Industrial revolution

Industrial Revolution12-1Increased output of machine-made goodsBegan in England during the 18th centuryMachines begin to do the work

Industrial Revolution2Why Great BritainAgrarian Revolution1700s farming got betterExpansion of landGood weatherImproved transportationNew crops Increased food supply Jethro Tull Invents seed drill in 1701Sowing seed by scattering was wastefulDrill spaces seeds at specific depthsMore seeds take root = more crops

Crop RotationPlant different crop in a field in different yearsImproves on three-field systemReplenishes nutrients

5Livestock breedersRobert Bakewell only allows best sheep to breedAvg weight of lambs increases

2. Population growthMore food = more peopleMore people = more food

Enclosure MovementFenced-off landsLarger more efficient farmsMore cropsPeople moved to townsLabor force for factories

3. $$$$$$$$Ready supply of capitalInvest in new machines and factories

4. Natural ResourcesRivers - TRANSPORTATIONCoal - FUELIron - MANUFACTURINGPorts - TRADEPopulation WORKERSNavy - PROTECTION

5. MarketsPlaces to sell goodsColonial empireShippingDemand at home increasedb/c of population growthCheaper foodHigher demand for cotton

6. Political stability as an advantageNo wars on British soilPositive attitude from military successParliament protects businessPass laws to encourage and protect business ventures

Cotton ProductionCottage industrySpinners make cotton thread from raw cottonDone in a persons rural cottage or homeWove cotton thread into cloth on loomsCompeted w/India

Technological AdvancementsFlying shuttleMade weaving fasterSpinning jennyJames Hargreaves - 1764Made thread fasterWater loom - 1787Edwin Cartwright

Steam EngineJames Watt1782 engine used to drive machinesCotton mills use steam enginesDidnt need to be near waterIncreased production of cotton cloth in GBSold all over the worldCompeted with other nations

Coal and Iron IndustriesSuccess of steam engine meant more coal neededExpanse of coal miningPuddlingNew process of purifying iron oreLed to production of higher quality ironGB produced more iron than the rest of the world combined by 1852Railroads18th century more efficient means of moving goods developedRailroadsLinked manufacturing cities with portsManchester to LiverpoolCreated new jobs for farm laborers and peasants

Less expensive transport meant cheaper goodsCreated larger marketsMore goods sold = more need for goodsMore factories and machineryNew FactoriesMore and newer factories meant new labor system$ = wealth - More money the betterOnly make money when factories are openPeople work in shiftsNeed more workersCame from the rural areasWorking ConditionsOwners want to keep factories open12 -16 hrs a day/6 days a weekSame work week after week, year after yearNo minimum wageNew dangersDark, dirty factoriesDangerous machinesNo workers compensation

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Women and children work in factoriesCarry-over from cottage industryFamily worked together

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Social Impact of IndustrializationPopulation and Urban GrowthIndustrial Middle ClassIndustrial Working ClassEarly SocialismPopulation and Urban GrowthDecline in death rates led to population explosionLess frequent wars and epidemicsIncrease in food supply

MigrationFamine and poverty led to immigrationIrish to AmericaEnclosure laws and industrialization increased urbanizationGrowth of citiesIndustrial Cities RiseAfter 1800, most Europeans live in citiesUrbanizationCity building and movement of people to citiesCaused by growth of factory systemCities triple or quadruple in sizeFactories develop in clustersBuilt near sources of energy water and coal

Cities in England have problemsLack adequate housing, education, policeUnpaved streets no drainage, garbage piles upOvercrowded bedrooms for workersWidespread sicknessLiving Conditions in Cities41Industrialization creates lots of $Merchants and factory owners live good livesBig homes in the suburbsClass Tensions Grow42Industrial Middle ClassSocial class of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmersLandowners look down on middle class as vulgarLarger middle class emerges govt employees, doctors, lawyers, managersLower middle class factory overseers, skilled workers

Created jobsContributes to wealth of the nationIncreased production of goodsRaised standard of livingHealthier dietsBetter housingCheaper clothingExpanded educational opportunitiesPositive Effects of Industrialization44