indonesian-english code mixing written by an … · 2019. 4. 29. · indonesian-english code mixing...

INDONESIAN-ENGLISH CODE MIXING

WRITTEN BY AN INDONESIAN BEAUTY VLOGGER,

TASYA FARASYA, IN HER INSTAGRAM CAPTIONS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

WIDI HANDAYANI

Student Number: 154214136

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2019

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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INDONESIAN-ENGLISH CODE MIXING

WRITTEN BY AN INDONESIAN BEAUTY VLOGGER,

TASYA FARASYA, IN HER INSTAGRAM CAPTIONS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

WIDI HANDAYANI

Student Number: 154214136

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2019


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You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view –until you

climb into his skin and walk around it

Harper Lee

in To Kill A Mockingbird


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The requirements of doing this thesis are commitment and patience.

Luckily, there are many people supporting me in finishing this thesis. Firstly, I

would like to send my deepest gratefulness to Allah Hyang Maha Kuasa for all of

His blessing, love, and everything I need in my life especially during the process

of finishing my thesis. I thank Him for everything He does in my life and without

Him my life would be totally empty.

Secondly, I sincerely express my deepest appreciation to my thesis

advisor, Anna Fitriati, S.Pd M.Hum., for supporting and guiding me. I also thank

my co advisor, Arina Isti‟anah, S.Pd., M.Hum., for patiently correcting my thesis.

Thirdly, I thank my academic advisors F.X. Risang Bagaskara, S. S., M. Hum.

and Dr. Bernadine Ria Lestari, M.Sc., for the supports given to me.

Fourthly, I would like to give a bunch of thanks to my parents, my

grandmother, my brother, and my sisters for their endless loves and supports.

They are the reason why I open my laptop and do my thesis every day. Fifthly, I

thank to Bruder Sarju and Pak Tri of Lembaga Kesejahteraan Mahasiswa Sanata

Dharma University for allowing me to pursue my dreams in this university.

Sixthly, I thank my best friends during my college life, Mitha, Ayu, Vatma, Putri,

and Mbak Uuz for this crazy friendship. I am sure that without them, I would

probably die in the first semester. The last, I want to thank all of my friends that I

cannot mention one by one. I thank them because of their helps and supports.

Widi Handayani


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE OF PAGE .............................................................................................. ii

APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................................... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ..................................................................................... iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................ v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA

ILMIAH .............................................................................................................. vi

MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................. vii

DEDICATION PAGE ....................................................................................... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. x

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ xiii

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... xiv

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... xv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study ...................................................................... 1

B. Problem Formulation ............................................................................ 6

C. Objectives of the Study ......................................................................... 7

D. Definition Terms ................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................ 9

A. Review of Related Studies .................................................................... 9

B. Review of Related Theories .................................................................. 14

1. Sociolinguistics ................................................................................. 14

2. Code .................................................................................................. 16

a. Code Switching ............................................................................ 17

b. Code Mixing ................................................................................. 18

3. Types of Code Mixing ...................................................................... 19

a. Intra-Sentential Code Mixing ....................................................... 20

b. Intra-Lexical Code Mixing ........................................................... 21

c. Involvement in a Change of Pronunciation .................................. 22

4. Possible Reasons of Code Mixing .................................................... 22

a. Talking about Particular Topic ..................................................... 23

b. Quoting Somebody Else ............................................................... 24

c. Being Emphatic about Something ................................................ 24

d. Interjection ................................................................................... 25

e. Repetition Used for Clarification ................................................. 26

f. Expressing Group Identity and Solidarity..................................... 27

g. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor ...................... 27


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C. Theoretical Framework ......................................................................... 28

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................ 30

A. Object of the Study ............................................................................... 30

B. Approach of the Study .......................................................................... 31

C. Method of the Study .............................................................................. 32

1. Data Collection ................................................................................. 32

2. Data Analysis .................................................................................... 34

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 38

A. Types of Code Mixing .......................................................................... 38

1. Intra-Sentential Code Mixing ........................................................... 39

a. Noun ............................................................................................. 40

b. Verb .............................................................................................. 42

c. Adjective....................................................................................... 44

d. Adverb .......................................................................................... 46

e. Acronym ....................................................................................... 47

f. Compound Noun ........................................................................... 49

g. Phrases .......................................................................................... 50

2. Intra-Lexical Code Mixing ............................................................... 55

3. Involvement in a Change of Pronunciation ...................................... 58

B. Reason of Code Mixing ........................................................................ 60

1. Talking about Particular Topic ......................................................... 61

2. Being Emphatic about the Products .................................................. 71

3. Being Used for Clarification ............................................................. 73

4. Expressing Group Identity and Solidarity......................................... 75

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 77

REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 81

APPENDIX ........................................................................................................ 86


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LIST OF TABLES

No Table Page

1. Table 1. The Example of Data Table 35

2. Table 2. The Example of the Table Distribution of Code Mixing

Data 36

3. Table 3. The Example of the Table Distribution of Code Mixing

Data 36

4. Table 4. The Example of Data Analysis for Types of Code

Mixing 37

5. Table 5. The Example of Data Analysis for Reasons of Code

Mixing 37

6. Table 6. Distribution of Code Mixing Data 39

7. Table 7. Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing

(Noun as a Subject) 40


(Noun as an Object) 41

9. Table 9. Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Verb) 43

10. Table 10. Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Adjective) 45

11. Table 11. Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Adverb) 47

12. Table 12. Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Acronym) 47

13. Table 13. Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Compound

Noun) 49


(Noun Phrase) 50

15. Table 15. Example Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing

(Prepositional Phrase) 53

16. Table 16. Examples of Intra-lexical Code Mixing Suffix

{-nya} 56

17. Table 17. Examples of Intra-lexical Code Mixing Suffix {di-} 57

18. Table 18. Examples of Intra-lexical Code Mixing Suffix {se-} 58

19. Table 19. Examples of Involvement in a Change of Pronunciation

Code Mixing 59

20. Table 20. Distribution of Code Mixing Data 61

21. Table 21. Example of Topic of Make-up 62

22. Table 22. Example of Topic of Business 68

23. Table 23. Example of Topic of Cosmetic Ingredient 69

24. Table 24. Example of Topic of Social Media 70

25. Table 25. Example of Being Emphatic about the Products 72 26. Table 26. Example of Repetition Used for Clarification 74

27. Table 27. Example of Expressing Group Identity and Solidarity 75

28. Table 28. The Relation between Types and Reasons of Code

Mixing 79


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ABSTRACT

HANDAYANI, WIDI (2019). Indonesian-English Code Mixing Written by an

Indonesian Beauty Vlogger, Tasya Farasya, in Her Instagram Captions.

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata

Dharma.

The development of technology nowadays makes most of people have

Instagram account including beauty vloggers. They often share the information

about make-up products that they use in their captions. Sometimes, they mix some

languages in their captions, for example from Indonesian to English. Therefore,

the focus of this research is to analyze the use of Indonesian-English code mixing

done by Tasya Farasya as an Indonesian beauty vlogger in her Instagram captions.

In this research, the researcher tried to answer 2 research questions. First,

the researcher found out the types of code mixing found in the data of the

research. Second, the researcher analyzed the reasons of code mixing done by

Tasya Farasya as an Indonesian beauty vlogger in her Instagram captions.

In order to answer the two research questions, the researcher applied the

theories proposed by Hoffman (1991). The researcher also used sociolinguistics as

the approach of the study. Furthermore, in this research the main sources of the

data were Tasya Farasya‟s Instagram captions written from August until

September 2018. The researcher applied purposive sampling strategy in order to

collect the data. The 7 captions chosen in this research talked about the

endorsement and review make-up products.

Based on the analysis, there were 83 cases of code mixing. The

researcher concluded that there were 71 cases of intra-sentential code mixing and

10 cases of intra-lexical by the addition of Indonesian affixes {-nya}, {di-}, and

{se-}. Besides, there were 2 cases of involvement in a change of pronunciation.

The researcher also came to the conclusion that in the second research question,

there were 74 cases of talking about particular topic, 5 cases of being emphatic

about something, 2 cases of repetition used for clarification, and 2 cases of

expressing group identity and solidarity.

Keywords: sociolinguistics, code mixing, Indonesian, English


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ABSTRAK

HANDAYANI, WIDI (2019). Indonesian-English Code Mixing Written by an

Indonesian Beauty Vlogger, Tasya Farasya, in Her Instagram Captions.

Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata

Dharma.

Perkembangan teknologi yang semakin maju saat ini membuat hampir

setiap orang memiliki akun media sosial Instagram, salah satunya para vlogger

kecantikan. Mereka kerap membagikan informasi mengenai produk kosmetik

yang mereka pakai pada keterangan unggahan mereka. Terkadang mereka

mencampur beberapa bahasa dalam keterangan unggahannya, seperti

mencampurkan Bahasa Inggris dalam keterangan unggahan Bahasa Indonesia.

Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, penelistian ini berfokus pada campur kode dari

Bahasa Indonesia ke Bahasa Inggris yang dilakukan Tasya Farasya sebagai salah

satu vlogger kecantikan di Indonesia pada keterangan yang ditulis dalam setiap

unggahannya.

Pada penelitian ini, peneliti menyertakan 2 rumusan masalah. Rumusan

masalah yang pertama yaitu mempertanyakan tentang jenis atau tipe campur kode

yang ditemukan pada data di penelitian ini. Pada rumusan masalah yang kedua,

peneliti mengemukakan alasan penggunaan campur kode yang dilakukan oleh

Tasya Farasya dalam keterangan unggahannya.

Untuk menjawab kedua rumusan masalah, peneliti menggunakan teori

yang dikemukakan oleh Hoffman (1991). Peneliti mengaplikasikan pendekatan

sosiolinguistik di dalam penelitian ini. Data utama dalam penelitian ini adalah

keterangan unggahan yang ditulis oleh Tasya Farasya dari bulan Agustus hingga

September 2018. Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik

pengambilan menurut tujuan. Peneliti memutuskan untuk menggunakan 7

unggahan keterangan yang khusus membicarakan pemasaran dan ulasan produk

kosmetik.

Dari hasil analisis, terdapat 83 kasus yang ditemukan. Dalam menjawab

rumusan masalah yang pertama, peneliti menyimpulkan terdapat 71 jenis campur

kode dalam bentuk sentensial, 10 jenis masuk kategori leksikal dengan imbuhan

{-nya}, {di-}, dan {se-}. Selain itu, ada 2 perubahan suara yang ditemukan pada

penelitian ini. Peneliti juga berkesimpulan bahwa pada rumusan masalah yang

kedua, terdapat 74 kasus membicarakan suatu topik, 5 kasus berempati pada

sesuatu, 2 kasus pengulangan dalam memberi penjelasan, dan 2 kasus

mengekspresikan identitas kelompok dan solidaritas.

Kata kunci: sosiolinguistik, campur kode, Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Inggris


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is an important part of communication. “Language is

essentially a means of communication among the members of a society” (Sirbu,

2015, p. 405). People communicate to other people not only in the spoken form

but also in the written form. By communicating with other people, they can easily

transfer and also receive information. Moreover, communication gets easier when

both of the communicants and communicators know the language.

Language that exists in a society is different from one place to another

place, especially in a multilingual society. In a multilingual society, there are

many variations of languages and the speakers master more than one language.

According to Skutnabb-Kangas as cited in Mokibelo (2015), the bilingual

speakers have the ability of mastering and using two languages in daily

communication (p. 448). The example of a multilingual society is Indonesia.

Indonesian citizens not only master their mother tongues but also their

second language. Besides, some of them are also fluent in foreign languages,

especially English due to the reason that English is an International language.

According to Roux (2014), English has become the most dominant language in

many aspects such as technology, business, science, and academic (p. 45). It

means that everyone needs to learn this language in order to survive in the era of

globalization and to communicate with other people all over the world.


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The speakers have a tendency to mix the language by mastering several

languages. “A Chinese who speaks both Mandarin and Cantonese in two different

contexts have the tendency to mix both the codes in conversation” (Mahbub-ul-

Alam & Quyyum, 2016, p. 4). An example is given by Rebekawati and Gintings

(2013), Nah, kalau dia tak kenal saya, dia hanya kenal you, apa urusan dia

dengan saya? You bagi dia free itu you punya urusan! Otak you tak center-kah?

(p. 4). The example shows that the speaker combines two languages which are

Malay and English. The speaker combines the languages because s/he masters the

languages.

In linguistics, combining several languages in a communication is

studied in sociolinguistics. In general, sociolinguistics deals with “the relationship

between language and society” (Yule, 2006, p. 205). In other words, it can be said

that language and society cannot be separated, for language exists in society and

in order to survive in a society, people need language to communicate to one

another. Moreover, combining two languages in a conversation is called code-

mixing. Code mixing is a phenomenon that exists in a multilingual society when

the people master at least two languages and apply it in the communication.

According to Suandi (2014), code mixing is when someone applies more

than one language without any interventions inside that speech act situation

demanding the language mixing (p. 139). The combination of the language even

does not require the change of the topic in a conversation and occurs in an

utterance. “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to

extend that they change from one language to other in the course of a single


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utterances” (Wardhaugh, 1986, p. 103). For example, “Andale pues and do come

again” (Translation: That‟s all right then, and do come again) (Gumperz and

Hernández-Chavez as cited in Muysken, 2000, p. 5). This is the example of

Spanish-English code mixing.

Code mixing can also be found in social media. People nowadays use

social media as a tool to get information or entertainment. According to Ghosh,

Das, and Ghosh (2015), the increasing popularity of social media such as

Facebook and Twitter makes the amount of code mixing also high (p. 90). Besides

Facebook and Twitter, people also use Instagram. Most of people nowadays have

an Instagram account. Huang and Su (2018) inform that there are more than 700

million monthly Instagram users in the world (p. 2). Through Instagram, people

can upload pictures or videos. Besides, they can also easily see other people‟s

pictures or videos.

In Instagram, people can write down information about the things which

can be used as a caption before uploading the pictures or videos even it is

optional. In other words, people have the authority to choose whether they want to

add a caption or not in their pictures or videos. It can be found various languages

in their captions such as Indonesian or English. Some of them also combine

English and Indonesian words in a caption for example, “My pretty bride gak

sabar didandanin” (Translation: My pretty bride can‟t wait for the make-over). It

can be said that code-mixing can occur either in written or oral communication.

According to Putra and Yastanti (2018), in this globalization era, it is very

common that the combination of several languages can be found in the form of


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either oral or written (p. 161). In other words, people can have verbal or non-

verbal communication.

People can follow everyone including beauty vloggers in Instagram.

There are several reasons of following their idols such as in order to get an update

of their idols‟ activities or to get information about some products that are

reviewed or promoted by their idols. Besides, the beauty vloggers also write the

information about the products they use or review in the captions so that their

followers can read and have new information as well. Moreover, some of them

mix the language in their captions. One of the beauty vloggers that often mixes the

language, especially from Indonesian to English, is Tasya Farasya.

Tasya Farasya is one of the most famous beauty vloggers in Indonesia

with 1.200.000 total followers in Instagram. Some of her captions are about make-

up products both review and endorsement. However, she still writes many

captions which talk about her daily life and many other topics. In her captions, she

writes many mixing languages and even it is more often rather other Indonesian

beauty vloggers.

The researcher decides to choose code mixing as the topic because code

mixing is a common phenomenon in a multilingual society. Code mixing is “a

common phenomenon in the society where two or more languages are used

together” (Kia, Cheng & Ye 2011, p. 4). Besides, the frequency of the use of code

mixing in social media is often. It is stated by Das and Gamback (2013) rather

than in formal texts, code mixing is more prominent in social media (p. 42). In


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order to find out the frequency of the use of code-mixing in Instagram captions,

the researcher does a small research.

The small research is conducted by choosing several Instagram accounts

randomly and analyzing the captions written by the owners of the accounts. The

results show that some of them often use code mixing in their captions such as

“Tak terasa sudah lama dia menjadi bagian dari keluarga Sukardi. Happy 7th

birthday Jambulwati.” (Translation: It has been a long time she becomes the part

of Sukardi‟s family. Happy 7th

birthday Jambulwati.), “Selesai ujian refreshing

dulu. GBU.” (Translation: Refreshing after the exam. God bless you), and “Untuk

feed yang lebih aaaaaaeeeeesteeeeeetiiiiik” (Translation: For more aesthetic

feed).

Based on the reasons above, the researcher is interested in analyzing in

depth the types and the reasons of Indonesian-English code mixing written by

Tasya Farasya in her Instagram captions. According to Hoffman (1991), code

mixing has many types such as intra-sentential code mixing, intra-lexical code

mixing, and the involvement in a change of pronunciation (p. 112). Therefore, the

researcher is interested in finding out the types of code mixing in one of

Indonesian beauty vlogger using the theory proposed by one of the experts.

After knowing the types, the researcher is interested in analyzing the

reasons of the Indonesian-English code mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s captions

because it is very possible that there are some reasons behind the writing of the

captions. According to Hoffman (1991), there are seven reasons of code-mixing,

namely talking about particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic


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about something, interjection, repetition used for clarification, expressing group

identity and solidarity, and clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor (p.

115-116). Therefore, the researcher is interested in analyzing the reasons of the

occurrence of code mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s captions.

Moreover, the researcher is interested in analyzing the occurrence of

code mixing written by Tasya Farasya as an Indonesian beauty vlogger in her

captions because beauty vlogger is a person sharing something related to make-up

or style to other people. People who see her posts would follow her either how she

uses make-up, her style, or even the way she speaks and behaves. Beauty vlogger

is a person “who shape an audience‟s attitude through blogs, tweets, and the use

of other social media” (Freberg, Graham, McGaughey, & Freberg 2010, p. 1).

Therefore, everything they write, use, or do will influence their followers.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the background, the researcher formulates two research

questions, they are:

1. What types of Indonesian-English code mixing are found in Tasya Farasya‟s

endorsement and review make-up product Instagram captions?

2. What are the reasons of using Indonesian-English code mixing in the captions?

C. Objectives of the Study

The occurrence of Indonesian-English code mixing written by Tasya

Farasya in her Instagram captions becomes the focus of this research. This


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research has two objectives of the study. The first objective of the study is to

identify the types of code mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s Instagram captions. After

knowing the types, then the second objective of the study is to identify the

possible reasons of Indonesian-English code mixing found in Tasya Frasya‟s

Instagram captions. The second objective of the study can be attained based on the

finding of the types of code mixing and the context of the topics that are discussed

in the captions.

D. Definition of Terms

There are several terms that are used in this research. In order to avoid

misunderstanding, the researcher provides explanations about the terms that are

used in this research.

Code is a term that refers to the variations of language or style that

people choose to communicate among other people and they cannot avoid it when

they open their mouth and start the communication. Besides, people choose to use

code instead of any other tool for communication and they also occasionally

switch into two different codes or even mix them (Wardhaugh, 2006, p. 88). In

other words, when people communicate to other people, they have to choose what

language, style, or any other of the language particulars and they have the right to

either switch or mix at least two languages they master.

Code mixing means a phenomenon when a speaker of a language mixes

one language to another language in a conversation. Code-mixing also means the

use of two languages in one conversation without “altering the grammar of the


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first language used” (Mabule, 2015, p. 341). Besides, code-mixing is “the change

of one language to another within the same utterance or in the same oral/written

text and it is a common phenomenon in societies in which two or more languages

are used” (Ho, 2007, p. 1).

Beauty vlogger is a person who gives tutorials about make-up or style in

social media platforms. According to Rapp (2016), beauty vloggers are people,

usually young women that make videos about their daily routines. It can be about

the make-up brand they use which includes how to apply the make-up, apply a

hair product and mix and match the clothes (p. 361).

Instagram is one of social media that people use to get entertainment

and everyone can see other people‟s photos or videos there. Besides, people can

also post some videos or pictures. According to Mirsarraf, Shairi, and

Ahmadpanah (2017), Instagram means one of the social media that enables people

to produce both visual and textual impressions and the other users can also react

towards the impressions (p. 978).

Caption can be defined as further information about some pictures or

videos before it is uploaded. “Text data is the caption or short information of the

images uploaded by the user” (Purbey, Lahor, Kulkarni, Walunjkar, &

Shahapurkar, 2017, p. 3401). People can write until 2200 words and maximum of

30 hashtags for each of their captions (Kuncoro & Iswanto, 2015, pp. 7).


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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, the main discussions are about review of related studies,

review of related theories, and theoretical framework. Those components are used

in order to support the analysis of the use of code mixing in this research.

A. Review of Related Studies

Review of related studies describes the previous researches which have

the same work or topic. In this research, the researcher reviews four previous

pieces of researches. Those four previous pieces of researches discuss the same

topic as this research which is the use of code-mixing, but with different objects.

The first research has done by Rinakit (2012) entitled “English-

Indonesian Code-Mixing Used by Indonesian Twitter Users as Seen through Their

Tweets.” The data are taken from 100 tweets on Twitter. The approach of this

research is sociolinguistics. The researcher collects the data by using purposive

sampling methods. In this research, the researcher analyzes two research questions

which are the types and the reasons of code-mixing. Rinakit classifies the types of

code mixing using theory by Kachru (1982). Besides, the researcher also applies

the theory stated by Hoffmann (1991), Oksaar (1974), Poplack (1980),

Calsamiglia and Tuson (1984), McClure (1977), and Malik (1994) to find out the

reasons of the use code mixing.


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Rinakit comes to the conclusion that there are five types of code mixing

used in the tweets on Twitter; sentence inversion (51%), unit insertion (39,9%),

idiom and collocation insertion (4,2%), unit hybridization (3,5%), and

reduplication (1,4%). There are seven reasons for the use of code mixing in the

tweets on Twitter; habitual experience (23,2%), talking about a particular topic

(11,6%), mood of the speaker (11,6%), emphasizing a point (11,6%), quoting

somebody else (6,2%), being emphatic about something and showing the

speaker‟s desire to be well understood (4,5%), and other reasons (31,2%)

including personalization, giving an educated expression, and random and

spontaneous process.

The second research is written by Puri (2017) entitled “Code Mixing

Used by Chef Talita Setyadi in Presenting Javanese Caramel Cake Recipe in

Junior MasterChef Indonesia Season 1 Episode 11.” The approach of this research

is sociolinguistics. The researcher collects the data by using purposive sampling

methods. The types and the reasons of code mixing are analyzed in this research.

In order to find out the types of code mixing, she classifies five categories of

syntactic structures proposed by Morley. She also uses the theories by Hoffman to

find out the reasons of code mixing.

The researcher comes to the conclusion that there are 14 cases in

morpheme level, 8 cases in word level, 55 cases in phrase level, and 12 cases in

clause level. Besides, there are 72 cases are talking about particular topic, 1 case

that being emphatic about something, 4 cases about interjection, 6 cases for

repetition used for clarification, and 6 cases expressing group identity.


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The third research has done by Mujiono, Wilujeng, and Suharto (2017)

entitled “Code Mixing as a Communication Strategy Performed by Outbound Call

(OBC) Center Agents.” The purposes of the research are to investigate “the types

of code mixing (CM) performing by Outbound Call (OBC) Center Agents and the

reasons influencing of OBC Center Agents implemented CM in their call center

activities” (Mujiono et al, 2017, p. 4). This is descriptive qualitative research and

the researchers get the data by recording the conversation, observing the

conversation, and interviewing the participants. The participants of the study are

OBC Center Agents, Avenger of M2 agency, and the employee in PT. Telkom

Indonesia. In the research, the researchers apply the theory by Musyken about

types of code mixing. For the reasons of code mixing, the researchers apply the

theory from Hoffman and some other theories.

The researchers conclude that the educational background, skill, and

ability influence the different reasons about the occurrence of code mixing. The

reasons are participant roles and relationship, situational factors, message-intrinsic

factors, and language attitudes, dominance, and security. Besides, it is also found

that English code occurs in different situations such as in order to appreciate

customer, to persuade customer, to avoid the weakness of products, to follow-up

new customer, to build the customer belief, and to attract customers.

The fourth research is written by Rohardiyanto (2017) entitled “The

Occurrence of Code Mixing in Indonesian Girl Magazine Kawanku” The research

tries to explain the occurrence of code mixing in the conversation among young

women in society. The purpose of this journal is to describe the occurrence of


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code mixing in magazine Kawanku and try to analyze about the factors that make

the mix in Indonesian slangs appear in the magazine. The researcher uses a

descriptive qualitative method. The data are taken from some column in the

magazine such as soal cowok, kuis, friend fix, and so on. Besides, the researcher

applies different sub levels in analyzing the types of code mixing such as word

level, phrase level, sentence level, reduplication, baster and idiomatic expression

level. The researcher argues that there are two factors influencing the occurrence

of code mixing which are attitudinal factor and linguistics factor.

This research would be different from the four previous researches

because of several reasons. Firstly, it is about the object. The objects of this

research are Tasya Farasya‟s captions, while the previous researches are

magazine, variety show, tweets, and center agents. Actually, captions and tweets

are almost similar because they are uploaded in social media platforms. However,

the captions in this research are only taken from one beauty vlogger, Tasya

Farasya in Instagram while the tweets are taken randomly in Twitter. Moreover,

the captions in this research mostly talk about make-up and the tweets in Rinakit‟s

research talk about daily status of the Twitter‟s users.

Secondly, it is about the theory. The theory applied in this research in

order to analyze the types of code mixing is proposed by Hoffman (1991).

Meanwhile, other researches apply other theories proposed by other experts. For

example, Rinakit (2012) applies the theory of types proposed by Kachru (1982)

and Mujiono, et al (2017) uses the theory proposed by Musyken (2000).


13

This research is similar with the four previous researches because of

several reasons. Firstly, it is because of the topic. All of the previous researches

have the same topic which is code mixing. This research also will analyze about

the occurrence of code mixing. Secondly, it is because of the language. The four

previous researches analyze about the occurrence of Indonesian-English code

mixing. In this research, the analysis would also focus on the Indonesian-English

code mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s selected captions in Instagram.

Thirdly, it is because of the media. Instagram is the social media that the

researcher uses to gather the data, while in Rinakit‟s research she uses Twitter as

the platform to gather the data. Both Instagram and Twitter are social media

platforms that many people use nowadays either to update some statuses or get

entertainment. Moreover, both of the platforms can be accessed easily by all of

people.

Fourthly, it is because of the theory. Both Rinakit and Puri apply the

theory by Hoffman in order to analyze the reasons of code mixing. In this

research, the researcher will also apply the theory by Hoffman to identify the

reasons of code mixing which are talking about particular topic, quoting

somebody else, being emphatic about something, interjection, repetition used for

clarification, expressing group identity and solidarity, and clarifying the speech

content for the interlocutor.

Fifthly, it is because of the approach. All of the previous researches use

sociolinguistic approach. This research also will use sociolinguistic approach

since code mixing is an aspect that is studied in sociolinguistics. Sixthly, it is


14

because of the data collection. Both Rinakit and Puri use purposive sampling

method. The researcher will also use this method to analyze the data in this

research.

The purpose of this research is to develop and to enrich the previous

researches. The researcher wants to find out the occurrence of code mixing in the

other field which is Instagram captions written by one of Indonesian beauty

vloggers. The researcher also tries to find the relation between the theory that will

be used to analyze the types of code mixing and the theory that will be applied in

analyzing the reasons of code mixing.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this research, the researcher applies several theories as the guideline

such as sociolinguistics, code, code switching, and code mixing. After discussing

code switching and code mixing, it is followed by the discussions on types of

code mixing and the possible reasons of code mixing.

1. Sociolinguistics

Analyzing the use of code mixing requires the use of language by the

people in a society. Language is a tool that people use to interact to one another.

The study of the relation between language and society are studied in

sociolinguistics. “The term sociolinguistics is used generally for the study of the

relationship between language and society” (Yule, 2006, p. 205). Besides,

Wardaugh (2006) also states that:


15

In this distinction, sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the

relationships between language and society with the goal being a better

understanding of the structure of language and how languages function in

communication; the equivalent goal in the sociology of language is trying

to discover how social structure can be better understood through the

study of language, e.g., how certain linguistic features serve to

characterize particular social arrangements (p. 13).

Through this definition, it shows that language and society are two things that

cannot be separated. Language has the function to build the social relationship so

that it creates a better comprehension among the members of the society.

Another explanation about sociolinguistics is proposed by Herk (2018) as

cited in Putra and Yastanti (2018). “Sociolinguistics is the study of the

relationship between language and society, but that study can take very different

form depending on who‟s doing it and what they‟re interested in finding. It has a

connection between a language used and the society or people” (p. 162). It shows

that an analysis in sociolinguistics will have different results when it is conducted

by different people. It also proves that the condition of a society and the existence

of a language in one place to another are also different. It gives the idea that

“socio” is related to the society or the people. Meanwhile, “linguistics” is related

to particular language that exists in a society.

Language development also brings an important impact to a society.

Putra and Yastanti (2018) state that the development of a language makes the

people in a society have a strong role to be the multilingual society especially

they are surrounded by other people who have different backgrounds. Therefore,

they are possible to change the words into other languages even it is only in the


16

form of words or phrases. Besides, they also potentially change the whole

utterances (p. 162).

Through the explanation, it states that people cannot control the

development of certain language in a society. Due to the development of the

language, it makes the people have strong role to be bilingual speakers because in

this era people cannot avoid to have a contact to other people who speak different

languages. Furthermore, the access to know other language is also widely spread

and makes them potentially change the language from one language to another

language.

2. Code

Code is used in certain of society when the people interact to one

another. “In contrast, the „neutral‟ term code, taken from information theory, can

be used to refer to any kind of system that two or more people employ for

communication” (Wardhaugh, 2006, p. 88). Besides, Wardhaugh and Fuller

(2015) reveal that:

When two or more people communicate with each other, we can call the

system they use a code. We should also note that speakers who are

multilingual, that is, who have access to two or more codes, and who for

one reason or another shift back and forth between these languages in

some form of multilingual discourse are also using a linguistic system,

but one which draws on more than one language (p. 3).

This explanation shows that language is also one of the variations of code. The

difference between monolingual speakers and bilingual speakers is that the

monolingual speakers are not able to speak in another language because they only

master their native language. Meanwhile, it is very possible for bilingual speakers


17

to speak in several languages in the conversation because they master more than a

language. Furthermore, they are also able to just change the small parts of the

utterances form such as words and phrases in different language. However, they

also can change the whole utterances in other language.

a. Code Switching

The term code switching means the use of more than one language in the

conversation. “Code switching is that it involves the alternate use of two

languages or linguistic varieties within the same utterance or during the same

conversation” (Hoffman, 1991, p. 110). One of the purposes by switching the

language is in order to make the communicants understand about the content of

the conversation.

According to Wardhaugh (2006), there are two kinds of code switching

which are called situational code switching and metaphorical code switching.

Situational code switching means the change of the language depends on the

situation of the speakers and the topic change does not involve. Metaphorical code

switching means that people change the language to reformulate the situation such

as from formal to informal, from serious to humorous, official to personal, and

also from politeness to solidarity (p. 104). The example of situational code

switching is when a person gives the explanation about certain topic in Indonesian

and then the discussion that follows is in Javanese. Moreover, the example for

metaphorical code switching is when a person attends a meeting, s/he tends to use

Indonesian because it is in the formal situation while when s/he meets her/his

close friends, then s/he will speak in Javanese because the situation is informal.


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b. Code Mixing

Code mixing means the mixing of two languages in an utterance.

According to Nababan (1993), code mixing means the mixing of two languages in

the same topic. The occurrence of code mixing is within one sentence; a word or

phrase in a sentence is spoken or written in language A while other element is

spoken or written in other language (p. 32). The occurrence of code mixing

according to Muysken (2000) cannot just simply to be assumed that the speakers

lack of vocabularies of certain language or any specific cultural pressure because

the speakers that fluent in two codes also still have the tendency to mix the

language in the conversation (p. 2).

Furthermore, Nababan as cited in Suandi (2014) clarifies that code

mixing is not limited by the situations, but it is just like the habits that everyone

has (p. 139). In the other word, code mixing is more relax and informal. In order

to make the explanation clearer, there is an example which is taken from Dewi

and Ekalaya (2015), “Gaji dia orang di factory lama lebih banyak dari di sini!”

(p. 55). It shows that the situation of the conversation is informal and the speaker

prefers to use the word “factory” rather than “kantor” because it is more familiar.

Both code switching and code mixing can be found in the daily

conversation especially for the bilingual speakers. However, there are some

differences between the two of the code. Stated in the previous paragraph, it can

be concluded that the occurrence of code switching is can be controlled by the

speakers, for the speakers know the situations; formal or informal, serious or

humorous, and so on. Moreover, the occurrence of code mixing cannot be


19

controlled by the speakers because they just speak the words in their nearest mind.

Poplack (1980), McLaughlin (1984), Appel, and Muysken (1987) as cited in

Hoffman (1991) also review further about the difference between code switching

and code mixing. They state that occurrence of code mixing is in the lexical level

(intra-sentential) within a sentence, whereas code switching means the changes

across sentences (inter-sentential) including tags and exclamations (p. 104).

Furthermore, Thaelender as cited in Suandi (2014) also conveys the idea

about the difference of code mixing and code switching. He argues that the

highest range for code mixing is a clause and the lowest is a word (p. 139). In the

other word, code mixing can occur in the form of words or phrases.

Hoffman (1991) provides an example about English-Spanish code

mixing and code switching in order to make the explanation clearer. “I started

acting real curiosa (strange), you know. I started going like this. Y luego decía

(and then I said), look at the smoke coming out of my fingers, like that. And then

me dijo (he said to me), stop acting silly” (p. 104). Through this example, it shows

that there is one code mix and two code switches.

In the examples above, the word “curiosa” means “strange” in English

and it is considered as code mixing. It happens because the word “strange” is an

adjective and it is in the form of word. In other words, code mixing means the

insertion of another language in an utterance in the form of single words or

phrases. Code mixing can occur only within the sentence or it is called intra-

sentential. Besides, the insertion of another language does not change the

grammar of the first language used. On the other hand, “y luego decía” and “me


20

dijo” are considered as code switching. They are code switching because they are

in the forms of sentences which consist of subject, verb, and object. Code

switching can occur both in intra-sentential form and also inter-sentential form.

However, the occurrence of code switching changes the grammar structure of the

first language used. In the examples above, the expressions “y luego decía” and

“me dijo” are in Spanish structure while the previous expression uses English

structure.

3. Types of Code Mixing

In this research, the researcher applies the theory proposed by Hoffman

(1991) in order to find out the types of code mixing in the Tasya Farasya‟s

Instagram captions. There are three types of code mixing according to Hoffman

(1991), namely intra-sentential, intra-lexical, and the involvement in a change of

pronunciation (p. 116). The further explanation will be presented below.

a. Intra-sentential Code Mixing

Intra-sentential can be found both in code mixing and code switching.

This type means that the occurrence of code mixing is within a sentence

boundary. Intra-sentential code mixing is also related to syntax, for it occurs in the

form of words or phrases.

An example is provided by Valdés Fallis (1982) as cited in Hoffman

(1991) to make the explanation clearer. The example is an English-Spanish code

mixing. “And all of a sudden, I started acting real curiosa (strange), you know”

(p. 104). The word “curiosa” which means “strange” is added within the sentence.


21

Besides, “strange” which is an adjective in English is also a form of word.

Therefore, through this example it is clear that intra-sentential code mixing occurs

in the sentence boundary.

Another example about this type is given by Luke (2015), “Anggota

legislative da ewa “NYARA,” simbol kebebasan, kecerdasan, dan kekuatan serta

punya sifat dinamis” (p. 42). (Translation: The legislators like a horse: a symbol

of freedom, intelligence, strength, and has dynamic personality. Translated by

Luke (2015). This is an example of Indonesian-Pamonanese code mixing. “Da

ewa nyara” in the sentence is added to explain the legislators. Besides, it occurs

within the sentence boundary without changing the topic.

b. Intra-lexical Code Mixing

This type means that the occurrence of code mixing is in the word

boundary. It is also related to morphology, for it deals with one of the aspects of

morphology which is the change of lexical category of the words in the sentences.

In this type, the position of the affixes is either in the initial or in the final position

of the words.

An example is given by Dewi and Ekalaya (2015). In the word “shoppã”

the English word of “shop” is added by a Panjabi plural ending “ã.” Another

example is in the word “kuenjoy.” It is an English word “enjoy” which is added by

a Swahili prefix {ku} and the prefix {ku-} means “to” (p. 54).

In Indonesian structure, there are two types of affixes according to the

function, namely derivational and inflectional. Sneddon, Adelaar, Djenar, and

Ewing (2010) state that most Indonesian affixes are derivational. Derivational


22

affix means when the affix is attached to the base, it changes the word to another

class. Meanwhile, inflectional affix does not change into another class when the

affix is attached to the base (p. 29).

According to Sneddon, et al (2010), the function of inflectional affixes

{meN-} and {di-} is to show whether the words are active or passive when they

are attached to transitive verbs. Meanwhile, the example of derivational affix is in

the word “penjahat.” It consists of the affix {pe-} and the word “jahat.” It

changes the class of the word from adjective into noun (p. 29-31).

c. Involvement in a Change of Pronunciation

This type of code mixing is related to phonology, for it deals with the

pronunciation. According to Hoffman (1991), it happens when the speaker of a

language change the pronunciation patterns (p. 112). The example of the

involvement in a change of pronunciation can be seen in the way Indonesian

society pronounces the words.

The example is provided by Luke (2015) in order to make the

explanation clearer. “Io, saking saya smangat, baru sadar, tea da bank di sini” (p.

42). (Yes, because I have new power, I have just realized that there is no bank

here. Translated by Luke (2015). The correct pronunciation is “semangat,” but

here it pronounced to be “smangat.” It is shorter than the actually word is.

However, the hearers still get the point of the word.

Furthermore, another example is given by Dewi and Ekalaya (2015). In

the word “strawberry” it becomes “stroberi” (p. 54). It shows that the Indonesians

modify the pronunciation of English into Indonesian phonological structure.


23

Therefore, the pronunciation changes and gets easier for the speakers to

pronounce.

In Indonesian pronunciation, the speakers pronounce the words based on

the letters. According to Muslich (2008), Indonesian spelling is called phonemic

spelling. The phonemic spelling is symbolized by graphemes. It specifies to the

pronunciation system in the form of letters (p. 105). It tells that the phonemes‟

representations in Indonesian tell that what is written is what is read because each

grapheme of the words has its sound. Meanwhile, English pronunciation does not

depend on the spelling of the words. It‟s quite difficult “to learn English language

as there is no one-to-one relationship between the 26 letters of the English

alphabets and the 44 sounds the represent” (Rao, 2018, p. 1).

To conclude, there is a possibility to have the change of pronunciation

when Indonesian speakers pronounce the English words. The change of

pronunciation by Indonesian speakers when they pronounce English words occurs

because they are still affected by their first language. Therefore, they treat English

words as the same as Indonesian.

4. Possible Reasons of Code Mixing

People mix the language in a conversation due to several reasons.

According to Hoffman (1991), there are seven possible reasons of code mixing,

namely talking about particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic

about something, interjection, repetition used for clarification, expressing group


24

identity and solidarity, and clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor (p.

115-116).

a. Talking about Particular Topic

When describing about particular topic, it is very possible to “cause a

switch, either because of lack of facility in the relevant of register or because of

certain items trigger of various connotations which are linked to experiences in a

particular language” (Hoffman, 1991, p. 115). According to Dewi and Ekalaya

(2015), the speakers speak in other languages which is not their native languages

because they feel free to express their feelings (p. 55). Therefore, the speakers

tend to talk a particular topic in a certain language rather than in other languages.

Besides, Luke (2015) also reveals that talking about particular topic can be

defined as the act of using terms in another language that are also familiar to the

listener (p. 42). In other word, both the speakers and the listeners know the ideas

of the conversation clearly.

The example of talking about particular topic is also stated by Dewi and

Ekalaya (2015). “The case can be found in Singapore, in which English language

is used to discuss trade or a business matter, Mandarin for International “Chinese”

language, Malay as the language of the region, and Tamil as the language of one

of the important ethnic groups in the republic” (p. 55). Through this example, it

shows that the Singaporeans use different language when they talk about

particular topic.


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b. Quoting Somebody Else

Quoting somebody else means the speakers repeat the utterances that

have been talked previously by other people even it is in different language.

According to Dewi and Ekalaya (2015), the quotation can be in the forms of

proverbs, famous expressions, and the sayings spoken by well-known figures (p.

55). According to Luke (2015), this reason means when the speakers quote some

famous quotations in order to prove that they are modern people. Besides, it also

used to show that the speakers are update to the recent information (p. 42). The

example provided here is given by Dewi and Ekalaya (2015).

A: “Bolehkah saya tahu nama anda, Pak? (Translation: May I know

your name, Sir? Translated by Dewi and Ekalaya (2015, p. 55).

B: “What is a name.”

“What is a name” here is a proverb and it is quoted by the speaker when

someone asks his name. The proverb means that the name of a thing does not

matter because the quality of the person or thing is more important. Therefore,

people quote a proverb or other quotation and put it in their utterances.

c. Being Emphatic about Something

This reason of code mixing means that the speakers try to show the

empathy toward other people. According to Luke (2015), this reason means when

someone talks about some topics using his/her second language, then s/he changes

to his/her native language or vice versa in showing the empathic about something.

The speaker can change the language from her/his native language to her/his

second language or vice versa either intentionally or not (p. 42). In other word, the


26

rule in showing emphatic about something does not require the change of the

language is from the second language to the native language because it is also can

happen from the native language to the second language. According to Dewi and

Ekalaya (2015), it happens due to the fact that s/he feels more comfortable

expressing the empathy towards other people in certain language either her/his

native language or second language (p. 56).

An example is provided by Luke (2015) when a member of an ethnic

closed group in Facebook called Parata Ndaya change the language from her/his

second language which is Indonesian to Pamona language as her/his native

language. “Iyo Om Robby, turut berduka ungkari kami ri Bali” (p. 42). (Yes,

uncle Robby. Our deepest condolences to you from us in Bali. Translated by Luke

(2015). Through this example, it shows that the speaker changes the language

from Indonesian to the Pamona language as the native language. The change of

the language is to show condolences toward Robby.

d. Interjection

Interjection can be stated as emotional reactions shown by the speakers in

their utterances. It can express the feeling of happiness, sadness, excitement, and

so on. “Interjection are relatively conventionalized vocal gestures (or more

generally, linguistic gestures) which express a speaker‟s mental state, action or

attitude or reaction to a situation” (Ameka, 1992, p. 106). The expressions that be

used for interjection are various such as “ouch, oh, sh, gosh, hello, sir, ma‟am,

yes, or else phrases (secondary interjection) often peculiar construction, such as

dear me, goodness me, goodness gracious, goodness sakes alive, oh dear, by


27

golly, you angel, please thank you, good-bye” (Bloomfield as cited in Ameka,

1992, p. 104).

Hoffman (1991) gives an example, “…Oh! Ay! It was embarrassing! It

was very nice, though, but I was embarrassed” (p. 112). “Ay!” here functioned as

the reaction of how embarrassed the speaker is. Interjections expressions are

sometimes do not have any grammatical meaning. Other example is purposed by

Dewi and Ekalaya (2015), “Dompetku ketinggalan di taksi! Shitt!” (My wallet

was left in the taxi. Translated by Dewi and Ekalaya (2015) (p. 56). The

underlined expression really shows the speaker‟s emotion about the money that is

left at the taxi.

e. Repetition Used for Clarification

This reason of code mixing is used by the speakers to clarify the idea

about conversation. According to Dewi and Ekalaya (2015), in a conversation, the

people usually repeat the expressions to give a clarification and it makes the

hearers understand better about the expressions (p. 56). The repetition sometimes

uses other language, for example the conversation is in Indonesian and the words

used for repetition is in English. However, the words share the same grammatical

function. The example is taken from Gumperz (1982) as cited in Dewi and

Ekalaya (2015), “Father calling his small son while walking through a train

compartment. Keep straight. Sidha jao” (Translation: keep straight. Translated by

Dewi and Ekalaya (2015) (p. 56). The expressions “keep straight” and “siddha

jao” actually have the same meaning only spoken from different languages which


28

are English and Hindi. The function of using repetition is to emphasize the point

that the small son has to keep straight and listen to the father‟s words.

In Indonesian structure, to clarify the message usually the speakers have

to repeat the words. It is called reduplication. Sneddon et al (2010) clarify that

there are 3 types of reduplication in Indonesian structures which are full, partial,

and imitative. Full reduplication is easy to be understood by looking at the root of

the words and it involves the entire word for example, “buku-buku” which means

many books and the root of the word is “buku.” The example of partial

reduplication is “lelaki” and “tetangga.” This type of reduplication only occurs

when the base begins with a consonant. Meanwhile, imitative reduplication means

the reduplication is not identical, for example “sayur-mayur” and “lauk-pauk.”

(p. 18-25).

f. Expressing Group Identity and Solidarity

According to Hoffman (1991), this reason of code mixing means that the

two different groups can make and share the conversation. A group here can be

defined as the group that the people have the same language. Therefore, by mixing

the language then the people from different group can still understand the

conversation. Hoffman also states that it is commonly occur among the

immigrants and teenagers (p. 116).

Besides, Dewi and Ekalaya (2015) explain that academic people in their

disciplinary groups will talk different way to other groups‟ communication (p.

57). An example is stated by Oksaar 91974), Poplack (1980), Calsamiglia and

Tusón (1984) as cited in Hoffman (1991), “belonging to a bilingual community,


29

like Estonians in Sweden or Puerto Ricans in the USA, and solidarity with such a

group” (p. 116). Through the example, it shows that the Estonians and Puerto

Ricans talk in their ways of communication when they meet other Estonians and

Puerto Ricans in Sweden also in the USA. They talk differently when they meet

the people from similar origin because they try to show their identity and also

solidarity.

g. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor

The purpose of this reason of code mixing is to clarify about the context

of the conversation. According to Oksaar (1974) as cited in Hoffman (1991) stated

that

When asked why they had code-switched certain items for which there

existed acceptable Estonian equivalents known to them, her informants

gave her to understand that the Swedish or English they used carried

certain desirable connotations and reflected shared experiences, which

was not the case in the other language (p. 116).

Through this explanation, it can be said that the expressions in one language will

not always exist in other languages. Therefore, the hearers get confused when the

speakers speak an utterance that does not exist in the hearers‟ language. An

example is provided by Hoffman (1991, p. 112). Cristina introduces her younger

brother to one of her friends.

Christina: “This is Pascual” [paskwál]

Friend: “What is his name?”

Christina: “Pascual!” [pǝskwæl]

Friend: “Oh…”

This example shows that Christina‟s friend seems does not catch the

name because she never heard that name. However, when Christina repeats it, her

friend then understands. Therefore, this reason is used to clarify an utterance


30

spoken by the speakers so that the hearers will understand and the conversation

runs smoothly.

C. Theoretical Framework

The researcher collects the data of the captions written by Tasya Farasya

using theory of sociolinguistics, code, code switching, and code mixing. These

theories are used in order to find the sentences of the captions containing code.

Then, the researcher separates the captions containing code mixing from code

switching.

There are two research questions in this research which are the types of

code mixing and also the reasons of code mixing. In order to answer the first

question, the researcher applies the theory stated by Hoffman (1991). According

to Hoffman (1991), there are three types of code mixing, namely intra-sentential,

intra-lexical, and the involvement in a change of pronunciation. The theories are

applied to find out the occurrence of the code mixing in the captions and then it is

used to classify the types of the code mixing according to the context of the

captions. Therefore, it is very possible to have different types of code mixing in

the same caption, for the occurrence of code mixing can be more than once in a

caption.

In order to answer the second question, the researcher uses the theory

stated by Hoffman (1991). The researcher applies these theories after the

discussion of the types of code mixing. After discussing the types of code mixing


31

in the captions, then the researcher tries to analyze the reasons of code mixing

based on the context of the captions.


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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers several important aspects in order to support the

analysis of the occurrence of code mixing. Those important aspects are object of

the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. The object and the data

used in this research are described in the first part. The second part discusses the

part of the research. The third part is about method of the study which is divided

into 2 parts, namely data collection and data analysis. Data collection describes

how the data is collected while data analysis describes how to analyze the data.

A. Object of the Study

This research was conducted to analyze the occurrence of code mixing

written by Tasya Farasya as an Indonesian beauty vlogger in her selected

Instagram captions. The researcher collected the data from Tasya Farasya‟s

selected captions that were written from August until September 2018. In this

research, the primary data were 7 captions containing Indonesian-English code

mixing. The linguistic elements analyzed in this research were words and

phrases.

The researcher decided to choose captions which talked about

endorsement and review make-up products. There were several reasons of

choosing those specific captions. Firstly, it was about the followers‟ enthusiasm.

Basically, the followers considered beauty vloggers as their role model in many


33

ways such as on how they dressed up or how they applied make-up products.

Therefore, through the captions about endorsement and review make-up products

that Tasya Farasya wrote, it made the followers got the information about certain

make-up products. By having the information about the make-up products, then

they chose to buy the products or not.

Secondly, it was because of the occurrence of code mixing. The

occurrence of code mixing in the captions talked about the endorsement and the

review make-up products were many. It was because the captions for those types

were longer rather than the other types of captions which talked about daily life

or random thoughts. Those captions were longer because they explained about

the make-up products in detailed.

B. Approach of the Study

The purpose of this research was to analyze the occurrence of code

mixing in the selected captions written by Tasya Farasya as an Indonesian

beauty vlogger. The discussion of code mixing is related to sociolinguistic

approach since code mixing is “an attribute specific of bilinguals” (Akhtar,

Khan, and Fareed, 2016, p. 3) which means that code mixing only occurs in the

bilingual society because it is difficult for people of monolingual society to mix

the language.

Moreover, sociolinguistics conveys the relation between the language

and the speakers of the language. Holmes (2013) reveals that:

Examining the way people use language in different social contexts

provides a wealth of information about the way language works, as well


34

as about the social relationships in a community, and the way people

convey and construct aspects of their social relationship in a community

(p.1).

Through this explanation, it is concluded that language and society cannot be

separated. It happens due to the fact that in a society, people have a conversation

through language. Besides, the language that is used in different social context

will be different. This theory can be used to analyze on how the language works in

a society and also to see the social relation among the people in a society.

Moreover, the occurrence of code mixing which means the mixing of more than

one language in an utterance is also related to the use of a language in a society

and the relation among the speakers. Therefore, sociolinguistics is the most

suitable approach for this research.

C. Method of the Study

In this part, it was divided into two smaller units, namely data collection

and data analysis. In the data collection, the researcher displayed how the data

were collected. The researcher analyzed the data in the data analysis.

1. Data Collection

The researcher in this research applied purposive sampling method.

According to Creswell (2007), purposive sampling method means that the

researcher chooses the individuals or sites of the research by her/himself because

the individuals or sites can give some information and understanding of the


35

research questions. Moreover, the researcher also decides the total of the data, the

topic of the data, and so on by her/himself (p. 125).

This research used purposive sampling method and the primary data were

selected Instagram captions written by Tasya Farasya as an Indonesian beauty

vlogger. The data used were the captions which talked about endorsement and

review make-up products written in those three months. The population of the

data was 59 captions written by Tasya Farsya from August until September 2018.

The researcher chose the captions because they were the newest captions in

Tasya Farasya‟s feeds.

There were 17 captions talked about endorsement and review make-up

products. However, the researcher only used 7 captions and eliminated 10 other

captions because the captions just displayed or endorsed the products without

reviewing the products. In this research, the captions which were used only

talked about endorsement and review make-up products. Therefore, the captions

which only promoted the products without reviewing the products were

eliminated.

Some of the eliminated captions contain language switch rather than

language mix. The example of the caption which consisted of code switching was

written in August 2018, “I love this product so much! Definisi sempurna, bener2

finishnya kayak kulit asli…” It showed that the first sentence in that example was

code switching. In this research, the focus was only on the occurrence of code

mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s endorsement and review make-up products Instagram

captions. Therefore, in the selected captions that were discussed, the researcher


36

ignored the occurrence of code switching and focused only in the occurrence of

code mixing.

The researcher also analyzed the captions which talked about giving a

giveaway. There were some reasons for the selection. Firstly, it is because the

total of the captions were reasonable to be analyzed. The total of the giveaway

captions were only 2 from August until September 2018, so it was still capable

for the researcher to analyze them. Secondly, it was because of the length. The

two captions were long and the occurrences of code mixing were also many.

Besides, one of the giveaway captions also reviewed and endorsed the product.

Therefore, the researcher decided to analyze the giveaway captions.

There were some steps done by the researcher in collecting the data.

Firstly, the researcher read the captions written from August until September

2018. Secondly, the researcher separated the captions which talked about

endorsement and review make-up products from other topics of the captions.

Thirdly, the researcher took screenshots of the captions containing code mixing

that fulfilled the criteria. Fourthly, after the captions which contained code mixing

were found, then the researcher classified the data in the form of table. The

purpose of using table was to make the data easier to be classified.

2. Data Analysis

The purpose of this research was to analyze the occurrence of code

mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s endorsement and review make-up product Instagram

captions. In this research, the researcher applied the theory proposed by Hoffman


37

(1991), namely intra-sentential, intra-lexical, and the involvement in a change of

pronunciation to analyze the types of code mixing written in Tasya Farasya‟s

selected Instagram captions. Besides, after analyzing the types of code mixing, the

researcher also applied the theory revealed by Hoffman (1991) in order to find out

the reasons of code mixing in the selected Instagram captions.

To answer the two research questions, the researcher presented all the

data containing code mixing in the form of tables. The tables were divided into

several columns; number, the data, the types, explanation of the theory of types,

and the theory of reasons followed by the explanation of the data. Due to the

length of the captions that were long and to make the analysis easier, the

researcher separated each of the captions which contained code mixing sentence

by sentence and put them into different lines. However, the researcher still put

them in the same number. The researcher used bold words to indicate the code

mixing words discussed in the analysis. Furthermore, the researcher put several

codes for the numbering. For example, /I/EN _RE/AUG/ which means that the

symbol “I” is the number of the caption, symbol “EN_RE” means endorsement

and review, and symbol “AUG” was used to describe the month when the caption

was written. The example presented below.

Table 1. The Example of Data Table

N

o. Number Data

Types of Code Mixing

Explanation

Reasons of Code

Mixing based on

Hoffman’s

theory

Intra-

sentential

Intra-

lexical

Change

of

Pronun-

Ciation


38

In the analysis, the researcher presented the distribution of the data both

types of code mixing and reasons of code mixing in the form of table. There were

three columns in the table, namely number, the types of code mixing or the

reasons of code mixing, and the total number of the occurrence is in the bottom of

the table. Then, it followed by the explanation for each of the categories either the

types of code mixing or the reasons of code mixing. The example of the tables

presented below.

Table 2. The Example of the Table Distribution of Code Mixing Data

No. Types of Code Mixing Number

TOTAL

Table 3. The Example of the Table Distribution of Code Mixing Data

No. Reasons of Code Mixing Number

TOTAL

The researcher also displayed some results found in the selected

Instagram captions based on the theories in the form of table. There were 2

columns in the analysis of types, namely number and data. Meanwhile, there were

3 columns in the analysis of reasons, namely number, data, and types of code

mixing. In other words, in analyzing the types, the researcher presented the 3

theories proposed by Hoffman (1991), namely intra-sentential, intra-lexical, and

involvement in a change of pronunciation. Therefore, the researcher classified the


39

results based on the affixes found in the captions indicating intra-lexical and also

classified the results based on the word class such as verbs, nouns, adjectives,

noun phrases, and so on to indicate the intra-sentential code mixing. Besides, the

researcher also displayed the correct pronunciation in the third type. In analyzing

the types, the researcher presented the 7 reasons also proposed by Hoffman

(1991). The researcher also explained some of the results displayed. The example

of the tables presented below.

Table 4. The Example of Data Analysis for Types of Code Mixing

Number Data

Table 5. The Example of Data Analysis for Reasons of Code Mixing

Number Data Types of Code Mixing

However, due to the length of the captions, the researcher decided to use

only some parts of each of the captions in displaying the results that represented

the theories on both types and reasons of code mixing. In other words, not all of

the parts of the captions were displayed in the analysis, only the parts that suitable

to the theories.


40

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESEULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the results of the analysis. There are 2 parts in this

chapter, namely the types of code mixing based on Hoffman‟s theory and it is

followed by the discussion of the reasons of code mixing based on Hoffman‟s

theory. In each of the parts, the researcher presents the detail explanation on each

of the classifications.

In this analysis, the data were taken from the captions written by Tasya

Farasya‟s Instagram captions. The data that are used basically about endorsement

and review make-up products. The captions are written from August until

September 2018. From the research, there are 7 captions found, 4 in August and 3

in September 2018. There are 62 code mixing cases in the 4 captions written in

August and 21 code mixing cases in the 3 captions written in September.

Therefore, the total of the data is 83 code mixing cases. All of the cases are

analyzed using the theory of types and reasons by Hoffman (1991).

A. Types of Code Mixing Based on Hoffman’s Theory

In this research, the theory that is used to analyze the types of code

mixing is the theory proposed by Hoffman (1991). According to Hoffman (1991),

there are 3 types of code mixing, namely intra-sentential, intra-lexical, and

involvement in a change of pronunciation. In the first type which is intra-

sentential, the code mixing can be in the form of words and phrases. In the second


41

type which is intra-lexical, the code mixing occurs when the English words are

added with Indonesian affixes. The third type which is involvement in a change of

pronunciation is the change of the pronunciation of the words into the

phonological Indonesian structure. The results show that there are 71 cases of

intra-sentential code mixing, 10 cases of intra-lexical code mixing, and 2

involvement in a change of pronunciation.

Table 6 Distribution of Code Mixing Data

No. Types of Code Mixing Number

1. Intra-sentential 71

2. Intra-lexical 10

3. Involvement in a change of pronunciation 2

TOTAL 83

The analysis will be started with the most frequent type of code mixing

which is intra-sentential. After explaining about intra-sentential code mixing, the

analysis will be continued on the discussion about intra-lexical code mixing.

Involvement in a change of pronunciation will be discussed after discussing intra-

lexical code mixing. To make the analysis clearer, the researcher also provides the

data in the form of tables.

1. Intra-sentential Code Mixing

The first type is intra-sentential code mixing. This type is related to

syntax. The occurrence of the code mixing in this type is within the sentence

boundary. The data of this research show that there are 71 cases of Indonesian-

English code mixing found in Tasya Farasya‟s review and endorsement make-up

products. It shows that this type has the highest number for the types of code


42

mixing compare to the other 2 types. In this research, the researcher analyzes this

type into several variations. In other words, this type consists of words including

nouns, verbs, or adjectives and can be in the form of phrases called noun phrases

and prepositional phrases. The other forms of word formation also found in this

research such as acronym and compound noun.

a. Noun

According to Crystal (2008), noun means “a term used in the

grammatical classification of words, traditionally defined as the name of a person,

place, or thing” (p. 333). In this research, several nouns are found. Some of the

results are displayed below.

Table 7 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Noun as a Subject)

Number Data

/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalau di tengah hari makeup kalian mulai ilang2an

tinggal tap2 dikit.

/III/EN_RE/SEP/ Giveaway berakhir Minggu 23 September 23:59

Malam 12:00 Siang

The table above shows the function of a noun is as a subject. There are 2

data presented in the table. The first noun is in the word “make-up.” Hornby

(2010) reveals that the word “make-up” refers to substances often used especially

by women or actors in order to change their appearances (p. 932). In this case, the

word “make-up” in the data functions as a subject. It occurs after the adverb of

time, “kalau di tengah hari.” Besides, it is directly followed by the verb, “mulai

ilang-ilangan.”

The second noun is in the word “giveaway”. The meaning of the word

“giveaway” means “something that a company gives free, usually with something


43

else that is for sale” (Hornby, 2010, p. 633). In the table above, the word

“giveaway” functions as a subject because it occurs in the first sentence and it is

followed by the explanation about it. The explanation is about the time when the

“giveaway” ends.

Table 8 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Noun as an Object)

Number Data

/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalo lagi males pake liquid foundation tinggal tap2

langsung dapet coverage yg ga kalah sama liquid

foundie!

/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Btwww disini ku pake beberapa product dari

@mabcosmetic yg waktu itu w unboxing!

/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Giveaway:

Repost foto giveaway yang akan diupload oleh

@mobcosmetic mengenai product terbaru @MOB,

yaitu Pro Brow Sculptor

/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Sertakan hashtag #TasyaFarasyaMOBCosmetic

#ProBowSculptor

/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Di bibir kalian yg kering kalian bisa pakein

lipbalm dulu sebelum pake lipstiknya biar hasilnya

lebih smooth!

/II/EN_RE/SEP/

Lalu lalu laluuu kalau mau dapet voucher 300ribu,

ikutan seru2an di “bit.ly/VitEQuiz” yaa caranya

gampang dan hadiahnya untuk 10 pemenang!!

#POPOFHYDRATION

/III/EN_RE/SEP/ NIH YG MINTA TUTORIAL MAKEUP DI

FOTO SEBELAH, Yg penasaran lipgloss extra

bechek w apa silahkan nonton ya!

The table above shows that the nouns function as the object. There are 7

results presented above. The first result is the word “coverage.” It functions as an

object because it describes the result of tapping liquid foundation. The second

noun is the word “product.” Hornby (2010) declares that “product” means

something that is produced (p. 1211). The word “product” above functions as an

object because it explains the things that are used by Tasya Farasya as the writer


44

of the caption. After the word “product” then it is followed by the link to the

account where she buys the product.

The third noun is the word “giveaway.” It also functions as the object

because it clarifies about the type of picture the audience should repost which is

the giveaway picture. It is also followed by the explanation that the giveaway

picture will be uploaded by @mobcosmetic. The fourth data is the word

“hashtag.” This term means “the symbol (#), especially one on a telephone”

(Hornby, 2010, p. 711). In this case, the word “hashtag” also functions as an

object because it is written after the word “sertakan” as the verb which means

“attach.” It is also followed by the name of the “hashtag” which is

“#TasyaFarasyaMOBCosmetic #ProBowSculptor” which the function is also as

an object.

The fifth word is “lipbalm.” The word “lipbalm” in the sentence above

shows that it functions as an object. It occurs after the verb “pakein” and after the

word “lipbalm” it is followed by the adverb of time. The sixth word is “voucher.”

It is defined as an object of a sentence because it is used to explain the action

“kalau mau dapet.” It occurs after the subject “kalian” and also the verb “kalau

mau dapet.” Although the subject is not written in the sentence, it still gives the

idea that the subject is Tasya Farasya‟s followers in Instagram. The seventh word

is “make-up.” The word “make-up” also functions as an object, for it explains the

action “minta” as the verb. After that, it is followed by the adverb of place, “di

foto sebelah.” It occurs in the middle of the sentence after the subject and verb.


45

b. Verb

Verb is a word expresses certain action. Crystal (2008) states that verb is

“a term used in the grammatical classification of words, to refer to a class

traditionally defined as „doing‟ or „action‟ words” (p. 510). In this research,

several verbs are found. Some of the results are displayed below.

Table 9 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Verb)

Number Data



foundie! Kalian harus cobain swatch di tangan kalian

/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Tag @mobcosmetic dan 5 orang teman kalian, ajak

mereka untuk ikut dan jawab warna apa yang paling

mereka sukai dari Pro Brow Sculptor –

/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Finishnya powdery matte jd pas aku blend di mata dia

ga creasing lagi.

/II/EN_RE/SEP/ We‟re Back! Kali ini kita mau review

The NEW Vitamin E Gel Moisture Cream from

@thebodyshopindo

/III/EN_RE/SEP/ Comment dibawah produk favorit kalian dari

@esqacosmetics

In the table above, it shows that there are 5 verbs in the data. The first

word is “swatch.” In this case, the word “swatch” functions as a verb. Forbes

(2016) argues that it refers to the act when someone tries a certain make-up

product in her/his hands (p. 83). It is an infinitive since the data is “kalian harus

cobain swatch” which is translated into “you must try to swatch.” Azar (1999)

states that infinitive can use the expression of “in order to.” However, “in order”

is often omitted. Therefore, it consists only “to” which followed by a verb and it

functions to express certain purpose (p. 326). In this case, the purpose is to ask the

followers to swatch the product.


46

The second word is “tag.” This word means “to add a set of letters or

symbols to a piece of text or data in order to identify it or show that it is to be

treated particular way” (Hornby, 2010, p. 1574). In this case, the word “tag”

means attaching someone in a post particularly in social media so that s/he can see

the post. The word “tag” here is a verb even it is located at the beginning of the

sentence. It happens because the caption in the first data is about giving a

giveaway. Therefore, there are some requirements that should be done by the

audience and one of them is tagging @mobcosmetic and five other friends.

The third word is “blend.” Hornby (2010) states that the word “blend”

means mixing several things together (p. 147). This word is a verb because it

describes the act that the subject is doing. In the table above, it shows that the

subject of the sentence is “aku.” Besides, it is followed by the adverb of place

which is “di mata.” The fourth word is “review.” It means “something to

carefully examine or consider something again, especially so that you can decide

if it is necessary to make changes” (Hornby, 2010, p. 1312). It also functions as a

verb because it explains about the activity that the subject does. In this case, the

activity is reviewing vitamin E gel moisture cream from certain brand.

The fifth word is “comment.” Hornby (2010) reveals that “comment”

means declaring opinions about something (p. 298). It functions as a verb even

though it is located at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, it is an

imperative sentence since the definition of imperatives is “language forms that we

use to tell people to do things” (Djenar, 2003, p. 167). It shows when the subject


47

asks the audience to comment on their favorite products from @esqacosmetics in

the comment column section.

c. Adjective

According to Crystal (2008), adjective means “a term used in the

grammatical classification of words to refer to the main set of items which specify

the attributes of nouns” (p. 11). In other words, an adjective is modified noun or

pronoun. In this research, the researcher reveals several adjectives. Some of them

are presented below.

Table 10 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Adjective)

Number Data

/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalau di tengah hari makeup kalian mulai ilang2an

tinggal tap2 dikit langsung flawless lagi!

/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Jd kalian cusss cek di store makeover atau e-commerce

favorite kalian! #complexionmastery #makeoverid

#setyourbase

/III/EN_RE/AUG/ Btw skin longwear weightless foundation ini ada yg

bentuknya cream juga dan AKU CINTA DUA2NYA

GA LEBAY ASLI!

/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Di bibir kalian yg kering kalian bisa pakein lipbalm

dulu sebelum pake lipstiknya biar hasilnya lebih

smooth!

/I/EN_RE/SEP/

Favorite semua orang adalah glass skin makeup look,

dan produk favorite buat dapetin look kayak gini

adalah Maybelline liptint no 07, dan fashion brow

mascara “dark brown”

There are 6 adjectives found in the data above. The first adjective is

“flawless.” The word “flawless” is an adjective because it modifies the word

“make-up” as the subject. The word “flawless” means “without flaws and

therefore perfect” (Hornby, 2010, p. 568). Therefore, the word “flawless” explains

the results of tapping the make-up again. The second adjective is the word


48

“favorite.” The word favorite means “liked more than others of the same kind: It‟s

one of my favorite movies” (Hornby, 2010, p. 540). In this case, the adjective

“favorite” modifies the noun “e-commerce.” In other words, the audience is

requested to go to their favorite e-commerce in order to buy the stuff promoted in

the caption.

The third adjective is the word “cream.” The word “cream” means “pale

yellowish-white in colour” (Hornby, 2010, p. 356). In the table above, the word

“cream” functions as an adjective because it modifies the noun “skin longwear

weightless foundation.” It uses to explain to the audience that one of the textures

of “skin longwear weightless foundation” is cream. It proves when Tasya Farasya

declares that she loves both of the textures of the foundation.

The fourth adjective is the word “smooth.” It is included as an adjective

because the meaning of it is “completely flat and even, without any lumps, holes

or rough areas” (Hornby, 2010, p. 1456). The word “smooth” here modifies the

results of using lip balm for the dry lips. The fifth adjective is the word “favorite.”

The word “favorite” is also an adjective. In this case, the word “favorite” modifies

the word “produk” as the noun. It is followed by the objects of the sentence

which are “Maybelline liptint no. 07 and fashion brow mascara dark brown.”

d. Adverb

According to Crystal (2008), adverb means the words that the function is

to specify the action of the verbs (p. 14). In other words, adverb means an

additional information that occurs in a sentence, for example quickly, kindly, and

very. Besides, Claudia and Martin (2011) state that adverb can be used


49

specifically to describe time, place, or manner. For example, “the children played

in the kindergarten.” It shows that the adverb of place “in the kindergarten”

describes the place where the children played (p. 1391). To make the explanation

easier, the researcher provides some of the data below.

Table 11 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Adverb)

Number Data

/III/EN_RE/SEP/ NIH YG MINTA TUTORIAL MAKEUP DI FOTO

SEBELAH, Yg penasaran lipgloss extra bechek w

apa silahkan nonton ya!

In the table above, it shows that there is 1 datum consists of an adverb in

the caption. The datum is the word “extra.” This word functions as an adverb. The

word “extra” means “in addition; more than is usual, expected or exists already”

(Hornby, 2010, p. 539). In this case, the word “extra” functions as an adverb

because it emphasizes the explanation that the texture of the lipgloss is extremely

“becek.”

e. Acronym

In the previous explanation, it is mentioned that in this research the

researcher also finds other word formation in this research. In this research, the

researcher finds an acronym of an English word. According to Crystal (2008),

acronym means “the everyday sense of this term has been refined in linguistics as

part of the study of word-formation, distinguishing several ways in which words

can be shortened” (p. 1). The data in the table below show the acronym of an

English word that is inserted in sentences.


50

Table 12 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Acronym)

Number Data

/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Jangan mentang2 korean look harus pake liptint yha

w bosen wkwkwkw btw disini ku pake beberapa

product dari @mabcosmetic

/III/EN_RE/AUG/ Gimana yha w bingung mau bilang apa lagi tp kalo

kalian udah ada juga yg coba foundie ini PLIS

KOMEN DI BAWAH!!! Btw skin longwear

weightless foundation ini ada yg bentuknya cream

juga dan AKU CINTA DUA2NYA GA LEBAY

ASLI!

The 2 data above have the same acronym in each of the sentences which

is “btw.” The term “btw” is an abbreviation of “by the way.” In this case, it is

used to connect one thing to another thing. It shows that in the first data, the term

“btw” is used to connect the expression that Korean look does not always use lip

tint and tell the fact about the product Tasya Farasya wears is from

@mabcosmetic. In the second data, the term “btw” is used to connect the

expression of requesting the people who have already tried the foundation to

comment in the comment column section and telling the people that skin longwear

weightless foundation has the cream version. Besides, Tasya Farasya also tells

how amazed she is to the foundation.

The term “btw” is usually found in informal writing such as text

message. The purpose is to make it simple but still does not lose the meaning.

Usually, it is often used by the youth. “When texting, adolescents and young

adults demonstrating considerable creativity in maximizing meaning while

minimizing effort” (Watt as cited in Kent and Johnson, 2012, p. 52). It is usually


51

used because it is shorter. The term “btw” is shorter to be written because it only

consists of 3 letters.

f. Compound Noun

In this research, the researcher finds intra-sentential code mixing in the

form of compound noun. The result will be presented in the table below.

Table 13 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Compound Noun)

Number Data

/I/EN_RE/SEP/

Favorite semua orang adalah glass skin make up

look, dan produk favorite buat dapetin look kayak

gini adalah Maybelline liptint no 07, dan fashion

brow mascara “dark brown”

Crystal (2008) argues that compound noun consists of two or more free

morphemes for example, “bedroom, rainfall, and washing machine” (p. 96).

Another example of a compound noun which consists of more than two free

morphemes is “dog food box.” In the example of “dog food box,” the head of the

compound noun is “box” while “dog food” function as the modifier. It is

considered as an endocentric compound noun because the key of the meaning is in

the head. According to Crystal (2008), endocentric refers “to a group of

syntactically related words where one of the words is functionally equivalent to

the group as a whole” (p. 169). In other words, it means one word which functions

as the head represents the whole meaning. In this case, the meaning of “dog food

box” is that a box that is used for the dog food.


52

In the table above, it shows that there is 1 datum consists of a compound

noun. The datum is “glass skin make-up look.” To make the explanation clearer,

the researcher provides a diagram below.

Figure 1 Example of Intra-sentential Code Mixing

(Compound Noun) N

N

N

Adj N N N

glass skin make-up look

In this case, this datum is considered also as exocentric because the

meaning of the compound noun is not carried by the head. According to Crystal

(2008), exocentric means “a group of syntactically related words where none of

the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole” (p. 177). In other

words, the meaning of the compound is non-literal meaning. In this case, the head

of the compound noun is the word “glass.” The head is in the left position and it is

and adjective. The meaning is not literally that the make-up look is glass skin.

However, the meaning is make-up look which is dewy make-up look.

g. Phrases

The researcher also finds intra-sentential code mixing in the form of

phrase. To make the explanation clear, the researcher provides the data in the form

of table below.


53

Table 14 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Noun Phrase)

Number Data



foundie!

/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Jd kalian cusss cek di store makeover atau e-

commerce favorite kalian! #complexionmastery

#makeoverid #setyourbase

/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Jangan mentang2 korean look harus pake liptint yha

w bosen wkwkwkw

/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Ini aku pake lipstick matte dari @colorepvblic untuk

di mata, pipi, dan bibir

There are 4 noun phrases presented in the table above. Sneddon et al

(2010) reveal that a noun phrase has the same functions as a noun because it

contains a single noun in a clause or sentence. A noun phrase always has a noun

as the head of the phrase (p. 131). Furthermore, Inusah (2015) argues that a noun

phrase means an element of clause which functions as a subject, object, or

complement (p. 79).

Besides, the other part of a noun phrase is called modifier. Crystal (2008)

reveals that modifier means “a term used in syntax to refer to the structural

dependence of one grammatical unit upon another, but with different restrictions

in the scope of the term being introduced by different approaches” (p. 308). In

other words, modifier means a group of words that are used to modify another

group of words. Sophya (2014) argues that there are two types of modifier,

namely pre-modifier and post-modifier. Pre-modifier takes place before the head

while the position of post-modifier is after the noun (p. 179). Leech, Deuchar, and

Houngenrad (1981) as cited in Sophya (2014) clarify that pre-modifier can be in

the form of determiner, enumerator, adjectives, nouns, and genitive phrase. For


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example, is “qualitative approach.” It shows that the modifier is an adjective and it

is used to modify the head “approach.” Meanwhile, post-modifier can be in the

form of a prepositional phrase and a relative clause (p. 180).

The first noun phrase in the data above is “liquid foundation.” This noun

phrase tries to specify that the texture of the foundation is liquid. In this noun

phrase, the head of the phrase is “foundation” which is in the form of a noun.

Meanwhile, the adjective “liquid” is the pre-modifier which has the function to

modify the noun “foundation.” It appears in the middle of the sentence and

functions as the object. It is followed by the explanation that the coverage of the

other type of the foundation as the same as the liquid foundation.

The second noun phrase is “e-commerce favorite.” The structure of the

phrase contains the noun word “e-commerce” which functions as the head and

also the modifier “favorite.” The word “favorite” is a form of an adjective which

functions to modify the head “e-commerce.” In this case, the noun phrase

functions as the object of the sentence. It tries to provide the details information to

the audience that if they want to buy a certain product they can directly go to their

favorite e-commerce.

The third noun phrase is “Korean look.” In the data above, the head of

the phrase is the noun word “look” and the word “Korean” functions as a pre-

modifier modifier. It functions as an object of the sentence. The modifier

“Korean” is used to clarify the head of the phrase that the type of the look is

Korean look.


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The fourth noun phrase is “lipstick matte.” The noun phrase means that

the texture of the lipstick is matte. Therefore, it needs to be clarified that the

lipstick is matte, not glossy or tint. The noun phrase functions as an object of the

sentence. The head of the phrase is “lipstick” and the adjective word “matte” is

the modifier. Furthermore, after the noun phrase, it is followed by the adverb of

place which is @colorepvblic.

In the table above, it is clearly seen that the noun phrases “e-commerce

favorite” and “lipstick matte” are not written in the correct English structure. The

correct forms of the two noun phrases above are “matte lipstick” and “favorite e-

commerce.” In other words, however, they are still considered as noun phrases

because they contain the heads and modifiers. Therefore, it can be concluded that

“favorite” and “matte” are pre-modifiers because their position should be before

the head. The two noun phrases above are written in Indonesian structure.

Sneddon et al (2010) argue that in Indonesian structure of a noun phrase, the

adjective immediately follows the noun. For example, in the phrase “rumah

besar” the noun word “rumah” as the head directly followed by the adjective

word “besar” as the modifier (p. 150). Therefore, it can be said that Tasya

Farasya uses the Indonesian structure in writing the two noun phrases in her

captions.

Table 15 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Prepositional Phrase)

Number Data

/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Dalam rangka ulang tahun yg ke 8 nya

@makeoverid, Makeover lagi ada banyak promo juga

guys. Jd kalian cusss cek di store makeover atau e-

commerce favorite kalian!


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Number Data

/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Repost foto giveaway yang diupload oleh

@mobcosmetic. Lalu ceritakan di caption apa warna

yang paling kamu sukai dari Pro Brow Sculptor

/III/EN_RE/AUG/ Btw skin longwear weightless foundation ini ada yg

bentuknya cream juga dan AKU CINTA DUA2NYA

GA LEBAY ASLI! Cus ke counter bobbi brown

terus kalian cobain pake dimuka kalian bilang

disuruh tasya cobain WKWKWKWK #bobbibrownid

#alldaysmile

The table above shows that there are 3 data function as prepositional

phrases. Crystal (2008) argues that phrase is “a term used in grammatical analysis

to refer to a single element of structure typically containing more than one word

and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clauses” (p. 367).

Furthermore, Sneddon et al (2010) mention that a prepositional phrase contains a

prepositional and a noun phrase (p. 194).

The data above consist of Indonesian preposition {di} which followed by

nouns. Sneddon et al (2010) clarify that {di}, {ke}, and {dari} are considered as

locative prepositions. Locative prepositions mean prepositions that are used to

indicate direction or position (p. 194-195). The first data is “di store.” It consists

of Indonesian preposition {di} and the noun “store.” The data “di store” can be

translated into “in the store” in English which consist of “in” as the preposition

and “the store” as the noun phrase. The preposition {di} is a locative preposition

which functions to show the position of a certain place. In other words, it shows

the position of the promo from brand @makeover.

The second data is “di caption.” It also consists of Indonesian preposition

{di} and the noun “caption.” It is translated into “in the caption” in English which


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consist of “in” as the preposition and “the caption” as the noun phrase. The

preposition {di} is also a locative preposition because the function is to show the

position of a certain place. It describes the position for the audience to share their

thoughts about their favorite color about a product named Pro Brow Sculptor.

The third data is “ke counter.” It consists of Indonesian preposition {ke}

and the noun “counter.” It is translated into “to the counter” in English which

consists of “to” as the preposition and “the counter” as the noun phrase. The

preposition {ke} is also considered as a locative preposition because the function

is to show the direction of a certain place. In other words, it tells the audience

about the direction to try skin longwear weightless foundation as the product.

2. Intra-lexical Code Mixing

This type of code mixing is related to morphology. The occurrence of the

code mixing in this type is in the word boundary. In other words, the English

words are added with the Indonesian affixes. The data of this research show that

there are several cases of Indonesian-English code mixing found in Tasya

Farasya‟s review and endorsement make-up products on this type. This type is the

second high of the occurrence of code mixing in this research.

According to the data, there are 3 Indonesian affixes found in this

research which are {se-}, {di-}, and {-nya}. The functions of the Indonesian words

addition are varied. The functions are as the third possessive adjective, the tool to

change a sentence into passive voice, and a tool to point the position of a thing. To


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make the explanation easier, the data of the research are presented in the table

below.

Table 16 Examples of Intra-lexical Code Mixing Suffix {-nya}

Number Data

/III/EN_RE/AUG/ Definisi sempurna, bener2 finishnya kayak kulit asli,

coveragenya bagus, dipake seharian dengan wudhu2 pun

tetep stay bagus.

/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Nama lipsticknya adalah matte up! Lip eye and cheek

guys. Ada 3 warna yg kalian bisa pake di mata, bibir, dan

pipi kalian. Finishnya powdery matte jd pas aku blend di

mata dia ga creasing lagi.

/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalian harus cobain swatch di tangan kalian. Coveragenya

bener2 amazing dan finishnya matte tp flawless!

/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Lipstick matte dari @colorepvblic untuk di mata, pipi, dan

bibir. Nama lipsticknya adalah matte up! Lip eye and

cheek guys. Ada 3 warna yg kalian bisa pake di mata,

bibir, dan pipi kalian.

The 4 data above contain intra-lexical code mixing with the suffix {-nya}.

However, in the first 2 data, the words are similar which is in the word “finish.”

The word “finish” in both of the data functions as a noun. The word “finish” as a

noun means “the last part or the end of something” (Hornby, 2010, p. 557). The

function of the addition of the Indonesian suffix {-nya} here is as possessive

adjectives.

Besides, the function of the addition of the Indonesian suffix {-nya} also

can be as the definite article „the.‟ Djenar (2003) states that the suffix {-nya} is

used to refer to something already known or understood from context (p. 136). In

the table above, the suffix {-nya} can refer to the definite „the‟ because the data

are definite. Therefore, the word “finish-nya” in the first data can be translated


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into “its finish” and “the finish.” It refers to the finish look of a certain make-up

product that is perfect and similar to the real skin.

The word “finish-nya” in the second data can be translated into “its

finish” and “the finish.” It refers to the finish look of a certain make-up product

which is powdery matte. The next data is the word “coverage-nya.” In this case,

this data means “its coverage” and “the coverage.” In this case, this data means

that the coverage of the product is really amazing. However, in the fourth data, the

suffix {-nya} only functions as definite article „the‟ and it becomes “the name of

the lipstick.” It refers to the matte up as the name of the lipstick.

Table 17 Examples of Intra-lexical Code Mixing Prefix {di-}

Number Data

/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Syarat: - Tinggal di Indonesia –Akun tidak diprivate

– Bukan akun khusus giveaway.

/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Giveaway:

Repost foto giveaway yang akan diupload oleh

@mobcosmetic mengenai product terbaru @MOB,

yaitu Pro Brow Sculptor.

The first data is the word “di-private.” It consists of the word “private”

which functions as an adjective and {di-} as an Indonesian prefix. The data “di-

private” here changes the functions into verb due to the addition of {di-} as an

Indonesian prefix. The meaning of the word “private” as an adjective in this

context means “belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group”

(Hornby, 2010, p. 1165).

The sixth data is “di-upload” which means “it is uploaded.” In this case,

the Indonesian prefix {di-} is functioned as passive voice. Sneddon et al (2010)

argues that when the focus of the attention is the object, then the construction is in


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passive voice (p. 255). In this case, the data is considered as a passive voice

because the focus is in the object which is “foto giveaway.”

According to Sneddon, et al (2010), the actor of the passive voice is the

third person such as “dia” or “mereka.” Besides, this passive is also used if there

is no actor mentioned (p. 256). Based on the data, the actor of the data is

@mobcosmetic because it is indicated with the word “oleh.” The formulation of

passive voice is “subject (patient) + di-verb + (oleh) + agent (actor)” (Sneddon, et

al, 2010, p. 256). In this case, the subject is not mentioned.

Table 18 Examples of Intra-lexical Code Mixing Prefix {se-}

Number Data

/III/EN_RE/AUG/ MAAF! Kalo keseringan bahas foundienya

@bobbibrownid skin longwear weightless

foundation! Tp aku se obsess itu bgt kalo kalian

belom menyadari aku sadarin lagi skrg!

In the table above, there is 1 datum which consists of Indonesian suffix

{se-} and the root word “obsess.” Sneddon, et al (2010) mentions that prefix {se-}

means „at the most [base]‟ and the base is usually adjective words. For example,

in the word “selebihnya” it means “at most” (p. 58). In this case, the word

“obsess” is already in the form of adjective and the addition of Indonesian prefix

{se-} makes the meaning of the word becomes “at the most obsessed.” Tasya

Farasya clarifies that she is extremely obsessed with the foundation from

@bobbibrownid called skin longwear weightless foundation. The word “se-

obsess” can be translated into “that obsessed” in English to show someone‟s

obsession towards something.


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3. Involvement in a Change of Pronunciation

The third type of code mixing proposed by Hoffman (1991) is called

involvement in a change of pronunciation. This theory is related to phonology. It

deals with the pronunciation change from one language to phonological structure

of another language. The example of this type is provided by Luke (2015) in the

word “semangat” changes into “smangat” (p. 42). It shows that the Indonesian

pronunciation change into Pamonanese phonological structure. According to the

data of this research, there are 2 cases of Indonesian-English code mixing found in

Tasya Farasya‟s review and endorsement make-up products in this type. The

results of the data are presented below.

Table 19 Examples of Involvement in a Change of Pronunciation

Code Mixing

Number Data



KOMEN DI BAWAH!!!



KOMEN DI BAWAH!!!

Through the table above, it is seen that there are 2 data of involvement in

a change of pronunciation in the data. The first data is “plis.” The correct spelling

of this word is “please.” The pronunciation of this word change from /pli:z/ into

/pli:s/. According to Muslich (2014), it is impossible to have the voiced sound /z/

in the coda in the Indonesian language (p. 123). Indonesian speakers tend to ease

the pronunciation because there are not many Indonesian words end with /z/.

The second data is “komen.” The right spelling of the word “komen” is

“comment.” Therefore, due to the incorrect spelling, it causes the wrong


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pronunciation as well. In this case, the pronunciation of the word “komen”

becomes /komen/. Meanwhile, the correct form of the pronunciation is /kɒment/.

It is written “komen” and pronounced /komen/ because in Indonesian

phonological structure, the vowel /ɒ/ does not exist. Therefore, Tasya Farasya

pronounces the vowel /ɒ/ becomes /o/. Besides, the pronunciation of the word

“komen” is also easier.

The table above shows that the graphemes of the words are wrong. It

happens because Tasya Farasya follows the Indonesian structure of the spellings.

Due to that reason, Tasya Farasya also pronounces those words in a wrong way. It

shows in the videos that are uploaded in her YouTube channel.

B. Reasons of Code Mixing

After discussing the types of code mixing, the researcher would like to

dicuss the possible reasons of code mixing found in Tasya Farasya‟s Instagram

captions. In analyzing the reasons of code mixing, the researcher applies the

theory proposed by Hoffman (1991). Hoffman (1991) states that there are 7

reasons of code mixing, namely talking about particular topic, quoting somebody

else, being emphatic about something, interjection, repetition used for

clarification, expressing group identity and solidarity, and clarifying the speech

content for the interlocutor.

The researcher comes to the conclusion that there are 4 reasons of code

mixing found in the analysis. The 4 reasons of the occurrence of code mixing are

talking about particular topic, being emphatic about the products, repetition used


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for clarification, and showing identity and solidarity. The total of the data is 83

cases of code mixing found in Tasya Farasya‟s captions. The results of the

analysis show that there are 74 cases of talking about particular topic, 5 cases of

being emphatic about something and in this case it is about the product, 2 cases of

repetition used for clarification, and 2 cases of expressing group identity and

solidarity. To make the explanation clearer, the researcher presents the

distribution of the data in the form of table below.

Table 20 Distribution of Code Mixing Data

No. Reasons of Code Mixing Number

1. Talking about particular topic 74

2. Being emphatic about the product 5

3. Repetition used for clarification 2

4. Expressing group identity and

solidarity

2

TOTAL 83

The discussion in this part will be started with the common reason of

code mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s captions which is about talking about particular

topic. It follows with the discussion about being emphatic about something. After

discussing about being emphatic about the product, it will be continued with the

discussion on repetition used for clarification and also expressing group identity

of solidarity.

1. Talking about Particular Topic

The table above shows that the first reason of code mixing is talking

about particular topic. This reason refers to the condition when a speaker speaks

some terms in a different language which is not her/his native language.


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According to Dewi and Ekalaya (2015), the reason of mixing some terms using

other languages is to express their feelings (p. 55). In other words, the speakers

can express themselves freely without any hesitation in speaking in other

languages terms.

The researcher provides an example for this reason. The example is the

term “hashtag” which means “tanda pagar” in Indonesian. This term means “the

symbol (#), especially one on a telephone” (Hornby, 2010, p. 711). This term is

familiar to social media‟s users because it is widely used by society nowadays

because of its function. “Hashtags can function as descriptive elements in the

image, or can be related to its caption, explaining its content better” (Ibba, Orrù,

Pani, & Porru, 2015, p. 280). In other words, “hashtag” helps the users to explain

the content of the pictures or videos better.

The other reason why this term is familiar to most of social media‟s users

is because it helps people to find some information easily by writing the # symbol

followed by the topics. Bruns and Burgess (2014) as cited in Ibba et al (2015)

state that “hashtag” allows the users to react towards some topics or issues quickly

(p. 280). Therefore, the users use it as a way to keep update towards some related

topics every day. To conclude, the term “hashtag” is familiar to the social media‟s

users due to the fact that it can be seen every time they operate their social media.

Therefore, when someone says this term the hearers will understand.

In this research, the researcher finds that the topics in the captions are

varied such as talking about make-up, business, and social media. Besides, the

researcher also finds a topic about a cosmetic ingredient in the caption. In order to


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make the data easier to be understood, some of the data are presented below

followed by the analysis.

Table 21 Example of Topic of Make-up


/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalau di tengah hari makeup

kalian mulai ilang2an tinggal

tap2 dikit langsung flawless

lagi!

Intra-sentential

/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalo lagi males pake liquid

foundation tinggal tap2

langsung dapet coverage yg ga

kalah sama liquid foundie!

Intra-sentential

/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalian harus cobain swatch di

tangan kalian

Intra-sentential

/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Coveragenya bener2 amazing

dan finishnya matte tp flawless!

Intra-sentential



Intra-sentential

/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalo lagi males pake liquid

foundation tinggal tap2 langsung

dapet coverage yg ga

kalah sama liquid foundie!

Intra-sentential

/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Ini Korean glass skin look! Intra-sentential

/III/EN_RE/AUG/ Gimana yha w bingung mau

bilang apa lagi tp kalo kalian

udah ada juga yg coba foundie

ini PLIS KOMEN DI

BAWAH!!!

Intra-sentential

/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Jadi waktu aku bikin makeup ini

banyak bgtt yg nanya pake apa

blush on dan lipstiknya!

Intra-sentential

/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Finishnya powdery matte jd pas

aku blend di mata dia ga

creasing lagi.

Intra-sentential


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/I/EN_RE/SEP/

Favorite semua orang

adalah glass skin make-

up look, dan produk

favorite buat dapetin look

kayak gini adalah

Maybelline liptint no 07,

dan fashion brow

mascara “dark brown.”

Intra-sentential

There are 11 data presented in the table above. The first data is “make-

up.” This term means “substances used especially by women to make their faces

look more attractive, or used by actors to change their appearance: eye make-up”

(Hornby, 2010, p. 932). The second data and the sixth data are actually the same.

The difference is only in the style. In the second data, Tasya Farasya as the writer

of the captions writes in the complete name which is “liquid foundation.”

Meanwhile, in the sixth data, she writes “liquid foundie.” The definition of this

term is “another type of makeup cosmetics that is able to change the skin color as

desired, bringing skin luster and cover up those spots and freckles. In particular,

the foundation is used to protect skin from ultraviolet radiation that causes dry,

burn, wrinkle, and cancer” (Kanlayavattanakul & Lourith, 2012, p. 583).

The eighth data is actually also the same as the second and the sixth data.

In the other hand, however, in the eight data Tasya Farasya does not specify the

type of the foundation. There are several types of foundation such as liquid and

matte. According to Kanlayavattanakul & Lourith (2012), “foundation” refers to

another type of cosmetics which functions to cover the spots and freckles on the

faces. Besides, it helps to change the skin color as the people want depending on

the shade of the foundation (p. 583).


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The third data is “swatch.” Forbes (2016) states that swatch refers to the

activity when the influencers color their hands with the make-up products (p. 83).

In other words, they swatch the colors to let their followers know the texture or

the quality of the product of the products. The fourth data is the word “matte.”

According to Hornby (2010), this word refers to thing such as surface, colour, or

photograph that is not shiny (p. 916). In other words, the word “matte” is the

opposite of the word “glossy.” The fifth data is the word “flawless.” The word

“flawless” means “without flaws and therefore perfect” (Hornby, 2010, p. 568).

The seventh and eleventh data actually share the same terms which are

“Korean make-up look.” However, the word “Korean” is not written in the

eleventh data while “make-up” is also not mentioned in the seventh data. Agustina

and Lukman (2017) reveal that the term “Korean make-up look” refers to make-

up look that is youthful looking, simple, fresh, natural, and innocent (p. 260). The

ninth data is “blush on.” This term means “a coloured cream or powder that some

people put on their cheeks to give them more colour” (Hornby, 2010, p. 155). The

tenth data is “blend.” The word “blend” means “to mix two or more substances

together” (Hornby, 2010, p. 147). In this case, Tasya Farasya blends some make-

up products which have powdery matte as the result.

All of the data above explain about make-up as the topic. Tasya Farasya

tends to use the terms “make-up” in the first data, “liquid foundation” in the

second data, and “blush on” in the ninth data in English rather than in Indonesian

because the terms are familiar to everyone. Luke (2015) conveys that the speakers

can freely convey their thoughts or ideas using some terms in other languages as


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long as the terms are familiar to the hearers. Therefore, there will be no conflict or

misunderstanding among the speakers (p. 42). She is a beauty vlogger and of

course her contents are about something related to beauty including make-up. It

can be said that her followers mostly also know about the make-up terms since

one of the purposes of following her is to keep update about skincare, make-up,

etc. Therefore, the 3 terms in the table above are familiar to her followers.

Through the data above, “liquid foundie” in the sixth data and “foundie”

in the eight data actually share the same term which is foundation. In the other

hand, however, the difference is only in the part of speech. “Liquid foundie” is a

noun phrase while “foundie” is a noun. In this case, the focus is in the term

“foundie.” This term actually does not exist in both English and Indonesian. In

English, this term is called “foundation” while in Indonesian is called “alas

bedak.”

The term “foundie” is used by Tasya Farasya when she reviews some

products or gives make-up tutorial. Eisenstein, O‟Connor, Smith, and Xing (2014)

state that new creative forms in written language such as emoticons, phonetic

spellings, abbreviations, and other neologisms are the results of the demands in

synchronous conversation (p. 1). It shows that all of people have their own style in

writing including Tasya Farasya. In this case, she uses this term because it is a

part of her style in reviewing the products or giving tutorials. According to

Verdonk (2002), style refers to a distinctive expression of using certain language.

Besides, there are some purposes of using the language as a style (p. 5).

Specifically, this term is used by Tasya Farasya as a part of her style to shorten the


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term so that she can write or speak it quickly. In other words, the term only

consists of 2 syllables while the original term “foundation” consists of 3 syllables.

Tasya Farasya tends to use the terms “Korean glass skin look” in the

seventh data and “glass skin make-up look” in the eleventh data because both of

the data are make-up trend nowadays. “Trends in beauty change over the course

of time. The transition of fashion would be the transition of makeup because the

trends in makeup and fashion are mutually interrelated” (Blackman as cited in

Tagai, Hitomi, and Nittono, 2016, p. 2). It shows that make-up trends always

change. The names of the make-up trends are also different. Therefore, Tasya

Farasya uses this term because it refers to the name of the make-up trend which is

Korean look. In other words, when she refers to another make-up trend then she

uses other terms such as natural make-up look or no make-up make-up.

The words “swatch” in the third data and “blend” in the tenth data above

are specifically used by Tasya Farasya when she deals with something related to

make-up either giving tutorials or reviewing the products. The purpose of giving

tutorials or reviewing products is “primarily meant to be received by the audience

as informative/instructional texts which aim at teaching how to realize a certain

makeup look” (Riboni, 2017, p. 193). The tenth data shows that by using the word

“blend,” she tries to give the information to her followers that the product has

powdery matte as the result.

Meanwhile, the word “swatch” is related to instructional text type.

Riboni (2017) argues that instructional text type focuses on what the audience

must do to recreate the look rather than on what the influencers do in applying the


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make-up (p. 197). It shows that in third data, Tasya Farasya asks her followers to

try swatching the product in their hands. It is an instruction that is given to her

followers so they know the quality of a certain product. It shows that the words

“swatch” and “blend” above are related to reviews or tutorial make-up products.

In the other hand, however, the functions of the words whether as informative or

instructional texts depend on the contexts of the captions.

The words “matte” in the fourth data and “flawless” in the fifth data

above are used by Tasya Farasya when she deals with reviewing or endorsing

make-up products. Basically, the words “matte” and “flawless” are used to

evaluate the results of certain make-up product. “Evaluation tends to take the form

of evaluative adjectives” (Riboni, 2017, p. 196). It proves that the 2 data above are

in the form of adjectives. Both of the data explain the quality including the

coverage and the finish of a make-up product. Moreover, the words “matte” and

“flawless” above are often used by Tasya Farasya to build a good relation with her

followers. “Evaluative devices are fairly common, and they represent a typical

language strategy which enables makeup content creators to build rapport with the

audience” (Riboni, 2017, p. 196). In other words, she shares everything related to

the product including the texture, coverage, or finish to her followers in order to

make them have the knowledge towards the product.

Table 22 Example of Topic of Business


/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Jd kalian cusss cek di store

makeover atau e-commerce

favorite kalian!

#complexionmastery

Intra-lexical


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/II/EN_RE/SEP/ Lalu lalu laluuu kalau mau

dapet voucher 300ribu, ikutan

seru2an di “bit.ly/VitEQuiz”

yaa caranya gampang dan

hadiahnya untuk 10

pemenang!!

#POPOFHYDRATION

Intra-sentential

/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Jd kalian cusss cek di store

makeover atau e-commerce

favorite kalian!

#complexionmastery

#makeoverid #setyourbase

Intra-sentential

There are 3 data displayed in the table above. The first data is “di store.”

This data is added by Indonesian preposition {di} and the noun “store.” The word

“store” refers to “a large shop that sells many different types of goods” (Hornby,

2010, p. 1471). The second data is “e-commerce.” This data is the abbreviation of

“electronic commerce.” Nanehkan (2013) mentions that the term “e-commerce”

refers to “electronic data exchange for sending business documents such as

purchase orders and voices electronically” (p. 190). The third data is “voucher.”

This data means “a printed piece of paper that can be used instead of money to

pay for something, or that allows you to pay less than the usual price of

something” (Hornby, 2010, p. 1665).

The 3 data above are talking about particular topic which is business.

Tasya Farasya uses the 3 terms above when she deals with endorsement and

review make-up products. Anand and Singh (2011) reveal that knowledge is the

result as a response to new processes or technologies in the market place (p. 929).

It shows that endorsement or review products make her becomes familiar with the

terms since those activities are always related to other people who are the shop‟s


72

owners or certain brand‟s owners. In Tasya Farasya‟s case, she gets the

knowledge because she uses it in her business activity. Therefore, she gets

familiar with it.

Nowadays, people including Tasya Farasya can get sources of certain

knowledge easily. Anand and Singh (2011) explain that knowledge can be gained

from outside sources (p. 928). In other words, knowledge can be gained from

many sources such as reading or sharing with other people. In this case, she gets

the knowledge about the 3 terms above because she often deals with activities

related to the use of those terms such as endorsement or review products. It is

proven by 17 captions of endorsement or review products that she does in August

until September 2018.

Table 23 Example of Topic of Cosmetic Ingredient


/II/EN_RE/SEP/

Nah pas nyoba ternyata yang

paling aku suka dari p

roduk ini adalah teksturnya

yang ultra-lightweight and

refreshing, udah gitu ada

kandungan hyaluronic acid

yang bagus untuk kulit

Intra-sentential

The table above shows that there is 1 datum that explains about a

cosmetic ingredient. The data is “hyaluronic acid.” This data means “a main

component of the extracellular matrix in connective, epithelial, and neutral tissues

and is known to play an important role in the tissue hydration and water transport”

(Smejkalova, Angeles, & Ehlova, 2015, p. 606).


73

The term “hyaluronic acid” is used by Tasya Farasya when she explains

about the ingredients of a certain product. She uses this term because she has

knowledge about it. As a beauty vlogger, she uses many make-up products and

some of them contain this ingredient. She can find this term in some sources such

as the packaging of the products, books, or articles. Therefore, she gets familiar

with it. “When we use the term this way, we are referring to a body of knowledge

that has been articulated and captured in the form of books, papers, formulas,

procedure manuals, computer code, and so on” (Anand & Singh, 2011, p. 928). It

shows that someone can be familiar with certain terms because s/he can easily get

the knowledge through the media that are provided.

Table 24 Example of Topic of Social Media


/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Repost foto giveaway

yang diupload oleh

@mobcosmetic

Intra-lexical

/III/EN_RE/SEP/ T&C:

Harus berdomisili di

Indonesia

Harus follow instagram

@tasyafarasya

@esqacosmetics

Intra-sentential

/III/EN_RE/SEP/ Comment dibawah

produk favorit kalian dari

@esqacosmetics

Intra-sentential

There are 3 data in the table above. The first data is “di-upload.” This

data consists of Indonesian affix {di-} and the root word “upload.” The word

“upload” refers to “something (computing) to move data to a larger computer

system from a smaller one” (Hornby, 2010, p. 1641). The second data is “follow.”

This word means “to come or go after or behind somebody/something” (Hornby,


74

2010, p. 579). The third data is “comment.” This word is used “to express an

opinion about something” (Hornby, 2010, p. 287).

The 3 data above are used by Tasya Farasya when she deals with the

social media topic. Agam (2017) clarifies that Instagram provides some features

such as leave “comment” in people‟s posts and “upload” photos or videos.

Besides, the users also can “follow” other people so that they can see their posts

(p. 86). In other words, those terms are familiar to the users. Tasya Farasya

operates her Instagram account actively. Therefore, she is familiar with the terms

because “comment” in someone‟s post, “upload” photos or videos, and “follow”

other people are the main activities in Instagram.

Besides, Rosenberg, and Garcia (2017) mention one of the components

of knowledge is cognitive which means the knowledge that the person has (p.

308). It shows that she uses the terms because she has the knowledge about them.

In other words, she uses those terms when dealing with social media topic.

2. Being Emphatic about the Product

This reason of code mixing means when a speaker expresses her/his

feeling. Sometimes, in expressing the feelings, s/he tends to mix a language to

another language in order to make her/him feels comfortable. The change of the

language can be from the native language to the second language or vice versa.

The table below presents the occurrence of code mixing which shows about being

emphatic about something.


75

Table 25 Example of Being Emphatic about the Product




Intra-sentential

/III/EN_RE/AUG/ MAAF! Kalo keseringan bahas

foundienya @bobbibrownid

skin longwear weightless

foundation! Tp aku se obsess

itu bgt kalo kalian belom

menyadari aku sadarin lagi skrg

Intra-lexical

/I/EN_RE/SEP/

Favorite semua orang adalah

glass skin make up look, dan

produk favorite buat dapetin

look kayak gini adalah

Maybelline liptint no 07, dan

fashion brow mascara “dark

brown”

Intra-sentential

The 3 data above are found in Tasya Farasya‟s captions. The first data is

the word “amazing.” This word means “very surprising, especially in a way that

makes you feel pleasure or admiration” (Hornby, 2010, p. 44). The second word is

in the word “obsess.” The word “obsess” means “completely fill your mind so that

you cannot think of anything else, in a way that is not normal” (Hornby, 2010, p.

1050). The third word is in the word “favorite.” This word means “Liked more

than others of the same kind” (Hornby, 2010, p. 560). In other words, “favorite”

means when someone admires a certain kind of thing better than other things.

In this case, Tasya Farasya writes the 3 data above in order to show her

emphatic toward the products. She declares her feeling that she is amazed by the

coverage of the product. She also tells how obsessed she is of the foundation from

@bobbibrownid. Moreover, she also clarifies that many people including her

really like glass skin make-up look.


76

Tasya Farasaya uses the words “amazing, obsess, and favorite” because

those words represent what she feels toward the coverage of the product, the

coverage of a certain product, and the make-up look. “The words we use in daily

life reflects what we are paying attention to, what we are thinking about, what we

are trying to avoid, how we are feeling, and how we are organizing and analyzing

our worlds” (Tausczik & Pennebaker, 2010, p. 30). Through this explanation, it

shows that “amazing, obsess, and favorite” really represent Tasya Farasya‟s

feelings. Besides, in this case, she also tries to show her followers about what she

pays attention to and what she thinks about the coverage of the product, the

coverage of a certain product, and the make-up look.

3. Repetition Used for Clarification

This reason means when a speaker repeats the information. The purpose

of repeating the word is to clarify the information so that the hearers understand

clearly the meaning of the word. The repetition sometimes uses another language.

Based on the data, there is 1 occurrence of repetition written by Tasya Farasya in

her caption. In order to make it clear, the researcher presents the data in the form

of table below.

Table 26 Example of Repetition Used for Clarification


/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalau di tengah hari makeup

kalian mulai ilang2an tinggal

tap2 dikit langsung flawless

lagi!

Intra-sentential


77

The word “tap” above refers to the activity of pressing gently on the face

area when someone tries to retouch her make-up. Based on the theory, the

meaning of this reason is when a speaker repeats an utterance in a different

language. However, in the data above, the repetition still uses the same language

which is English and it is share the grammatical function which is in the form of

verbs. In this case, Tasya Farasya repeats the word “tap” becomes “tap-tap”

because she follows the Indonesian structure which is “tepuk-tepuk.”

Sneddon et al (2010) clarify that reduplication can occur in the form of

verbs and it is called reduplication of verbs. Unlike reduplication of nouns,

reduplication of verbs also occurs when the bases are repeated. It is used to

indicate that the action happens continually either it is done in a period of time or

the action is performed repeatedly, for example “berteriak-teriak.” Reduplication

of verbs can also function to indicate that the action is done in leisurely way, for

example “duduk-duduk.” (p. 23).

Therefore, the word “tap-tap” is considered as full reduplication of verbs

and the root of the word is “tap.” In this case, the word is repeated in order to give

the clear idea that the product should be tapped for several times in a period of

time until the product is well blended. Moreover, when Tasya Farasya only says

“tap” without repetition, then the meaning is different because it becomes pressing

the product to the face harshly and only once.

The function of number “2” after the word “tap” is in order to make it

short. Varnhagen, McFall, Pugh, Routledge, MacDonald, and Kwong (2010) as

cited in Kent and Johnson (2012) state that new languages or forms in the instant


78

messages as a variation of an experiment in developing written communication (p.

52). In other words, it is just a part of the style that everyone has including Tasya

Farasya in writing captions in social media.

4. Expressing Group Identity and Solidarity

The other reason of code mixing is expressing group identity and

solidarity. It means when the speakers use 2 languages in a conversation, other

people from a different group will also understand the topic of the conversation.

In other words, this reason means when a speaker tries to show his/her solidarity

and identity to other speakers. To make the explanation clear, the data are

displayed in the table below.

Table 27 Example of Expressing Group Identity and Solidarity


/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Dalam rangka ulang tahun yg

ke 8 nya @makeoverid,

Makeover lagi ada banyak

promo juga guys

Intra-sentential

/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Nama lipsticknya adalah

matte up! Lip eye and cheek

guys. Ada 3 warna yg kalian

bisa pake di mata, bibir, dan

pipi kalian.

Intra-sentential

The table above shows that Tasya Farasya often uses the term “guys” in

her captions. This word refers to “a group of people or either sex: Come on, you

guys, let’s get going!” (Hornby, 2010, p. 693). This expression is usually used in

an informal situation, such as with friends or family. The Indonesian term of this

word is “teman-teman.” However, in her captions, she uses the term “guys.” This


79

term is often used by Tasya Farasya rather than the Indonesian term because it is

shorter. It only consists of 1 syllable rather than the expression “teman-teman”

which consists of 4 syllables. Therefore, by choosing this expression she can

speak or write it faster.

Akram and Kumar (2017) reveal that one the positive effect of social

media is to socialize or make friends with other people so that the people can

exchange the ideas and learn something new (p. 350). It shows that Tasya Farasya

tries to socialize with her followers in order to exchange information about the

products. She wants to involve her followers to a certain topic by addressing

them. In other words, by addressing them she tries to interact with her followers

that she cannot greet one by one. She greets her followers to show the solidarity

that she respects them.


80

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This chapter presents the final results of the analysis based on the 2

research questions. The first research question is the types of code mixing in

Tasya Farasya‟s endorsement and review of make-up products. Meanwhile, the

second research question is the reasons of code mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s

endorsement and review of make-up products. Hoffman‟s theories are used in

order to find the types of code mixing and the reasons of code mixing.

The data are taken from Tasya Farasya‟s Instagram captions which are

written from August until September 2018. The captions used in the analysis talk

about endorsement and review of make-up products. There are 7 captions used in

the analysis. Based on the analysis, the numbers of the data are 83 cases of code

mixing.

The researcher comes to the conclusion that 3 types of code mixing are

found in this research. The first type is intra-sentential code mixing. The

researcher finds 71 cases of code mixing in this type. In this research, this type has

the highest number among the other types of code mixing. The second type is

intra-lexical code mixing. There are 10 cases of code mixing found in this type.

The third type is involvement in a change of pronunciation. There are 2 cases of

code mixing found in this type.

In this research, the researcher finds that there are 4 reasons of code

mixing. The first reason is talking about particular topic. There are 74 cases of


81

code mixing which are talking about particular topic. This reason has the highest

number among the other reasons of code mixing in this research. The second

reason is being emphatic about the products. Based on the analysis, there are 5

cases of code mixing for this reason. The third reason is repetition used for

clarification. There are 2 cases of code mixing for this reason. The fourth reason is

showing identity and solidarity. There are 2 cases of this reason found in the

analysis.

Based on the analysis, Tasya Farasya as a beauty vlogger also often does

the mixing language from Indonesian to English because of several reasons.

Firstly, it is because of the knowledge. The knowledge that she has influenced the

way she uses the language. The more she develops her knowledge through reading

or sharing with other people, the more knowledge she will get. Therefore, she can

apply the knowledge in the daily conversation. Moreover, the access to get new

knowledge nowadays is easy by the development of the technology. Due to that

reason, she can enrich her knowledge every day.

Secondly, it is the use of common terms. Using common terms allow her

to communicate with her followers easily. She uses the common terms to her

followers in order to avoid misunderstanding among them. It makes the

communication runs smoothly. The terms are common to her followers who

interested in make-up as well. Thus, people who are interested in it will be

familiar with the terms. For example are the terms blush-on and lipstick. Everyone

knows those terms rather than “perona pipi” and “gincu.”


82

Thirdly, it is about the style. Everyone has her/his own style as well as

Tasya Farasya. She has her own style in speaking or writing the captions. It shows

when she clips the word, the word does not exist either in Indonesian or English.

For example, the word “foundation” becomes “foundie.” The style of course

makes her can express the feelings freely and comfortably. The researcher comes

to the conclusion that the relation between the types and reasons of code mixing in

this research is seen clearly during the analysis of the reasons of code mixing. To

make the explanation easier, the researcher provides a table below.

Table 28 The Relation between Types and Reasons of Code Mixing

No Reasons of

Code Mixing Number


Intra-

sentential

Intra-

lexical

Change of

pronunciation

1. Talking about

particular topic

74 61 12 2

2. Being emphatic

about something

5 4 - -

3. Repetition used

for clarification

2 2 - -

4. Expressing

group identity

and solidarity

2 2 - -

TOTAL 83 69 12 2

The relation between the theories of types and reasons of code mixing is

that talking about particular topic can be in the 3 forms of types of code mixing

which are intra-sentential, intra-lexical, and the involvement in a change of

pronunciation. Moreover, in the 3 other reasons of code mixing only can be in the

form of intra-sentential code mixing.

The main reason why talking about particular topic is the highest reason

of code mixing in this research is because of the data of the research. The data


83

chosen in this research are captions which talking about endorsement and review

of make-up products. Besides, the captions are written by Tasya Farasya as one of

the Indonesian beauty vloggers. Therefore, her captions mostly talk about make-

up products either review, endorsement, or tutorial. It gives the clear idea of why

talking about particular topic becomes the main reason of code mixing.


84

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APPENDIX

Appendix. The Occurrence of Code Mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s Endorsement and Review Make-up Products Instagram Captions

from August until September 2018

No

. Number Data


Reasons of Code Mixing based

on Hoffman’s theory

Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

1. /I/EN_RE/AUG/ Wagelasehh

Powerstay Matte

Powder Foundation

baru dari

@makeoverid!

Bener2 perlindungan

di kala emergency!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.

Talking about particular topic.

Emergency refers to a particular

condition that often dangerous or

serious and it requires an action

immediately.

2. Kalau di tengah hari

makeup kalian mulai

ilang2an tinggal tap2

dikit langsung

flawless lagi!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


Make-up refers to cosmetics such

as foundation, lipstick, or powder

that is applied to the face.

Therefore, someone will get

different look.


No. Number Data


Reasons of Code Mixing

based on Hoffman’s theory

Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation Explanation


makeup kalian mulai


dikit langsung

flawless lagi!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb.

Reduplication used for

clarification.

It refers to an action of

pressing in gentle manner of a

certain thing. This term is also

often used by the beauty

vloggers when they put the

make-up on their faces.


makeup kalian mulai


dikit

langsung flawless

lagi!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is an

adjective.

Talking about particular

topic.

It refers to the condition when

a thing is perfect and has no

flaw. It can be used when

people talking about particular

topic for example make-up.

5. Kalo lagi males pake

liquid foundation tinggal tap2

langsung dapet

coverage yg ga kalah

sama liquid foundie!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

phrase. It is a

noun phrase.

Talking about particular

topic.

Liquid foundation refers to one

kind of make-up products that

is applied on the face and the

texture of the foundation is

liquid.

87


No

. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation


liquid foundation

tinggal tap2

langsung dapet



Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb.

Reduplication used for

clarification.

It refers to an action of pressing

or putting certain thing. This term

is also often used by the beauty

vloggers when they put the make-

up on their faces.


liquid foundation

tinggal tap2

langsung dapet



Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


It refers to the condition of a

thing is protected from any

damage. It can be related to

business or make-up.


liquid foundation

tinggal tap2 langsung

dapet coverage yg ga

kalah sama liquid

foundie!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

phrase. It is

an adjective

phrase.


It refers to the characteristics of

the foundation which is liquid. It

is usually used as the base make-

up before applying powder and

other products.

88


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

9. Kalian harus cobain

swatch di tangan

kalian

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb.


It refers to an activity of applying

a sample of product to the surface

of the skin to test the product.

This term is usually used by

beauty vloggers when they want

to tell a new product to their

audience.

10. Coveragenya bener2

amazing dan

finishnya matte tp

flawless!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun and

affix “-nya”.

Being emphatic about

something.






amazing dan

finishnya matte tp

flawless!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is an

adjective.


It refers to the quality of certain

thing that is incredibly fantastic.

It can be used when the people

talking about particular topic for

example make-up.


amazing dan

finishnya matte tp

flawless!

Intra-lexical:

finish as a

verb is added

affix “nya”


It refers to the last part of

something. It is used to talk about

particular topic.

89


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation


amazing dan

finishnya matte tp

flawless!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is an

adjective.


Matte refers to a characteristic of

certain thing that is flat and

without a shine. The example of

product with matte characteristic

is lipstick matte.


amazing dan

finishnya matte tp

flawless!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is an

adjective.


It refers to the condition when a

thing is perfect and has no flaw.

It can be used when people

talking about particular topic for

example make-up.

15. Tersedia 8 shade

pula.

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


It refers to the color of certain

thing especially about how light

or dark the thing or the product

is. It can be used to some topics,

for example make-up. It uses to

classifies the color of the make-

up products.

90


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

16. Dalam rangka ulang

tahun yg ke 8 nya

@makeoverid,

Makeover lagi ada

banyak promo juga

guys

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.

Expressing group identity and

solidarity.

It is a nickname that commonly

used when referring to friends or

family.

17. Jd kalian cusss cek di store makeover atau e-commerce favorite

kalian!

#complexionmastery

#makeoverid

#setyourbase

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is an

adverb.


Store refers to a place that sells

certain product such as make-up,

food, and so on. This term is used

to talk about business.

18. Jd kalian cusss cek di

store makeover atau

e-commerce favorite

kalian!

#complexionmastery

#makeoverid

#setyourbase

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

phrase. It is a

noun phrase.


something.

It refers to business activities of

selling or buying through the

internet. It used to talk about

online business.

91


No. Number Data



on Hoffman’s theory Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

19. /II/EN_RE/AUG

/

Ini Korean glass

skin look!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

phrase. It is a

noun phrase.


It refers to the variation of make-

up look that looks so dewy,

smooth, and fresh. It used to talk

about make-up.

20. Jangan mentang2

korean look harus

pake liptint yha w

bosen wkwkwkw

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

phrase. It is a

noun phrase.


It refers to the variation of look

which is originally from Korea.

The characteristics of this look

are dewy, light, and simple. It is

related to make-up.

21. Jangan mentang2

korean look harus

pake liptint yha w

bosen wkwkwkw

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


Lip tint refers to one kind of

make-up products that is applied

on the lips. It usually slight and

pale when it is applied. It can

create gradient effect on the lips.

It is one of Korean make-up

products. This term is related to

make-up.

92


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

22. Btwww disini ku

pake beberapa

product dari

@mabcosmetic

It is the

acronym of

by the way.

Talking about particular topic. This expression is used to

connect one topic to the other

topics. In other word, it is used as

the conector.

23. Btwww disini ku

pake beberapa

product dari

@mabcosmetic Yg

waktu itu w

unboxing!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


Product refers to the things that

are produced by a company. The

product will be sold to the

customers and of course to sell

the product, a company has

certain strategy. It is related to

business.

24. Btwww disini ku

pake beberapa

product dari

@mabcosmetic Yg

waktu itu w

unboxing!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb.


It refers to the activity of

removing some products from the

packaging. For example, in social

media they usually show to the

audience when they do it.

93


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

25. Dan skrg di ignya

@mobcosmetic lagi

ada giveaway

#TasyaFarasyaxMO

BCosmetic

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


Giveaway refers to the action of

giving free gift to other people

after they win certain

competition. This term is used in

social media.

26. Giveaway:

Repost foto giveaway

Yang akan diupload

oleh @mobcosmetic

Mengenai product

terbaru @MOB,

yaitu Pro Brow

Sculptor

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.






social media.

27. Giveaway:

Repost foto

giveaway

Yang akan diupload

oleh @mobcosmetic

Mengenai product

terbaru @MOB,

yaitu Pro Brow

Sculptor

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb.


Repost refers to the activity of

posting certain thing once again.

In social media, this activity is

often found when someone is

reposting someone‟s status,

videos, or pictures in order to

make it widely spread.

94


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

28. Giveaway:

Repost foto

giveaway Yang akan diupload

oleh @mobcosmetic

Mengenai product

terbaru @MOB,

yaitu Pro Brow

Sculptor

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.






social media.

29. Giveaway:


Yang akan diupload

oleh @mobcosmetic

Mengenai product

terbaru @MOB,

yaitu Pro Brow

Sculptor

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb and

affix “di-“


It refers to the transfer of the data

to the system and this term is

related to the internet or social

media.

95


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

30. Giveaway:


Yang akan diupload

oleh @mobcosmetic

Mengenai product

terbaru @MOB,

yaitu Pro Brow

Sculptor

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


Product refers to the things that

are produced by a company. The

product will be sold to the

customers and of course to sell

the product, a company has

certain strategy. It is related to

business.

31. Syarat: - Tinggal di

Indonesia –Akun

tidak di private –

Bukan akun khusus

giveaway

Intra-lexical:

upload as an

adjective is

added affix

“di”


Private refers to a condition that

is personal and other people

cannot access it. Usually in social

media, it refers to the authority of

the users to either private their

accounts or not.

32. Syarat: - Tinggal di

Indonesia –Akun

tidak di private –

Bukan akun khusus

giveaway

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is an

adjective.






social media.

96


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

33. Rules: -Follow

Instagram

@mobcosmetic

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


Rules refer to the obligations and

prohibitions that must be

followed by the people. Rules

can be found everywhere such as

at school, home, social media,

and so on.

34. Rules: -Follow

Instagram

@mobcosmetic

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb.


Follow refers to the activity of

monitoring someone‟s activities.

In social media, the term is

popular because by following

someone, the person can see

someone‟s statuses, videos, or

pictures.

35. Repost foto

giveaway yang

diupload oleh

@mobcosmetic

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb.


Repost refers to the activity of

posting certain thing once again.

In social media, this activity is

often found when someone is

reposting someone‟s status,

videos, or pictures in order to

make it widely spread.

97


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

36. Repost foto

giveaway yang

diupload oleh

@mobcosmetic

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.






social media.

37. Repost foto giveaway

yang diupload oleh

@mobcosmetic

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb and

affix “di-“


It refers to the transfer of the data

to the system and this term is

related to the internet or social

media.

38. Lalu ceritakan

dicaption apa warna

yang paling kamu

sukai dari Pro Brow

Sculptor –

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is an

adverb.


Caption refers to further

information about certain video

or photo that will be uploaded in

the social media. Basically,

caption is considered as

something optional which means

that the people can choose

whether they want put it or not.

98


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-


39. Tag @mobcosmetic

dan 5 orang teman

kalian, ajak mereka

untuk ikut dan jawab

warna apa yang

paling mereka sukai

dari Pro Brow

Sculptor –

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb.


Tag refers to the activity of

tagging someone in a status,

caption of a photo, or video in the

social media.

40. Sertakan hashtag

#TasyaFarasyaMOB

Cosmetic

#ProBowSculptor

Hadiah: 3 pemenang

akan mendapatkan 1

set Pro Brow

Sculptor (1 set berisi

4 warna). Goodluck!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


Hash tag refers to the hash sign

(#) that is followed by words or

phrases to emphasize certain

messages. It is commonly found

in the social media.

99


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

41. /III/EN_RE/AU

G/

MAAF! Kalo

keseringan bahas

foundienya

@bobbibrownid skin

longwear weightless

foundation! Tp aku

se obsess itu bgt kalo

kalian belom

menyadari aku

sadarin lagi skrg!

Intra-lexical:

foundie

which the

original word

is foundation

as a noun is

added affix

“nya”


It refers to the name of make-up

product which usually used

before applying powder or blush

on. There are several types of it

which are liquid and matte. The

original word is foundation.

42. MAAF! Kalo

keseringan bahas

foundienya

@bobbibrownid skin

longwear weightless

foundation! Tp aku

se obsess itu bgt kalo

kalian belom

menyadari aku

sadarin lagi skrg!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb and

affix “se-“


something.

Obsess refers to completely

thinking about something that the

person cannot even think about

anything else. It can be used in

many topics such as life, love, or

dream.

100


No. Number Data



on Hoffman’s theory Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

43. I LOVVVVEEE

THIS PRODUCT

SOOOO

MUCH!Definisi

sempurna, bener2

finishnya kayak kulit

asli, coveragenya

bagus, dipake

seharian dengan

wudhu2 pun tetep

stay bagus

Intra-lexical:

finish as a

verb is added

affix “nya”




particular topic.

44. I LOVVVVEEE

THIS PRODUCT

SOOOO

MUCH!Definisi

sempurna, bener2


asli, coveragenya

bagus, dipake

seharian dengan

wudhu2 pun tetep

stay bagus

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun and

affix “nya-“






101


No. Number Data Types of Code Mixing Reasons of Code Mixing based


Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

45. I LOVVVVEEE THIS

PRODUCT SOOOO

MUCH!Definisi

sempurna, bener2


asli, coveragenya

bagus, dipake seharian

dengan wudhu2 pun

tetep stay bagus

Intra-sentential

in the form of

word. It is a

verb.


It refers to the position of certain

thing that remains the same. In

other word, it means that someone

spends her/his time in a certain

place with or without other people.

It can be used to discuss about

several topics, for example position.

46. Gimana yha w bingung

mau bilang apa lagi tp

kalo kalian udah ada

juga yg coba foundie

ini PLIS KOMEN DI

BAWAH!!!

Intra-sentential

in the form of

word. It is a

noun.


It refers to the name of make-up

product which usually used before

applying powder or blush on. There

are several types of it which are

liquid and matte. The original word

is foundation.

47. Gimana yha w bingung

mau bilang apa lagi tp

kalo kalian udah ada

juga yg coba foundie

ini PLIS KOMEN DI

BAWAH!!!

The

pronunciation

/pli:z/ into

/pli:s/

Being emphatic about something.

Please is used as a polite way to ask

something to other people.

102


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

48. Gimana yha w

bingung mau bilang

apa lagi tp kalo

kalian udah ada juga

yg coba foundie ini

PLIS KOMEN DI

BAWAH!!!

The

pronunciation

/kɒment/ into

/komen/


Comment means giving an

opinion or criticizing someone. In

social media, this term is often

used when people give their

opinions about someone‟s

pictures or videos in the column

section.

49. Btw skin longwear

weightless

foundation ini ada yg

bentuknya cream

juga dan AKU

CINTA DUA2NYA

GA LEBAY ASLI!

Intra

sentential in

the form of

an acronym.


This expression is used to

connect one topic to the other

topics. In other word, it is used as

the connector.

50. Btw skin longwear

weightless

foundation ini ada yg

bentuknya cream

juga dan AKU

CINTA DUA2NYA

GA LEBAY ASLI!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is an

adjective.


It refers to the texture of certain

product which is not liquid, but

it‟s creamier. It can be used when

the people talking about

particular topic for example

make-up.

103


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

51. Cus ke counter

bobbi brown terus

kalian cobain pake

dimuka kalian bilang

disuruh tasya cobain

WKWKWKWK

#bobbibrownid

#alldaysmile

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


Counter refers to a place that

sells certain products such as

make-up, hand-phone, and so on.

It is related to business.

52. Jadi waktu aku bikin

makeup ini banyak

bgtt yg nanya pake

apa blush on dan

lipstiknya!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.





Therefore, someone gets different

look.

53. /IV/EN_RE/AU

G/

Jadi waktu aku bikin

makeup ini banyak

bgtt yg nanya pake

apa blush on dan

lipstiknya!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


Blush on refers to one kind of

make-up products that is used to

color the cheeks. This term is

related to make-up.

104


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

54. Ini aku pake lipstick

matte dari

@colorepvblic untuk

di mata, pipi, dan

bibir

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

phrase. It is a

noun phrase.


Lipstick matte refers to one kind

of make-up products that is

applied on the lips and the texture

is matte. This term is related to

make-up.

55. Nama lipsticknya

adalah matte up! Lip

eye and cheek guys..

ada 3 warna yg

kalian bisa pake di

mata, bibir, dan pipi

kalian.

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun and the

affix “-nya”


Lipstick refers to one kind of

make-up products that is applied

on the lips. It has many types

such as matte, glossy, and tint.

This term is related to make-up.

56. Nama lipsticknya

adalah matte up! Lip

eye and cheek guys..

ada 3 warna yg

kalian bisa pake di

mata, bibir, dan pipi

kalian.

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.

Expressing group identity and

solidarity.

It is a nickname that commonly

used when referring to friends or

family.

105


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

57. Finishnya powdery

matte jd pas aku

blend di mata dia ga

creasing lagi.

Intra-lexical:

finish as a

noun is added

affix “nya”




particular topic.


matte jd pas aku


creasing lagi.

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is an

adjective.


It refers to the condition that even

it covers with powder, but the

texture is still matte. It is

basically related to make-up

term.


matte jd pas aku


creasing lagi.

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb.


Blend means the mixture of some

things so it gets a new

combination. This word is also

related to make-up especially

when beauty vloggers try to tell

the audience that they put the

make-up products in their faces.

106


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation


matte jd pas aku


creasing lagi.

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb.


It refers to the condition that

appears in the face as a result of

certain expression such as smile

or laugh. It is often used by

beauty vloggers when describing

whether the product easily gets

damaged or not.

61. Untuk dijadikan

blush on ngambilnya

ga perlu banyak2 dan

pake dulu di satu sisi

sebelum aplikasi di

pipi sebelah kalian

biar lipstiknya gak

keburu ngeset!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


Blush on refers to one kind of

make-up products that is used to

color the cheeks. This term is

related to make-up.

62. Di bibir kalian yg

kering kalian bisa

pakein lipbalm dulu

sebelum pake

lipstiknya biar

hasilnya lebih

smooth!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


It refers to one kind of make-up

products that is applied in the

lips. Usually it is applied before

wearing lipstick. This term is

related to make-up.

107


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-


63. Di bibir kalian yg

kering kalian bisa

pakein lipbalm dulu

sebelum pake

lipstiknya biar

hasilnya lebih

smooth!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is an

adjective.


It refers to the quality of certain

product which is very silk and

soft. It can be used when the

people talking about particular

topic for example make-up.

64. Favorite semua orang

adalah glass skin

make-up look, dan

produk favorite buat

dapetin look kayak

gini adalah

Maybelline liptint no

07, dan fashion brow

mascara “dark

brown”

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

compound. It

is a

compound

noun.


It refers to the variation of make-

up look that looks so dewy,

smooth, and fresh. It is used to

talk about make-up.

108


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation


adalah glass skin

makep look, dan


dapetin look kayak

gini adalah



mascara “dark

brown”

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is an

adjective.


something.

refers to the thing that someone

likes. In this case, the thing that is

loved by many people is lip o and

mascara by Maybelline.


adalah glass skin

makep look, dan


dapetin look kayak

gini adalah



mascara “dark

brown”

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


Look refers to the variations of

make-up. There are many

variations such as Korean look or

bold make-up look. This term is

usually used by the beauty

vloggers when they try to tell

their audience about certain

variation of make-up.

109


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

67. Bener2 chrome

muka basah gangerti

lagi mau bilang apa.

Selain master chrome

highlighter ku pake

mascara Maybelline

hypercurl juga disini.

Yang mau bercahaya

bersama tasya

farasya tinggal

komen dibawah why

u mau glow dan tag u

punya teman nanti ai

kasi u master fairy

highlighter!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


It refers to the shiny

68. Cuss spamming

comment yg menarik

dan ga julid ya

#maybellineitssquad

#mnyitlook

#maybellineindonesi

a @maybelline

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

phrase. It is a

noun phrase.


It refers to give opinions or

thoughts in someone‟s column

section in social media. The

opinions given are many so that it

is considered as spam. It is

related to social media.

110


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

69. /II/EN_RE/SEP/

We‟re Back! Kali ini

kita mau review

The NEW Vitamin E

Gel Moisture Cream

from

@thebodyshopindo

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb.


It refers sharing an experience to

the audience after using or doing

certain thing. Nowadays, beauty

vloggers often use this term when

they share their experiences after

using or applying certain make-

up products.

70. Penting nih biar

complexion makeup jadi badaii.

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

phrase. It is a

noun phrase.


It refers to someone‟s skin

appearance, texture, or color after

applying certain make-up. It is

related to make-up.

71. Nah pas nyoba ternyata

yang paling aku suka

dari produk ini adalah

teksturnya yang ultra-

lightweight and

refreshing, udah gitu

ada kandungan

hyaluronic acid yang

bagus untuk kulit

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

phrase. It is a

noun phrase.


Hyaluronic acid is a type of

molecule that is done of the

greatest components of the

connective tissues and it exists

surround the cells. It is related to

chemistry.

111


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

72. NEW Vitamin E Gel

Moisture Cream ini

merupakan

rangkaian produk

Vitamin E yang ada

di video ini, abis

nonton ini kalian cek

videonya

@sarahayu_ ya disitu

ada basic stepping

infornya

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

phrase. It is a

noun phrase.


It refers to the basic instruction or

tutorial about certain thing that is

given by a professional.

Therefore, the audience can see

and practice it. The tutorials can

be about many topics, for

example make-up.

73. Lalu lalu laluuu kalau

mau dapet voucher

300ribu, ikutan

seru2an di

“bit.ly/VitEQuiz”

yaa caranya gampang

dan

hadiahnya untuk 10

pemenang!!

#POPOFHYDRATI

ON

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


Voucher refers to a coupon or

ticket that is given freely to the

customers or the participants of

the events. Therefore, the

voucher can be exchanged into

goods or money. It is related to

business.

112


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

74. /III/EN_RE/SEP

/

NIH YG MINTA

TUTORIAL

MAKEUP DI FOTO

SEBELAH, Yg

penasaran lipgloss

extra bechek w apa

silahkan nonton ya!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.





Therefore, someone gets different

look.

75. NIH YG MINTA

TUTORIAL

MAKEUP DI FOTO

SEBELAH, Yg

penasaran lipgloss

extra bechek w apa

silahkan nonton ya!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


Lip gloss is one kind of make-up

products that is applied on the

lips. The texture of this product is

glossy.

76. NIH YG MINTA

TUTORIAL

MAKEUP DI FOTO

SEBELAH, Yg

penasaran lipgloss

extra bechek w apa

silahkan nonton ya!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is an

adverb.



certain thing is really fantastic. It

also can refer to the condition

when a certain thing is really

higher than it supposed to be. It

can be used to talk about many

topics such as salary or make-up.

113


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

77. PLUS ADA

GIVEAWAY untuk

10 pemenang!

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.






social media.

78. Pemenang akan dapat

full set produk ESQA

divideo ini.

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is an

adjective.



certain thing is really complete or

has no empty space.

79. T&C:

Harus berdomisili di

Indonesia

Harus follow

instagram

@tasyafarasya

@esqacosmetics

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb.


Follow refers to the activity of

monitoring someone‟s activities.

In social media, the term is

popular because by following

someone, the person can see

someone‟s statuses, videos, or

pictures.

114


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

80. Akun tidak boleh

private

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is an

adjective.


Private refers to a condition that is

personal and other people cannot

access it. Usually in social media, it

refers to the authority of the users to

either private their accounts or not.

81. Comment dibawah

produk favorit kalian

dari @esqacosmetics

83.

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

verb.


Comment means giving an

opinion or criticizing someone. In

social media, this term is often

used when people give their

opinions about someone‟s

pictures or videos in the column

section.

82. Giveaway berakhir

Minggu 23

September 23:59

Malam

12:00 Siang

Intra-

sentential in

the form of

word. It is a

noun.


Giveaway refers to the action of g

iving free gift to other people



social media.

115


No. Number Data




Intra-

senten-

-tial

Intra-

lexical

Change of

Pronun-

-ciation

Explanation

83. Pemenang akan

diumumkan di account

@esqacosmetics Senin

24 September 12:00

Siang #esqaddicted

Intra-sentential

in the form of

word. It is an

adverb.


Account refers to an arrangement

that someone has with a bank, shop,

or in the internet. It can be used in

many topics such as business and

internet.

116


indonesian-english code mixing written by an … · 2019. 4. 29. · indonesian-english code mixing...

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