Presentation By:1. Asad Rashid

2. Avdhesh Kumar 3. Chandan Patel

4. Triveni Singh

Industrial Training Presentation

Presented to:Mr. Ashutosh SinghAss. ProfessorDept. of Electronics Engg.HBTI Kanpur

Outline

Summer Training at North Central Railways, Kanpur from 8th June, 2015 to 17th July, 2015.

Main Objective was to learn Optical Fibre Communication, Telephone Exchanges and Data Communication,Public Amenities in Railways.

Contents

Introduction to Indian Railways Introduction to Optical Fibres. Introduction to Exchanges Data Communication Public Amenities

Introduction to Indian Railways

1832: The first proposal was introduced for having Railways In India.

1853: On April 16th, at 3:35 pm, The first train left from Bombay to Thane.

November 1947 : John Mathai (not formerly designated as Minister to Railways) presents the first Railways budget for Independent India.

Present Railway Minister: Suresh Prabhu

Optical Fibre

An optical fibre ( or fiber ) is a glass or plastic fibre that carries light along it’s length.

It has two main component layers: Core & Cladding.

Light is kept in the “core” of optical fibre.

Cladding is for the protection of fibre.

Advantages of Optical fibre.

Thinner than other tubes. Less expensive High Carrying Capacity. Provides a very large Bandwidth Less signal distortion Non- flammable Light Weight Immune to Electromagnetic Interference

Fibre Optic Disadvantages. Expensive over short distance. Very high Installation charges& demands high skills. Adding additional nodes is difficult.

Areas Of Application

Telecommunication Local Area Networks Cable TV CCTV Optical Fibre Sensors

Optical Fibre Construction

Core: Thin Glass Center of the fibre where light travels. Cladding: Outer OpticalMaterial (usually glass) surrounding the Core. Buffer Coating: PlasticCoating that protects theFibre.

Fiber Optic Layers. Consists of three concentric sections.

plastic jacket glass or plasticcladding fiber core

Mode Of Propagation

Two main categories that are used in FibreOptic Communications are:

Multi-mode Optical Fibre

Single Mode Optical Fibre

Fibre Optic Cable

Single-mode Fibre:Carries light pulsesalong single path.

Multi-mode Fibre:Many pulses of lightGenerated by LEDAt different angles.

Single Mode Fibres

Single-mode fibers – used to transmit one signal per

fiber (used in telephone and cable TV). They have small

cores(9 microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light

from laser.

Multi-mode Fibres

Multi-mode fibers – used to transmit many signals per fiber (used in computer networks). They have larger cores(62.5 microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light from LED.

Index Profile The boundary

between the core and cladding may either be abrupt, in step-index fiber, or gradual, in graded-index fiber.

Step-Index

A step-index fiber has a central core with a uniform refractive index. An outside cladding that also has a uniform refractive index surrounds the core;

However, the refractive index of the cladding is less than that of the central core.

Graded-Index

In graded-index fiber, the index of refraction in the core decreases continuously between the axis and the cladding. This causes light rays to bend smoothly as they approach the cladding, rather than reflecting abruptly from the core-cladding boundary.

Optical Fiber Communication

Fiber Optic Communication

It is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending light through an optical fiber.

The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information.

Block Diagram of OFC

Total Internal Reflection

Use of OFC in Railways.

To optimize train scheduling. Speed measurement. Signal distribution Traffic light monitoring.

DATA COMMUNICATIONSENDER

MESSAGERECEIVERMEDIAMPROTOCL

OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTED NETWORK(OSI)

PUBLIC AMENITIES1- AUTO ANNOUNCEMENT SYSTEM

PUBLIC AMENITIES2 TRAIN TIMING DISPLAY BOARD

PUBLIC AMENITIES3-COACH GUIDANCE SYSTEM

PUBLIC AMENITIES4-DIGITAL

CLOCK

PUBLIC AMENITIES

5-IVRS(Interactive voice response system)

6-PRS (Passenger Reservation System)

1C.DOT2E.10B3ISDN

DIGITAL SWICHING SYSTEMS

Integrated Services for Digital Network

Thank you