (,, , - ),

    , . . , , .

    1.2

    (), (), (), (), (), () (). ,

    : ,

    .

    , ( ) ( , , ,,

    ). .

    96/61/(L257/10.10.96)

    96/61/, , . , , , . , (.. ),

    . . 96/61/ (Integrated Prevention Pollution Control, IPPC) , . , . . ,, . (' ) 69269/5387/90 (85/337/O). 96/61/ ,

    . , ,

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    . , ... 6

    (), . , . , :1. .

    2. .3. .4. .5. , .6. .7. .8. .9.

    .10. .11. .12. .13. ,

    .14. .

    96/61//24.9.96

    .

    . ,

    88/609/O/24.11.1998, , .

    .

    () .

    . 96/61.

    .

    .

    (, ). , .

    .

    .

    1.3

    (, , , ...), , , (,, , ...).

    , , , , ... , ,

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    . , ... 7

    ... , , , (3) (H2S). 1.3.1, .24. 100 - 300 lt

    . 150 - 200 lt , . (). , 91/271/ 21/5/91 , , . , BOD5 20 % 50 % .

    1.3.1.

    gr/.-.

    mg/l

    115 170 680 1.000

    65 85 380 500

    35 50 200 290

    OD5 50 70 290 410

    COD 115 125 680 730

    6 17 35 100

    1 3 6 18

    & < 1 < 5 1 4 6 24

    - 1010- 1012./ml

    - 108 - 1010./ml

    ,, , : BOD5: 25 mg/l O2

    70 90 %. COD: 125 mg/l O2

    75 %. : 35 mg/l

    90 %. : 2 mg/l P ( 10.000 100.000 ..)

    80 % () (.. : ).

    : 15 mg/l (10.000 100.000 ..) 70 80 % ( ).

    .. , , : 31/12/2005, .. 10.000

    15.000.

    31/12/2005, , .. 2.000 10.000.

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    . , ... 8

    1.4

    , ( ) .. , , , , , ...

    . , . , . , (.. ). , , . .

    ,

    . , . , (, , ), (, , ) . , .

    , . : , (, , ).

    (, , , ...). ().

    : , ( , , , ,

    ...). , (, , , , , , ,

    , ...). . .

    1.5 (...) (..)

    , (BOD) . .

    (...) (..). 1.5.1 1.5.2 .

    167 lt , BOD360mg/l. :

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    . , ... 9

    360 x 167 = 60000 mg 60 gr BOD /

    , 70 80 gr BOD .

    91/271/21/5/91 (..)BOD560 gr/. . , 300 m3, D5310 mg/l, :

    grBOD

    lt

    grlt93000310,0300000 ====

    : 15506093000==== ...

    1.5.3 ... () .. () - .

    1.5.1. mg/l

    mg/l

    mg/l

    mg/lBOD5mg/l

    130 270 400 130

    70 130 200 80

    330 330 660 150 530 730 1260 360

    1.5.2. gr

    BOD5

    20 40 60 21

    10 20 30 14

    50 50 100 25

    80 110 190 60

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    . , ... 10

    1.5.3.

    (m

    3)

    ...

    1 2 8 500

    1 4 14 500

    1 6 26 40 150

    1 10 20 120 400

    1 2

    0,3 0,4 70 200

    ()

    1000 lt 4 6 10 30

    (

    )

    1000 lt 10 50 250

    1

    20 500

    1000 lt 5 20 300 2000

    1000 lt 4 6 1500 - 2000

    1

    40 60 1000 4000

    1 30 70 2000 3000

    1

    50 100 250 350

    1 20 50 2000 3500

    1 5 700 2300

    1 200 400 3000 4000

    1 125 1000 100 300

    -

    1 15 1000

    1 100 150 150

    1 500 200

    1 0,8 lt/ 1

    1 40 lt/ 1

    1 40 200 lt/ 1

    1 60 lt/ 1 10

    1 3 8 12 30

    1 8 50 8 50

    1 m3

    16 560

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    . , ... 11

    2.

    2.1

    :

    , (SS) (DS) , (P), ., , . 2.1.1 ( ) . , .

    2.1.1.

    . , , , () (). , . ( ) . ,

    ( ) ( )

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    . , ... 12

    . 2.1.1 ().

    2.1.1.

    .:

    .:

    .:

    .:

    , , , , , . , .

    2.2

    , . .: , ,

    , , ( ),

    , , , (

    ), , , , ( ...)

    .

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    . , ... 13

    2.3

    , . ,

    . , , .. , , , ... , :

    () .

    . . .

    . , , , , , , , . . . . (Cu, Pb, Hg, Cd), ,

    , (As) (CN-

    ) .

    , , ( ), ..91/271/21/5/91 , , , ,

    , . ,, . , , , , , ,, , , , , , ... , , , , , , , , , ,.

    ' , ,

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    . , ... 14

    ... . (H2S) ' , ... (2.3.1). (2.3.2). , ,

    - : 4222 2 SOHOSH ++++ .

    . .: . (

    ). . ( 2S -

    ). . (

    2S ). . (

    . . ).

    2.3.1.

    .

    ( 2.3.1). . (): , (, ...).

    (S2-)(HS-)

    ,, ,...

    () ()

    ()

    H2S (pH )

    -

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    . , ... 15

    , .

    , , , , Cl2, NaOCl, H2O2, 3...

    .

    2.3.2.

    (): ,

    .

    PVC. 0.3 - 0.5 mm.

    (): (H2S) Zn

    2+, Fe

    2+, Fe

    3+

    .

    2S Cl2, NaOCl, H2O2, 3...

    2.3.1.

    1. 2. 3.

    1.

    2.

    1.

    2.

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    . , ... 16

    2.4

    , 2.4.1.

    2.4.1.

    1.

    2.

    3. 4. (VOCs)5. 6. 7. ()

    8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

    ,,

    13.

    1.

    2. 3. 4.

    ,

    5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

    ()12.

    (BOD, COD)

    2.5

    24.

    3 24 1 . , 30m

    3/h 3 .

    , .

    .

    (), , (Standard Methods for the examination of water and wastewater). .

    , , , .

    , .

    .

    , .

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    . , ... 17

    3.

    (, ). .

    1. : , , , ,

    2. - , : , , () - (- )

    -

    3. - , : - () - () - , , , - - - - , , ,

    4. , , , &

    5. ()

    6. ()

    7.

    ( )

    ,

    ,

    (, )

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    . , ... 18

    8. , ()

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12. : , ( , ,

    ) , , , , ,

    , , , ,

    , , , ,,

    , ()

    13. : (, , , ,

    , , , ) , , , , , , ,

    (, , ) , , , , ,

    , , ... , , , ,

    , ..

    , , :1. .2. .3.

    , , .4. ,

    .5. .6. , .7. ( )

    .8.

    .9. .

    ( ) ,

    , .

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    . , ... 19

    4.

    4.1

    .

    . , , , , , , . . 4.1.1 .

    4.1.1.

    ()

    ,, . > 700 - 800 C t > 0,5 sec . . , .

    . , (, ,, ) 4.1.2. . . . ,

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    . , ... 20

    (.. , ). - , , . H2S SO2 .

    4.1.2.

    . (15 40 m) . , .

    99 % 1 m .

    (aerosol) 100 % 3 m 95 99 % .

    , 0,1 m 95 99 %. . . .

    (Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs) (.. ).

    VOCs < 1 ppm. ( ). ..

    . , () . . () () .UV . , , .

    4.1.3 4.1.4

    .

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    . , ... 21

    4.1.3.

    VOC NOx, SOx

    Dry cleaningPeeling

    Extrusion

    /

    4.1.4.

    VOC NOx, SOx

    Cy, FF

    Dry cleaning Cy, FF

    Peeling C, TO, BO, CO

    Cy, FF

    Extrusion C, TO, BO, CO

    C, TO, BO, CO Cy, FF

    / Ad, C,TO, BO,CO

    C, TO, BO, CO Cy, FF

    Ab, Ad,C, TO,BO, CO

    Ab, Ad, C, TO, BO, CO

    Cy, FF

    Ad, C,TO,BO,CO

    Ad, C,TO, BO,CO

    (Ab:, Ad:, C:, TO: , BO: ,CO:, Cy:, FF:)

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    . , ... 22

    4.2

    .

    . , , , , . . (pilot plant) (.. jar tests) . / () ( ).

    . 4.2.1 4.2.11 .

    .

    . (3 - 10).

    . 0,2 25 mm. (SS) 5 20 % BOD5 0 10 %. .

    , , 200 m .

    pH pH (3.5 - 12) , .(Ca(OH)2) NaOH. , . CO2, H2SO4 CO2 SO2.

    pH.

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    . , ... 23

    CO2 H2SO4 , - , pH . CO2 . CO2(jet aeration).

    4.2.1.

    . , 0,2 - 10 lt 100 m3 ().

    . , . (Dissolved Air Flotation, DAF) 4 - 5 atm. , , , , . - , . . , .

    -

    -pH

    ( )

    ()

    ()

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    . , ... 24

    . , , , . (, )

    BOD SS (40 %, 60 % ).

    , , . . .

    . , . (,) .

    . , (~ 70 %) .: (, , ).

    (, ). , . . ,.. . . ( ) (CO2), (3

    -), (S4

    2-), (4

    3-) ().

    () (CH4),(CO2), (H2S), (3) (). (facultative) ,

    ., ,. , , . (), ., . , . (

    ). .

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    . , ... 25

    , (, , C : N : P ...).

    4.2.2.

    , , , , . , .

    .

    () . . . . ( , ) , ., : (, - .

    ). (, -). , .

    &

    Imhoff

    &

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    . , ... 26

    4.2.2. ()

    (...)

    ( ) , , . .

    , . , ., . , COD/ BOD ( ), . , . - . . . () .

    4.2.3.

    - (, ) , , COD. ,

    (Al2(SO4)3 .18H2O), (FeCl3 .6H2O FeSO4 .7H2O) (Ca(OH)2).

    ( )

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    . , ... 27

    , . . , .

    , . , , () . (Cl2,ClO2, O3, 22) (UV).

    4.2.4.

    ,

    . , , .

    . , . . , . ,

    .

    ()

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    . , ... 28

    , , , .

    , . ( , , ). (rayon) . , pH , . . ,

    , .

    .

    . 20 25 % , ,.

    () .

    .

    (3) . . , pH . . , , . ,

    () .

    , (.. ).

    ,.

    ()

    , , .

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    . , ... 29

    ( ,) () () . ,

    .

    4.2.5.

    4.2.6.

    4.2.7.

    &

    ( )

    ()

    -

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    . , ... 30

    4.2.8.

    4.2.9.

    (& )

    () ()

    SS

    -

    pH (

    & ) () ()

    &

    Imhoff &

    ,

    (&)

    ()

    BOD COD

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    . , ... 31

    () . .

    (--)

    . . . (nitrogen fixation) :

    322 23 NHHN bacteriaCyan

    ++++ (NH2CONH2) urease ((NH4)2CO3). ., (2

    -)

    (3-) (nitrification).

    . nitrosomonas nitrobacter.:

    OHHNOONH asNitrosomon 2223 22232 ++++++++ ++++ ++++

    ++++ 322 22 NOONO rNitrobacte

    . . , ( acrhromobacter, bacillus, denitrobacillus) .

    OHCOONHHCHONO bacteriangDenitrifyi

    221

    2221

    3 1++++++++ ++++++++ ++++

    4.2.10. ()

    ()

    . (~ 4 gr / ) 3/4

    &

    &

    ,

    (NH4

    +, NO2

    -, NO3

    -)

    (

    )

    N

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    . , ... 32

    . (1/4 ) (PO4

    3-) 70 90 % (P2O7

    2-),

    . O . 10 % 30 %

    , . H ( ) . . , 2 mg/lt. H, , 90 95 %. :- - -

    , .

    4.2.11. ()

    (Fe) (FeCl3 .6H2O) (FeSO4 .7H2O) (Al2SO4.18H2O). . , ,

    , ,

    &

    &

    ,

    (PO4

    3-)

    ()

    ( )

    P

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    . , ... 33

    . , . , , . H .

    95% Al / P 2,0/1,0/ 22/1.

    :. . .. . H , .. . .

    . . ,.

    H , . H (-) . H : () , .

    . . H 80% .

    H . H , . .

    .

    H . O , : PO4

    3-+ NH4

    + + CO2+

    . .H , C:P:N, , pH .

    .

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    . , ... 34

    .

    4.3

    ,

    , (, , ..), . , , , . , (, ...). () (.. ).

    , . , , .: (), (, ), ,

    , (),

    , .,

    () . . , , , (, ). . 4.3.1.

    . , . .

    , , . : , ., , . , . 2,5 - 5 % (2 - 3 %)., .

    . 5 8 %.

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    . , ... 35

    , . . 3 - 5 %.

    4.3.1.

    (%)(% DS)

    (% DS)

    -4+(% )

    C/N

    1,5 - 2 60-80 3 - 5

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    . , ... 36

    , . - , . . 180 - 250 kg SS / m3..

    . , , (SS) 250 - 350 kg SS / m3 . , 8 - 12 atm. .

    , . . .

    150 - 250 kg SS / m3

    .

    , 850 C ( 1200 C), t > 2 sec. , , , . . . .

    (C), (), (), , , , (, ...), . (, , , .. ) , . , : - (,

    ).

    (, ). (, ). ,

    . ..

    : (). .

    -

    , ,

    , .

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    . , ... 37

    5.

    5.1

    () , .

    , . (, , ), , (U.H.T. Ultra High Temperature), , , ( ) . 5.1.1. , .() . 100 C.

    . U.H.T. (Ultra HighTemperature). , .. , (17 kg /100 kg ) . . . , , . . , ,

    . . . 3 4 %. 150 C. .

    5.2

    , , ( ). . ,

    . , (). , .(80 82 %), (15,5 - 17,5 %), , , , (1 2 % ).(5.2.1) () , 80 %. () , , . ,. ,(), .

    .

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    . , ... 38

    5.1.1.

    ( )

    .

    63 65 C .

    ,, .

    () (). 0,1% 100 lt 10 lt 35 40 % . , .

    , . 30 min 63 65 C (- ), () 15''

    () 72 75 C. . H.T.S.T. (High Temperature Short Time) . 5 - 6 C (). .

    , .

    1 - 2 m

    . 48 7 C 10 % . H , (150 -250 atm) 60 70 C, . , .

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    . , ... 39

    5.2.1.

    5.3

    , . , , . . . (5.3.1) .

    5.3.1.

    90 C .

    45 C, . , .

    , ().

    (set)

    45 C . 45 C .

    .

    ()

    ,

    -

    - -

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    . , ... 40

    5.4

    ( ) . ( ). ,. 5.4.1.

    5.4.1. 5.5

    , (, , ), , , , . , ( 72 C 15 sec ) . (2 5 C) (24) (). . . ,

    . . , . -5 -10 C (,, ...) . , , -22 C. -30 C , ,, . . , "" .

    ( +40 C) , . .

    -

    (, ). , , .

    . ,

    . . , () .

    .

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    . , ... 41

    3 , ().

    5.6

    ,

    (50 90 % ). 5.6.1 o , . , 1,3 2,5 lt/ kg . 0,8 1,0 lt / kg .

    5.6.1. ,

    (lt H2O / lt )

    (lt H2O / lt )

    2,2 1,0 4,3 2,6 0,7 5,4

    &

    2,5 0,8 4,5

    : , 1986

    5.7

    .. , , , , , , .

    , . (80 %) . (~ 20 %) , .

    5.7.1.

    (GJ / )

    (GJ / )

    0,20 0,46

    0,76 4,34

    1,43 20,60

    0,71 3,53

    : Cleaner Production Assessment in Dairy Processing, UNEP (Joyce and Burgi, 1993)

    5.8

    . .

    :

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    . , ... 42

    (.. , , ...)

    ().. ,

    .

    , , (CFCs) . 5.8.1.

    , () () pH, .

    , , , ... 5.8.2.

    : , , , ,

    (.. , , ,

    , ...) , .

    5.8.1.

    (,, ...) .. (x)(SOx) ..

    ., , .

    ,,.

    (CFCs), .. , ,, .

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    . , ... 43

    5.8.2.

    (m

    3/

    )

    BOD5(kg / )

    COD(kg / )

    SS(kg / )

    0,83 0,46 0,84 0,03

    3,87 3,21 5,63 1,5

    3,87 3,21 5,63 1,5

    20,9 20,9 36,5 10,4

    cottage (...)

    79,4 137 239 3,4

    cottage (...)

    80,3 609 953 3,4

    14,8 10,3 16,8 5

    15,7 482 731 5

    1,6 0,8 1,4 0,24

    7,2 3,9 6,8 1,5

    : , 1980, ,

    , . (5.8.1)

    5.8.1.

    , , 0,5 2,5 % (

    4 % ) 5 15 %.

    (CIP)(Cleaning In Place)

    (High Pressure Jet Cleaning)

    (Foam Cleaning)

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    . , ... 44

    , . , , , . , , , . . , 5.8.3.

    5.8.3.

    (BOD5mg/lt)

    104.000

    67.000

    34.000

    156.000

    116.000

    : , 1986

    , , 80-90 % 50 % . (pH 5,8 - 6,6), (pH 5 - 5,8) (pH < 5). 7,5 % (COD ~ 60.000 mg/lt). . 5.8.4.

    5.8.4.

    (kg/kg )

    2,8 6,8

    8,9

    2,9

    5,1

    4,9

    8,2

    : , 1986

    .

    () . , . , . .

    . , . U.H.T.

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    . , ... 45

    (tetrapack) . , . .

    5.9

    . , , 5.9.1.

    5.9.1.

    5.10

    ( - ) . , , ,, ( ) (). .

    ( ) .

    ()

    ()

    ()

    ()-

    ()

    (,,

    )

    (pH)

    ()

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    . , ... 46

    6.

    6.1 ,

    (6.1.1) (6.1.2), (6.1.3) (6.1.4).. ( ) . . , , . . . , , . , , ,

    ( ). . . , . , ( ) .

    6.1.1.

    -

    - (- )

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    . , ... 47

    . , . () . . . , .

    , , , , . 4C , . , , . , . , , . .

    6.1.2.

    , , , , .7 - 9 m3/. D5 1,25 kg/ (0,5 2,0 kg/) 90 kg 3,0kg/ (1,0 5,0 kg/) 250 kg. D51850 - 2000mg/l 930 mg/l. , D5 5,3 m

    3/ , 6,0

    kg/5,6 kg/. ~ 22,5 lt/, D5 15,0g/~ 15,4 g/.

    -

    - -

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    . , ... 48

    (, , , , ), (, ) . .

    . , . .

    (, , ...). . () (100 oC 2.5 , 130

    oC ). ,

    , 15 . & . (VOCs),

    . VOCs , . .(32 % . 68 % VOCs, ). .

    . , . ,

    , , . , . (VOCs) . BOD5100 mg/l . (, , ), ( , ), (). .

    , , . , 9.3m

    3 D5 6,3 kg/

    3,0 kg/. 5 - 9 m3/D5750 mg/l 780 mg/l. (, , ), ( , ) . .

    .

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    . , ... 49

    . .

    6.1.3. ,

    ()

    -

    ...

    ( ...)

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    . , ... 50

    6.1.4.

    6.2

    (6.2.1) (40-55 % ) , , .

    , , . . , , , , , . 8.7 m3, 9.2 kg BOD5, 5.4 kg TSS 1.7 kg . . , .

    (, , ) (, ). .

    (, , ...)

    / -

    , ,

    ()

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    . , ... 51

    (, , ..) . 280 kg . . , - ,

    , . , , ... . , 0,3 -0,4 kg SS/kgBOD5. 0,5 - 0,7 kg SS/kgBOD5. H , , .

    . , . .

    6.2.1.

    (, ...)

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    . , ... 52

    7.

    7.1 ()

    .

    , , . . , 30 . . 7.1.1., () 25, 40 35 % ( ). , .

    ,

    , .

    ( ), . , (, , , ...). (BOD5, COD,SS).(.. 3 ), 1 m3/5 m3/3 - 5,5 m3/.

    16 20 % , 76 80 % 4 % . BOD5 42 kg/ 210 kg/TSS 65 kg/325 kg/. (3 ), 1,4m

    3/ 7,5 - 8,2 m3/ ,

    . , , 10 11 % , 84 85 % 4 5 % . , BOD5 19 kg/95 kg/TSS 91 kg/455 kg/.

    7.1.1.

    ()

    BOD5 (mg/l) 9.200 20.000 22.000 62.000 13.000 14.000

    COD (mg/l) 100.000 118.000 59.000 162.000 39.000 78.000

    SS (mg/l) 65.000 - -

    pH 3 5 4,6 4,9 ~5,2

    () (mg/l) 34.000 - -

    decanters, .

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    . , ... 53

    . (62-70 %), .

    7.1.1.

    , ,() . , , Imhoff., . . , (50 60 %). . .

    &

    ()

    ()

    , , . (decanters). decanter ,(40-55 %) . , decanters. (62-70 %). . , .

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    . , ... 54

    . .

    7.2 ()

    , . . . 7.2.1.

    7.2.1.

    - ( ), (), , ( ~ 40C). ( ), , , , . . ,

    . () ,

    ().

    , --().

    (8 10 %)

    , . () . , .

    - , , , ( ). , .

    (~ 70mg/m

    3).

    , , , , . (, ) .

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    . , ... 55

    ()., .

    ., . () .

    . .

    7.3 (, )

    . ,

    4 10 %.(7.3.1) ( 7.3.2). ,(7.3.3), .

    7.3.1.

    (CO2, CO, VOCs, SO2, Nx). (), - , , ,

    , . ,

    , . , , (flakes).

    , , , (). 10 % .

    .

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    . , ... 56

    . ,(, ) (, ...). -,

    (). , ., . . ., , , ... .

    7.3.2.

    (flakes). .

    . (),. . .

    -

    , , , .

    ( , ).

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    . , ... 57

    7.3.3.

    7.4 ()

    . , . ()., (, , , ) . (, ), .

    7.4.1.

    ()

    , , , ().40-44% 30-35 %.

    . -, .

    ()

    , , ...

    . , , (0,25mm) (flakes).

    . .

    , .

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    . , ... 58

    . , .

    7.4.1.

    , -.

    , . , (BOD, ). . (7.4.1)., , pH Ca(OH)2

    , ,

    ()

    .

    , .

    .

    (, ).

    . H2Ni).

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    . , ... 59

    . (lagoons), , , . , , . , ,

    .

    7.4.1.

    BOD5(mg/l) COD (mg/l) SS (mg/l)

    (, , , )

    2.270 8.070 1.600

    (, )

    135 - 290 480 - 580 40 100

    (), , (), (DAF), , . (), ( ) . ,

    .

    . , , , , ... ( ) , . (), . . . (Ni) . .

    7.5

    , . , , , . , , . , , , . , , , , , , . . .

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    . , ... 60

    (11.5 % 15.5 %), , . , . . , ,

    . . (). , . () 2.5 3 m. , . , 20 m. 50 .

    . . , . . , , . , . , .

    7.6

    . 35 - 50 50 C 45 % . (), / () . 7.6.1. ( ) (

    ), . , , ,. , . , . , , .. , , ,(50 % ), / ( ). 1 12 % 600 Kg , 60 Kg , 90 Kg 60 Kg

    . , , , , .

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    . , ... 61

    . .

    - - ,

    , . , , , , , , . . , . , . ..

    . , , (...).. . . ,.

    , . . , . ( ) .

    , , SO2. 6.6.1

    , .

    7.6.1.

    -, ,

    VOCs

    SO2

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    . , ... 62

    7.6.1.

    /

    &

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    . , ... 63

    7.7 (, , , ..)

    , , , , , , , , , .

    , , , .

    () . . .

    , ,

    . , () . ( , ) .

    .

    7.8

    (7.8.1). 16 20 %. , . H , .. , 550 700 % . . ,

    . (,, ). . . ~4 mm . . .. 70 80 C. . ( , , ,

    ) 70 85 .

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    . , ... 64

    (SO2) (NaOCl) (NH4SO3). 0,2 %.

    7.8.1.

    (

    ). (25 - 30 %) (

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    . , ... 65

    %) . 95 % 70 80 %, 5 10 %. . (30 % ).

    10 15 % , , , .. . 80 85 C 15 20 g Ca/lt . (CaCO3) CO2 . . , : , (, Ca ), ( , ),

    ( Ca CaCO3 CO2), Ca . pH (CaCO3) . SO2 . (12,513 % ) 6065 % . . . 60 125 C. 5065 %. CaCO3,

    () . . . . . 80 90 C . , . , ,() . ,

    . 9597 % 99,5 %. , . . . , . . 0,02 % (). . (50 %) (

    ) . ,

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    . , ... 66

    (). . ( ) 50 kg, .

    (50 70 % ). 4.000 14.000kg 1.000 kg . 2.000 6.000 kg . , 300 kg 100 kg . 15 m3.

    . CaO CO2 (CaCO3) CaO CO2. .

    . , (VOCs) (SO2). . ( ), . SO2 . . . - , (CO2CH4).

    , ( ) . (, ...). (2S).

    (BOD 1.700 7.000mg/l, COD 10.000 mg/l, 5.000 mg/l , NH4

    +). 23 m3

    , 20 kg BOD5, 75 kg TSS.

    . ( ) - 10 , BOD 2,4 115-1.525 mg/l, SS 8-40 127-4.500 mg/l. . , (~ 8% ..). (~ 13,5 % ..). 0,05-0,4 . . (CaCO3), ,

    . BOD 1.060-27.800 (6.370 mg/l),

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    . , ... 67

    , 140.000-350.000 ( 230.000 mg/l). () 5,5-19 (8 ). , (50-65 oC), pH 8-10 .

    , , , . , BOD 25-130 (25 mg/l), 67 mg/l. 3-15 mg/l.. () () . , . . . H

    .

    , .(, ... 1 % ..) . (.. , , ...) , (), . ()

    . 30-35 % , 75 % CaCO325 % . , . 0,2 % .. ., , . .

    7.9 -

    . , . , , . () . () , . , . , , ., , , , , ...

    , .

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    . , ... 68

    ( ) ( ) . .

    . . ., . , .() . (, ...). (), .

    7.10

    ( ) . . 25 - 30 %(), 20, 35 C. -, . 130 , ( , , ...). ,

    . 11 - 13 %. (~ 24 , 15 4 - 5 ). , . , , .

    , . , () VOCs

    . () .

    () . , .

    (

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    . , ... 69

    ) 5 %. . , . . ,

    . .

    7.11

    () . ... () (). . 8 18 200 220 C, 260 C 5 . () .

    ( ). - -.

    ()

    . .

    () .

    7.12

    (), ( ), (, , ...) (

    ). (, ...)., . 96,5 % . 96 %, 92 - 93 % (, )., .

    , (VOCs)

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    71/139

    . , ... 70

    ().

    . .

    . , , ( 40 % / ). .

    ( ) pH .

    (...) .

    . . .

    7.13

    7.13.1. . . , , . . , . 3 7 % , , . ,

    . , , , . . , , . , ..

    , , .

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    . , ... 71

    7.13.1.

    ( )

    -

    ()

    SO2

    ()

    ()

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    . , ... 72

    . , , 25 - 30 C. 25 C , 30 C , .

    , , , , , . , 4. , , ., , , , ,

    . . , . . . (, ). , . , , , , . , .

    , . , , .,. , . . . . 65 -70

    C. , , ,

    , . , -3C

    -6 C 3 - 6 . , . (10-20 gr/lt ) .

    .

    , , ( pH ), .

    , , (),

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    . , ... 73

    , , , . ,, . . 0,003-0,0053 m3 /m3 45 - 105 kg BOD/m3 ,

    . (0,016-0,0024 m3/m3)45 85 kg BOD/ m3. , 0,010 m3 /m3 80 kg BOD/m3. . 0,053 m3/m375kg BOD/ m

    3 .

    .: 0,02 m

    3/m310,8 kg BOD/m3

    . 0,024 m

    3/ m3 18 kg BOD/

    m3.

    0,02 m3/ m38,3 kg BOD/m3

    . 0,013 m

    3/ m3 4,6 kg BOD/

    m3.

    . 0,5-1 % . 0,6 % .. :

    , 0,005 m3

    / 0,15-0,20 kg BOD/m3

    , 0,03 m3/ 0,25-0,30 kg BOD/m3

    , 0,03 m3/ 0,3 kg BOD/m3

    , 0,03 m3 / 5,4 kg BOD/m3.

    , . 65 C . 0,0315 m3/ / m3 0,025 kg BOD/m3

    pH 9 0,09 g / / m3.6bar (, ). 1,2 m3 / 0,025 kg BOD/m3.

    , , , , ,.,

    .

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    . , ... 74

    . . , / (lagoons). .

    ( 3 - 5 % . ( ) 30-40 % ~12 % . , .,

    . , , . (, ...). - . , .

    7.14

    ( , ,, , ). . (7.14.1) . () , . . . . , , . , . , (wort). 15 60 , 65C,

    76 C, . . , , , ., (). , 1Plato . . ( ) . (11.5 kg 100 kg ), . . (wort) 75 78 C90 min , , . , ,

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    . , ... 75

    . . , .

    7.14.1.

    ()

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    . , ... 76

    , , whirlpool, . 7-10 C ( ) . 2 16 . ,

    . , , , . . . CO2 . CO2, . CO2. , . 8 10 , () . 0 -2 C 1 - 4 , CO2 ,

    0,4 % CO2. . , . , , . , , . . , 1 1.5 C. . PVPP. (). .

    , , . . , . . . . . . . , ( ). , CO2. , . 60 C . 70 C 2 , . ,. , , , , , (pH 5 - 5.4) . .

    (, 9 m3 ) (65 70 %). : 20 %, 44,6 %, 10,8 %, 24,6 %.

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    . , ... 77

    VOCs, CO2, 2 SO2. H CO2 . VOC . .

    1000 kg 0,8 kg TSP 0,25 kg VOC. ,.

    ( 60 %) (25 %). (BOD5TSS) (59 %) (28%). 30 40 C pH . . 5 m3 / m3

    3 5 m3

    . , , , , , , , .. 2 6 % , BOD5, 45 % . . , , : , ,

    , , ,

    , , ,

    ,

    . 1 - 5 % . . . (BOD COD). (0,5 %) .

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    . , ... 78

    . , . , .

    (, ..),

    , , , (, , ..), (, ,..) . 100 kg 1000 kg . (14 kg/100 lt 80%) . 2-4 kg (10-15 % ) 100 lt , BOD5 120.000-140.000 mg/l. ( ). 40 % . 20 % .. ,

    , , . 0,2-0,4 % 15-20 %. . BOD5 110.000 mg/kg . .

    7.15

    . .

    , . (FeSO4 .7H2O), (NaOCl) (Ca(OH)2). . (). (,CO2) . , CO2, , , . . - . , 2 % 70 C.

    . . , .

    , .

    , ()

    500.000mg/l BOD5.

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    . , ... 79

    . (), , , , . (10 %

    ). . , , . . . . (pH, ,, ) , , (..

    , , ). , (3) (UV).

    7.15.1.

    BOD5(mg/l) SS (mg/l) pH

    - 42.000 56.860 2,95

    Coca Cola 60.000 80.000 114.900 2,4

    Pepsi Cola 79.500 122.000 2,5

    25.000 66.860 4,10 65.000 138.950 3,15

    200.000 - 2,5

    170.000 - 2,4

    7.15.2.

    (m3/tn) 4,30 12,80 7,10

    BOD5(kg/tn) 2,15 4,33 2,50

    SS (kg/tn) 0,73 4,33 1,90(kg/mtn) - - 3,70

    (). 5 % . 0.3 % . O , . . .

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    . , ... 80

    8.

    8.1

    () ( ), , , , , , ,

    , , , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , . , , , , . (8.1.1).

    8.1.1.

    , , ,, , , ... , (.. ) (8.1.2).

    ,, , , , , ... , .

    , , . . ( ) (, , ,). . ( ) , ., (, , ) () , . p . . ( ,

    ). .

    1

    2

    3

    4

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    . , ... 81

    8.1.2.

    8.1.3.

    ( 8.1.3) , , . , (, , ), , . .

    , ,

    . , , , , , ,

    -

    -

    (, , ...)

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    . , ... 82

    , . . . , / .

    (8.1.4)

    , . , , . (, , ) . ( ) .

    . . , (, ..., ). , , . , . , (.., ...) , .

    8.1.4.

    8.2

    8.2.1. ,

    .

    , , , ...

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    . , ... 83

    8.2.1.

    . () Cu Fe. , . , ., ... . ,, , . . 80 85 C , . ,C . . , , .H . 95 97 C 8-10 sec . . ,

    , . .

    CO2

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    . , ... 84

    , . .(, ...) .

    . , , () (CO2) . .

    8.3

    . (),

    (.. , , ,), (.. , , ). , , . , ., 2,5- 9 m

    3/ tn , ,

    5 - 15 m3/ tn (11,5 m3/tn ).

    .

    8.3.1.

    (m3) (%)

    1,47 17

    0,183 2

    0,455 5

    0,274 3

    3,6 37

    0,275 3

    8.4

    , . , , , (1 tn / 500 tn ).

    8.5 ()

    . , , , , , .

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    . , ... 85

    , . . .

    , 8.5.1.

    8.5.1.

    , , . (, SO2, NOx, HC, CO) , . .

    ,

    , . () () .

    , . .

    (,).

    , , ().

    , / . (H2S) , . .

    (, ...), .

    , , . . 8.5.2 , . BOD5 . COD

    .

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    . , ... 86

    . 60 % BOD 70 % COD. , , , . , .

    . .

    ( - ), pH, , BOD5, , (lagoons) , ( ) ., , , .

    (, , ). , , .

    8.5.2.

    BOD5 (mg/l) SS (mg/l)

    7.000 1.600

    200-1.000 200-400

    250 70

    700-2.100 200-600

    1.700-5.500 300-600

    1.200-2.800 450-750

    1300 80

    500-3.000 1.800

    75-850 50-240

    () 400-4.700 270-400

    180-4.000 140-2.000

    200-2.900 1.000-1.200

    1.500-5.600 400-2.500

    300-750 100-600

    15-100 30-180

    1.600-7.600 750-2.200

    150-600 60-150

    : , , 1997

    , . (, , ...) ( , , , , )

    . (.. ) , 30 % ..

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    . , ... 87

    . ( , ) (.. ). , .

    , , . .

    8.5.1.

    1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. ( ), 6. (), 7. , 8. (, , ).

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    . , ... 88

    9.

    9.1 -

    - , . ,

    , , , , . (rayon), (acetate, tri-acetate), (nylon), . , .

    , , . .

    9.1.1.

    (.. )

    , , ,

    (-, -, -, -), -, -, ,, , , (reactive), ..

    ,

    ., , , ,, , , , , ..

    , , , . , , , . .

    . , , , , -, , --, , , , . . , , , .

    , , ., , , , , , , , ...,

    .

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    . , ... 89

    9.2

    , - . ,

    , ., , - , , , . - , , , ... - , , , .

    9.3

    . . () , , . . , , . -. , , . .

    . , , , . direct, (reactive), (vat) , . . , (), , , , , ... , , , , ,, , . ,

    , , , , ...

    9.4

    , () , . . ,

    , , reactive .

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    . , ... 90

    .

    (. 9.2.1, . 9.3.1, . 9.4.1, . 9.4.2,) , , , .

    9.2.1.

    ()

    NaOCl, H2O2, NaOCl2

    (direct, reactive, vat)

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    . , ... 91

    9.3.1.

    ()

    &

    NaOCl, H2O2, NaOCl2

    NaOH

    direct & Na2SO4reactive & NaOH Na2CO3Na3PO4vat & NaOH Na2S2O4& Na2S & Na2SO4& NaCl

    -

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    . , ... 92

    9.4.1.

    H2SO4

    (Na2CO3)

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    . , ... 93

    9.4.2.

    -

    NaOCl, H2O2, NaOCl2

    & H2SO4& Na2SO4& H2SO4& H2SO4& K2Cr2O7reactive ()

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    . , ... 94

    9.5

    9.5.1 9.5.2. ( , ,, ), .

    , () (NaOCl2). . .

    9.5.1. ()

    9.6

    - (VOCs) ( , , , , ), H2S ( ), (

    50 - 100o

    C, , , , ), (NaOCl2) ( ), (), ( ) .

    9.6.1.

    Relaxion

    &

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    . , ... 95

    9.5.2. ()

    NaOCl2

    , latex

    -

    Na3PO4

    -Carrier

    Nylon ()CH3COOH HCOOH

    ()

    (NH4)2SO4+ HCOOH + + + Carrier

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    . , ... 96

    9.6.1. -

    -

    (,, ...)

    . , ,,,.

    . .

    , , .

    (VOCs) (.. ).

    , ,...

    ,

    H2S

    (VOCs)

    ()

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    . , ... 97

    9.7 -

    - . .

    .

    - , SS pH. , , 9.7.1.

    (17 135 m3/tn ), (BOD5 : 15 - 100 mg/l), (100 - 10.000 mg/l) pH .

    , . , (BOD5 : 200 - 5.200mg/l 50 g/kg 14 g/kg , COD : 3.500 - 23.000 mg/l 92g/kg, TS : 400 4.000 mg/l 89 g/kg 5 g/kg , pH : 6 8, 2,5 21 m

    3/tn ).

    9.7.1.-

    BOD5(mg/l)

    BOD5(g/kg)

    COD(g/kg)

    (mg/l)

    pH (m

    3/tn)

    100 - 2.900 23 94 2.200 - 17.400 10 13 2,5 43

    1.000 - 10.000 47 113 1.000 - 30.000 9 11 46 100

    Rayon 2.800 14 86 3.300 8 9 17 33

    Acetate 2.000 - - 2.000 9 10 25 83

    Nylon 1.300 - - 1.800 10 11 50 67

    2.100 14 86 1.800 9 10 50 67

    500 - 800 14 86 600 - 1.400 8 10 25 42

    : Environmental Assessment of the Canadian Textile Industry, 1989 Environmental Assessment of Textiles,Danish EPA, 1997

    ., pH . BOD5: 45 - 65 mg/l, TS: 300 18.000mg/l, pH: 5 - 9,5, 23 95 m3/tn .

    , , , . 10 - 80 mg/l 0,3 g/kg . 9.7.2.

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    . , ... 98

    . , , ,.

    9.7.1.

    , , , , . . 9.7.3 . , pH . , (~50 - 250 mg/l Cr) .

    9.7.2.

    BOD

    (mg/l)

    BOD

    (g/kg)

    COD

    (mg/l)

    (mg/l)

    pH

    (m

    3

    /tn)

    100-1.700 5-15 3.500-13.500 800-15.000 8-12 2,5-125

    400 1,5 - 900 6 2,5-25

    Acetate 700 2 - 800-1.000 7-9 33,5-50

    : Environmental Assessment of the Canadian Textile Industry, 1989

    , , , ...BOD: 600 - 1800 mg/l 55 g/kg,

    COD: 50 g/kg,

    : 1 200 3 600 mg/l

    pH: 4,5 - 8,

    30 - 50 m3/tn .

    ( )

    2.

    1.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

    3.

    4.

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    . , ... 99

    , , . ( : BOD: 20 500 mg/l, : 40 1.700 mg/l pH: 6 - 8 : BOD: 2

    80 kg/tn, : 3 - 100 kg/tn). 9.7.4.

    9.7.3.

    BOD(mg/l)

    BOD(g/kg)

    (mg/l)

    pH (m

    3/tn

    )

    (kg/tn)

    60-10.000 2-80 10-800 1 12 8,5-300 35

    400-3.000 9-34 2.00010.000

    5 8 16,7-25 -

    Rayon 2.800 2-50 3.500 8 9 16,7-33,5 -

    Acetate 2.000 5-100 2.000 9 10 33,5-50 30-200

    Nylon 400 600 8 9 16,7-33,5 20-35

    200-2.000 2-50 800-2.000 1 4 16,7-33,5 6-9

    500-27.000

    30-600 300-3.000 6- 9 16,7-33,5 30-200

    : Environmental Assessment of the Canadian Textile Industry, 1989, Textile Effluents, EEC Guide, 1980

    9.7.4. ()

    BOD

    mg/l kg/tn mg/l kg/tn m3/tn

    Rayon 1.500-5000 20 250-25.000 3-100 4-12

    Acetate 1.600-10.000 40 100-4.000 3-100 25-40

    Nylon 200-300 10 60-3.300 3-100 30-50

    1.100-1.500 60 55-1.500 3-100 40-55

    80-600 2-80 120-1.000 3-100 10-25

    : Textile Effluents, EEC Guide, 1980.

    9.8

    - . , . , . (, , ,, , , ) - . (As) (Cr,Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni Hg) . , , .

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    . , ... 100

    , , . , .

    . , .

    SS 95 %, BOD 35 % : , d>2

    mm, . .

    - , , pH . t>18 h ,

    >12W/m3

    .

    . (S.S.) (D.S.)

    t>3 min . 20 W/m3. . (FeSO4 .7H2O), (Al2(SO4)3 .18H2O), (FeCl3 .6H2O) (Ca(OH)2) . . .

    , t

    >12 min, 12 W/m3

    .

    . 0,85 m3/m2.h. . d0,3 h, d0,6 Nm3/m3.h. . d

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    . , ... 101

    . d0,8 KgMLSS/kgBOD5, d 107/100 ml). SS>450 kg/m3. (, , ), , , 20 . .

    ,

    , : .

    . (3) (22). ( , , ...),

    ., .

    9.8.1 . 9.8.1.

    9.8.1.

    , - ,, ,

    .

    ..

    BOD592%, COD 85%, SS 90%,90%.

    ()

    ,

    .VOC .,

    .

    .

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    . , ... 102

    9.8.1.

    9.9 -

    - . , , , .

    .

    -

    ()

    ()

    (

    3

    2

    2UV)

    -

    (322)

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    . , ... 103

    , , - , , . - , , ,

    () .

    - , . - , . ( ), (, ), (, ().

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    . , ... 104

    10.

    10.1

    .

    (), ( ), (), ( ), ().

    , 12 40 kg, . () , , .

    10.2

    10.2.1.

    10.2.1.

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    . , ... 105

    10.3

    H (10.3.1). ((, , ) ), (

    , , , ) ().

    10.3.1.

    .

    , (, , ..). , , , , .

    &

    &

    , ,, , , .

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    . , ... 106

    , , , , , , .A()H () ().

    .- -, . . ' (H2SO4) (HCOOH) .K' . , "wet-blue" ().

    , , 24 ,.A- () (wet-blue). (). , , , . , (), .

    () , ().

    pH . H . .MH , , , ... , , .

    B , . . , , . , , , .H , . 10 16 . , , ,

    . .

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    . , ... 107

    (), , /, , , ( ). , ,

    , . , , , . , .

    10.4

    (10.4.1) . . . , . ( )

    . ( ). , , (Na2SO3), . . ((NH4)2SO4), . H , . , , , . . (NaCl) (H2SO4). H . .

    , . - - (NaHCO3) . H , . (HCOONa), (NaHCO3) . , --. H . 1 - 2 . . . , (NaCl), (H2SO4)

    (HCOOH) . (Cr2(SO4)3) . H 4 - 6 , . . . (, , , ), ( ), ( -) .

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    . , ... 108

    10.4.1.

    -

    NaClH2SO4NaHCO3HCOONa

    --

    (NH4)2SO4

    Na2SO3

    NaClH2SO4

    HCOOH

    Cr2(SO4)3NaHCO3

    3

    &

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    . , ... 109

    10.5

    , .

    10.6

    , , . :

    .

    .

    H .

    H , .

    H , .

    , , :() , . , .H . , . H .M- . H , , .A, , . 1 , . .- , (NaHSO3) . 90 , , . , , .A- . H .E, (250 % , 30 C), (Ca(OH)2) . , . H , .A- ((NH4)2SO4), (NH4Cl), (HCl).

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    . , ... 110

    , . .- , (NaCl), , , (HCOOH) (H2SO4). , (Cr2(SO4)3),

    . H (NaHCO3).& . : , : (HCOONa),

    . H , , HCOONa, NaHCO3 .

    , E: , (Cr2(SO4)3), ..

    (Na2CO3). H 2 .

    M, , & H , . , , , 1 . H , . H 1 . H .- H . .

    . .

    10.7

    , , / , / / ,. (), , .- , ,

    (Ca(OH)2), , . , ,((NH4)2SO4) , ., - .

    , , . , , ( ). ,

    .

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    . , ... 111

    , -. , , . H , ,

    .

    , , . O , pH . ( ), , , . -, .

    H () , . .

    , , , . H , .H , (MgSO4), , . , .

    H , . , , . , , , .

    - . , .

    10.8

    , . H . , , (, ), (.. , ...) . 10.8.1 .

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    . , ... 112

    10.8.1.

    (m3/tn )

    7-25 20-26

    1-3 1

    4-8 13

    0-1 0-1

    12-37 34-41

    23-49 26,5

    2-5 2,5

    5-10 9

    2-5 3,5

    32-69 41,5

    65-150 33,5

    30-70 13

    15-35 18

    0-10 2-10

    110-265 66-74

    ()

    220 -

    40 -

    100 -

    -

    360 -

    : IUE COMMISSION, , 1997

    , , , ( 4.8.2). . 75 % , . , ( ) .

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    . , ... 113

    10.8.2.

    0 - 1 m3/tn

    ()

    7 m3/tn (...)

    10 m3/tn

    ()

    ,

    0,5 m3/1000 m

    2

    1m3/1000 m2

    0 - 10 lt/.

    5 lt/m2,

    3,5 m3/tn 2,5

    lt/ 10 lt/m2, 7 m3/tn

    , 5 lt/

    , 2,25 m3/tn 1,5lt/

    ,

    4,5 m3/tn

    0 - 1 m3/tn

    5 lt/m2,

    7,2 m3/tn 3,6

    lt/

    10 lt/m2, 15 m3/tn

    , 2,5 m3/tn

    ,

    5 m3/tn

    2 - 5 m3/tn

    0,5 lt/m2

    1 lt/m2, 2,2m

    3/tn

    , 5 m3

    /tn

    ,

    10 m3/tn

    15 m3/tn(11 m

    3/tn ,

    )

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    . , ... 114

    10.9.

    , , , , .

    (H2S) .. . , pH 8,5 .

    pH .

    .

    . ,600 - 700 mg/m3VOCs.

    (HCHO) , (, , ). --- (HMMM), .

    . ,

    , .

    , , . (5 mg/m3) . 2 mg/m3.

    10.10

    .

    , , , . 10.10.1 . 10.10.2 . () , , , , , . O 5 % . 10.10.3,

    .

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    . , ... 115

    10.10.1.

    (kg)

    ()(kg)

    (kg)

    Y 1.000 560 350 521 422 -

    1.521 982 350

    230 202 192

    & 530 180 107

    729 600 51

    32 - -

    1.521 982 350

    : W. Frendrup, H. Faergermann, & S. Rydin, "Environmental Management In Tanneries - A PracticalHandbook", DTI, 1995

    10.10.2.

    (m3/tn) 45 90 85 50 40

    BOD5(kg/tn) 90 67 120 113 128

    COD (kg/tn) 220 204 360 325 309

    SS (kg/tn) 140 200 365 180 150

    (kg S2-/tn) 3.8 7.4 7.6 6.3 3.8

    (kg Cr2O3/tn) 6.5 16 23.2 6.6 -(kg Cl-/tn) 163 240 215 180 102

    2(kg/tn) 14 24 24 24 13.5

    10.10.3.

    SS (mg /lt) 500 - 1.000 700 - 1.200

    BOD5(mg/lt) 1.500 - 2.500 1.500 - 2.500

    pH 8 - 11 8 - 11

    COD (mg/lt) 3.000 - 4.700 3.000 - 4.700

    (S2-) (mg/lt) - 180 - 250

    (mg/lt) 180 - 200 -

    (m

    3/tn )

    20 - 40 40

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    . , ... 116

    10.11

    : ()

    , , , (CO.TA.NCE.) (10.11.1)

    10.11.1. & kg/tn

    ..

    (1991)

    ..(1985)

    ..

    1984/1988

    . .

    (1990)

    CO.TA.NCE.(1991)

    117 45 - 120 120

    ()

    303 150 - 70-230 150

    203 100 - - -

    (Cr, )

    191 110 86 115 115

    94 - 91 100 99

    (. ) 38 - 4 32 32

    21 - 0.45 2 2

    : , , , .

    , . , , , ... , .120 150 g/kg 100 160 g/kg .

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    . , ... 117

    10.12

    (VOCs) . , , ,

    , : H , , .

    H , , . .

    H , . , , . , . .

    . H ,

    , , , . , , . , , . ' .

    , , , , . , .

    , , 5 mg/m3, . . , . , , (79 - 135 mg/m3) 5 mg/m3, .

    , 2 mg/m3. , . .

    . , .

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    . , ... 118

    (H2S) () , :

    .

    , , , , , , .

    , , , , , . .

    , ventouri, , .

    10.13

    , , , - . , , . , . .

    . .

    , (S2-) , . , :

    . (10.13.1). (10.13.2) , .

    SS 95 %, BOD 35 % : (S2-)

    1,5 mm. H 0,5 m/s 1,0 m/s . .

    , . (, ) , t>0,5 h

    >0,6 m3

    /m

    3

    h. (S2-) . t>6 h, >0,75

  • 7/25/2019 Industrial Wastewater Treatment 2006

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    . , ... 120

    ). , (Total bacteria >107/100 ml).

    10.13.1.

    ()

    -

    (& )

    ()

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    . , ... 121

    , , : .

    .

    (3) (22). ( , , ...), .

    10.13.2.

    ()

    (322 UV)

    (,,)

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    . , ... 122

    , , . O3/ H2O2UV / H2O2,Fe2+. (, , ),

    d>350 kg/ SS m3

    . ., 10.13.1.

    10.13.1.

    /

    A

    &

    N-A

    K. 95% - 95% 70% 50%

    S.S. 98% 80% 98% 90% 98%

    BOD5 95% 70% 95% 80% 50%

    COD 85% 75% 85% 70% 45%

    Cr3+

    (III) 90 -100% 98% 90 -100% 90 -100% 90 -100%

    (S2-) 100% 0% 100% 100% 100%

    NH4+

    50% - 90% 50% 50%

    : L.Del Pezzo, G. De Simone, M. Tomaselli, G. Ummarino, "Proposta di un "modello" schematico perimpianti di depurazione di acque di scarico conciarie", SSIP, Numero Speciale, 170, 1980

    10.14

    . . . H . H . . . . . , , . . . .

    ."" . , (50 %),

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    124/139

    . , ... 123

    , 75 %. H ,. , , . H , , , , . ,

    , , . , , .. . , ( , ) (Ca(OH)2). & . H , , , .

    , .

    10.14.1. (, )

    , , , , -, , , , , , .

    ..(S2-) 99%.(Cr3+) 99%.BOD595%, COD 92%, SS 98%,NH390%, 90%.

    ()

    , .(H2S)

    .VOC ./ .

    .....

  • 7/25/2019 Industrial Wastewater Treatment 2006

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    . , ... 125

    . , () , . .

    11.1.1.

    , ,

    (l2O3 SiO2)

    (gO2CaO) .

    ,

    ()

    (Na2S2O4)

    (NaOH)

    (H2O2)

    ,

    ,

    ,

    azometal complex

    direct

    (NaSiO3)

    DTPA Fe H2O2

    CMC (carboxymethyl

    cellulose)

    Calcon .

    Latex

    (CaCO3)

    , .

    11.3

    / . , .

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    . , ... 126

    .

    11.1.1.

    (), . , , () , , . . , . , , ,, ..., , , (, , ...). , , ., 4 5 %,

    . . ,, , . ,

    1

    2

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    128/139

    . , ... 127

    , , , . , . , . .

    , , , , ., . , . , . , , 2 %, , . ..

    , .

    , . ,. .. . ( ) ( ). , .

    , . , , ().

    , , . . , .

    , , . , . , .

    , . .

    , -, - , -

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    129/139

    . , ... 128

    . , , , , ... . ,

    , , , . , , . , . - , , . , , , . , , , , , . , . , - ,

    .

    - - (. , . , . , . ,, ,

    . . , , (). . . , , . , . , , .

    , . , , pH. - , . , . . . , . . .

    - -

    , . .

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    . , ... 129

    , ( ). (, , , ...), . , (

    , , ...) .3 - 5 , . , , . , , . , , ... - . , , , ,. - .

    11.4

    15 - 20 m3/tn , . 12,5 m3H2O/tn 13,5 m

    3 H2O/tn . ,

    6 - 11 m3 H2O/tn. - 9 15 m3 H2O/tn. , 7 - 9 m3/tn . , .

    , 2 m3

    /tn . , 5 - 6 m3/tn . , . . .

    11.5

    ,. 2700 - 3000 kWh/ton .

    . , . , . . , .

    11.6

    , 0,89.

    (), ,

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    . , ... 130

    . , , , , , ... , , , .

    , , . . , . . ,CO2, , , , , , , , , ,CO2, , , , . , ()

    . ., :10,5 kg BOD/tn 775 g BOD/m3, 26,7 kg COD/tn 1.980 g COD/m3, 17,8 kg SS/tn 1.312 g SS/m

    3. (WHO),

    , : BOD: 6,4 kg/tnSS: 6,4 kg/tn, ., , 11.6.1.

    11.6.1.

    SS(g/m

    3)

    COD(g/m

    3)

    BOD(g/m

    3)

    < 200 6.750-9.00027-36 kg/tn

    -

    < 200 2.600-3.50026-35 kg/tn

    -

    - 3.8003,5 kg /tn

    1.9001,8 kg /tn

    - 1.10020 kg /tn)

    55010 kg /tn

    11.7

    , . (), ., , , , , , , , , ... . , ,

    , . ,

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    . , ... 131

    . ,, . - , 99 % .

    , , , ,, , ... - , . - , - , , .

    11.8

    , , .

    , . , ().

    , , . , , (). , .

    , 600 m. , , , . . () , , , ()., . ,- .

    , . . . , 15 30 % . . . 2/3 . , , , , ., .

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    133/139

    . , ... 132

    , SS, 90 95 %, , BOD, 25 % .

    B

    . . , , . , , . . 10 - 14 kWh/tn. 15 - 20 kWh/tn , .

    . , 25 - 35 kWh/tn .

    . . (, , ). . , . ,

    , () . , , , .

    , , , . .

    . , (). , .

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    134/139

    . , ... 133

    (: , : , : , : , :

    )

    44/87 ( 15/): , ,

    .

    . 2516/97 (159/): . . 2545/97 (254/): . . 2465/97 (28/): , ,

    , . 15/.5242/248/98 ( 238/):

    . 2516/97.

    22308/78/98 (691/): ... , 4, .3, .2545/97.

    . 2965/01 (270/): . . 2963/01 ( 268/):

    () .

    1180/81 ( 293/):

    , , .

    . 1650/86 (160/): . . 3010/02 ( 91/): .1650/1986 97/11/ 96/61/,

    69269/5387/90 ( 678/): ,

    (...), (...) , .1650/1986.

    .. 15393//2332/02 ( 1022/): 3 .1650/1986 1 .3010/2002.

    H.. 11014/703/104/03 ( 332/): (....) (...) 4 .1650/1986 ('160) 2 .3010/2002.

    .. 37111/2021/03 ( 1391/): 2 5 .1650/86.

    17327/724/03 ( 1087/): .

    25535/3231/02: 2 ' ' . .. 15393/ 2332/2002 " ..." (1022/).

    17/59862/1687/94: 69269/5387/90(678 /2-10-90).

    . 1561/85 ( 148/): .

    . 1515/85 ( 18/): .

  • 7/25/2019 Industrial Wastewater Treatment 2006

    135/139

    . , ... 134

    .. 11641/1942/02 ( 832/):

    () .

    10245/703/97 ( 311/): (VOC)

    . 11535/93 ( 328/): , ,

    76802/1033/96 (596/: 58751/2370/93 .

    58751/2370/93 ( 264/): .

    11294/93 ( 264/): , , .

    10315/93 (369/):

    . 40786/2143/1988 ( 341/):

    47943/1988 ( 807/):

    47942/1988 ( 807/): - .

    82805/2224/93 ( 699/): .

    8243/1113/91 (138/):

    34/02 ( 125/): ,

    , . 5/03 (58/): (2000-

    2010) 3 (.3) .3017/2002 (117/). 25/88 ( 52/):

    . 98 99/10.7.1987 .. 98/87 ( 135/) :

    . 99/87 ( 135/):

    . 11/97 (19/): . . 2052/92 ( 94//5-6-1992):

    .

    5673/400/97 (192):

    . , .

    1 221/65 ( 138/): , .. 1/17831/71 ( 986/) .. 4/1305/74(801/).

    4859/726/01 ( 253/): 74/464/ 4 1976.

    55648/2210/91 ( 323):

    .

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    136/139

    . , ... 135

    255/94 ( 123/): 12 ' .55648/2210/1991 .

    90461/2193/94 (843/): 12 ' .55648/2210/1991 .

    73/90 ( 90/): , 6 . 144/2.11.1987 .

    144/87 ( 197/): .

    26857/553/88 ( 196/): .

    18186/271/88 ( 126/): .

    45/2280/83 (720/): .

    15519/83 ( 455/):

    .

    179182/656/79 ( 582/): ... .

    . 743/77 ( 319/): .

    .2939/01 ( 179/):

    - () .

    109/04 (75/): , 2000/53/.

    116/04 ( 81/): , . .

    82/04 (64/): 98012/2001/96 (- 40 ). , .

    115/04 ( 80/): 73537/1438/95 ( - 781/) 19817/2000 ( 73537/1438/95 - 963 ). ,

    . 117/04 ( 82/): ,

    2002/95 2002/96).

    50910/2727/03 ( 1909/): ..

    114218/97 (1016/): .

    19396/1546/97 (604/): . 72751/3054/85 ( 665/):

    . 7589/731/00 ( 514/):

    96/59/ 16

    1996.

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    . , ... 137

    : 6924/87 : 3019/87 : 4458/2004 &4456/2004 & 4457/2004 : 4138/03, 2725/01, 4610/99, 8133/01, 308/04, 6421/87 : 8440/96 : 8486/88

    : 3014/85, 6718/86 : 3610/84 : 3371/85, 1899/04 : 7841/94, /1679/04 : 1413/81, 1472/81 : 4813/98, 4391/2004 : 26/3/90 : 96400/85 : 10794/85, 4124/89, 6310/85, 2014/86, 6352/86, 2673/91, 5891/94, 8319/94, 2117/00,

    3841/03, 10965/89

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    1. 75/442/15/7/75 2. 76/403/6/4/76

    3. 78/176/20/2/78

    4. American Public Health Association Standard methods for the examination of water andwastewater: American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. 15

    thedition, 1981

    5. , . ,1982

    6. , . , 19827. , . ,

    19838. K. Grasshoff, M. Erhardt, K. Kremling. Methods of Seawater Analysis, Second Revised and

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