Industrial Revolution: Agricultural and Transportation Revolutions

Goal of Today• The goal of the lesson today will be to show how the

improvements in agriculture helped bring about the Industrial Revolution. We will also see some of the factors that allowed Britain to take the lead in this revolution

• The goal of today will be to show how the improvements in transportation allowed goods to be shipped faster and further.

• We will also look at the development of leisure activities and professional sports.

• Terms• Enclosure Movement• Jethro Tull• Charles ‘Turnip’ Townshed • Robert Ransome

What is a Revolution?

• A drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving.

Without the Agricultural Revolution there would be no Industrial Revolution What was farming like in the 1600’s?• English villagers used common lands for pastures

and farming. – Problems with open common fields: 1. overgrazing of

animals, 2. difficulty in reaching consensus for change, and 3. single herds that had led to a spread of animal diseases and uncontrollable breeding

• Late 1600’s farmers began to fence off or enclose lands. This movement is called the enclosure movement.

• Parliament passed laws to help this movement

“Enclosed” Lands Today“Enclosed” Lands Today

What did the enclosure movement do?1. As large landowners added to their holdings,they

forced owners of small plots to either become tenant farmers or give up farming and move to the city.

2. Since land did not have to be farmed in commons, farmers could experiment with new techniques without the consent of other villagers.

New Technology/ Experiments?

• Jethro Tull- concerned about the wasteful practice of scattering seeds by hand over a wide area, he invented a seed drill which made it possible to plant seeds in a row and at specific depths.

Tull's seed drill made sowing more economical and yielded greater amount of crops.

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• Townshed Cont…• If a crop was not rotated, then the nutrient level in the field would go down with time,which meant the yield of the crop from the field decreased. Using the four field system, the land could not only be "rested", but

also could be improved by growing other crops. • Clover and turnips grown in a field after wheat, barley or oats, naturally replaced nutrients into the soil. None of the fields had to be taken out of use whilst they recovered. Also, where animals grazed on the clover

and turnip fields, eating the crop, their droppings helped to manure the soil.The four field system was successful because it improved the amount of food produced.

Improved Farming Methods:Crop

Rotation

AfterBefore

• Robert Ransome invented an iron plow in three parts so that a farmer could replace a broken part at low cost rather than having to buy a whole new plow every time one broke.

• Interchangeable Parts…..

What happened to the farmers? • Those that could afford the new technologies thrived

and those who couldn’t afford them were forced out.– Where did they go?

• The city….

How did the Agricultural Revolution and the new inventions in this period help foster the Industrial Revolution?

• "Thus not only will the same amount of land be able to feed more people; but each of them, with less labor, will be employed more productively and will be able to satisfy his needs better."

• Condorcet, The Progress of the Human Mind

B. Population Explosion

1700 – Britain – 5 million

1800 – Britain – 9 million 1715 – France – 18 million

1789 – France – 26 million

1715 – Europe – 120 million

1789 – Europe – 190 million

So more food leads to……

Why did the Industrial Revolution Take Place in England?

• Factors of Production- basic resources for industrialization. – Natural Resources – Capital or Money – Labor Force

Natural Resources

• Great Britain had fine harbors and a large network of rivers. Water provided power for developing industries and a way to transport goods.

More Resources• Great Britain had huge supplies of iron ore and

coal- both of which were the principle materials of the Industrial Revolution

Coal Mining in Britain:1800-1914

Coal Mining in Britain:1800-1914

1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners

1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

1880300 million tons

500, 000 miners

1914250 million tons

1, 200, 000 miners

British Pig Iron Production

British Pig Iron Production

You Need Money

• Money or capital was needed to invest in labor, machines, and raw materials.

• Great Britain had that capital. Landowners and other members of the aristocracy profited from large scale farming and the slave trade. Middle class also benefited from that trade.

• Parliament also encouraged investment by passing laws that helped the growing businesses.

You Need Bodies • Great Britain had an abundance of a labor source.

• Improvements in farming….– More food ---- better nutrition so people live longer– Enclosure Movement had forced many small farmers to

the cities.

Transportation Revolution

Transportation

• With the development of factories there needed to be a way to transport goods to market and with the invention of steam power there were now several options.

Roads • John McAdam worked out a new way of building

roads. He carefully selected small stones topped a roadbed of large stones. These roads were called macadam roads.

Railroads• 1814 George Stephenson perfected a steam

propelled moving engine, or locomotive that ran on rails

• 1829 his locomotive, the Rocket, pulled a line of cars from Liverpool to Manchester at 29 miles per hour.

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/launch_ani_rocket.shtml

• Networks of railroads soon connected much of the Western world.

• Improvements in steel rails, air brakes, more comfortable coaches, and special cars for different kinds of freight- made railroad transportation fast, safe, and affordable.

• The 1840’s saw a railway mania and by 1851 6,800 miles of track had been laid. Soon it was possible to travel from London to Bristol in hours rather than days at speeds of around 60 mph.

An Early Steam Locomotive

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

Steamboat

• Great Britain had an extensive network of rivers that served as highways. They served as a cheaper and slightly faster forms of transportation than roads.

• Robert Fulton established the first inland steamboat service in 1807. Steamboats appear on many rivers and lakes.

• In 1838 the Great Western, a ship operated only by steam, crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 15 days, less than half the time it took a sailing ship.

Steam ShipSteam Ship

• What did all of these new improvements do for the industrial revolution?

• What do you think it did to production?

Rise of Leisure • With the growth of the railways, people began to

travel more and visiting the seaside became a popular pastime. But the railways also allowed local sporting teams to travel and so sports like cricket, football and rugby began to be organized with agreed rules and national competitions, such as the FA Cup. Lawn Tennis was invented in the 1830s and a new sight on the streets of Victorian Britain was the bicycle, in its various different designs.

• In 1888 the Football League was founded. This was made up of professional teams. It would have been impossible for the first teams to have travelled to play away matches without regular trains. So the railways were very important in the development of professional football in Britain.

• This is an advertisement for Hudson's washing soap. It features a famous cricketer from the Victorian Era, W. G. Grace.

beach on the Isle of Wight.

• http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/lessons/lesson05.htm