INDONESIA COUNTRY REPORT ON INDONESIA COUNTRY REPORT ON LOCAL LANGUAGE COMPUTING LOCAL LANGUAGE COMPUTING

POLICY INITIATIVESPOLICY INITIATIVES

Presented by:Moedjiono

Senior Advisor to the Minister for International Relations and Digital Divide

In:The Regional Consultation on Local Language Computing Policy in Developing Asia

22nd-24th January, 2007Thimphu, Bhutan

MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

20 mother20 mother--languages in the world languages in the world with more than 50 million speakers with more than 50 million speakers [Comrie 2003][Comrie 2003]

Ranked 13th

100 mother100 mother--languages in the worldlanguages in the world with > 50 million with > 50 million speakers, speakers, 11--20 ranked20 ranked (in million speakers) [Grimes 1996]:(in million speakers) [Grimes 1996]:

Chinese Mandarin (885) English (322) Spanish (266) Chinese Mandarin (885) English (322) Spanish (266) Bengali (189) Hindi (182) Portuguese (170Bengali (189) Hindi (182) Portuguese (170) ) Russian (170) Japanese (125) German (98) Russian (170) Japanese (125) German (98) Chinese Wu (77.175) Chinese Wu (77.175) Javanese (75.500.800)Javanese (75.500.800) Ranked 11thRanked 11th

Korean (75) French (72) Vietnamese (66.8Korean (75) French (72) Vietnamese (66.897) 97) Telugu (66.350) Chinese Yue (66) Marathi (64.783) Telugu (66.350) Chinese Yue (66) Marathi (64.783) Tamil (63.075) Turkish (59) Urdu (56.584)Tamil (63.075) Turkish (59) Urdu (56.584)

JavaneseJavanese is is ranked 13th in the worldranked 13th in the world, or if we uses the , or if we uses the newest data, it is newest data, it is ranked 11th in the world.ranked 11th in the world.

IndonesiaIndonesia’’s Unique Characteristicss Unique CharacteristicsGeographically, Indonesia is located in South East Asia, Geographically, Indonesia is located in South East Asia, have a total area of 9.8 million square kilometers, of which have a total area of 9.8 million square kilometers, of which 81% is sea. It is the world81% is sea. It is the world’’s largest archipelagic country s largest archipelagic country comprising of 5 main islands and 30 small islands and over comprising of 5 main islands and 30 small islands and over 17,000 islands, of which a third are inhabited. 17,000 islands, of which a third are inhabited. The country is divided into 33 provinces, 268 regencies, 73 The country is divided into 33 provinces, 268 regencies, 73 municipalities, 4,044 subdistricts and 69,065 villages. The municipalities, 4,044 subdistricts and 69,065 villages. The population of the country projected at 230 millions, the population of the country projected at 230 millions, the fourth most populous country in the world, with uneven fourth most populous country in the world, with uneven distribution, unbalanced regional development.distribution, unbalanced regional development.The culture is very diversified with more than 520 ethnic The culture is very diversified with more than 520 ethnic groups and 742 local languages, of which 737 are indigenous groups and 742 local languages, of which 737 are indigenous languages [IDC 2006]. languages [IDC 2006]. The country has more rural than urban areas with urban The country has more rural than urban areas with urban teledensity of 11teledensity of 11--25%, rural density 0.2%, around 43.022 25%, rural density 0.2%, around 43.022 villages (62.3% from 69,065 villages) without phones.villages (62.3% from 69,065 villages) without phones.

LANGUAGES IN INDONESIALANGUAGES IN INDONESIA

There are There are 6000 languages in the world6000 languages in the world [Crystal 1987] and [Crystal 1987] and are grouped into are grouped into 17 language17 language--familyfamily [Comrie 2003]:[Comrie 2003]:

IndoIndo--European, Uralic, Altaic, ChukotkoEuropean, Uralic, Altaic, Chukotko--Kamchatkan, Kamchatkan, Caucasian, AfroCaucasian, Afro--Asiatic, NiloAsiatic, Nilo--Saharan, NigerSaharan, Niger--Congo, Koisan, Congo, Koisan, EskimoEskimo--Aleut, NaAleut, Na--dene, Amerind, Dravidian, Sinodene, Amerind, Dravidian, Sino--Tibetian, Tibetian, Austric, Papuan, Australian Aboriginal.Austric, Papuan, Australian Aboriginal.

Around Around 50% of the languages is in Asia50% of the languages is in Asia--Oceania regionOceania region, , and and 12% of the world12% of the world--languages is in Indonesialanguages is in Indonesia. .

Indonesia has 726 local languages Indonesia has 726 local languages [SIL 2001], [SIL 2001], 22ndnd rankedrankedas language diversity laboratory in the worldas language diversity laboratory in the world after after Papua Papua NiuginiNiugini which which has 867 languageshas 867 languages..

The local languages are not distributed evenly in Indonesia.The local languages are not distributed evenly in Indonesia.The total languages are increasing from west to east, but the toThe total languages are increasing from west to east, but the total inhabitants are tal inhabitants are

increasing from east to west.increasing from east to west.

In Indonesia, there are at least 13 biggest local languages In Indonesia, there are at least 13 biggest local languages with at least one million speakers [Crystal 1987]with at least one million speakers [Crystal 1987]

Javanese (75,200,000) Sundanese (27,000,000) Javanese (75,200,000) Sundanese (27,000,000) Malay (20,000,000)Malay (20,000,000)Madurese (13,694,000) Minangkabau (6,500,000) BataMadurese (13,694,000) Minangkabau (6,500,000) Batak (5,150,000) k (5,150,000) Buginese (4,000,000) Balinese (3,800,000) Buginese (4,000,000) Balinese (3,800,000) Acehnese (3,000,000) Acehnese (3,000,000) Sasak (2,100,000) Makassarese (1,600,000) Sasak (2,100,000) Makassarese (1,600,000) Lampung (1,500,000)Lampung (1,500,000)Rejang (1,000,000)Rejang (1,000,000)

The 13 biggest local languages are still debatable, because The 13 biggest local languages are still debatable, because Malay Malay languagelanguage has not been comprehensively handled, as there are has not been comprehensively handled, as there are many language variations hidden in several names, e.g. [Summer many language variations hidden in several names, e.g. [Summer Institute of Linguistics Institute of Linguistics -- SIL 2001]: SIL 2001]:

Ancalong Kutai, Bacan, Bayat, Banjar, Basemah, Batin, Ancalong Kutai, Bacan, Bayat, Banjar, Basemah, Batin, Bengkulu, Benkulan, Betawi, Bintuhan, Bukit, Dawas, Jambi, Bengkulu, Benkulan, Betawi, Bintuhan, Bukit, Dawas, Jambi, Kaur, Kayu Agung, Kelingi, Kerinci, Kincai, Kubu, Kupang, Kaur, Kayu Agung, Kelingi, Kerinci, Kincai, Kubu, Kupang, Lako, Lalang, Lematang, Lemantang, Lembak, Linggau, Lako, Lalang, Lematang, Lemantang, Lembak, Linggau, Lintang, Loncong, Lubu, Melayu Ambon, Melayu Bali Loloan, Lintang, Loncong, Lubu, Melayu Ambon, Melayu Bali Loloan, Banjar, Berau, Bukit, Melayu Deli, Melayu Jakarta, Melayu Banjar, Berau, Bukit, Melayu Deli, Melayu Jakarta, Melayu Jambi, Melayu Kupang, Melayu Kutai, Melayu Maluku, Melayu Jambi, Melayu Kupang, Melayu Kutai, Melayu Maluku, Melayu Manado, Merau, Minang, Minahasa, Palembang, Tenggarong, Manado, Merau, Minang, Minahasa, Palembang, Tenggarong, Ternate, Meratus, Minangkabau, Mokomoko, Mukomuko, Musi, Ternate, Meratus, Minangkabau, Mokomoko, Mukomuko, Musi, Ogan, Orang Laut, Padang, Palembang, Pasemah, Penasak, Ogan, Orang Laut, Padang, Palembang, Pasemah, Penasak, Penesak, Ranau, Rawas, Ridan, Semendo, Serawai, Serawi, Penesak, Ranau, Rawas, Ridan, Semendo, Serawai, Serawi, Sindang Kelingi, Suku Batin, Supat, Tenggarong, Tenggarong Sindang Kelingi, Suku Batin, Supat, Tenggarong, Tenggarong Kutai, Tungkal, Tungkal Ilir, Ulu, and Ulu Lako.Kutai, Tungkal, Tungkal Ilir, Ulu, and Ulu Lako.

The Malay language variations also appears in several countries.The Malay language variations also appears in several countries.If all Malay language variations are combined, it may be the If all Malay language variations are combined, it may be the biggest motherbiggest mother--language in the world.language in the world.

There are hundreds of local languages with less than There are hundreds of local languages with less than one million speakers, which can become one million speakers, which can become potentially potentially endangered languages, endangered languages,endangered languages, endangered languages,seriously endangered languagesseriously endangered languages, , moribound languagesmoribound languages, , or even or even extinct languagesextinct languages. . The local language will be sustainable, if they have at The local language will be sustainable, if they have at least 1000 speakers. The local language that have 500 or least 1000 speakers. The local language that have 500 or less speakers are seriously endangered language. There less speakers are seriously endangered language. There are are 169 local languages169 local languages as as seriously endangered seriously endangered languagelanguage in Indonesia.in Indonesia.The The policy for language revitalizationpolicy for language revitalization as well as its as well as its cultureculture is needed to sustained the local languages, is needed to sustained the local languages, because the languages will extinct if we damage the because the languages will extinct if we damage the habitat of the speakers culture as well.habitat of the speakers culture as well.

85% Indonesian still using Local languages85% Indonesian still using Local languages as daily as daily languages in the community languages in the community mother languages mother languages [Lauder [Lauder 2006]2006]National/Indonesian LanguageNational/Indonesian Language is used in: is used in: administrative administrative officials, schools, sciences, & mass media. officials, schools, sciences, & mass media. 84,87%84,87% can speak can speak Indonesian Indonesian [Alwi 2000] [Alwi 2000] 10 local languages10 local languages have their have their own local script:own local script: Balinese, Balinese, Javanese, Sundanese, Buginese/Makassarese, Karo, Javanese, Sundanese, Buginese/Makassarese, Karo, Mandailing, Lampung, Rejang, Toba, and KerinciMandailing, Lampung, Rejang, Toba, and Kerinci[Sugono 2001][Sugono 2001]8 National & Local languages8 National & Local languages used in the used in the Internet:Internet:Indonesian,Indonesian, Acehnese, Balinese, Buginese, Javanese, Acehnese, Balinese, Buginese, Javanese, Madurese, Minangkabau, & SundaneseMadurese, Minangkabau, & Sundanese [Hammam 2006][Hammam 2006]

INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGESINTERNATIONAL LANGUAGES

English, Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, German, French, JapaneseEnglish, Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, German, French, Japanese, etc., etc.English English is one of a number of foreign languages which have is one of a number of foreign languages which have been in use for sometime or which are coming to be taught. been in use for sometime or which are coming to be taught. Widely used in range of fields such as politics, diplomacy, Widely used in range of fields such as politics, diplomacy, international trade and industry, commerce, science and international trade and industry, commerce, science and technology, education, media, information technology, and technology, education, media, information technology, and popular culture.popular culture.ArabicArabic has long been learned in connection with the Islamic has long been learned in connection with the Islamic faith, for religious purposes, especially for Qurfaith, for religious purposes, especially for Qur’’anic recitation anic recitation and prayers.and prayers.ChineseChinese has been used widely in Chinese town has been used widely in Chinese town -- business center.business center.An educated people (An educated people (multilingual peoplemultilingual people) ) -- at least have to at least have to master 3 languagesmaster 3 languages, i.e., , i.e., local languagelocal language as individual as individual development, development, IndonesianIndonesian as media to get along in national as media to get along in national activities, & activities, & English English as media for adopting the sciences, positive as media for adopting the sciences, positive culture for national interest and to get along in International culture for national interest and to get along in International activities. activities.

Multilingualism Issue in the InternetMultilingualism Issue in the Internet

Since its early days, the Internet has been a predominantly Since its early days, the Internet has been a predominantly EnglishEnglish--speaking medium speaking medium –– approximately 80% of web approximately 80% of web content.content.This situation has prompted many countries to take This situation has prompted many countries to take concerted action in promoting multilingualism and in concerted action in promoting multilingualism and in protecting cultural protecting cultural -- language diversity.language diversity.The promotion of multilingualism is not only a cultural The promotion of multilingualism is not only a cultural issue, but it is directly related to the need for further issue, but it is directly related to the need for further development of the Internet, to be used by wider parts of society, content must be accessible in more languages“Localization” - “Internet multilingualism” –“Internationalised Domain Names - IDN”.

LOCAL & CROSSLOCAL & CROSS--BORDER LANGUAGES IN INTERNETBORDER LANGUAGES IN INTERNET

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

bn id kh la my mm ph sg th tp vn

South East Asia

% Local Languages % English % Other Cross Boader Languages

Note:Cross-Boarder Languages in Indonesia:English, Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Dutch, Japanese, etc.

ICT INFRASTRUCTURESICT INFRASTRUCTURESTelephone lines Telephone lines : 9.4 million : 9.4 million -- fixed & 27.9 million fixed & 27.9 million -- mobile.mobile.Public phones Public phones : 382,000 units.: 382,000 units.Internet penetration Internet penetration : 1,2 million subscribers & 12 million users.: 1,2 million subscribers & 12 million users.Internet KiosksInternet Kiosks : 261,000.: 261,000.Internet Exchanges (IX)Internet Exchanges (IX) : 3.: 3.Internet users per 100 populationInternet users per 100 population : 3.76.: 3.76.Computers penetrationComputers penetration : 2,519,000.: 2,519,000.Computers per 100 population Computers per 100 population : 1.19.: 1.19.Internet host computersInternet host computers : 62,036.: 62,036.Internet host computers per 100 population : 0.03.Internet host computers per 100 population : 0.03.Total International bandwith (Mbps)Total International bandwith (Mbps) : 573 Mbps.: 573 Mbps.Bits per inhabitantBits per inhabitant : 2.7.: 2.7.Internet access cost (20 hours/month) in US$: 22.26Internet access cost (20 hours/month) in US$: 22.26ISPISP : 140 licenses, 35 operational.: 140 licenses, 35 operational.Radio BroadcastingRadio Broadcasting : 1,400 stations (nation: 1,400 stations (nation--wide & local).wide & local).TV Broadcasting TV Broadcasting : 10 nation: 10 nation--wide networks.wide networks.Pay TVPay TV : 4 TV cables, 2 DBS TV.: 4 TV cables, 2 DBS TV.

-- The prediction of bandwidth consumption, internet users and The prediction of bandwidth consumption, internet users and computer population, based on the study by the Palapa Ring Team computer population, based on the study by the Palapa Ring Team [Postel 2006], are as follows:[Postel 2006], are as follows:

20062006 20152015= = Bandwith ConsumptionBandwith Consumption 7,000,000 Kbps7,000,000 Kbps 78,067,335 Kbps78,067,335 Kbps== Internet Users (Fair)Internet Users (Fair) 8,252,4378,252,437 16,518,89016,518,890

Internet Users (Optimist)Internet Users (Optimist) 17,247,68317,247,683 34,524,65934,524,659== PC Population (Fair)PC Population (Fair) 2,541,0272,541,027 5,086,3705,086,370

PC Population (Optimist)PC Population (Optimist) 8,304,3278,304,327 16,622,75816,622,758-- ICT PC Hardware market: 2006=1,106,940; 2007=1,25ICT PC Hardware market: 2006=1,106,940; 2007=1,257,5317,531-- ICT Software Developers Population: 2006=621,000; 2007=682,000ICT Software Developers Population: 2006=621,000; 2007=682,000-- Total IT market in Indonesia for 2007: will reach US$1.9 billionTotal IT market in Indonesia for 2007: will reach US$1.9 billion with a with a

Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.5% from 2002 to 2007 Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.5% from 2002 to 2007 (source: IDC).(source: IDC).

-- The Indonesian ICT vision is The Indonesian ICT vision is ““To establish a global competitive Indonesian To establish a global competitive Indonesian KnowledgeKnowledge--Based Society based on national values and culturesBased Society based on national values and cultures””..

Growth Projection of the Indonesian Infocom ServicesGrowth Projection of the Indonesian Infocom Services

Source: Business Monitor International and Internal

Fixed Phone

Mobile Phone Broadband User

Internet User

EXISTING FIBEREXISTING FIBER OPTIC OPTIC NETWORKNETWORK

Sulawesi

Kalimantan

о

о

о

оо

Banda Aceh

Sabang

Medan

Palembang

Jakarta

о

Cirebon

о

Semarang

оSurabaya

ооо

Ketapang

Gilimanuk

о

Karangasemо

Mataram

о

Sumbawa

о о о

ReoMaumereLarantuka

оKupang

о

о

Singkawang

оoSampit

Banjarmasin

оо

о

о

Balikpapan

Samarinda

Tarakan

оPalu

оо

о

о

о

о

оBatam

о

ManadoToli-toli

Gorontalo

Luwuk

оKendari

оUjungpandang

o

Sibolga

оо

MeulabohTapaktuan

оNatalPadang

Bengkulu

Kalianda

оBelitung

o

Waingapu

Kalabahi

o

Merauke

oo

o

o

Biak

NabireAmbon

o

o

Saumlaki

o DobooTual

o

o o

Manokwari

Salawati

Tobelo

oPalopo

Sumatera

JawaNusa Tenggara

Maluku - Irian

Pontianak

Atambua

Jaringan SMW-2/3

to Perth, Australia

to Asia Pacific

to IndiaJaringanCOMNET PLUS

JaringanEXCELCOMINDO

Jaringan TELKOM

to Thailand

Backbone Backbone Domestic Domestic -- TransTrans MicrowaveMicrowave(operated by Telkom)(operated by Telkom)

LEGEND :

SKKL

SKSO NR & SR JAWA - BALI

GMD JAWA-BALI, CROSS KALIMANTAN, NUSA TENGGARA & TRANS SULAWESI

SKSO RA-IV SUMATRA

GMD RA-IV SUMATRA

BATAS NEGARA

GMD PARMO SULAWESI

GMD TSM-1 SUMATRA

GMD TSM-2 SUMATRA

GMD XSUM SUMATRA

SKSO HPBB SUMATRA

SKKL TIS

PGL

KALIMANTAN

JAWA

NUSA TENGGARA

IRIAN JAYA

SULAWESI

MALUKUSUMATERA

UP

MWBIA

SMI

JAP

FFNAB

SON

AB

MRK

TT

GTO

MO

SNN

LWKPAL

PSO

PRE KDIGKRSON

BPP

SMR

PLK

TAR

BJM

PTK

BTA

PGTJN

LT

BDL

JBPD

MDN

LSM

BNA

JKTCBN

SM

YK SLO

BD

PKL

PWT

SBMN

BMA

ML

JR

BWI DPR

MTRLRT

MMEEND

BJW

RTG

KEFSOE

KP

KAI

ATB

BPD

GBL

GB

PBRSKN

BN

MET

BOO

LEGEND :

SKKL

SKSO NR & SR JAWA - BALI

GMD JAWA-BALI, CROSS KALIMANTAN, NUSA TENGGARA & TRANS SULAWESI

SKSO RA-IV SUMATRA

GMD RA-IV SUMATRA

BATAS NEGARA

GMD PARMO SULAWESI

GMD TSM-1 SUMATRA

GMD TSM-2 SUMATRA

GMD XSUM SUMATRA

SKSO HPBB SUMATRA

PGL

KALIMANTAN

JAWA

NUSA TENGGARA

IRIAN JAYA

SULAWESI

MALUKUSUMATERA

UP

MWBIA

SMI

JAP

FFNAB

SON

AB

MRK

TT

GTO

MO

SNN

LWKPAL

PSO

PRE KDIGKRSON

BPP

SMR

PLK

TAR

BJM

PTK

BTA

PGTJN

LT

BDL

JBPD

MDN

LSM

BNA

JKTCBN

SM

YK SLO

BD

PKL

PWT

SBMN

BMA

ML

JR

BWI DPR

MTRLRT

MMEEND

BJW

RTG

KEFSOE

KP

KAI

ATB

BPD

GBL

GB

Telkom-1Palapa C2

PBRSKN

BN

MET

BOO

SKKL TIS

Backbone Backbone Domestic Domestic –– SatelliteSatellite(operated(operated by Telkom)by Telkom)

Palapa B4 TELKOM-2/24Xpdr TELKOM-3/48XpdrYear 2008

LOCAL LANGUAGE COMPUTING POLICYLOCAL LANGUAGE COMPUTING POLICY

1945 Constitution (UUD) 1945 Constitution (UUD) -- Chapter XV Chapter XV –– Paragraph 36: Paragraph 36: ““The national The national Language of Indonesia is IndonesianLanguage of Indonesia is Indonesian””..UU/Law No.2/1989 UU/Law No.2/1989 –– National Education.National Education.UU/Law No.22/1999 UU/Law No.22/1999 –– Local Autonomy.Local Autonomy.UU/Law No.25/1999 UU/Law No.25/1999 –– Financial Balance between Center and Local Financial Balance between Center and Local Government.Government.Government Regulation No.25/2000 Government Regulation No.25/2000 –– Share Authority between Share Authority between Center and Local Government.Center and Local Government.Draft Law of Language: the uses/management/development/foster/ Draft Law of Language: the uses/management/development/foster/ maintenance of National/Local and Foreign Languages.maintenance of National/Local and Foreign Languages.Draft Law of Information and Electronic Transaction.Draft Law of Information and Electronic Transaction.Draft Law of Freedom of Information Flow and Access.Draft Law of Freedom of Information Flow and Access.2008: Language Center of Ministry of National Education will pub2008: Language Center of Ministry of National Education will publish lish Local Language Mapping & InterLocal Language Mapping & Inter--relationship Diagram.relationship Diagram.BlueBlue--Print/Researh management plan for safety effort of the Print/Researh management plan for safety effort of the endangered languages by Language Center of Ministry of National endangered languages by Language Center of Ministry of National Education.Education.

RELEVANT GOVERNMENT AGENCIESRELEVANT GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

Ministry of National Education – National Language CenterMinistry of Communication and Information TechnologyMinistry of Research and Technology – Technology Development and Implementation AgencyMinistry of Culture and TourismUniversities - Department of Language/LiteraryHouse of RepresentativeNational Center for StatisticsMinistry of Social Affairs - Directorate of Isolated TribesThe Summer Institute of LinguisticsThe National Language OrganizationOther Private Organizations/Foundations – Culture/Language/ Literary/ICT (Software, Hardware, & Services)

POLICY/PROJECT INITIATIVESPOLICY/PROJECT INITIATIVES

The National Language mapping Project by National Language CenteThe National Language mapping Project by National Language Center: r: ““Research on Cognates and Mapping of Regional Languages in Research on Cognates and Mapping of Regional Languages in IndonesiaIndonesia””, started in 1992 for 15 years., started in 1992 for 15 years.Thesaurus/Spelling Checker Project of National/Indonesian LanguaThesaurus/Spelling Checker Project of National/Indonesian Language ge by University of Indonesia and the team.by University of Indonesia and the team.Javanese Script Project by University of Indonesia and the team.Javanese Script Project by University of Indonesia and the team.Ford Foundation: Initiative in Local Language Inventory of LocalFord Foundation: Initiative in Local Language Inventory of LocalLanguages Education and Research in Universities.Languages Education and Research in Universities.Universities Video Conferencing Network Project (INHERENT 2006) Universities Video Conferencing Network Project (INHERENT 2006) -- connecting 32 Universities/Cities in Indonesia.connecting 32 Universities/Cities in Indonesia.Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) -- connecting 4 connecting 4 Universities in Indonesia (Universities in Indonesia (UI-Jakarta, UNRI-Pekanbaru, UDAYANA-Denpasar, UNHAS-Makassar) with 60 countries.with 60 countries.Presidential Decree on Underdeveloped Villages.Presidential Decree on Underdeveloped Villages.

Initiative in Local Language InventoryInitiative in Local Language Inventoryof Local Languages Education and Researchof Local Languages Education and Research

in Universitiesin Universities

40 Universities all over IndonesiaThousands of languages research projects> 556 Courses taught

ACEHACEH

EAST JAVAEAST JAVA

PAPUAPAPUA

COURSES TAUGHT IN UNIVERSITIESCOURSES TAUGHT IN UNIVERSITIES

PapersPapers

Universities Video Conference Network in IndonesiaUniversities Video Conference Network in Indonesia(Connecting 32 Cities)(Connecting 32 Cities)

Banda Aceh

Medan

Serang

Bandung

Jkt-UI

Jkt-DIKTI

Jogja

Malang

SurabayaSemarang

Denpasar

Bandar Lampung

Bengkulu

Pontianak

PadangPalangkaraya

Palembang

JambiPekanbaru

Makasar

Palu

Manado

Samarinda

Banjarmasin

Gorontalo

Kendari

Kupang

Mataram

Jayapura

Manukwari

Ternate

Ambon

155 Mbps (STM-1)8 Mbps

Inherent 2006

2 Mbps1 Mbps (Redundant Link)

Note:Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) -Connecting 60 countries; Indonesia (UI-Jakarta, UNRI-Pekanbaru, UDAYANA-Denpasar, UNHAS-Makassar)

Bandwith:

REFERENCESREFERENCES

[Alwi 2000] Alwi, Hasan and Dendy Sugono. 2000. [Alwi 2000] Alwi, Hasan and Dendy Sugono. 2000. Politik Bahasa: Risalah Seminar Politik Politik Bahasa: Risalah Seminar Politik BahasaBahasa. Pusat Bahasa, Jakarta.. Pusat Bahasa, Jakarta.

[Comrie 2003] Comrie, Bernard et.al. 2003. [Comrie 2003] Comrie, Bernard et.al. 2003. The Atlas of Languages: The Origin and Development The Atlas of Languages: The Origin and Development of Languages Throughout the Worldof Languages Throughout the World. Singapore: Star Standard.. Singapore: Star Standard.

[Crystal 2000] Crystal, David. 2000. [Crystal 2000] Crystal, David. 2000. Language DeathLanguage Death. Great Britain: Cambridge University . Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.Press.

[Grimes 1996] Grimes, Barbara F. 1996. [Grimes 1996] Grimes, Barbara F. 1996. EthnologueEthnologue. Summer Institute of Linguistics.. Summer Institute of Linguistics.[Hammam 2006] Hammam, Riza et.al. 2006. [Hammam 2006] Hammam, Riza et.al. 2006. Indonesian Languages Diversity on the InternetIndonesian Languages Diversity on the Internet..[Lauder 2000] Lauder, Multamia RMT. 2000. [Lauder 2000] Lauder, Multamia RMT. 2000. Unity and diversity in IndonesiaUnity and diversity in Indonesia’’s Linguistic s Linguistic

HeritageHeritage. University Indonesia, Jakarta.. University Indonesia, Jakarta.[Lauder 2006[Lauder 2006--1] Lauder, Multamia RMT. 2006. 1] Lauder, Multamia RMT. 2006. Revitalisasi Bahasa MinoritasRevitalisasi Bahasa Minoritas, Seminar , Seminar

Pelestarian Bahasa Daerah. Direktorat Riset & Pengabdian MasyaraPelestarian Bahasa Daerah. Direktorat Riset & Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas kat Universitas Indonesia.Indonesia.

[Lauder 2006[Lauder 2006--2] Lauder, Allan. 2006. 2] Lauder, Allan. 2006. The Status and Function of English in Indonesia: A Review The Status and Function of English in Indonesia: A Review of Key Factorsof Key Factors. University Indonesia, Jakarta.. University Indonesia, Jakarta.

[SIL 2001] SIL International, Indonesia Branch. 2001. [SIL 2001] SIL International, Indonesia Branch. 2001. Languages of IndonesiaLanguages of Indonesia. Jakarta: SIL . Jakarta: SIL International, Indonesia Branch.International, Indonesia Branch.

[Sugono 2001] Sugono, Dendy and Abdul Rozak Zaidan (editor). 200[Sugono 2001] Sugono, Dendy and Abdul Rozak Zaidan (editor). 2001. 1. Bahasa Daerah dan Bahasa Daerah dan Otonomi Daerah (Local Languages and Local Autonomy)Otonomi Daerah (Local Languages and Local Autonomy). Ministry of National Education.. Ministry of National Education.

THANK YOUTHANK YOU