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industrial crystallization processes

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C rystallization plays a critical role in numerous industries for a variety of reasons. In the semicon- ductor industry, for example, crystallization is used to grow long, cylindrical, single crystals of silicon with a mass of several hundred kilograms. These gigantic crystals, called boules, are sliced into thin wafers upon which integrated circuits are etched. Prior to etching, crystallization is used to grow thin layers of crys- talline, semiconductor materi- al onto the silicon wafer using a process called chemical vapor deposition. In the food industry, crystallization is often used to give products the right texture, flavor, and shelf life. Crystallization is used to produce ice cream, frozen dried foods, chewing gum, butter, chocolate, salt, cheese, coffee, and bread [1]. These examples highlight the utility of crystallization in creating solids with desirable and consistent properties. Crystallization is also widely used to separate and purify chemical species in the commodity, petrochemical, spe- cialty, and fine-chemical ind ustries. In fact, DuPont , one of the world’s largest chemical manufacturers, estimated in 1988 [2] that approximately 70% of its products pass through a crystallization or precipitation stage. Crystallization is a critical process for the pharmaceuti- cal industry. The vast majority of pharmaceuticals are manufactured in solid, generally crystalline, form. Crys- tallization is used to identify structure for use in drug design, to isolate chemical species from mixtures of  reaction products, and to achieve consistent and con- trolled drug delivery. Although each of the industries mentioned above is important to the U.S. econ- omy, generating 35% of the United States’ gross domestic product in 2003, the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries are particularly critical to the U.S. economy. Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) President George Scalise stated in the SIA 2004 Annual Report that “the U.S. economy is hardwired to semiconductor innova- tion.” After suffering severe setbacks in 2001, the semicon- ductor industry rebounded and is expected to maintain MANIPULATING CRYSTAL SIZE, SHAPE, AND STRUCTURE PAUL A. LARSEN, DANIEL B. PATIENCE, and JAMES B. RA WLINGS  © COREL 70 IEEE CONTROL SYSTEMS MAGAZINE » AUGUST 2006 1066-033X/06/$20.00©2006IEEE

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Page 1: Industrial Crystallization Processes

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