indoor environmental science & engineering richard corsi, kerry kinney, jeffrey siegel, atila...
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Indoor Environmental Science & Engineering
Richard Corsi, Kerry Kinney, Jeffrey Siegel, Atila Novoselac, Ying Xu
When did indoor air quality problems begin?
Situation Persists in Developing World
½ world’s population (> 3 B) relies on coal and biomass for domestic energy, and number is increasing!
• Simple stoves
• Incomplete combustion
• Often not vented
• 2 – 2.8 million deaths/year
• 4% of global mortality
• 1 million childhood deaths/year
• Women: 2/3 w/ lung cancer are non-smokers!
Indoor Air Quality in U.S. - Evolution
• Start = End of World War II
Levittown, New York (1948) 800 square feet4 bedroom / 1 bath = $6,900
Demand for Ease of Life
• Wall-to-wall carpet
• Cleaners
• Air fresheners
• Pesticides
• Personal care products
• Much more
Global Production: Synthetic Organic Chemicals
050
100150200250300350
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Year
Billi
on k
g/ye
ar
Air Conditioning
Total Primary Energy Consumption - 2007
Residential andCommercial
Industrial
Transportation28.5%
32.1%
39.4%
~ 21% residential
~ 18% commercial
• 1953: < 5% in US with AC (window)
• Today: > 80% in US with AC > 50% central AC
• Open + Fan Close + AC
voutsideinside Q
EpCC
Americans = Indoor Creatures
• Indoors 89%• 2/3 of time in home
• Transit 6%
• Outdoors 5%• 18 hours indoors for every 1 outdoors
USEPA Risk Rankings
1. (tie) Worker exposure to chemicals
1. (tie) Indoor radon
3. Pesticide residue on foods
4. (tie) Indoor air pollutants (non-radon)
4. (tie) Consumer exposure to chemicals
(includes cleaning fluids, etc.)
6. Hazardous/toxic air pollutants
7. Depletion of stratospheric ozone
8. Hazardous waste sites (inactive)
9. Drinking water (radon and THMs)
10. Application of pesticides16 others .. (including groundwater contamination at 21, criteria air pollutants at 22, etc.)
Jeffrey Siegel
• Particles
Richard Corsi
• Gases
Atila Novoselac
• Modeling
Kerry Kinney
• Microorganisms
Ying Xu
• Emission
Neil Crain
• Chemistry
Complementary Research
UniqueProgram
Faculty and Specific Expertise in Indoor Environmental Research
Features of Our Program
• Diverse curriculum
• Interdisciplinary student community
• NSF-funded IGERT program– IGERT trainees and affiliates
• State-of-the art laboratories and test house
Siegel Team Research Themes
• Primary and secondary impacts of particle control technologies and strategies
• Aerosol transport in indoor environments
• Connections between energy and indoor air quality
Recent/Ongoing Projects
• Ozone emission from in-duct air cleaners
• Passive removal of pollutants
• HVAC filters as passive samplers
• Energy implications of filtration“Clogged, dirty filters block normal air flow and reduce a system's efficiency significantly…. Keeping the filter clean can lower your air conditioner's energy consumption by 5%–15%.”X
New Project
• Indoor air quality and ventilation in retail stores• Fundamental problem
– Huge energy expenditure from ventilation (50% of total)
– Very diverse types of buildings/sources
• Stores want to diminish energy use• Research will explore connection between building
ventilation rate, store type, climate, season, occupant perception, and several indoor air quality measures– Microbioogy, SVOCs, VOCs, aldehydes, particles, ozone, CO2, etc
• Largest study ever funded by ASHRAE
Positions
• Looking for 1-3 students
• Qualifications– Interested in indoor environments and
energy measurements– Enjoy fieldwork– Detail-oriented– Creative– Will be in EWRE until 12/31/2012 or later
Position – Ozone Air Cleaners
• Looking for 1 student
• Qualifications– Interested in indoor environments and– Enjoy laboratory work– Detail-oriented– M.S. project
Faculty
Large environmental chamber Full scale test house (UTest)
HVAC simulatorGC/MS and small chambers
Laboratories
• CE 389T Indoor Air Quality: Trans. and Control - Siegel
• CE 396L.4 Indoor Air Quality: Physics and Chem. – Corsi
• CE 397 Sources & Indoor Air Pollution – Xu
• CE 397 Air and Pollutant Flows in Buildings - Novoselac
• CE 381E Energy Efficient & Healthy Buildings - Siegel
• CE 397 Energy Simulation in Building Design - Novoselac
• CE 389H HVAC Design – Novoselac/Siegel
• CE 397 Human Exposure Assessment – Corsi
• CE 397 Renewable Energy and Envir. Sustainability - Xu
• CE397 Indoor Air Quality Field Measurements - Siegel
• CE 397 IGERT Technical Exchange A/B – Corsi/Hart
Courses
20
Students
• 37 IGERT Students
– Trainees = 21 (including 6 alumni)
– Affiliates = 16 (including 8 alumni)
– Multidisciplinary Environment
– Departments represented:
CAEE, Economics, ME, Toxicology, Community and Regional Planning, Advertising
– 13 faculty advisors (seven from CAEE)
• 13 CAEE Students
– In broader area of architectural and environmental engineering
Novoselac Research Themes
– Human exposure to pollutants in indoor environments
– Heat and mass transfer at indoor surfaces
– Transport between indoor and outdoor environment
– Use of phase change materials as building thermal storage systems
2) Experiments1) Modeling (CFD)
Pollutant Transport & Human Exposure Research Approach:
O3
- Person to person exposure in public spaces - Ventilation systems for nurseries
Heat and Mass Transfer at Indoor Surfaces
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 110.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
WIndow Floor Below Window Blinds
h [W
/m2 K
]
ACH [1/h]
hheat = f ( ACH, ΔT)
hmass = f ( ACH, ΔT,…)
use in air quality analyses
Transport Between Indoor and Outdoor Environment
012
34567
89
10
Case 1 - small velocity, large openings
experiment
CFD
Contam
ACH Volume flow rate
Wind direction Wind fluctuation
Defines:natural ventilation, infiltration, pollutant transport, …
night
Power [w]
dayDay time
Small thermal mass
Large thermal mass
Phase Change Materials as Building Thermal Storage Systems
Low thermal massLarge thermal mass
Energy cost
Saving ~ 5%
Same saving like integrating photovoltaic cells on south-east and south-west façades
Ying Xu Research Themes
• Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOC) Emissions from Building Materials– Modeling emission characteristics
– Chamber study on emission process
– Directly measure emission control parameters
– Investigate SVOC interaction with other surfaces
– SVOC transport and human exposure
• Environmentally Benign Materials
SVOC Emissions from Building Materials
• Phthalate plasticizers−High conc., 40% by weight
− Reproductive tract− Asthma and allergic symptoms
• Adverse effects
40%40%
SVOC Emissions from Building Materials
xx = 0
yin= 0, Q
V
C0 D
y(t)
x = Lh
y(t), Q
C0 = Ky0
q = Ksyn
Mass Transfer Based Model Chamber Study
Measure Control Parameters Human Exposure
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0
20
40
60
80
Cdust
= 21.9 y
R2= 0.68, p-value <2e-16
Raw data Linear regression 95% Prediction interval 95% Confidence interval
Du
st c
on
cen
tra
ion
, C
dust (g
/g)
Gas phase concentration, y (g/m3)
MFCAir Source Sampling pump
Tenax-TA Sorbent tube
0.1 1 10 100
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Cu
mu
lativ
e f
req
ue
ncy
Exposure (g/kg/d)
Inhalation Dermal Oral Total
…….qp = KpyTSP
Particles
Additive adsorption materials Additive adsorption materials
Barrier layerBarrier layer
…… ……
AlternativesAlternatives
Environmentally Benign Materials
Cleaning products
Biocides
Flame retardants
Structural insulated panels
100 101 102 103 104 105
Ga
s p
ha
se
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
Time (h)
Nonane from Coating Materials Phenol from Vinyl Flooring DEHP from Vinyl Flooring
Hours Months Years
1 µ
g/m
3 5
00 µ
g/m
3 5
00 m
g/m
3
Positions• Indoor air quality and ventilation in retail
stores– Looking for 1-3 students
• Ozone Air Cleaners– Looking for 1 student
Contact Information:
Jeffrey [email protected]
(512) 471-2410
ECJ 5.2