indus basin irrigation system 107

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1 Nauman Raza (2008-Civil-107)

Indus Basin Irrigation System1.

Introduction:The waters of the Indus basin begin in the Himalayan Mountains in the state ofJammu and Kashmir. They flow from the hills through the arid states of Punjab andSindh, converging in Pakistan and emptying into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi.Where once there was only a narrow strip of irrigated land along these rivers,developments over the last century have created a large network of canals andstorage facilities that provide water for more than 26 million acres (110,000 km2) -the largest irrigated area of any one river system in the world.Pakistans economy is largely based on its agricultural produce. Water is therefore acritical resource for its sustained economic development. In order to fully utilize the

river water resources, the IBIS has emerged as the largest contiguous irrigationsystem in the world. The IBIS comprises of three large dams, eighty five small dams,nineteen barrages, twelve inter-river link canals, forty-five canal commands and 0.7million tube wells in monetary terms, this network is the biggest infrastructureenterprise of Pakistan accounting for approximately US$ 300 billion of investment.

2. History:Pakistan lies within the plains formed by river Indus and its tributaries. British startedthe barrage irrigation system during 1930s. However, before that the residents ofPunjab, Sindh, and Frontier had constructed a number of inundation canals toirrigate their lands. In the Punjab, 38 such canals had been taken out of Sutlej,Indus, and Chenab rivers to irrigate areas around Bari Doab, Multan, Muzaffargarh,and Dera Ghazi Khan. In Sindh, water level of the Indus during summer had alwaysbeen higher than the surrounding lands, thus, 16 inundation canals in this area hadconveniently carried out the irrigation water during past century. However, BritishArmy Engineers undertook construction and improvement of several irrigation canalsin the sub-continent. Subsequently, construction works on Bari Doab Canal; SidhnaiCanal,Lower Sohag, Ramnagar Canal, Lower Jhelum Canal, Kabul Canal, andLower Sawat were completed by the end of l9th century. However, at the time ofindependence country had 29canals to provide regulated supply to an area of about

11 million hectares, beside an area of about 3.2 million hectares irrigated throughinundation canals leading from Indus and its tributaries. These main inundationcanals included Upper Sutlej, Lower Sutlej, Shahpur, andChenab in Punjab;whereas, Rohri, Fuleli, Pinyari, and Kalri in Sindh. However, after theconstruction ofbarrages these canals are no more inundation canals but get regulated water supplyand some of them have become perennial while few are nonperennial.

2.1 Indus Waters Treaty:Indus Waters Treaty which is back bone of existing system. Soon afterindependence in 1947 a dispute arose between India and Pakistan regarding the

sharing of the waters of the Indus Basin Rivers. Pakistan had a lot at stake includingirrigation network of about 3.2 Mha of irrigated land depending entirely on the supply


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from three eastern Rivers of Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Indus Water Treaty was signedbetween India and Pakistan through good offices of World Bank in 1960.Basic provisions of the Treaty are:-

Awarding to India right to use water of three eastern rivers (Sutlej, Beas and

Ravi), whereas water of three western rivers (Chenab, Jhelum and Indus) wasleft for utilisation by Pakistan.

Construction of a system of works in Pakistan popularly known as Indus BasinProject (IBP). This provided for building of two gigantic dams on rivers Jhelumand Indus, construction of barrages and one gated siphon to link the westernwith eastern rivers through eight inter river link canals.

Pakistan is mainly depending on surface water supplies of western rivers anddirect precipitation in the northern parts of the country. On the basis of 70years record it has been calculated that the IRS brings 173 Bm3 annually.Additionally, precipitation over the Indus Plains and Peshawar valleycontributes 49 Bm3 out of which 31 Bm3 falls in the Canal Commanded Area.

2.2 Accord on Apportionment of Indus WatersRealising the need for an early resolution for inter provincial water disputes, IndusWater Apportionment Accord was signed between the provinces in March 1991.Water allocations are shown in Table.

ALLOCATION OF INDUS WATERS (Bm3) AS PER 1991-ACCOR

Province Kharif Rabi Total

Punjab 45.74 23.29 69.03Sindh includingurban andindustrial uses forKarachi

41.88 18.29 60.17

KPK (a) Regulargauged canals

4.29 2.84 7.13

(b) Civil un-gaugedcanals above IndusRim Station

2.22 1.48 3.70

Baluchistan 3.52 1.26 4.78Total 95.44+

2.2245.67+

1.48141.05+

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3. Water Resources:Irrigated agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan's economy. The agriculture sector isthe major user of water and its consumption will continue to dominate the waterrequirements. Direct rainfall contributes less than 15 percent of the water supplied tothe crops. The major user of water for irrigation is the Indus Basin Irrigation System.About 105 Million Acres Feet (MAF) out of 155 MAF of surface water is being

diverted annually for irrigation while around 48 MAF is pumped from groundwater.


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4. Silent Features of IBIS:Pakistans Indus River Basin System comprises five main rivers, namely the Indus,Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. These rivers have their origin in the higheraltitudes and derive their flows mainly from snow-melt and monsoon rains.

Catchment area of Indus is most unique in the sense that it contains seven (7) of theworlds highest peaks after Mount Everest. Among these include the K2 (28,253 ft),Nanga Parbat (26,600 ft), Rakaposhi (25,552 ft) etc.Further to above, seven(7)glaciers situated in the Indus catchment are among the largest in the world.The maintributaries of the system are:

Hunza River Nagar River Astor River Balram River Gar River Ghizar River Gilgit River Gumal River Kabul River Panjnad River Shingo River Shigar River Shyok River Suru River Swaan River

Tanubal River Zanskar Rive

The main features of the Indus Basin Irrigation system are:

3 Reservoirs 16 Barrages 2 Headworks 12 Inter-link Canals 44 Canal Systems

107,000 Watercourses Canals of the Length 56,073 km 1.6 million km Length of Watercourses 104.7 MAF Average Canal Water Diversions 41.6 MAF Groundwater Abstractions No. of Tubewells: > 550,000 36 million acres Irrigated Area 39.4 MAF Average Escapage to the Sea


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5. Barrages in PakistanBefore the creation of the country, the areas now included in Pakistan were under-going developments to build some gigantic and remarkable engineering works. In1871, the weir across River Ravi was built at the head of Bari Doab canal in Punjab.

The building of Khanki headworks was undertaken in 1890-92. The headworks ofRasul on Jhelum River were built in 1901. Between the period 1900-1950 thefollowing were constructed: Marala weir on River Chenab, Balloki headworks onRiver Ravi and Ferozpur, Sulemanki, Islam and Panjnad on River Sutlej, Trimmu onRiver Jhelum and Sukkur and Kalabagh on River Indus. Between 1950-52, threebarrages were constructed on the Indus River at Kotri, Taunsa and Guddu. Later, aspart of the Indus Water Treaty, the following barrages were constructed between1962-75: Sidhanai on Ravi, Qadirabad and Marala on Chenab and Chashma onIndus.

DAMS AND BARRAGES IN PAKISTAN

5.1 Chashma Barrage:


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Chashma Barrage is located on the IndusRiver near the village Chashma in Mianwalidistrict. The project was built between 1967and 1971. It is one of the many major

engineering works that form a part of Indusbasin treaty of 1960 between India andPakistan. According to the project reports,34 villages were displaced with thepopulation of 22,400 people during the mid60s. The installed capacity of power stationis 184MW. Chashma Barrage is the 3rdlargest water reservoir of Pakistan.

It comprises a large barrage, a water storage reservoir and a series ofembankments (serving as flood bounds) which divide the reservoir into five

shallow lakes at low water levels. Maximum design discharge of Chashma Barrage is 1176000 cusecs. Its total length is 3556 feet. The barrage has 52 bays and 11 under sluices. Two canal originates from Chashma Barrage.

5.2 Guddu BarrageGuddu Barrage is constructed nearSukkur in Pakistan. It is a barrage across

river Indus. The project was completed in1962. The maximum flood level height ofthis barrage is 26ft (8meters). GudduBarrage supplies water for irrigation to2.9million acres of agricultural lands inthe Districts of Jacobabad, Larkana andSukkur of Sindh and the NasirabadDistrict of Balouchistan. The cost of the project was 474.8 million rupees.

At the time of its construction it has maximum design discharge of 1.2 millioncubic feet per second (34,000 m/s).

It is a gate-controlled weir type barrage with a navigation lock. The barrage has 64 bays, each 60 feet (18 m) wide. The maximum flood level height of Guddu barrage is 26 feet (8 m). The cost of the project was 474.8 million rupees. It feeds Ghotki Feeder, Begari Feeder, Desert and Pat Feeder canals.

5.3 Sukkur Barrage


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Sukkur Barrage was constructed duringthe British Raj from 1923 to 1932 as thelioyd Barrage to help the alleviatedfamines caused by the lack of rains.Sukkur Barrage is built across the River

Indus near the city of Sukkur. Thebarrage is useful irrigating more than5million acres of land. The barrageenables water to flow through what wasoriginally a 6166 mile long network of canals, feeding the largest irrigation system inthe world, with more than 5 million acres (20,000 km) of irrigated land. The retainingwall has sixty-six spans, each 60 feet wide; each span has a gate which weighs 50tons.

Sukkur Barrage has the maximum design discharge of 1500000 cusecs. Its total length is 4490 feet.

It has 54 Bays with 12 under sluices. Its crest level is 177 S.P.D. Seven canals originate from Sukkur Barage.

5.4 Tounsa BarrageTaunsa Barrage is located 20 km southeast of Taunsa Sharif city on the Indus riverin the Punjab province of Pakistan. Taunsa Barrage was designated a Ramsar siteon March 22, 1996. The Taunsa Barrage was completed in 1958, and it has beenidentified as the barrage with the highest

priority for rehabilitation. It requires urgentmeasures to avoid severe economic andsocial impacts on the lives of millions ofpoor farmers through interruption ofirrigation on two million acres (8,000 km)and drinking water in the rural areas ofsouthern Punjab, benefiting several millionfarmers. In 2003, $123 million used torehabilitate the Taunsa Barrage on theRiver Indus whose structure had beendamaged owing to soil erosions and old-age. The project was designed to ensure

irrigation of the cultivated lands in the area of the Muzaffargarh and Dera GhaziKhan Tehsil canals, and through the Taunsa-Panjnad Link Canal that supplementsthe water supply to Panjnad headworks canals

The Design Discharge of Tounsa Barrage is 750000 cusecs. Length of the Barrage is 4346 feet. It has 53 Bays and 12 under sluices. 4 Canals originate from this barrage.

5.5 Kotri Barrage:The Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad provides additional supplies for Karachi. Kotri


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being the major fishing centres - all inthe lower Sindh course. But dammingand irrigation has made fish farmingan important economic activity.Located southeast of Karachi, the

large delta has been recognised byconservationists as one of the world'smost important ecological regions.Here the river turns into many marshes, streams and creeks and meets the sea atshallow levels. Here marine fishes are found in abundance, including pomfret andprawns.

Kotri barrage is the last barrage on river indus as after this barrage the indusriver goes to Arabian Sea through Delta.

Kotri Barrage was completed in 1955.

Kotri Barrage has the maximum desin discharge of 750000 cusecs. Barrage has 44 bays. Length of the barrage is 915 metres (3,000 ft). The crest level of Barrage is 48 S.P.D. There are total 4 canals which take off from kotri barrage 1 is from right of

canal named as kalri canal while 3 are on the left side of barrage named aslinned canal, Fuleli canal and Pinyari canal

5.6 Islam Barrage:Islam Barrage is a barrage on the RiverSutlej in Bahawalpur District of thePunjab province of Pakistan. IslamBarrage is used for irrigation and floodcontrol.

Islam Barrage was completed in 1927. This barrage has the maximum design discharge of 300000 cusecs. The total length of the barrage is 1650 feet Barrage has 24 bays with 4 under sluices.

Crest Level of the Islam Barrage is 435.5 S.P.D. Two canals originate from Islam Barrage.

5.7 Marala Barrage:Marala Headworks is a headworks situated on the River Chenab near the city ofSialkot in Punjab province. Maralaweir situated at the confluence of theChenab and Tawi was constructedin 1910-12 as a part of Triple Canals

Project. It supplied water to UpperChenab Canal of 16500 cusecs
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capacity. It was mainly a feeder canal supplying water to Balloki headworks. In 1954-56 Marala Ravi Link Canal was constructed to divert 22000 cusecs to the Ravi to beutilized to feed Balloki Suleimanki Link canal No.1. Due to defective pond it was notpossible to feed both the canals. As remodeling of the old weir was not possible, itwas decided to construct a new barrage about 1200 feet downstream of the old weir

and two head regulators for Upper Chenab and Marala Ravi Link. Marala Headworksis a large hydro engineering project and is used to control water flow and floodcontrol in the River Chenab. Head Marala is also a picnic spot, wildlife sanctuary andunprotected wetland. Many people come here and enjoy the landscape and naturalbeauty.

After cutting across the Pir Panjal range, Chanab River enters the SialkotDistrict in Pakistan where the Marala Barrage was built across the river in1968.

It has a maximum discharge of 1.1 million ft/s (31,000 m/s). The total length of the Marala headworks is 4,472 feet.

Marala headworks has 66 Bays and 13 under sluices. Crest Level of the Marala headworks is 800 S.P.D. Two major water channels originate at the Marala headworksthe Marala-

Ravi Link Canal and the Upper Chenab Canal. Proposals are underconsideration to build Mangla Marala Link Canal to overcome any shortage ofwater in future.

5.8 Panjnad Barrage:Head Panjnad is a river head in Punjab. Panjnad River is formed by successive

confluence of the five rivers ofPunjab, namely Jhelum, Chenab,Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Jhelum andRavi join Chenab, Beas joinsSutlej, and then Sutlej andChenab join to form Panjnad nearUch Sharif. The combined streamruns southwest for approximately45 miles and joins Indus River atMithankot. The Indus continuesinto the Arabian Sea. A Barrage

on Panjnad has been erected; it provides irrigation channels for Punjab and Sindprovinces south of the Sutlej and east of the Indus rivers.

The construction of the barrage completed in 1932 on Chanab River. The barrage has the maximum design capacity of 700000 cusecs. The length of the barrage is 2856 feet. Barrage has 47 no of bays with 5 under sluices on left and 6 on the right side. Crest level of the barrage is 325 S.P.D. Two canals originate from Panjnad Barrage.
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5.9 Qadirabad Barrage:Qadirabad Headworks is a barrageon the River Chenab in Mandi

Bahauddin District of the Punjabprovince . This Barrage is situatedabout 20 miles below KhankiHeadworks. It receives the suppliesbrought by Rasul QadirabadLink.Qadirabad Headworks is usedto control water flow in the RiverChenab for irrigation and floodcontrol purposes.

Qadirabad Barrage was completed in 1967. It has the maximum design discharge of 900000 cusecs. The clear water way including under sluices is 3000 feet and The total length

of the barrage is 3,373 feet. Qadirabad Barrage has 50 bays with 5 under sluices. Crest level of the barrage is 684.5 S.P.D. On its left side Qadirabad Balloki Link canal of 18600 cusecs takes off.

5.10 Rasul Barrage:Rasul Barrage is a barrage on the River Jhelum in Mandi Bahauddin District of thePunjab province of Pakistan. It is situated 72 km downstream of Mangla Dam. It issituated about 3 milesdownstream of the old Rasulweir which is now a redundantstructure.Rasul Barrage is usedto control water flow in the RiverJhelum for irrigation and floodcontrol purposes.Water is drived from this point toChenab River at Qadirabad

through Rasul-Qadirabad linkcanal, then ultimately transferred to Sulemanki Barrage on the Sutlej River. Rasul-Qadirabad link canal has the second largest water discharge capacity afterChashma-Jhelum link canal. It has 538-m/s discharge capacity while Chashma-Jhelum link canal has 615-m/s capacity.

Rasul Barrage was constructed in 1968 It has a discharge capacity of 24070 cubic meter per second. The barrage is 3209 feet long with 2800 feet of clear water way. Barrage has 42 Bays with 6 under sluices. The crest level of the Barrage is 703 S.P.D.
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Two canals regulators are provided at the left and right of the barrage, tosupply 19000 cusecs to Rasul Qadirabad Link Canal and to supply 3000cusecs to Lower Jhelum Canal feeder.5.11 Trimmu Barrage:

Trimmu Barrage is a barrage on the River Chenab in the Jhang District of the Punjabprovince of Pakistan. It is situateddownstream of the confluence of theRiver Jhelum and River Chenab. It issituated some 25 km from the city ofJhang near the village of Atharan Hazariwhere the River Jhelum flows into theRiver Chenab. Trimmu Barrage is usedto control water flow in the RiverChenab for irrigation and flood controlpurposes.

Trimmu Barrage was constructed in the 1940s primarily as a flood controlmechanism to protect the city of Jhang from floods.

The barrage has the maximum design discharge of 645000 cusecs. The total length of trimmu barrage is 3025 feet. The barrage has 37 bays with 5 left side under sluices and 6 right side under

sluices. Total three canals originate from trimmu barrage.

5.12 Sidhnai Barrage:It is the last Headworks over Ravi River before its confluence into Chanab Riverabout 15 KM ahead. It is situated about2 KM from Abdul Hakeem. Sidhnai isthe name given to about nine mileslong reach of the Ravi which flowswithin almost straight banks. At thedownstream end of this reach SidhnaiHeadworks was constructed in 1886 tofeed Sidhnai canal system. During theIndus Basin Works this headworks wasto feed Sidhnai-Mailsi Link besidesSidhnai Feeder Canal and the Sidhnai canal. It was necessary to construct a newBarrage upstream of the old Sidhnai Headworks.

The construction of the Barrage was completed in 1965. The maximum design discharge of the barrage is 167000 cusecs. Discharge

higher than this capacity can be passed through a spill channel The barrage as constructed has a length of only 712 feet with 600 feet of clear

water-way. Barrage has 15 bays with 4 under sluices.
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Crest level of the Barrage is 454 S.P.D. Two canals originates from the Sidhnai Barrage

5.13 Sulemanki Barrage:Sulemanki Headworks is a headworks on the River Sutlej in the Punjab province ofPakistan. Sulemanki Headworks is used for irrigation and flood control.

Barrage was constructed in 1927. It has a maximum design discharge of 309000 cusecs. The total length of the barrage is 2220 feet. Barrage has 24 Bays with 16 under sluices. The crest level of the barrage is 560 S.P.D. Three canals originate from this barrage.

5.14 Jinnah Barrage: Jinnah Barrage was constructed in 1946 on River Indus. Its maximum design discharge is 950,000 cusecs. The total designed withdrawal for canals is 7,500 cusecs. The maximum flood level height of Jinnah Barrage is 28 feet. The barrage has 42 bays, each 60 ft. wide. The length of the left bank is 4,099 ft and that of the right bank is 5,487 ft. One canal originates from Jinnah Barrage.

A low-head hydro power generation project is also planned at Jinnah Barragecosting Rs. 9,882 millionwhich will be spent in 6years of project duration. Afeasibility study conductedwith the assistance of ODAindicated the potentialfor 144 MW project through16 pit type turbo-generators.WAPDA now envisages96 MW of installed capacity.

8 units with a gross head of16 feet will generate
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power.

5.15 Ghazi Barotha Barrage:The Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project is a major run-of-river power projectdesigned to meet the acute power shortage in Pakistan. The feasibility report wasprepared during the first tenure of Nawaz Sharif's administration and theGovernment of Pakistan entered intoan agreement for the financing andconstruction of the project on 7thMarch 1996.The main project elements include abarrage located on the Indus River,a power channel (designed to divertwater from the barrage) and a powercomplex. Alternative locations forthese elements were evaluatedbased on technical, economic,environmental and social constraints by an interdisciplinary project team andreviewed by an external environmental and resettlement panel.Initial assessment of five barrage sites identified by the project consultants resultedin two options being selected for detailed evaluation. The preferred option has lessstorage capacity than the main alternative, but was preferable in terms ofenvironmental impact.

The Design Discharge of this Barrage is 500000 cusecs. It is constructed on Indus River and it construction completed in 2004. Length of the Barrage is 170560 feet. It has 20 no of bays with 8 under sluices.

5.16 Mailsi Siphon:It is located in Mailsi city in Multanregion. Mailsi Siphon was constructedby Gamon construction company on1964 is splendid piece of constructionto contol water to manage betweenSutlej river and Sindhnai link canalduring flood.

Mailsi Siphon has a maximum design discharge of 429000 cusecs. The total length of the Mailsi Siphon is 1,601 feet. It has 24 Bays. Crest level of Mailsi Siphon is 415.5 S.P.D.

5.17 Khanki Head Works:
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Khanki Headworks is a headworks situated on the River Chenab in GujranwalaDistrict and in Gujrat District of the Punjab province..Khanki Headworks is used forirrigation and flood control. Khanki controls water distribution over 3 million acres(12,000 km) of agricultural lands by one main distributary, the Lower Chenab Canal,and 59 minor distributaries.

Khanki Headworks was constructed in 1889 and is considered to be theoldest headworks in Pakistan.

It has a maximum design discharge of 750000 cusecs. Total length of Khanki Headworks is 4000 feet. Khanki Headworks has 48 bays with 6 under sluices. The crest level of Khanki Headworks is 726.5-727 S.P.D Only one canal Lower Chenab Canal originates from Khanki Headworks.

5.18 Balloki Barrage:Balloki Headworks is a headworks on the River Ravi in the Punjab province ofPakistan. Balloki Headworks is used for irrigation and flood control.

Balloki Barrage was completed in 1914. The barrage has a maximum design discharge of 140000 cusecs. The total length of the barrage is 1644 feet. Crest level of the barrage is 625.5 S.P.D. Two canals originate from Balloki Barrage.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headworkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Chenabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujranwala_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujranwala_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_%28Pakistan%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Chenab_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Chenab_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ravihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_%28Pakistan%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_%28Pakistan%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ravihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Chenab_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Chenab_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_%28Pakistan%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujranwala_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujranwala_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Chenabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headworks


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6. Canals SystemThe construction of most of the link canals is a post-Indus Waters Treatydevelopment. These link canals are ten in number and are constructed to transfersurface flows of Indus and Jhelum to the affected commands of Sutlej and BeasRivers. Following is the brief description:

6.1 From River Indus: Chashma-Jhelum (CJ) Link Canal. It is taken out from Chashma Barrage for

a design discharge of 615 m3 /s (21700 cfs). It feeds Jhelum Riverdownstream Rasul Barrage.

Taunsa-Panjnad (TP) Link Canal. It is taken out from Taunsa Barrage for adesign discharge of 340 m3 /s (12000 cfs). It feeds Chenab River downTrimmu below the confluence of Chenab and Ravi rivers. This water thenflows downstream Chenab and joins Sutlej River at Panjnad barrage. Itsdistribution is then made through Panjnad and Abbasia canals for a totaldesign capacity of 286 m3/s (10100 cfs).

6.2 From River Jhelum: Upper-Jhelum Canal It is taken out from Mangla for a design discharge of

221 m

3

/s (7800 cfs). It feeds River Chenab up-stream Khanki Barrage. Rasul-Qadirabad (RQ) Link Canal. It is taken out from Jhelum at RasulBarrage for a design discharge of 538 m3/s (19000 cfs). It feeds Chenab up-stream Qadirabad Barrage.

6.3 From River Chenab: Marala-Ravi (MR) Link Canal. It is taken out from Chenab at Marala Barrage

for a design discharge of 623 m3 /s (22000 cfs) and falls into Ravi aboveShahdara.

Upper-Chenab (UC) Canal. It is also taken out from Chenab at Marala. It

bifurcates into BRBD Link to feed Sutlej by 88 m3 /s (3100 cfs) and UpperChenab to feed Ravi up-stream Balloki by 221 m3 /s (7800 cfs). The BRBDLink crosses Ravi Siphon and feeds Central Bari Doab (CBD) and UpperDepalpur (UD) canals.

Qadirabad-Balloki (Q.B) Link Canal. It is extension of RQ link to transfer14500 cfs water to Ravi at Balloki. The Ravi recovers 482 m3 /s (17000 cfs)from Marala Ravi (MR) link canal from Chenab and feeds 74 m3/s (2600 cfs)to Central Bari Doab (CBD) and 60 m3/s (2100 cfs) to Upper Depalpur.

Trimu-Sidhnai (TS) Link. It is taken from Chenab River at Trimmu for adesign discharge of 312 m3/s (11000 cfs). It feeds Ravi at Sidhnai Barrage.


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6.4 From River Ravi : Balloki-Suleimanki (BS) Link. It emanates from Ravi at Balloki with a design

discharge of 524 m3/s (18500 cfs) and is divided on the way into BS-I for 453

m3/s (16000 cfs) and BS-II for184 m3/s (6500 cfs). The Lower Depalpur Canaltakes off from BS-I for a design discharge of 113 m3/s (4000 cfs) after whichBS-I, parallel to BS-II, out falls in the Sutlej River above Suleimanki.

Sidhnai-Mailsi- (SM) Link. It passes through Mailsi Siphon downstreamIslam Head Works.

ANNUAL FLOW THROUGH LINK CANALS (Bm3)

NAME 1985-90 1990-95KHARIF RABI TOTAL KHARIF RABI TOTAL

CHASHMA-JHELUM (CJ) 1.81 2.47 4.28 1.36 3.58 4.94TAUNSA-PANJNAD (TP) 1.49 0.60 2.10 0.75 0.59 1.35RASUL-QADIRABAD

(RQ)4.31 5.95 10.25 5.06 6.27 11.33

MARALA-RAVI (MR) 4.08 0.73 4.81 3.95 0.17 4.12QADIRABAD-BALLOKI

(QB)7.00 6.38 13.38 8.01 6.71 14.72

BRBD 1.79 1.00 12.79 1.75 0.99 2.74BALLOKI-SULEIMANKI

(BS)I7.28 4.28 11.56 7.89 4.20 12.08

BALLOKI-SULEIMANKI II 2.42 0.51 2.92 2.64 0.53 3.17

TRIMU-SIDHNAI (TS) 3.38 1.95 5.33 3.20 2.02 5.22SIDHNAI-MAISI (S-M) 3.92 2.36 6.28 3.95 2.33

7. Irrigation Canals:Irrigation canals were constructed at different periods in the provinces of KPK,Punjab and Sindh from 1890 onwards. The area served by each canal is called thecanal command. There are 44 total canal commands. There are 24 canal commandsin the Punjab, 5 in KPK and 15 in Sind/Balochistan. The present diversion capacityof the canals of Pakistan is 258,600 cusecs. These canals can pass 11.69 million

cubic feet per year.Due to insufficiency of water in rivers during winter months, the total cultivablecommanded area (CCA) could not be served. Thus some portion of the area wasplanned to be served by ever flowing canals called perennial, and another portionwas served only during summer (Kharif) season, called non perennial. In theselection of perennial and non perennial areas besides the insufficiency of riverwater many other factors particularly the nature of soil formation, depth ofgroundwater, surface salinity etc. were kept in view. The perennial and non-perennialareas served by these canals are 22 and 11.5 million acres respectively. In KPK thefull CCA is perennial. In the Punjab out of 20.3 m.ac of CCA, 12.5 m.ac. areperennial and 7.8 m.ac receive non-perennial supplies. Similar in Sind/Balochistanwith total CCA 13.5 m.ac, only 7.6 m.ac get perennial and 5.9 m.ac non-perennial


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supplies. Total Gross Commanded Area (GCA) of all the canals is 39.12 m.acwhereas the Cultureable Commanded Area (CCA) is 34.69 m.ac.8. Distributaries and MinorsA typical canal system constitutes a barrage or a weir constructed in a river to divert

river water into a canal. At a suitable point the canal is split up into branches. Boththe main canal and the branches are not provided with an arrangement to distributewater for agricultural purposes. Distributaries are small canals which provide waterfor agriculture. Very small distributaries are called Minors. These posses means tosupply water through structures called water-courses.The main canal and the branches have some sort of control to limit the distribution ofwater into the distributaries and minors. There is generally no control on thesechannels. When a proper quantity of water enters the head of these channels it isdistributed to each outlet automatically according to its capacity. Automatic workingof a distributary without a manual control requires that it be so designed and workedthat at all times and at each point it will just carry as its full supply a dischargesufficient to supply all the outlets below that point so that when the proper quantityenters the head all the watercourses should just run their calculated allowance withno surplus at the tail of the distributary.

9. WatercoursesWatercourses carry water from the distributaries and minors to the fields. There are107,000 watercourses in the irrigation system with an estimated length of 1.6 millionKm. About 100,000 watercourses are in the canal irrigated areas. The largestpercentage losses in the irrigation system occur below the level of canals on

watercourses and fields. The lining of watercourses therefore is very important inconserving water especially in saline water areas. It is estimated that 15,500watercourses are lined.An overview of Pakistans irrigation system has already been discussed above. Thissystem is managed as per table 5below.


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SALIENT FEATURES OF OFF-TAKING CANALS FROM THE BARRAGES IN PAKISTAN

S.NoBarrageNames

RiversYear of

Completionof Barrage

AreaIrrigatedin Km2

CanalsYear of

Completion

Dischargeat Head

(cusecs)

Above Rim Station

1 Amandra Swat 1915 1,5571. Upper Swat

Canal1915 96

2 Munda Swat 1885 /19171. Lower Swat

Canal1885 55

3 Warsak Kabul1890 / Warsak Canal (L&R) 1962 14

1962 2. Kabul River Canal 1890 13

Below Rim Station

4 Jinnah Indus 1947 26,900 1. Thal Canal 1949 311

5 Chashma Indus 1971 28,317

Chashma JhelumLink 1970

614

2. CRBC/Peharpur 142

6 Taunsa Indus 1959 21,237

Taunsa PunjnadLink

1970 340

Muzaffargarh Canal 1959 235

3. D.G. Khan Canal 1959 249

7 Guddu Indus 1962 25,485

Ghotki Feeder 1962 241

2a. Desert PatFeeder

1962 365

2b. Pat FeederCanal

1962 235

3. Begari Feeder 1962 439

8 Sukkur Indus 1932 42,475

Nara Canal 1932 379

Khairpur East Canal 1932 76

Rohri Canal 1932 317

Khairpur WestCanal 1932 54

North West Canal 1932 144

6. Rice Canal 1932 289

4 Rice Canal 1932 91

9 Kotri Indus 1954 25,485

Akram Wah (LinkCanal)

1955 116

Fuleli Canal 1955 391

Pinyari Canal 1955 408

4. Kalri Canal 1955 255


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10 Rasul Jhelum 1967 24,069

Rasul- QadirabadLink

1967 538

Lower Jhelum Canal 1901 150

LJC Feeder 154

4. Rasul PowerCanal

101

11 Marala Chenab 1968 31,148Marala Ravi Link 1956 623

2. Upper ChenabCanal

1912 467

12 Khanki Chenab 1892 29,7321. Lower Chenab

Canal1892 326

13 Qadirabad Chenab 1967 25,4851. QadirabadBalloki Link and

LCC Feeder1967 527

14 Trimmu Chenab 1939 18,406

Trimmu Sidhnai Link 1965 311

Haveli Canal 1939 183

3. Rangpur Canal 1939 77

15 Balloki Ravi 1965 63,712

Balloki SulemankiLink

1954 524

2. Lower Bari DoabCanal

1913 198

16Sidhnai(New)

Ravi 1965 4,709Sidhnai Mailsi Link 1965 286Mailsi Bahawal Link 1965 110

3. Sidhnai Canal 1886 127

17 Sulemanki Sutlej 1928 9,911

Eastern SadiqiaCanal

1927 139

Fodwah Canal 1927 95

3. Upper PakpattanCanal

1927 169

18 Islam Sutlej 1928 10,987U & L Bahawal

Canal1927 132

2. Qaim Canal 1927 213

19 Punjnad Chenab 1932Punjnad Canal 1335 231

Abbasia Canal 1338 65

20Ghazi

BarrageIndus 2002

1. Ghazi BhothaPower Channel

2002 132

indus basin irrigation system 107

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